149:
29:
116:. The conventions provided "an organizational structure through which black men could maintain a distinct black leadership and pursue black abolitionist goals." Colored conventions occurred in thirty-one states across the United States and in Ontario, Canada. The movement involved more than five thousand delegates and tens of thousands of attendees.
243:
Following the Civil War, Colored
Conventions began to appear in the Southern states as well, with one author noting that "we can not deny that the various conventions of the colored people in the late insurrectionary States compare favorably with those of their white brethren...their resolutions are
203:
also started hosting conventions. By the 1850s, the conventions were extremely popular and multiple national, state, and local conventions were held every year. Although the majority of these antebellum conventions were held in northern, particularly New
England states, conventions are documented as
255:
for being elected
President of the United States, to which Grant responded, "I thank the Convention, of which you are the representative, for the confidence they have expressed, and I hope sincerely that the colored people of the Nation may receive every protection which the laws give to them. They
123:
African
Americans sought justice beyond the emancipation of their enslaved countrymen: they also organized to discuss labor, health care, temperance, emigration, voting rights, the right to a trial by jury, and educational equality. The Colored Conventions Movement antedated the founding of any
1683:
Proceedings of the State Equal Rights' Convention, of the
Colored People of Pennsylvania, Held in the City of Harrisburg February 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1865: Together with a Few of the Arguments Presented Suggesting the Necessity for Holding the Convention, and an Address of the Colored State
1933:
A History of the Club
Movement Among the Colored Women of the United States of America as contained in the Minutes of the Conventions, Held in Boston, July 29, 30, 31, 1895, and of the National Federation of Afro-American Women, Held in Washington, D.C., July 20, 21, 22,
156:
In the early 19th century, national and local conventions involving a variety of political and social issues were pursued by increasing numbers of
Americans. In 1830 and 1831, political parties held their first national nominating conventions. Historian
179:
in
September 1830. Delegates to this convention discussed the prospect of emigrating to Canada to find refuge from the harsh fugitive slave laws and legal discrimination under which they lived. The first convention elected as president
281:
Colored
Conventions continued to take place in the late 1880s and 1890s, including Indianapolis in 1887 and state conventions in New Jersey, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. The convention movement slowed by the end of the century.
1751:
Proceedings of the
Illinois State Convention of Colored Men, assembled at Galesburg, October 16th, 17th, and 18th, containing the state and national addresses promulgated by it, with a list of the delegates composing
1462:
Proceedings of the State Convention of the Colored Freemen of Pennsylvania : held in Pittsburgh, on the 23rd, 24th and 25th of August, 1841, for the purpose of considering their condition, and the means of its
127:
The conventions significantly increased in number following the Civil War. The Antebellum and postwar colored conventions were the precursors to larger, 20th-century African-American organizations, including the
244:
of an elevated humanity and common sense to which those of the other Conventions make no pretension." More Colored Conventions took place in the South during the late 1860s than the entire antebellum period.
269:
and attempted to form state-level Equal Rights League chapters across the United States. In response to a denial of African American admittance to the National Labor Union, community leaders formed the
188:(AME), the first independent black denomination in the United States. The idea of buying land in Canada quickly gave way to addressing problems they faced at home, such as education and labor rights.
796:
1394:
1154:
559:
161:
notes that the convention movement grew out of a trend toward greater self-expression among African Americans and was largely fostered by the appearance of newspapers such as
1283:
1588:
434:
967:
333:
604:
1496:
Address to the constitutional convention of Ohio: from the state convention of colored men held in the city of Columbus, January 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th, 1851
2042:
1205:
530:
1180:
2032:
259:
During Reconstruction the national, state, and local Colored Conventions evolved into other kinds of state and national organizations. Delegates at the
1698:
1826:
772:
2037:
1785:. Washington, D.C.: Printed at the Great Republic Book and Newspaper Printing Establishment, National Convention of the Colored Men of America. 1869.
518:
415:
392:
382:
375:
353:
1861:
1480:
Minutes and address of the State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Ohio : convened at Columbus, January 10th, 11th, 12th, & 13th, 1849
480:
361:
1386:
1146:
1006:
505:
405:
357:
196:
425:
1755:. The Library of Congress, Illinois State Convention of Colored Men Galesburg. Chicago, IL: Church, Goodman and Donnelley, printers. 1867.
443:
611:
1941:
1125:
1782:
Proceedings of the National Convention of the Colored Men of America: Held in Washington, D. C., on January 13, 14, 15, and 16, 1869
1273:
1574:
1538:
1424:
1798:
Proceedings of the State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Tennessee, held in Nashville, Feb. 22d, 23d, 24th & 25th, 1871
1735:
Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the National Equal Rights League Held in Cleveland, Ohio, October 19, 20, and 21, 1865
2007:
includes PDFs of antebellum and post-bellum convention minutes, teaching resources, online exhibits and a critical bibliography.
1322:
Minutes and Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Colour in These United States
961:
822:
1338:
Minutes and Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Colour in These United States
1306:
Minutes and Proceedings of the Third Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Colour in These United States
790:
674:
615:
568:
104:, was a series of national, regional, and state conventions held irregularly during the decades preceding and following the
624:
302:
473:
1610:
1645:
907:
782:
185:
1801:. The Library of Congress, State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Tennessee, Nashville. C. LeRoi, printer. 1871.
1357:. The Library of Congress, Maine Union in Behalf of the Colored Race. Portland, ME: Portland, Merrill and Byram. 1835.
388:
1834 Fourth Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Color in the United States, New York, New York
1579:
1102:
1000:
944:
113:
1029:
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1080:
752:
310:
878:
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460:
294:
848:
191:
Philadelphia was the hub of the Colored Conventions movement for several years before nearby cities such as
2027:
665:
537:
271:
265:
216:. The conventions attracted the most prominent African-American leaders from across the country, including
129:
1896:
1510:
778:
368:
172:
2011:
1699:"The Late Convention of Colored Men; Address to the Loyal Citizens of the United States and to Congress"
1812:
1766:
1446:
1368:
554:
297:
was formed in 1890 and held national and state-level meetings throughout the 1890s. From 1896 to 1914,
1575:"John Brown and his men, before and after the raid on Harper's Ferry, October 16th, 17th, 18th, 1859"
1151:
Encyclopedia of American History: Civil War and Reconstruction, 1856 to 1869, Revised Edition, vol. V
597:
498:
456:
332:
Du Bois' continued activism and relationships forged at these meetings led to the foundation of the
1970:
642:
635:
522:
990:
28:
148:
936:
930:
318:
181:
88:
734:
708:
322:
1931:
108:. The delegates who attended these conventions consisted of both free and formerly enslaved
585:
541:
398:
1835 Convention which Formed the Maine Union in Behalf of the Colored Race, Portland, Maine
314:
229:
163:
112:, including religious leaders, businessmen, politicians, writers, publishers, editors, and
8:
1862:"Insisting on Their Rights; The Colored Citizens' Convention of the State of Connecticut"
341:
221:
1354:
Proceedings of the Convention Which Formed the Maine Union in Behalf of the Colored Race
1227:"Some Reform Interests of the Negro during the 1850's as Reflected in State Conventions"
1976:
1966:
1901:
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A Nation Within a Nation: Organizing African-American Communities Before the Civil War
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818:
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Casey, Jim (2021). Foreman, P. Gabrielle; Casey, Jim; Patterson, Sarah Lynn (eds.).
1238:
1056:. The Library of Congress. San Francisco, Printed at the Office of "The Elevator,".
657:
628:
409:
337:
326:
298:
252:
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in Washington, D.C. The convention delegates wrote a letter congratulating General
133:
120:
109:
1827:"Education in the South: A Convention of Colored Citizens to Discuss the Question"
681:
on his inability to attend. The proceedings were published, and reprinted in 1969.
1780:
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650:
383:
Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Color in these United States
1051:
901:
618:, after the 1904 National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, Washington, D.C.
1049:
661:
578:
450:
438:
393:
Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Color in the United States
233:
168:
158:
2021:
1910:
1875:
1840:
1712:
1659:
1624:
1552:
1387:"Decades Before the Civil War, Black Activists Organized for Racial Equality"
1279:
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274:(CNLU) in December 1869. Many former Colored Convention delegates, including
237:
192:
1494:
1478:
1460:
774:
The Colored Conventions Movement: Black Organizing in the Nineteenth Century
713:
490:
225:
176:
1466:. Pittsburgh, PA: Convention of the Colored Freemen of Pennsylvania. 1841.
494:
275:
1072:
1980:
1382:
419:
213:
200:
1258:
1226:
527:
1865 Virginia State Convention of Colored People, Alexandria, Virginia
740:
519:
State Equal Rights' Convention, of the Colored People of Pennsylvania
209:
1050:
California State Convention of Colored Citizens, Sacramento (1865).
1037:
Minutes and Proceedings of the National Negro Conventions, 1830–1864
844:
550:
1869 National Convention of Colored Men of America, Washington, D.C.
1483:. Columbus, Ohio: State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Ohio.
1242:
565:
1871 State Convention of the Colored Citizens, Nashville, Tennessee
870:
547:
1867 Illinois State Convention of Colored Men, Galesburg, Illinois
278:
and Frederick Douglass, were instrumental in organizing the CNLU.
2004:
1134:: 81–82. February 6, 1869 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
1111:: 786. December 16, 1865 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
627:, Atlanta, Georgia; and held annually until 1914, organized by
205:
1680:
Catto, Octavius; Green, Alfred M.; Bustill, Joseph C. (1865).
594:
1887 National Convention of Colored Men, Indianapolis, Indiana
137:
811:
486:
1857 Convention of Colored Citizens, New York City, New York
435:
1847 National Convention of Colored People and Their Friends
1738:. E.C. Markley and Son, National Equal Rights League. 1865.
1214:: 378. May 28, 1887 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
1177:"Today in Labor History: Black workers form national union"
673:
1909 National Negro Convention in New York, 50 years after
600:, Washington, D.C.; held yearly (with exception) until 1894
560:
1870 Missouri State Colored People's Educational Convention
514:
1864 National Convention of Colored Men, Syracuse, New York
837:
334:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
138:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
1499:. State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Ohio. 1851.
1030:"1830, "Proceedings of the Convention," Philadelphia, PA"
736:
Black Women Abolitionists, A Study in Activism, 1828–1860
605:
First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
591:
1883 Convention of Colored Citizens, Nashville, Tennessee
469:
1853 State Convention of Colored Citizens, Columbus, Ohio
903:
Minutes and Proceedings of the Negro Convention Movement
700:, series of African American Communist Party conferences
449:
1849 State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Ohio,
416:
State Convention of the Colored Freemen of Pennsylvania
928:
670:
1907 Third Conference of the Niagara Movement, Boston.
574:
1876 Colored National Convention, Nashville, Tennessee
531:
1865 South Carolina State Convention of Colored People
511:
1863 Convention of Colored Men, Poughkeepsie, New York
152:
Colored National Convention in Nashville in April 1876
313:, which met annually until 1907 and with Fortune and
1539:"Free-Suffrage Convention--Second Day's Proceedings"
963:
A Survey of the Negro Convention Movement −1830-1861
466:
1851 State Convention of Colored Men, Columbus, Ohio
124:formal anti-slavery movement in the United States.
694:, series of African American religious conferences
256:shall have my efforts to secure such protection."
247:The post-war conventions culminated with the 1869
1972:Proceedings of the National Negro Conference 1909
1679:
638:, Hampton, Virginia; and held annually until 1912
614:, New York; merged with other groups to form the
354:Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention
2019:
1687:. Philadelphia, Penn.: Order of the Convention.
481:California State Convention of Colored Citizens
362:California State Convention of Colored Citizens
1275:National Negro Convention Movement (1831-1864)
317:playing prominent roles. In 1905, Du Bois and
171:. The first documented convention was held at
2043:Abolitionist conventions in the United States
1073:"Colored Conventions Project Digital Records"
506:New York State Convention of Colored Citizens
406:New York State Convention of Colored Citizens
358:New York State Convention of Colored Citizens
119:The minutes from these conventions show that
476:at Franklin Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
426:1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens
444:1848 National Convention of Colored Freemen
1417:"Convention of the Colored People of Ohio"
612:National Federation of Afro-American Women
27:
1965:
2038:History of African-American civil rights
1684:Convention to the People of Pennsylvania
305:of national importance. In 1898, bishop
147:
2033:African Americans' rights organizations
766:
764:
303:annual conference at Atlanta University
16:Series of conference events in the U.S.
2020:
1611:"Gerrit Smith and his Colored Friends"
1572:
1039:. New York: Arno Press. pp. 1–12.
988:
881:from the original on December 19, 2021
347:
1646:"Convention of Colored Men Postponed"
1427:from the original on January 30, 2022
1397:from the original on January 30, 2022
1200:
1198:
1144:
1120:
1118:
1067:
1065:
1063:
770:
616:National Association of Colored Women
584:1883 Convention of Colored Citizens,
577:1882 Convention of Colored Citizens,
569:1873 National Civil Rights Convention
2012:Items related to colored conventions
1286:from the original on August 20, 2020
1224:
1206:"The Convention of Colored Citizens"
1083:from the original on January 7, 2022
1027:
966:. New York: Arno Press. p. 10.
959:
935:. New York: Pegasus Books. pp.
761:
625:Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems
2010:Digital Public Library of America.
1476:
1341:. By Order of the Convention. 1835.
1325:. By Order of the Convention. 1834.
1309:. By Order of the Convention. 1833.
1271:
1183:from the original on April 19, 2014
1157:from the original on April 18, 2014
910:from the original on April 16, 2014
851:from the original on April 26, 2014
825:from the original on April 26, 2014
732:
544:" was sung at the meeting (page 11)
13:
1591:from the original on June 14, 2021
1195:
1115:
1060:
1009:from the original on April 7, 2022
970:from the original on April 7, 2022
799:from the original on April 7, 2022
783:University of North Carolina Press
261:National Convention of Colored Men
249:National Convention of Colored Men
186:African Methodist Episcopal Church
14:
2054:
1998:
1947:from the original on May 19, 2016
1423:. Kate Masur. September 8, 1837.
1381:
536:1865 First Annual Meeting of the
401:1837 Convention in Columbus, Ohio
376:Convention of the People of Color
899:
489:1858 Convention of Colored Men,
1959:
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1103:"Convention of the Other Color"
1095:
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1021:
929:Webber, Christopher L. (2011).
819:"About the Colored Conventions"
553:1870 Colored Labor Convention,
497:; May 8–10, 1858, organized by
1587:(6): 691–703, at pp. 695–696.
1580:Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly
1272:Yee, Shirley (April 1, 2011),
1147:"Colored National Labor Union"
982:
953:
922:
893:
863:
726:
656:1906 Second Conference of the
598:1889 Colored Catholic Congress
311:National Afro-American Council
1:
845:"Colored Conventions Project"
745:University of Tennessee Press
719:
698:American Negro Labor Congress
533:in Charleston, South Carolina
371:in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
295:National Afro-American League
266:National Equal Rights Leagues
167:, and was first suggested by
1477:Day, William Howard (1849).
1077:omeka.coloredconventions.org
666:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
538:National Equal Rights League
395:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
385:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
378:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
272:Colored National Labor Union
263:in Syracuse, NY founded the
130:Colored National Labor Union
98:Colored Conventions Movement
33:National Colored Convention,
7:
995:. Ivan R Dee. p. 107.
875:Colored Conventions Project
779:Chapel Hill, North Carolina
685:
474:Colored National Convention
369:Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church
173:Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church
22:Colored Convention Movement
10:
2059:
562:, Jefferson City, Missouri
555:Saratoga Springs, New York
351:
143:
102:Black Conventions Movement
44:Black Conventions Movement
1573:Hinton, R J (June 1889).
457:Fugitive Slave Convention
285:
82:
64:
56:
48:
40:
26:
1225:Bell, Howard H. (1960).
1126:"The Colored Convention"
932:American to the Backbone
733:Yee, Shirley J. (1992).
636:Hampton Negro Conference
540:, Cleveland, Ohio; the "
523:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
483:, Sacramento, California
1897:"Tennessee Colored Men"
1511:"Article 5 -- No Title"
649:, Canada. Organized by
610:1896 Conference of the
607:, Boston, Massachusetts
2005:ColoredConventions.org
1811:: CS1 maint: others (
1765:: CS1 maint: others (
1547:. September 25, 1857.
1445:: CS1 maint: others (
1367:: CS1 maint: others (
319:William Monroe Trotter
153:
35:Washington, D.C., 1869
1870:. December 31, 1883.
1028:Bell, Howard (1969).
989:Ernest, John (2011).
960:Bell, Howard (1969).
709:Henry Highland Garnet
677:. Includes letter of
446:in Newark, New Jersey
344:and Du Bois in 1909.
323:Niagara Falls, Canada
151:
60:Civil rights activism
1967:McPherson, James. M.
1835:. December 8, 1883.
1391:Smithsonian Magazine
1179:. December 6, 2012.
315:Booker T. Washington
230:Charles Lenox Remond
2028:Colored Conventions
1905:. August 27, 1883.
1707:. August 13, 1865.
1619:. October 7, 1858.
367:1830 convention at
348:List of conventions
342:Mary White Ovington
222:Charles Bennett Ray
23:
1977:The New York Times
1902:The New York Times
1867:The New York Times
1832:The New York Times
1704:The New York Times
1651:The New York Times
1616:The New York Times
1544:The New York Times
1516:The New York Times
1421:The Philanthropist
692:Clifton Conference
679:Wm. Lloyd Garrison
647:Fort Erie, Ontario
643:Niagara Conference
571:, Washington, D.C.
391:1835 Fifth Annual
381:1833 Third Annual
374:1831 First Annual
218:Frederick Douglass
154:
106:American Civil War
21:
1654:. June 23, 1863.
1145:Rondinone, Troy.
792:978-1-4696-5426-3
704:George T. Downing
430:Buffalo, New York
307:Alexander Walters
291:T. Thomas Fortune
184:, founder of the
164:Freedom's Journal
110:African Americans
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629:W. E. B. Du Bois
508:, Troy, New York
410:Albany, New York
338:Moorfield Storey
327:Niagara Movement
299:W. E. B. Du Bois
253:Ulysses S. Grant
204:taking place in
134:Niagara Movement
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1053:Proceedings
653:and others.
495:Canada West
479:1855 First
336:(NAACP) by
276:Isaac Myers
2022:Categories
1981:Arno Press
754:0870497367
720:References
499:John Brown
463:, New York
420:Pittsburgh
214:California
201:Pittsburgh
136:, and the
121:Antebellum
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