624:' newly granted constitutional and congressional rights were protected. Grant, who was to select the general to govern each district, preferred the will of Congress through the enforcement of congressional Reconstruction, but at the outset opposed the use of the military. Nevertheless, Grant adapted and by complying with the Acts and instructing his subordinates to do likewise, he further alienated Johnson. For example, Grant authorized Sheridan to remove public officials in Louisiana who were against congressional Reconstruction. Sheridan's aggressive methods to register freedmen met with Johnson's disapproval, and the President sought his removal. Grant perceptively stayed the middle course, and recommended a rebuke but not a dismissal. Protecting Grant, Congress passed the Command of the Army Act, attached to an army appropriation bill, preventing his removal or relocation, and forcing Johnson to pass orders through Grant, the general in chief. Republicans gained majorities in all 11 states, and African Americans were elected to Congress and high state offices. Grant hoped that Reconstruction Acts would help pacify the South. The Army conducted new elections for constitutional conventions in the ex-Confederate states. They registered blacks to vote and in many places prevented from voting white men who had supported the Confederacy, as set out in the
568:, which Johnson opposed, but advised against the use of black troops in garrisons, which he believed encouraged an alternative to farm labor. Grant did not believe the people of the South were ready for self-rule, and that both whites and blacks in the South required protection by the federal government. Concerned four years of war led to a diminished respect for civil authorities, Grant concluded the Army should continue their presence to maintain order. He also warned of threats by disaffected poor people, black and white, and recommended that local decision-making be entrusted only to "thinking men of the South" (i.e., white men of property). In this respect, Grant's opinion on Reconstruction aligned with Johnson's policy of restoring former Confederates to their positions of power, arguing that Congress should allow representatives from the South to take their seats. Grant believed that former Confederates should be reenlisted into the U.S. military. He personally intervened on behalf of Lee, who had been
714:, a Grant confidant, about Grant's interest in the presidency. Rawlins responded that while Grant was a loyal member of the Republican Party, he would be unable to serve as president for financial reasons, since he would lose his lifetime military pension upon ascendancy to the White House, and the presidency did not provide any such income benefit. By becoming President under current terms, Grant would at best leave the office at age 56 with no income, assuming he served two terms. Rawlins hoped Forney could facilitate a legislative change to solve the problem. The ultimate answer was that this could not be changed. Forney forged ahead with an editorial reviewing Grant's record with the recommendation for his nomination; Grant personally approved the writing before publication. By reviewing the article, though limited to the accuracy of his record, Grant implicitly opened the door for the nomination despite the precarious financial prospects in his future.
613:" tour, speaking out against Congressional Reconstruction. Enthusiastic cheering for Grant interrupting Johnson's speeches caused the relationship between Johnson and Grant to cool. Grant believed that Johnson was purposefully agitating conservative opinion to defy Congressional Reconstruction, privately calling Johnson's speeches a "national disgrace". Concerned that Johnson's differences with Congress would cause renewed insurrection, Grant ordered Southern arsenals to ship arms north to prevent their capture by Southern state governments. Having returned to Washington, Johnson attempted to send Grant on a mission to Mexico, but Grant refused to go, believing the President did not have authority to send him on a diplomatic mission.
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series of articles to discredit Grant over returning the War
Department to Stanton, stating that Grant had been deceptive in the matter. This public insult infuriated Grant, and he defended himself in an angry letter to Johnson, after which the two men were confirmed foes. When Grant's statement became public, it increased his popularity among Radical Republicans and he emerged from the controversy unscathed. Although Grant favored Johnson's impeachment, he took no active role in the
502:, the ousted leader of Mexico, 60,000 US rifles to aid in an effort to defeat Maximilian. By 1866, the French Army completely withdrew from Mexico; Maximilian was executed by Juárez in 1867. In a cabinet meeting, Johnson suggested Grant be assigned to the Mexican frontier as a way of removing him from the political mainstream. Grant immediately recognized the nature of this proposal, and refused. As a compromise Grant sent Sherman (now promoted to Lieutenant General) in his place.
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before held elected office and, at the age of 46, was the youngest person yet elected president. Grant was the first president to be elected after the nation had outlawed slavery and granted citizenship to former slaves. Implementation of these new rights was slow to come; in the 1868 election, the black vote counted in only 16 of the 37 states, nearly all in the South. Grant lost
Louisiana and Georgia primarily due to
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prison term. Grant hurried to the White House and told
Johnson he was not going to break federal law. Johnson told Grant he would pay the fine and go to prison in Grant's place, but Grant found Johnson's answer preposterous. On Monday, January 13, the Senate voted to reinstate Stanton to office 35 to 6. The following morning, Grant locked up his War Department office and gave the key to Assistant Adjutant General
37:
725:" on their ticket as had been done earlier at their 1864 convention. Grant received all 650 votes from delegates, with no other candidate being nominated, and upon the announcement was welcomed with a "frenzied enthusiasm". In his letter of acceptance, Grant concluded with "Let us have peace", which became his campaign slogan. For vice president, the delegates nominated House Speaker
454:
Grant, wishing to appear loyal, agreed to accompany
Johnson; however he confided in his wife that he thought Johnson's speeches were a "national disgrace". Grant continued his efforts to appear loyal while not alienating Republican legislators essential to his future. At the same time, Johnson also suspected Grant to be a potential candidate in the
656:, a Lincoln appointee who sympathized with Congressional Reconstruction. Grant, himself, respected Stanton and sided with him on Reconstruction while both shared a dismay for Johnson. To keep Grant under control as a potential political rival, Johnson asked him to take the post. Grant recommended against the move, in light of the
660:, which required Senate approval for cabinet removals. Johnson believed the Act did not apply to officers appointed by the previous president and forced the issue by making Grant an interim appointee on the same day. Grant agreed to accept the post temporarily, and Stanton vacated the office until the Senate reconvened.
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men of property. In this respect, Grant's initial
Reconstruction policy aligned with Johnson's policy of pardoning established southern leaders and restoring them to their positions of power. He joined Johnson in arguing that Congress should allow congressional representatives from the South to be seated.
760:. In a letter, published after the election, Grant sought to unequivocally distance himself from General Order No. 11. Grant repudiated his order, saying "I have no prejudice against sect or race, but want each individual to be judged by his own merit." As was expected at the time, Grant returned to
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but opposed use of black troops in garrisons which were still needed in the South for protection of both races. He also warned of threats by disaffected poor people, black and white, and recommended that local decision making be entrusted only to "thinking men", by which he was thought to have meant,
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This incurred
Johnson's wrath; at a cabinet meeting immediately afterward, Johnson accused Grant of breaking his promise to remain Secretary of War. Grant disputed that he had ever made such a promise although cabinet members later testified he had done so. Newspapers friendly to Johnson published a
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Grant was the most popular man in the country. When
Johnson was at loggerheads with the Congress over Reconstruction, he took his case to the people with his infamous "swing around the circle" throughout the country and he sought to capitalize on Grant's popularity by having Grant travel with him.
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in the North. The
Democrats attacked Republicans' support of African American rights while deriding Grant, calling him captain of the "Black Marines". Democratic orators over and over proclaimed Grant was a drunkard. Grant himself did not take to the stump, allowing Republican spokesmen to identify
663:
On
January 10, 1868, the Senate Committee on Military Affairs voted to recommend reinstatement of Stanton to office. The following day, Grant consulted with his staff and rereading the Tenure of Office Act, he learned that if he kept the office he would be subject to a $ 10,000 fine and a five-year
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as both humans and soldiers. Johnson, a robust
Democrat, sided with white supremacists and openly held racist views, believing blacks were inferior and that the country and government were for "white men". Johnson favored a lenient approach to Reconstruction, calling for an immediate return of the
588:
In the elections of 1866, an intraparty fight arose in Maryland, when the mayor of Baltimore, a Radical, appointed Radical police commissioners who would be responsible for managing voter registration. Maryland's governor, a partisan of Johnson, requested that federal troops intervene, which Grant
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landslide, of 214 votes to Seymour's 80. Grant, at the age of 46 became the youngest president on record. His election was a triumph of principles that included sound money, efficient government, and the restoration of Southern reconstructed states. When he assumed the presidency, Grant had never
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described the reception for the war hero: "...the enhanced and bewildered multitude trembled with extraordinary delight." Further travels that summer, with repeated enthusiastic receptions, took the Grants to Albany and back to Galena and throughout Illinois and Ohio. On July 25, 1866, Congress
729:. In June, Grant traveled to St. Louis, having gained possession of his father-in-law's plantation, and an additional 280 acres of Dent land, he had twelve slave cabins demolished, to banish the vestiges of slavery. As was common practice at the time, Grant remained at
800:
argues that Grant became one of the greatest friends of Jews in American history, meeting with them often and appointing them to high office. He was the first president to condemn atrocities against Jews in Europe, thus putting human rights on the American diplomatic
609:. With Johnson at war with Congress, Grant and Johnson found themselves in a quiet conflict over Reconstruction enforcement, while Grant as a soldier was determined to remain loyal to his Commander In Chief. Needing Grant's popularity, Johnson took Grant on his "
513:
with the intention of invading and holding Canada hostage in exchange for Irish independence. In June 1866, Johnson sent Grant to Buffalo, New York, to assess the situation. He ordered the Canada–US border closed to prevent Fenian soldiers from crossing over at
498:. Johnson told Grant to put military pressure on the French to leave Mexico by sending 50,000 troops to the Texas border under Sheridan. Grant told Sheridan to do whatever it took to get Maximilian to abdicate and the French Army to leave Mexico. Sheridan sent
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purchased the Grants a house in that city, but Grant's work was in Washington. He attempted to commute for a time and return on the weekends, but he and Julia decided to move to Washington. They secured a place in Georgetown Heights, while Grant instructed
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Residents of Galena gave Grant the home in 1865 as thanks for his war service. After his presidential term ended in 1877, Grant visited the home occasionally. Maintenance of the home as a memorial to Grant started in 1904 and continues
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along with other Confederate generals, keeping Lee safe from prosecution, saving the nation from opening up old war wounds. In January 1866, Grant authorized the removal of cases against Union officers, to federal courts and the
676:, which were fueled in part by Johnson's removal of Stanton. Johnson barely survived, and none of the other Republican leaders directly involved benefited politically in their unsuccessful attempt to remove the president.
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initially considered inappropriate. To provide some manner of response, Grant met as a civilian with the opposing party heads and, with use of the army an implicit threat, was able to facilitate a settlement.
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in Congress, who wanted harsher punishment to rebel leaders and more government assistance to the freed slaves. Grant preserved his popularity and authority throughout the crisis that culminated in
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Johnson and Grants differing civilian and military backgrounds would cause a collision course over policy. On August 12, 1867, during a Senate recess, President Johnson suspended Secretary of War
458:, and decided to replace Secretary of War Stanton with Grant or Sherman. Grant discussed the matter with Sherman and initially convinced him to avoid the politically troubled president.
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605:-controlled Congress opposed the idea and refused to admit Congressmen from the former Confederate states. Congress, over Johnson's vetoes, renewed the Freedmen's Bureau and passed the
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ended Grant turned his attention to the Plains in the American West where there were numerous conflicts between white settlers, railroads, and Native Americans that resulted in
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and that more weapons be confiscated. In June 1866, the United States Army arrested 700 Fenian troops at Buffalo and the Fenians gave up on their attempt to invade Canada.
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Grant, as commanding general, inherited the "Indian Wars" in the western frontiers, especially the Plains, as the United States continued westward expansion. After the
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620:, which divided the southern states into five military districts. Transitional state governments in each district were to be led by military governors, to ensure that
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632:, while Grant and the military protected their rights initially by overturning the black codes in 1867. Congressional Reconstruction finally ended with the
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744:. Their campaign focused mainly on ending Reconstruction and returning control of the South to the white planter class, which alienated many
710:, who had paved the way for previous presidential nominations, took up the effort for Grant's nomination, by first inquiring with Brig. Gen.
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On March 2, 1867, overriding Johnson's veto, making unprecedented use of the power of the military, Congress passed the first of three
668:. One hour later, when Stanton arrived at the War Department office, Townsend gave Stanton the key, witnessed by welcoming onlookers.
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In November 1865, Johnson sent Grant on a fact-finding mission to the South. Grant recommended continuation of a reformed
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ended in 1865, Grant turned his attention to the neglected American western frontier. One of these Plains wars, known as
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Johnson sent Grant on a fact-finding tour of the South after which he filed a report recommending continuation of the
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during the campaign, and left most of the active campaigning and speaking on his behalf to his campaign manager
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Grant's curt response to Johnson in the Stanton matter increased his popularity with the Radical Republicans.
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768:, and others. The Republican campaign focused on continuing Reconstruction and restoring the public credit.
400:. In 1868, the Republicans nominated Grant for president, and he won easily over his Democratic challenger.
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1948:
The Civil War Era and Reconstruction: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural and Economic History
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Grant's service as Union General, caused him to join the Republican Party, and forced him to consider
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The Republicans chose Grant as their presidential candidate on the first ballot at the
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spent four years as head of the United States Army in peacetime. With his defeat of
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Grant won the election by 300,000 votes out of 5,716,082 votes cast, receiving an
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in Chicago; he faced no significant opposition. The Republicans kept the name "
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of the defeated Southern states. Grant found himself caught between President
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As President, Grant would atone for 1862's expulsion of the Jews. Historian
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and the Confederacy, Grant was the most popular man in the country. As the
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Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863–1877 Updated Version
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and the complete withdrawal of military troops from the southern states.
581:. On July 25, 1866, Congress promoted Grant to the newly created rank of
1924:
History of U.S. Political Parties: 1860-1910: the gilded age of politics
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and the French army which had taken over Mexico under the authority of
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1967:(3rd ed.). Macmillan Library Reference USA. pp. 241–255.
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Reunion Without Compromise: The South and Reconstruction, 1865–1868
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former Confederate states into the Union without any guarantee of
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state and left the active campaigning to his campaign manager,
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Grant, as commanding general, immediately had to contend with
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The Man Who Saved The Union Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace
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him with patriotism and with grief for Lincoln's martyrdom.
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disenfranchisement clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
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437:. In the spring of 1865, Grant made an appearance at
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494:. Most Americans felt this to be a violation of the
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took some of his time, Grant's biggest focus was on
1959:(2002). "Ulysses S. Grant". In Graff, Henry (ed.).
1878:Rogers, William Warren; Atkins, Leah Rawls (2010).
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433:that, politically, his legal residence remained in
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630:African Americans were elected to political office
830:List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
740:The Democrats nominated former New York Governor
482:and hoped to see the French expelled from Mexico.
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698:on Grant's opponents in the re-election campaign
534:, starting in July 1866, was led by Sioux Chief
374:wars between the Natives and the U.S. military
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1766:. Vol. 2. Houghton Mifflin And Company.
679:
648:The trial of Andrew Johnson before the Senate
550:in 1868 successfully negotiated by Sherman.
341:
2014:American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant
1993:. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster.
1877:
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756:and antisemitism became an issue during the
446:promoted Grant to the newly created rank of
1920:
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825:List of American Civil War generals (Union)
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1880:Alabama: The History of a Deep South State
780:violence against African American voters.
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686:United States presidential election, 1868
2367:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
2357:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
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583:General of the Army of the United States
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560:Reconstruction Era of the United States
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1921:Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (1973).
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2525:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
2276:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
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1903:When General Grant Expelled the Jews
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546:. As a result, Red Cloud signed the
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1963:The Presidents: A Reference History
1629:
719:1868 Republican National Convention
199:18th President of the United States
13:
554:Grant, Johnson, and Reconstruction
505:After the Civil War, thousands of
478:Grant supported Mexican president
14:
2962:
2708:Grant Cottage State Historic Site
2432:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
2017:. Random House Publishing Group.
2919:
2918:
2092:Grant and the American Civil War
1787:. Univ of South Carolina Press.
835:Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant
542:to make a peace treaty with the
321:
315:
35:
804:
790:
2951:Military careers by individual
2076:President of the United States
1863:. Cambridge University Press.
1607:, pp. xi, 88–90, 101–103.
521:
1:
2322:Specie Payment Resumption Act
845:
382:French intervention in Mexico
2196:State of the Union addresses
1927:. Chelsea House Publishers.
1882:. University Alabama Press.
426:Union League of Philadelphia
7:
2765:1922 Grant Memorial coinage
1745:. New York: Penguin Press.
818:
10:
2967:
2461:Naturalization Act of 1870
2352:U.S. Department of Justice
2312:General Mining Act of 1872
1760:Cullum, George W. (1891).
1703:
708:Washington Daily Chronicle
683:
680:1868 presidential campaign
557:
456:1868 presidential election
257:Federal judge appointments
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2372:Yellowstone National Park
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2292:Public Credit Act of 1869
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1784:South Carolina: A History
1781:Edgar, Walter B. (1998).
1641:February 7, 2012, at the
1282:, pp. 421, 432–433;
378:Fenian invasion of Canada
2574:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage
2476:Civil Rights Act of 1875
2384:Electoral Commission Act
2362:Civil Service Commission
1346:, pp. 447–448, 453.
1312:Rogers & Atkins 2010
783:
607:Civil Rights Act of 1866
416:of Ulysses S. Grant, in
44:This article is part of
2444:Enforcement Act of 1870
1721:. New York: Doubleday.
674:impeachment proceedings
611:Swing Around the Circle
404:Celebrations and honors
2735:Ohio Statehouse statue
2449:Second Enforcement Act
2412:Native American policy
2141:Commanding generalship
1951:. New York: Routledge.
699:
649:
483:
421:
376:. While the attempted
266:Presidential campaigns
190:Commanding generalship
25:
22:Ulysses S. Grant, 1868
2910:Rutherford B. Hayes →
2347:Judiciary Act of 1869
2297:Copyright Act of 1870
2191:Judicial appointments
1943:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen
1636:Ulysses S. Grant Home
758:presidential campaign
693:
647:
640:Johnson's impeachment
477:
411:
398:Johnson's impeachment
360:After the Civil War,
75:Early life and career
19:
2870:Ulysses S. Grant III
2852:Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
2846:Frederick Dent Grant
2828:Hannah Simpson Grant
2678:Presidential library
2503:Bid for a third term
2302:Currency Act of 1870
2256:Treaty of Washington
1811:. Harper Perennial.
1673:, pp. 340, 344.
1657:, pp. 282–284;
1571:, pp. 278, 283.
1382:, pp. 262–264;
1330:, pp. 421, 433.
1314:, pp. 241–244;
1310:, pp. 272–274;
1250:, pp. 259–261;
1222:, pp. 432–433;
1158:, pp. 392, 396.
1131:, pp. 532, 550.
1073:, pp. 417–418;
1045:, pp. 240–241;
1033:, pp. 238, 240.
754:General Order No. 11
658:Tenure of Office Act
488:Maximilian of Mexico
185:General Order No. 11
2882:Ulysses S. Grant IV
2858:Jesse Root Grant II
2787:Cultural depictions
2750:U.S. Postage stamps
2740:Philadelphia statue
2720:U.S. Capitol statue
2307:Funding Act of 1870
2164:Second inauguration
2122:Richmond–Petersburg
1827:McFeely, William S.
1697:, pp. 243–244.
1595:, pp. 459–460.
1559:, pp. 468–469.
1520:, pp. 264–267.
1484:, pp. 266–267.
1472:, pp. 264–265.
1448:, pp. 448–451.
1386:, pp. 447–448.
1318:, pp. 385–388.
1298:, pp. 434–435.
1286:, pp. 686–687.
1254:, pp. 436–439.
1238:, pp. 259–261.
1198:, pp. 398–399.
1186:, pp. 435–436.
1146:, pp. 397–398.
1104:, pp. 254–256.
1092:, pp. 243–244.
1077:, pp. 417–418.
1061:, pp. 382–383.
1049:, pp. 420–421.
1009:, pp. 238–241.
989:, pp. 414–415.
977:, pp. 508–513.
941:, pp. 238–241.
929:, pp. 242–251.
914:, pp. 369–397.
872:, pp. 232–233.
766:William E. Chandler
735:William E. Chandler
618:Reconstruction Acts
601:civil rights. The
548:Fort Laramie Treaty
412:The post-Civil War
394:Radical Republicans
232:Fifteenth Amendment
2799:(2002 documentary)
2745:San Francisco bust
2696:General Grant tree
2317:Timber Culture Act
2159:First inauguration
1983:Smith, Jean Edward
1906:. Schocken Books.
1898:Sarna, Jonathan D.
1833:Grant: A Biography
1622:2010-02-03 at the
712:John Aaron Rawlins
700:
666:Edward D. Townsend
650:
634:Compromise of 1877
603:Radical Republican
540:William T. Sherman
511:Fenian Brotherhood
484:
422:
143:American Civil War
26:
2933:
2932:
2814:
2813:
2807:(2020 miniseries)
2772:Grant High School
2489:
2488:
2271:Korean Expedition
2024:978-1-5883-6992-5
1934:978-0-8352-0594-8
1913:978-0-8052-4279-9
1794:978-1-5700-3255-4
1773:978-0-608-42862-8
1752:978-1-5942-0487-6
1728:978-0-385-53241-9
773:electoral college
704:John Weiss Forney
622:African Americans
594:African Americans
579:Freedmen's Bureau
566:Freedmen's Bureau
470:Mexico and Canada
463:Freedmen's Bureau
441:in New York; the
424:In May 1865, the
358:
357:
150:Civil War service
61:
60:
2958:
2946:Ulysses S. Grant
2922:
2921:
2903:← Andrew Johnson
2888:Julia Dent Grant
2834:Jesse Root Grant
2796:Ulysses S. Grant
2777:U.S. Grant Hotel
2661:
2660:
2589:speeding arrests
2562:White Haven home
2481:Page Act of 1875
2454:Ku Klux Klan Act
2439:Enforcement Acts
2244:
2243:
2079:
2063:Ulysses S. Grant
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2009:White, Ronald C.
2004:
1992:
1978:
1966:
1952:
1938:
1917:
1893:
1874:
1862:
1848:
1836:
1822:
1798:
1777:
1756:
1732:
1720:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1652:
1646:
1633:
1627:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1494:Schlesinger 1973
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1387:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1277:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1078:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
915:
909:
900:
894:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
812:
808:
802:
794:
706:, editor of the
599:African American
435:Galena, Illinois
418:Galena, Illinois
362:Ulysses S. Grant
350:
343:
336:
325:
324:
319:
98:Personal Memoirs
57:
56:
54:
53:Ulysses S. Grant
47:
39:
32:
31:
28:
27:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2893:
2890:(granddaughter)
2810:
2781:
2725:Brooklyn relief
2714:The Peacemakers
2659:
2641:
2600:
2530:
2512:
2495:Post-presidency
2485:
2427:Great Sioux War
2388:
2379:Post Office Act
2338:
2331:
2327:Desert Land Act
2285:Economic policy
2280:
2242:
2145:
2085:Military career
2080:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2025:
2001:
1975:
1935:
1914:
1890:
1871:
1853:Perman, Michael
1845:
1819:
1795:
1774:
1753:
1729:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1653:
1649:
1643:Wayback Machine
1634:
1630:
1624:Wayback Machine
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:, p. 1287.
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:, p. 172;
1428:
1424:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1390:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:, p. 172;
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1278:
1274:
1266:, p. 438;
1262:
1258:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:, p. 396;
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1081:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:, p. 420;
1001:, p. 390;
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
918:
910:
903:
899:, p. 434n.
895:
888:
880:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
848:
821:
816:
815:
809:
805:
795:
791:
786:
742:Horatio Seymour
727:Schuyler Colfax
688:
682:
642:
562:
556:
532:Red Cloud's War
524:
496:Monroe Doctrine
472:
431:Elihu Washburne
406:
354:
322:
320:
313:
312:
311:
267:
263:
262:
261:
200:
196:
195:
194:
145:
139:
138:
137:
87:Post-presidency
70:
66:
52:
50:
49:
48:
45:
43:
24:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2964:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2730:Chicago statue
2727:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:Grant Memorial
2669:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2554:
2549:
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2532:
2531:
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2520:
2518:
2514:
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2505:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:"Peace Policy"
2409:
2408:
2407:
2400:Reconstruction
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2252:
2250:
2248:Foreign policy
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2005:
1999:
1979:
1973:
1957:Simon, John Y.
1953:
1945:, ed. (2015).
1939:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1894:
1889:978-0817355982
1888:
1875:
1869:
1849:
1843:
1823:
1818:978-0062354518
1817:
1799:
1793:
1778:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1733:
1727:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1685:, p. 461.
1675:
1663:
1661:, p. 463.
1647:
1628:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1583:, p. 231.
1581:Snodgrass 2015
1573:
1561:
1549:
1547:, p. 284.
1534:
1532:, p. 618.
1522:
1510:
1508:, p. 458.
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1460:, p. 275.
1450:
1438:
1436:, p. 454.
1422:
1420:, p. 454.
1407:
1405:, p. 453.
1388:
1372:
1370:, p. 172.
1360:
1358:, p. 593.
1348:
1332:
1320:
1300:
1288:
1272:
1270:, p. 244.
1256:
1240:
1228:
1226:, p. 244.
1212:
1210:, p. 244.
1200:
1188:
1176:
1174:, p. 244.
1160:
1148:
1133:
1121:
1119:, p. 243.
1106:
1094:
1079:
1063:
1051:
1035:
1023:
1021:, p. 390.
1011:
991:
979:
967:
965:, p. 257.
955:
953:, p. 415.
943:
931:
916:
901:
886:
884:, p. 234.
874:
862:
860:, p. 419.
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
820:
817:
814:
813:
803:
798:Jonathan Sarna
788:
787:
785:
782:
731:home in Galena
684:Main article:
681:
678:
641:
638:
558:Main article:
555:
552:
523:
520:
507:Irish veterans
471:
468:
443:New York Times
405:
402:
390:Andrew Johnson
386:Reconstruction
356:
355:
353:
352:
345:
338:
330:
327:
326:
314:
310:
309:
308:
307:
299:
298:
297:
292:
284:
283:
282:
277:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
227:Reconstruction
224:
223:
222:
217:
207:
201:
198:
197:
193:
192:
187:
182:
181:
180:
175:
170:
165:
155:
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146:
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140:
136:
135:
130:
125:
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118:
108:
103:
102:
101:
94:
84:
83:
82:
71:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
58:
46:a series about
42:
40:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2963:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2926:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:Chapman Grant
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2766:
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2746:
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2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
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2728:
2726:
2723:
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2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2689:General Grant
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2618:
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2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
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2568:
2565:
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2563:
2560:
2558:
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2537:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
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2459:
2455:
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2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:Social policy
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
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2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
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2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
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2290:
2289:
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2283:
2277:
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2269:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2257:
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2249:
2245:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Fort Donelson
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2000:0-684-84927-5
1996:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:0-684-80551-0
1970:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1870:0-521-20044-X
1866:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1844:0-393-01372-3
1840:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
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1785:
1779:
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1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1711:Brands, H. W.
1708:
1707:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1644:
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1237:
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1225:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
976:
971:
964:
959:
952:
947:
940:
935:
928:
923:
921:
913:
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906:
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883:
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836:
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822:
807:
799:
793:
789:
781:
779:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
752:Grant's 1862
750:
747:
746:War Democrats
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
697:
692:
687:
677:
675:
669:
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661:
659:
655:
654:Edwin Stanton
646:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
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608:
604:
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595:
590:
586:
584:
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561:
551:
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541:
537:
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529:
519:
517:
512:
508:
503:
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500:Benito Juárez
497:
493:
489:
481:
480:Benito Juárez
476:
467:
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459:
457:
451:
449:
444:
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436:
432:
427:
419:
415:
410:
401:
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395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:Robert E. Lee
363:
351:
346:
344:
339:
337:
332:
331:
329:
328:
318:
306:
303:
302:
300:
296:
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285:
281:
278:
276:
273:
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269:
258:
255:
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250:
248:
245:
243:
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221:
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211:
210:Inaugurations
208:
206:
203:
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191:
188:
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166:
164:
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65:
64:
55:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
29:
18:
2917:
2908:
2901:
2864:Nellie Grant
2802:
2794:
2712:
2688:
2655:Bibliography
2596:Grant's Tomb
2584:Horsemanship
2552:Boyhood home
2523:
2466:Comstock Act
2261:
2140:
2013:
1988:
1962:
1947:
1923:
1902:
1879:
1858:
1832:
1807:
1783:
1762:
1741:
1737:Chernow, Ron
1716:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1655:McFeely 1981
1650:
1631:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1569:McFeely 1981
1564:
1552:
1545:McFeely 1981
1530:Chernow 2017
1525:
1518:McFeely 1981
1513:
1501:
1489:
1482:McFeely 1981
1477:
1470:McFeely 1981
1465:
1458:McFeely 1981
1453:
1441:
1425:
1380:McFeely 1981
1375:
1363:
1356:Chernow 2017
1351:
1335:
1323:
1303:
1291:
1284:Chernow 2017
1275:
1259:
1248:McFeely 1981
1243:
1236:McFeely 1981
1231:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1163:
1151:
1129:Chernow 2017
1124:
1102:McFeely 1981
1097:
1066:
1054:
1043:McFeely 1981
1038:
1031:McFeely 1981
1026:
1014:
1007:McFeely 1981
994:
982:
970:
963:McFeely 1981
958:
946:
939:McFeely 1981
934:
927:McFeely 1981
882:McFeely 1981
877:
870:McFeely 1981
865:
853:
806:
792:
778:Ku Klux Klan
770:
751:
739:
737:and others.
716:
707:
701:
670:
662:
651:
615:
591:
587:
563:
525:
504:
492:Napoleon III
485:
460:
452:
442:
439:Cooper Union
423:
359:
252:Peace Policy
189:
133:Bibliography
96:
2840:Julia Grant
2579:Galena home
2557:Schoolhouse
2405:Amnesty Act
2132:Court House
2112:Chattanooga
2078:(1869–1877)
1803:Foner, Eric
1605:Sarna 2012a
1430:Cullum 1891
1368:Cullum 1891
1340:Cullum 1891
1308:Perman 1973
1196:Brands 2012
1168:Brands 2012
1156:Brands 2012
1144:Brands 2012
1059:Brands 2012
1019:Brands 2012
999:Brands 2012
987:Brands 2012
696:Thomas Nast
694:Cartoon by
522:Indian Wars
509:joined the
163:Chattanooga
2940:Categories
2884:(grandson)
2878:(grandson)
2872:(grandson)
2866:(daughter)
2683:Grant Park
2630:convention
2615:convention
2547:Birthplace
2542:Early life
2508:World tour
2471:Poland Act
2337:Government
2151:Presidency
2127:Appomattox
1837:. Norton.
1695:Foner 2014
1683:Smith 2001
1671:Foner 2014
1659:White 2016
1617:Grant Home
1593:Smith 2001
1557:Smith 2001
1506:White 2016
1446:Smith 2001
1434:White 2016
1418:White 2016
1403:White 2016
1384:White 2016
1344:White 2016
1328:Smith 2001
1316:Edgar 1998
1296:Smith 2001
1280:Smith 2001
1268:Simon 2002
1264:Smith 2001
1252:Smith 2001
1224:Simon 2002
1220:Smith 2001
1208:Simon 2002
1184:White 2016
1172:Simon 2002
1117:Simon 2002
1090:Simon 2002
1075:White 2016
1071:Smith 2001
1047:Smith 2001
1003:Smith 2001
975:Smith 2001
951:Smith 2001
912:Smith 2001
897:Smith 2001
858:Smith 2001
846:References
305:convention
295:convention
280:convention
205:Presidency
178:Appomattox
173:Petersburg
128:Depictions
106:Reputation
92:World tour
80:birthplace
2760:$ 50 bill
2665:Memorials
2605:Elections
2422:Modoc War
2107:Vicksburg
1900:(2012a).
536:Red Cloud
528:Civil War
516:Fort Erie
370:Civil War
158:Vicksburg
154:Campaigns
111:Memorials
2924:Category
2836:(father)
2830:(mother)
2755:Currency
2635:election
2620:election
2174:Grantism
2169:Scandals
2117:Overland
2011:(2016).
1985:(2001).
1855:(1973).
1829:(1981).
1805:(2014).
1739:(2017).
1713:(2012).
1639:Archived
1620:Archived
819:See also
762:his home
570:indicted
290:election
275:election
247:Grantism
237:Scandals
168:Overland
121:Memorial
69:Personal
2339:reforms
2262:Alabama
2186:Cabinet
2181:Pardons
1704:Sources
801:agenda.
574:treason
242:Reforms
2842:(wife)
2820:Family
2647:Legacy
2264:Claims
2102:Shiloh
2021:
1997:
1971:
1931:
1910:
1886:
1867:
1841:
1815:
1791:
1770:
1749:
1725:
811:today.
220:second
2860:(son)
2854:(son)
2848:(son)
2804:Grant
2701:grove
2626:1872
2611:1868
2517:Books
1989:Grant
1742:Grant
784:Notes
723:Union
544:Sioux
301:1880
286:1872
271:1868
215:first
2691:ship
2567:farm
2535:Life
2236:1876
2231:1875
2226:1874
2221:1873
2216:1872
2211:1871
2206:1870
2201:1869
2073:18th
2019:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1723:ISBN
572:for
414:home
380:and
116:Tomb
2942::
1537:^
1410:^
1391:^
1136:^
1109:^
1082:^
919:^
904:^
889:^
585:.
450:.
2055:e
2048:t
2041:v
2027:.
2003:.
1977:.
1937:.
1916:.
1892:.
1873:.
1847:.
1821:.
1797:.
1776:.
1755:.
1731:.
420:.
349:e
342:t
335:v
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