Commandos (United Kingdom)

965: 1758: 1998: 2053: 1544: 846: 1339: 778: 453: 1019: 563: 214: 1121: 1920: 1853: 1475: 40: 109: 1667: 97: 1746:, landed and scaled the barbed wire laced cliffs. Eventually 18 Commandos reached the perimeter of the battery via Berneval and engaged the target with small arms fire. Although unable to destroy the guns, they prevented the Germans from firing effectively on the main assault by harassing their gun crews with sniper fire. In a subsidiary operation No. 4 Commando landed in force along with the French Troop No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando and 50 United States Army Rangers and destroyed the artillery battery at 882:. Of the remaining 20 Commando units, 17 were used in the formation of the four Special Service brigades. The three remaining Commandos (Nos. 12, 14, and 62) were left out of the brigade structure to concentrate on smaller scale raids. The increased tempo of operations, together with a shortage of volunteers and the need to provide replacements for casualties, forced their disbandment by the end of 1943. The small scale raiding role was then given to the two French troops of No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando. 1290: 895: 85: 67: 1403: 1989:. Their crossing was unopposed and the brigade headed to the outskirts of Wesel. Here they waited until a raid of 200 bombers of the Royal Air Force finished their attack, during which over 1,000 tons of bombs were dropped. Moving into the city just after midnight, the Commandos met resistance from defenders organised around an anti-aircraft division. It was not until 25 March that all resistance ended and the brigade declared the city taken. 1029: 1006:, and how to obtain tactical air support from the Allied air forces. More emphasis was put on joint training, with two or more Commando units working together in brigades. By the end of the war 25,000 men had passed through the Commando course at Achnacarry. This total includes not only the British volunteers, but volunteers from Belgium, France, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and the 1540:, but by late July 1941 Layforce had been severely reduced in strength. Reinforcements were unlikely given the circumstances. The operational difficulties that had been exposed during the Bardia raid, combined with the inability of the high command to fully embrace the Commando concept, had largely served to make the force ineffective. The decision was made to disband Layforce. 862:

three 10–man subsections. The heavy weapons troop was made up of 3-inch mortar and Vickers machine gun teams. The Commandos were provided with the motor transport needed to accompany them on operations. Their transport now consisted of the commanding officer's car, 15 motorcycles (six with side cars), ten 15 cwt trucks, and three 3-ton trucks. The heavy weapons troop had seven

1895:. No. 47 Commando was held in reserve and landed after No.s 41 and 48. They were to advance past No. 48 Commando and attempt to link up with No. 4 Commando in the south. On the first day No. 41 captured an artillery observation tower at Westkapelle and cleared the rest of the town. They then moved along the coast and dealt with the coastal defence installations. 1903:. The attack failed, with the unit suffering heavy casualties, including all the rifle troop commanders. The next day No. 47, supported by No. 48 Commando, again attacked the Zoutelande gun battery. This time they managed to continue the advance and link up with No. 4 Commando. The capture of these batteries allowed the navy to start sweeping the channel into 1183:, several of which could be linked together to form longer ropes for scaling cliffs or other obstacles. During boat operations an inflatable lifebelt was worn for safety. The Commandos were the first unit to adopt the Bergen rucksack to carry heavy loads of ammunition, explosives, and other demolition equipment. A battle jerkin was produced to wear over 1358:. The Commandos were landed by submarine and succeeded in blowing up some pipelines, turbines, and tunnels. This effectively destroyed the generating station and the aluminium plant was shut down permanently. One Commando was killed in the raid and another seven were captured while trying to escape. They spent a short time at 1281:, resulted in the capture or death of all involved. The smaller raids ended in mid-1944 on the orders of Major-General Robert Laycock, who suggested that they were no longer as effective and only resulted in the Germans strengthening their beach defences, something that could be extremely detrimental to Allied plans. 1085:, it used the same .45 cartridge as the Thompson and was designed to eliminate sentries during Commando raids. Some were used and proved successful on operations, but the nature of the Commando role had changed before they were put into full production, and the order for their purchase was cancelled. The 1708:, which wrecked the dock gates and killed some 360 Germans and French. A total of 611 soldiers and sailors took part in Chariot; 169 were killed and 200 (most wounded) taken prisoner. Only 242 men returned. Of the 241 Commandos who took part 64 were killed or missing and 109 captured. Lieutenant-Colonel 1587:

between February and March 1943. Both Commando units remained in theatre until April, when the decision was made to withdraw them from the fighting in North Africa. Lacking the administrative support and reinforcements of regular infantry units, the strength of the two units had fallen and they were

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During 1941, the Middle East Commandos and Layforce were tasked to carry out a campaign of harassment and dislocation against enemy forces in the Mediterranean. At the time that Layforce was raised, the British had the ascendency in the theatre, as they had largely defeated the Italians. It was felt

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under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Vaughan, the Commando depot was responsible for training complete units and individual replacements. The training regime was for the time innovative and physically demanding, and far in advance of normal British Army training. The depot staff were all

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ended in failure when two men were killed and one wounded after they walked into a minefield. The exploding mines alerted the German garrison and the Commandos had to abandon the operation. In Hardtack 7 the Commandos had returned to Sark, but had to abandon the operation and return to England when

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on the night of 14 July 1940 by men from H Troop of No. 3 Commando and No. 11 Independent Company. One unit landed on the wrong island and another group disembarked from its launch into water so deep that it came over their heads. Intelligence had indicated that there was a large German barracks on

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and specialised in using small boats and canoes to attack shipping. The joint service unit No. 30 Commando was formed for intelligence gathering. Its members were trained in the recognition of enemy documents, search techniques, safe cracking, prisoner handling, photography, and escape techniques.

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From 1944 the Operational Holding Commando Headquarters was formed. It was responsible for two sub-units: the Army and Royal Marines Holding Commando Wings. Both units had an establishment of five troops and a heavy weapons troop of fully trained commandos. The men in these troops were to provide

1911:; this left only one battery still under German control. The brigade regrouped and concentrated its assault on the last position. Just before the attack began on 9 November, the 4,000 men in the battery surrendered. This was quickly followed by the surrender of the rest of the island's garrison. 1334:

Island. This raid involved men from Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 6 Commandos, a Royal Navy flotilla, and limited air support. The raid caused significant damage to factories, warehouses, and the German garrison, and sank eight ships. After this the Germans increased the garrison in Norway by an extra 30,000

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In 1943, the formation of the Commando unit was changed. Each Commando now consisted of a small headquarters group, five fighting troops, a heavy weapons troop, and a signals platoon. The fighting troops consisted of 65 men of all ranks divided into two 30–man sections which were subdivided into

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and they were responsible for cooking their own meals. Correct military protocols were enforced: Officers were saluted and uniforms had to be clean, with brasses and boots shining on parade. At the end of each course the final exercise was a simulated night beach landing using live ammunition.

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support weapons such as mortars or artillery; they were armed mainly with rifles and a few Bren light machine guns. By 31 May the evacuation was drawing to a close and the commandos, running low on ammunition, rations, and water, fell back towards Sphakia. In the end, the vast majority of the

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There were 36 Commando raids targeted against France between 1940–1944, mostly small affairs involving between 10 and 25 men. Some of the larger raids involved one or more commando units. In March 1942, No. 2 Commando plus demolition experts from seven other Commando units took part in

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When the Commando units were originally formed in 1940, training was the responsibility of the unit commanding officers. Training was hampered by the general shortage of equipment throughout the British Army at this time, as most arms and equipment had been left behind at

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At the end of the Second World War, all the British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, and some Royal Marines Commandos were disbanded. This left only three Royal Marines Commandos and one brigade (with supporting Army elements). As of 2010, the British Commando force is

1229:. The operation was a limited success; at least two German soldiers were killed whilst the only British injury was a flesh wound suffered by Lieutenant-Colonel Dudley Clarke, who had accompanied the raiders as an observer. A second and similarly inconsequential raid, 998:. The depot provided training for operations in Arctic conditions, with instruction in climbing snow-covered mountains, cliff climbing, and small boat and canoe handling. Training was conducted in how to live, fight, and move on foot or on skis in snowy conditions. 1527:. Almost as soon as they landed it was decided that they could not be employed in an offensive role and would instead be used to cover the withdrawal route towards the south. They were ill-equipped for this type of operation, as they were lacking in 1393:

The Germans responded to the numerous raids directed at Norway by increasing the number of troops stationed there. By 1944 the garrison had risen to 370,000 men. In comparison, a British infantry division in 1944 had an establishment of 18,347 men.

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Initially the Commandos were indistinguishable from the rest of the British Army and volunteers retained their own regimental head-dress and insignia. No. 2 Commando adopted Scottish head-dress for all ranks and No. 11 (Scottish) Commando wore the

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meant that the Commandos became the only troops in general reserve. As the strategic situation worsened, it became increasingly difficult to employ them in the manner intended, as they were called upon as reinforcements to the rest of the army.

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A major change in the training programme occurred in 1943. From that point on training concentrated more on the assault infantry role and less on raiding operations. Training now included how to call for fire support from artillery and

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In February 1941 the Commandos were reorganized in accordance with a new war establishment. Each Commando unit now consisted of a Headquarters and six troops (instead of the previous 10). Each troop would comprise three officers and 62

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In 1943, the Norwegian Troop of No. 10 (Inter-Allied), No. 12, and No. 14 (Arctic) Commandos assisted the Royal Navy in carrying out anti-shipping raids in Norwegian coastal waters. The Commandos provided extra firepower for the navy

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No. 48 Commando quickly captured a radar station and then advanced on a gun battery south of Westkapelle, which was captured before nightfall. On 2 November No. 47 Commando advanced through No. 48 Commando to attack a gun battery at

2153:, dedicated to the men of the original British Commando Forces raised during Second World War. Situated around a mile from Spean Bridge village, it overlooks the training areas of the Commando Training Depot established in 1942 at 932:

railway station to the commando depot. When they arrived they were met by Vaughan, who stressed the physical demands of the course and that any man who failed to live up to the requirements would be 'returned to unit' (RTU).

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hand picked, with the ability to outperform any of the volunteers. Training and assessment started immediately on arrival, with the volunteers having to complete an 8-mile (13 km) march with all their equipment from the

1808:, the Commandos fought on the left flank of the Orne bridgehead until they were ordered to withdraw. The brigade remained in Normandy for ten weeks, sustaining 1,000 casualties, including the brigade commander, Brigadier 512:). Technically these men were only on secondment to the Commandos; they retained their own regimental cap badges and remained on the regimental roll for pay. The Commando force came under the operational control of the 866:

and trailers and one Jeep for each of the fighting troops and the headquarters. This gave them enough vehicles of their own to accommodate two fighting troops, the heavy weapons troop, and the Commando Headquarters.

1426:, was the first and largest of these, employing 140 men from No. 3 Commando and No. 11 Independent Company in a night raid on 14 July 1940. Later raids were much smaller; only 12 men of No. 62 Commando took part in 2639: 1457:, was a failure. After three attempts to scale the islands cliffs the Commandos finally reached the top, but there were no signs of any German occupation troops or of the island's population. The next raids were 1536:. About 600 of the 800 commandos that had been sent to Crete were listed as killed, missing, or wounded; only 179 commandos managed to get off the island. In April 1941 men from No. 7 Commando took part in the 964: 1253:, were conducted over a number of days. In north west Europe there were 57 raids made between 1940 and 1944. Of these 36 were against targets in France. There were 12 raids against Norway, seven raids in the 421:

on 6 June 1940: "Enterprises must be prepared, with specially-trained troops of the hunter class, who can develop a reign of terror down these coasts, first of all on the "butcher and bolt" policy..." The

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of No. 1 Commando was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross. The Commandos' victory in the 36-hour battle for Hill 170 cut off the escape of the 54th Japanese Division. Further amphibious landings by the

1117:. The issue of the medium Vickers machine gun to Commando units set them apart from typical British Army infantry divisions, who tended to only employ the weapon in specialist machine gun battalions. 5660: 1038:

As a raiding force, the Commandos were not issued the heavy weapons of a normal infantry battalion. The weapons used were the standard British Army small arms of the time; most riflemen carried the

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when they were at sea and acted as a guard force when they were at anchor in the Norwegian fjords. In April 1943, seven men of No. 14 (Arctic) Commando took part in a raid on German shipping near

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the island but the Commandos found only empty buildings. When they returned to the beach heavy seas had forced their launch offshore, and they were forced to swim out to sea to be picked up.

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carrying them ashore were sunk by mines and beach obstacles, which resulted in the loss of 76 of their 420 men. These losses delayed their advance to their primary objective, the port of

911:. In December 1940 a Middle East Commando depot was formed with the responsibility of training and supplying reinforcements for the Commando units in that theatre. In February 1942 the 1603:

was joined in November 1943 by the Belgian and Polish Troops of No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando. The Polish troop captured a German-occupied village on its own when the 2/6th Battalion

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The request for volunteers for special service was initially restricted to serving Army soldiers within certain formations still in Britain, and from men of the disbanding divisional

441:, 'hit sharp and quick – then run to fight another day'; they became 'The Commandos' from then onwards. Dill, aware of Churchill's intentions, approved Clarke's proposal. The first 3502: 5501: 3467: 2273: 1308:, was conducted in March 1941 by men of Nos. 3 and 4 Commandos. This was the first large scale raid from the United Kingdom during the war. Their objective was the undefended 316:. Their operations ranged from small groups of men landing from the sea or by parachute, to a brigade of assault troops spearheading the Allied invasions of Europe and Asia. 5650: 3722: 2080:

Of the Western nations represented in No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando, only Norway did not develop a post-war commando force. The French troops were the predecessors of the

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individual or complete troop replacements for the Commando units in the field. In December 1944, the four Special Service brigades were re-designated as Commando brigades.

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by No. 12 Commando on 26 December. The German garrison was in the midst of their Christmas celebrations and was easily overcome; the Commandos re-embarked after two days.

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Exercises were conducted using live ammunition and explosives to make training as realistic as possible. Physical fitness was a prerequisite, with cross country runs and

2643: 5640: 2044:, the planned invasion of Malaya. The Zipper landings were not needed due to the Japanese surrender so the brigade was sent to Hong Kong for policing duties instead. 5259: 4542: 4519: 2173:, generally (although not always) one with a victorious outcome. The following battle honours were awarded to the British Commandos during the Second World War. 1965:

in March 1945. After a heavy artillery bombardment on the evening of 23 March 1945, the brigade carried out the initial assault under cover of darkness with the

1200: 497: 442: 1370:, which mandated the execution of all captured Commandos. The three remaining Commandos managed to reach Sweden and were eventually returned to No. 2 Commando. 956:, map reading, and small boat operations on the syllabus. Living conditions were primitive in the camp, with trainees housed either under canvas in tents or in 1213:

on 23 June 1940 – was not actually carried out by a Commando unit, but by one of their predecessors: No.11 Independent Company. The mission, led by Major

774:(cwt) trucks, and one 3-ton truck. These vehicles were only provided for administration and training and were not intended to accompany the men on operations. 2106:, who were sent to train at the Commando depot at Achnacarry. However, subsequent Ranger battalions were formed and trained independent of British influence. 5655: 309: 437:. Clarke discussed the matter with Dill at the War Office and prepared a paper for him that proposed the formation of a new force based on the tactics of 837:, who would accompany an invasion force either to make enemy airfields serviceable, or to make new airstrips operational and contribute to their defence. 1591:

In May 1943 a Special Service Brigade comprising No. 2, No. 3, No. 40 (RM), and No. 41 (RM) Commandos was sent to the Mediterranean to take part in the

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landing operations. The previous Special Service Brigade Headquarters was replaced by Headquarters Special Services Group under command of Major-General

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gates. The Commandos engaged the German forces and destroyed the dock facilities. Eight hours later, delayed-action fuses set off the explosives in the

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knuckleduster/dagger, although a whole range of clubs and knives were used in the field. Some of the heavier and crew–served weapons used included the

5665: 1579:. As a result, the decision was made for the Commandos to be equipped with American weapons and uniforms in an effort to placate the defenders. The 1315:. They successfully destroyed the fish-oil factories, petrol dumps, and 11 ships, while capturing 216 Germans, encryption equipment, and codebooks. 5412: 802: 539: 709:

unit. In June 1940 they began parachute training and were re-designated the 11th Special Air Service (SAS) Battalion, which eventually became the

262: 4354: 1109:, known as the PIAT, replaced the now obsolete Boys anti-tank rifle. With the formation of the heavy weapons troops, Commandos were issued the 500:. The Special Service Brigade was quickly expanded to 12 units which became known as Commandos. Each Commando had a lieutenant-colonel as the 261:

and a number of foreign volunteers from German-occupied countries. By the end of the war 25,000 men had passed through the Commando course at

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of the Commandos, plus three members of the Royal Navy, were awarded the Victoria Cross. Eighty others received decorations for gallantry.

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The 10 independent companies were raised from volunteers in 2nd Line Territorial Army divisions in April 1940. They were intended for

1833: 3692: 713:. After their re-designation a new No. 2 Commando was formed. Other Commandos were grouped together in a larger formation known as 313: 3726: 3595: 3370: 3230: 3038: 1734:

that was in a position to fire upon the landing at Dieppe. The landing craft carrying No. 3 Commando ran into a German coastal

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made the Japanese position in the Arakan untenable. A general withdrawal was ordered to avoid the complete destruction of the

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and out of Italy. After a fierce three-day battle the Commandos succeeded in clearing the spit separating the lagoon from the

5635: 4404: 4284: 4265: 4204: 4065: 4027: 3989: 3970: 3863: 1058:. Commando sections were equipped with a higher number of Bren and Thompson guns than a normal British infantry section. The 725:

were formed from the survivors of Layforce. The men of No. 14 (Arctic) Commando were specially trained for operations in the

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The size of the raiding force depended on the objective. The smallest raid was conducted by two men from No. 6 Commando in

952:, all while carrying arms and full equipment. Training continued by day and night with river crossings, mountain climbing, 406: 2391:, the German invasion of Denmark and Norway. Each of the 10 companies initially consisted of 21 officers and 268 soldiers. 5630: 5525: 4820: 2713: 2066: 1515:

greatly changed the strategic outlook. By the time Layforce arrived in Egypt in March the situation had become dire. The

1383: 431: 332: 1730:, supported by No. 3 and No. 4 Commandos. The mission of No. 3 Commando was to neutralize a German coastal battery near 1584: 766:. The motor transport issued to each commando consisted of one car for the commanding officer, 12 motorcycles (six with 4960: 2313: 1743: 1458: 1086: 1022: 940:

matches to improve fitness. Speed and endurance marches were conducted up and down the nearby mountain ranges and over

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strong point and lost forty percent of its men. The last 4th Brigade unit ashore was No. 47 Commando, which landed on

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By the autumn of 1940 more than 2,000 men had volunteered and in November 1940 these new units were organised into a

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were tasked to organise Commando units of their own. In total nine Commando units were formed by the Royal Marines:

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trace their origins to the Commandos. The Second World War Commando legacy also extends to mainland Europe and the

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The Special Operations Executive in Norway 1940–1945: Policy and Operations in the Strategid and Political Context

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Another smaller Commando depot, known as the Commando Mountain and Snow Warfare training camp, was established at

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and bolster British morale. Churchill told the joint chiefs of staff to propose measures for an offensive against

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No. 62 Commando or the Small Scale Raiding Force was a small 55–man unit under the operational control of the

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Some Commandos were designated for different tasks from the start. No. 2 Commando was always intended to be a

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FIREPOWER: THE WEAPONS THE PROFESSIONALS USE - AND HOW. WEAPONS OF THE COMMANDOS, #53 Orbis Publishing 1990

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participated in several coastal landings of the Southern Front offensive. These landings culminated in the

1879:. The plan was for the island to be attacked from two directions, with the Commandos coming by sea and the 731: 5597: 5530: 5520: 5515: 2130: 2118: 2033: 1936: 1924: 1813: 1781: 1596: 781:

Commandos demonstrate a technique for crossing barbed wire during training in Scotland, 28 February 1942.

3073: 845: 777: 682:, and No. 3 (X) Troop. The No. 3 (X) Troop consisted of enemy aliens; it was also known as the English, 5535: 5346: 4738: 2263: 2099: 2037: 1157: 1007: 619: 494: 366: 282: 266: 203: 1576: 1438:, followed only days later. In October of that year 12 men from No.s 12 and 62 Commandos took part in 870:

By now the Commandos started to move away from smaller raiding operations. They were formed into four

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they wore lightweight rubber soled gym shoes that allowed them to move silently. All ranks carried a

1110: 834: 829:, who were established to carry out tasks associated with establishing, maintaining, and controlling 686:, or British troop and was officially renamed the Miscellaneous Troop in 1944. Most of the troop had 2102:

were also influenced by the British Commandos. Their first volunteers were from troops stationed in

562: 5602: 5458: 5356: 2323: 1970: 1951: 1595:. The two Royal Marines Commandos were the first into action, landing ahead of the main force. The 1543: 627: 3781: 3566: 3528: 3404: 3341: 3321: 3301: 1623:. This was the first major action of the big spring offensive to push the Germans back across the 658:. The No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando was formed from volunteers from the occupied territories and 5607: 5510: 5331: 5251: 5044: 4511: 2091: 1884: 1709: 1298: 1133: 1074: 1047: 953: 825:, which was only formed in 1944. In 1943 two other Commando units were formed. The first was the 607: 509: 490: 410: 358: 290: 274: 254: 2388: 1563:

In November 1942, No. 1 and No. 6 Commandos formed part of the spearhead for Allied landings in

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troops, upgraded coastal and inland defences, and sent a number of capital ships to the area.

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was the last Commander of Combined Operations; he took over from Mountbatten in October 1943.

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in September 1942, when they captured seven prisoners and located several German codebooks.

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As the men were equipped for raiding operations and only lightly armed, they did not carry

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was also involved in the Normandy landings. No. 48 Commando landed on the left flank of

758:. The new formation also meant that two complete Commando units could be carried in the 5194: 5065: 5030: 4974: 4939: 4897: 4890: 4876: 4862: 4806: 4778: 4757: 4750: 4731: 4719: 4644: 4588: 4254: 3571: 3533: 3409: 3346: 3326: 3306: 2303: 2243: 2218: 2062: 2020: 1651: 1431: 1375: 1305: 1274: 1250: 920: 567: 524: 501: 483: 394: 320: 24: 2169:

are awarded to regiments that have seen active service in a significant engagement or

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that had landed overnight and was holding the northern flank and the bridges over the

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started 1 November 1944, with 4th Special Service Brigade assigned to carry out a

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of No. 4 Commando was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the raid.

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was initially used as the standard sidearm, but it was eventually replaced by the

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for mines. On 5 November, No. 41 Commando captured the gun battery north east of

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failed to reach a rendezvous on time. On 2 April 1945 the whole of the now named

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was designed especially for Commandos' use in hand-to-hand combat, replacing the

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and No. 41 Commando landed on the right flank of Sword Beach and then assaulted

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of choice, but later in the war the Commandos also used the cheaper and lighter

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and headed for the bridges, about 10 miles (16 km) away. Arriving at the

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Commandos wearing the green beret and carrying the Bergen rucksack during the

5624: 5016: 4452: 4178:

The Last Prussian: A Biography of Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, 1875–1953

1954:, attached to No. 45 (Royal Marine) Commando was awarded the Victoria Cross. 1761: 1666: 1640: 1528: 1483: 1242: 1188: 1172: 1168: 1145: 1102: 1098: 786: 771: 726: 571: 463: 438: 434: 344: 328: 324: 301: 20: 3808:"Spean Bridge, Commando Memorial (Category A Listed Building) (LB6842)" 3621: 2981: 2739: 1583:

followed the Torch landings. No. 1 and No. 6 Commandos were involved in the

39: 1985:. The Commandos crossed the Rhine at a point 2 miles (3.2 km) west of 1821: 1747: 1722:

On 19 August 1942 a major landing took place at the French coastal town of

1628: 1572: 1500: 1449:

All the other Channel Islands raids were less successful. In January 1943,

1410:, which was used in smaller raids to transfer from motor boats to the shore 1407: 1063: 992: 988: 929: 759: 699: 659: 536: 265:. This total includes not only the British volunteers, but volunteers from 250: 234: 158: 90: 19:

This article is about Second World War Commandos. For the present day, see

1928: 213: 5571: 5561: 5422: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5009: 4714: 2213: 1962: 1789: 1723: 1678: 1537: 1331: 1262: 1184: 1180: 981: 969: 949: 810: 798: 794: 790: 743: 679: 639: 532: 520: 516:. The man initially selected as the commander of Combined Operations was 4491: 4481: 1523:

In May 1941 the majority of Layforce were sent as reinforcements to the

1402: 894: 5566: 1900: 1829: 1817: 1801: 1797: 1556: 1270: 1226: 1214: 1141: 1082: 957: 916: 187: 102: 2040:. The Commando brigade was then withdrawn to India in preparation for 1148:

cap badge. This badge was modelled on their issue fighting knife (the

3759:

The Battalion: The Dramatic Story of the 2nd Ranger Battalion in WWII

2384: 2122: 1876: 1616: 1504: 1495:

that the Commandos could be employed in the capture of the island of

1379: 1273:, has been hailed as the greatest raid of all time, but others, like 1152:) which had a knuckleduster for a handle. In 1942 the green Commando 863: 830: 706: 691: 662:. It was the largest Commando unit formed, and contained troops from 427: 1289: 698:

backgrounds, while others were political or religious refugees from

5556: 4121:

The Penguin Encyclopedia of Modern Warfare: 1850 to the Present Day

2150: 1713: 1648: 1624: 1435: 1423: 1234: 1055: 945: 714: 319:

After the war most Commando units were disbanded, leaving only the

124: 5281: 4541: 4277:

Commandos: The Inside Story of Britain's Most Elite Fighting Force

5661:

Military units and formations of the British Army in World War II

2742:. The RAF Servicing Commando and Tactical Supply Wing Association 1978: 1908: 1904: 1696:, accompanied by 18 smaller ships, sailed into St. Nazaire where 1564: 1258: 1066:, which used the same ammunition as the Thompson submachine gun. 1028: 977: 908: 871: 767: 687: 667: 517: 297: 4506: 638:. At the same time there were four Commando units formed in the 3802: 1780:

of 6 June 1944 two Special Service Brigades were deployed. The

1735: 1496: 1462: 1309: 1218: 1137: 937: 683: 675: 671: 663: 4486: 4337:

The British Channel Islands Under German Occupation, 1940–1945

3725:. Ministère de la Défense, la Composante Terre. Archived from 2056:

A Royal Marines Commando and an Army Commando (right) in 2019.

1654:

No. 43 (Royal Marine) Commando were each awarded a posthumous

1140:. The official head-dress of the Middle East Commandos was a 296:

Reaching a wartime strength of over 30 units and four assault

3944:

Cinderella Army: The Canadians in Northwest Europe, 1944–1945

3468:"Chapter five, Operation Infatuate the Allies plan of attack" 1986: 1750:. Most of No. 4 Commando safely returned to England. Captain 1620: 1153: 1090: 1077:. One weapon specifically designed for the Commandos was the 854: 505: 4039:

SAS Zero Hour: The Secret Origins of the Special Air Service

1973:. The Germans had moved most of their reserve troops to the 1191:

became standard issue for Commando forces later in the war.

4501: 1454: 1443: 1073:

chambered in 9 mm Parabellum by the Canadian manufacturer

4235:

Daggers Drawn: Second World War Heroes of the SAS and SBS

3625: 3374: 2985: 1887:

attacking across the causeway. No. 4 Commando landed at

1350:

In September 1942 men from No. 2 Commando took part in

1201:

British Commando operations during the Second World War

754:; this number was set so each troop would fit into two 300:, the Commandos served in all theatres of war from the 4497:

30 Commando Assault Unit – Ian Fleming's 'Red Indians'

4416:

Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory – June 6, 1944

4140:

The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations

1414:

There were seven Commando missions carried out on the

1081:. Modelled on the Lee–Enfield rifle and fitted with a 578:

The Commando units formed in the United Kingdom were:

4020:

Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War

1575:

at this time because of a number of clashes like the

1446:

that saw four Germans killed and one taken prisoner.

1318:

In December 1941 there were two raids. The first was

1217:, was an offensive reconnaissance carried out on the 734:(SOE). They carried out raids planned by SOE such as 535:. Keyes resigned in October 1941 and was replaced by 5651:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1946

4496: 2109:

The men serving with the Commandos were awarded 479

2090:

and the Belgian Troops were the predecessors of the

1689:, also known as the St. Nazaire Raid. The destroyer 16:

British special operations force during World War II

4060:. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. 1792:. Their main objective was to fight through to the 1532:commandos were left behind on the island, becoming 1042:rifle and section fire support was provided by the 493:consisting of four battalions under the command of 4394: 4253: 3963:The Fighting Fourth: No. 4 Commando at War 1940–45 2740:"Royal Air Force Servicing Commandos 1942 to 1946" 5641:Military units and formations established in 1940 4447:(PhD thesis). De Montfort University, Leicester. 3413:(Supplement). 2 October 1942. pp. 4323–4324. 1571:. Tensions were high between the British and the 504:and numbered around 450 men (divided into 75-man 449:, was conducted on the night of 24/25 June 1940. 5622: 4115: 2572: 2570: 2084:. The Dutch Troops were the predecessors of the 833:during amphibious operations. The other was the 4142:. Washington: University Press of the Pacific. 4077:Raiders: Great Exploits of the Second World War 3935:The Second World War, Vol II, Their Finest Hour 3891: 3598:. Commando Veterans Association. Archived from 3350:(Supplement). 15 June 1945. pp. 3171–3172. 3233:. Commando Veterans Association. Archived from 3041:. Commando Veterans Association. Archived from 2642:. Commando Veterans Association. Archived from 2117:awarded to all ranks. Officers were awarded 37 1466:they were unable to scale the island's cliffs. 1390:concentration camps, where they were executed. 5283:British Commando units of the Second World War 4543:British Commando raids of the Second World War 3877:. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 3074:"Operation Checkmate – Haugesund, Norway" 2436:Clarke, Dudley. "The Birth of the Commandos". 389:in June 1940. After the events leading to the 381:The British Commandos were a formation of the 5267: 4527: 4353: 4058:Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945 4001:Encyclopedia of Modern British Army Regiments 3622:"Fact file: 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines" 3310:(Supplement). 4 September 1945. p. 4469. 3207: 3205: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2567: 853:of a heavy weapons troop in the outskirts of 5656:1946 disestablishments in the United Kingdom 4375: 4099:Commando: Hit-and-run Combat in World War II 2982:"Jeremy Clarkson: Greatest Raid of All Time" 2004:coming ashore from landing craft during the 1233:, was made on the German-occupied island of 5377:No. 62 Commando (Small Scale Raiding Force) 5241:List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall 4455:. Docket uk.bl.ethos.516070. Archived from 4418:. Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre. 3894:British Army 1939–45 (1): North-West Europe 1957:The 1st Commando Brigade next took part in 1205:List of Commando raids on the Atlantic wall 5274: 5260: 4534: 4520: 4507:No, 47 (Royal Marine) Commando Association 4440: 3575:(Supplement). 10 April 1945. p. 1939. 3397: 3214: 3202: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2716:. D-Day Museum, Portsmouth. Archived from 2591: 2129:with 13 bars. Other ranks were awarded 32 1658:for their actions during Operation Roast. 1461:in December 1943. The Hardtack 28 raid on 1342:A wounded Commando being helped towards a 373:were influenced by the wartime Commandos. 241:, for special forces that could carry out 5646:1940 establishments in the United Kingdom 4395:van der Bijl, Nick; Hannon, Paul (1995). 4194: 4175: 4156: 3932: 3537:(Supplement). 6 March 1945. p. 1297. 2809: 2807: 2805: 1844:, which they captured the following day. 1824:. No. 48 Commando landed in front of the 1738:. Only a handful of commandos, under the 1486:type Commando cap badge, modelled on the 1269:, the raid against dock installations at 5666:Army reconnaissance units and formations 4334: 4312: 4296:US Army Rangers & LRRP Units 1942–87 4137: 3946:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3910: 3892:Brayley, Martin; Chappell, Mike (2001). 3693:"The history of the Commando Foundation" 3565: 3527: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3462: 3460: 3403: 3340: 3330:(Supplement). 8 June 1945. p. 3087. 3320: 3300: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2051: 1996: 1918: 1851: 1756: 1665: 1542: 1473: 1401: 1337: 1288: 1119: 1027: 1017: 1013: 1010:, which were modelled on the Commandos. 963: 893: 844: 776: 561: 451: 4413: 4293: 4213: 4093: 3998: 3960: 3445:. 47 Royal Marines Commando Association 3186: 3184: 3147: 3145: 3017: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2875: 2873: 2795: 2793: 2663: 2661: 2584: 2582: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2455: 2448: 2446: 1482:wearing bush hats with the Middle East 237:in June 1940, following a request from 5623: 4274: 4232: 4074: 4055: 4017: 3872: 3849: 3505:. Royal Marines Museum. Archived from 3470:. Royal Marines Museum. Archived from 2802: 2469: 2467: 2411: 2409: 2407: 1981:, which had just been captured by the 1764:Commandos on their way to relieve the 1297:– the man on the left is armed with a 840: 508:that were further divided into 15-man 253:from soldiers who volunteered for the 5255: 4515: 4318:The Green Beret: The Commandos at War 4036: 3979: 3756: 3486: 3457: 3057: 2956: 2387:style operations in Norway following 1726:. The main force was provided by the 1459:Operations Hardtack 28 and Hardtack 7 1187:and the airborne forces' camouflaged 972:bridge under simulated artillery fire 574:into a shallow pit filled with water. 482:(TA) divisions who had served in the 4378:No. 10 Inter-Allied Commando 1942–45 4251: 3941: 3723:"Centre d'Entraînement de Commandos" 3181: 3142: 2909: 2870: 2852: 2843: 2790: 2772: 2658: 2579: 2549: 2526: 2499: 2485: 2443: 2432: 2430: 2113:during the war. This includes eight 1800:. The Commandos cleared the town of 1406:Commandos marching past a collapsed 1209:The very first Commando raid – 417:, and stated in a minute to General 3875:The Encyclopedia of Weapons of WWII 3588: 2464: 2404: 1356:Glomfjord hydroelectric power plant 1304:The first Commando raid in Norway, 1265:. The success of the raids varied; 424:Chief of the Imperial General Staff 13: 4434: 2299:North-West Europe 1942, 1944, 1945 1397: 980:. This camp was run by two famous 249:. Initially drawn from within the 14: 5677: 4475: 4339:. Jersey: Jersey Heritage Trust. 4180:. London; Washington: Brassey's. 3443:"Operation Neptune – 6 June 1944" 2427: 2160: 1245:. The largest was the 10,500 man 1167:or large packs, and the standard 717:and sent to the Middle East. The 557: 339:, British Army commandos and the 281:, Canada, Norway and Poland. The 4214:Moreman, Timothy Robert (2006). 4138:Mcdonald, Charles Brown (2005). 3982:British Army handbook, 1939–1945 3830: 3821: 3796: 3774: 3765: 3761:. Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. 3750: 3741: 3715: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 2032:and the overland advance of the 1588:no longer considered effective. 1469: 1364:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 1257:, and single raids were made in 954:weapons training, unarmed combat 514:Combined Operations Headquarters 293:were modelled on the Commandos. 212: 107: 95: 83: 65: 38: 4199:. London: Thames & Hudson. 3842: 3649: 3640: 3614: 3579: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3521: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3388: 3363: 3354: 3334: 3314: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3223: 3193: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3076:. Commando Veterans Association 3066: 3031: 3008: 2999: 2974: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2861: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2781: 2763: 2754: 2732: 2714:"Memories of D-Day: Juno Beach" 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2558: 2540: 2517: 2508: 1346:(LCA) during Operation Archery 552: 430:and his Military Assistant was 5438:No. 48 (Royal Marine) Commando 5433:No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando 5428:No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando 5423:No. 45 (Royal Marine) Commando 5418:No. 44 (Royal Marine) Commando 5413:No. 43 (Royal Marine) Commando 5408:No. 42 (Royal Marine) Commando 5403:No. 41 (Royal Marine) Commando 5398:No. 40 (Royal Marine) Commando 5342:No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando 4101:. Chelsea: Scarborough House. 3094:Brayley & Chappell, p. 17. 2629:Macksey and Woodhouse, p. 308. 2611:Shortt & McBride, pp. 6–9. 2476: 2418: 2377: 1857:No. 41 (Royal Marine) Commando 1847: 1728:2nd Canadian Infantry Division 1517:deployment of forces to Greece 1499:. However, the arrival of the 1107:Projector, Infantry, Anti Tank 1087:Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife 1023:Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife 363:1st Raider–Paratrooper Brigade 1: 4492:Commando Veterans Association 4482:Commando Veterans Association 4380:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 4361:. London: Osprey Publishing. 4320:. London: Four Square Books. 4298:. London: Osprey Publishing. 4218:. London: Osprey Publishing. 4119:; Woodhouse, William (1991). 4003:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. 3918:. London: Osprey Publishing. 3896:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 3804:Historic Environment Scotland 3371:"Remembering St Nazaire raid" 2398: 2030:25th Indian Infantry Division 1786:British 3rd Infantry Division 1700:was rammed directly into the 1631:and secured the flank of the 1194: 1165:anti-gas protective equipment 923:was established by Brigadier 570:by disembarking from a dummy 310:Mediterranean and Middle East 5636:British Army in World War II 4123:. London; New York: Viking. 3291:Bijl & Hanon, pp. 29–30. 2370: 2274:Middle East 1941, 1942, 1944 2131:Distinguished Conduct Medals 2119:Distinguished Service Orders 1362:before being transferred to 1156:and the Combined Operations 732:Special Operations Executive 376: 7: 5531:4th Special Service Brigade 5526:3rd Special Service Brigade 5521:2nd Special Service Brigade 5516:1st Special Service Brigade 4376:van der Bijl, Nick (2006). 4314:Saunders, Hilary St. George 4195:Messenger, Charles (2004). 4176:Messenger, Charles (1991). 4157:Messenger, Charles (1985). 4041:. London: Greenhill Books. 4022:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 3965:. Stroud, England: Sutton. 3933:Churchill, Winston (1949). 3039:"History of No. 2 Commando" 2440:. 25 November 1948. p. 799. 2249:Landing at Porto San Venere 2125:for a second award and 162 2038:Twenty-Eighth Japanese Army 2034:82nd (West Africa) Division 2023:at Kangaw. Here Lieutenant 1814:4th Special Service Brigade 1782:1st Special Service Brigade 1597:2nd Special Service Brigade 889: 391:British Expeditionary Force 359:Special Operations Regiment 10: 5682: 5631:Commandos (United Kingdom) 5536:Special Air Service Troops 5347:No. 11 (Scottish) Commando 4294:Rottman, Gordon L (1987). 4018:Haskew, Michael E (2007). 2640:"No 30AU Commando History" 2564:Shott & McBride, p. 4. 2100:United States Army Rangers 1914: 1198: 1171:was replaced by a woollen 1158:tactical recognition flash 1008:United States Army Rangers 367:United States Army Rangers 283:United States Army Rangers 18: 5603:No. 1 Demolition Squadron 5580: 5544: 5499: 5483: 5475:Royal Air Force Commandos 5467: 5446: 5390: 5289: 5231: 4549: 4397:The Royal Marines 1939–93 4357:; McBride, Angus (1981). 4260:. London: Little, Brown. 4216:British Commandos 1940–46 3028:Messenger (1991), p. 165. 3005:Messenger (1985), p. 251. 2047: 1983:U.S. 9th Armored Division 1661: 1593:Allied invasion of Sicily 1585:first battle of Sedjenane 1284: 1105:support. After 1943, the 835:Royal Air Force Commandos 764:'Dutch' type landing ship 738:on the Spanish island of 426:at that time was General 233:, were formed during the 198: 193: 169: 164: 154: 144: 130: 120: 78: 60: 52: 37: 32: 5598:Special Raiding Squadron 5459:British commando frogmen 5357:No. 14 (Arctic) Commando 4159:The Commandos: 1940–1946 3916:Army Commandos 1940–1945 3784:. Gazetteer for Scotland 2971:Messenger (2004), p. 15. 2953:Messenger (1985), p. 74. 1992: 1971:51st (Highland) Division 1967:15th (Scottish) Division 1952:Royal Army Medical Corps 1812:. The all Royal Marines 760:'Glen' type landing ship 289:, Portuguese Fuzileiros 5608:Long Range Desert Group 5511:Special Service Brigade 5332:No. 8 (Guards) Commando 4441:Herrington, I. (2004). 4359:The Special Air Service 4335:Saunders, Paul (2005). 4056:Joslen, H. F. (2003) . 3961:Dunning, James (2003). 3937:. Cassell & Co Ltd. 3850:Binney, Marcus (2006). 2092:Immediate Reaction Cell 1885:52nd (Lowland) Division 1710:Augustus Charles Newman 1577:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 1559:river, 30 December 1943 1299:Thompson submachine gun 1075:John Inglis and Company 1069:Another pistol was the 913:Commando training depot 711:1st Parachute Battalion 491:Special Service Brigade 478:originally raised from 464:Royal Marines Commandos 397:, after the disastrous 395:evacuation from Dunkirk 291:Portuguese Marine Corps 287:US Marine Corps Raiders 255:Special Service Brigade 5581:Other Commando forces: 4414:Zuehlke, Mark (2005). 3980:Forty, George (1998). 3873:Bishop, Chris (2002). 3757:Black, Robert (2013). 2294:North Africa 1941–1943 2057: 2008: 1961:, the crossing of the 1932: 1864: 1863:towards the lighthouse 1773: 1681: 1560: 1509:invasion of Yugoslavia 1491: 1490:on the sergeant's belt 1411: 1347: 1301: 1128: 1044:Bren light machine gun 1035: 1025: 984:: the depot commander 973: 968:Crossing a river on a 903: 858: 782: 575: 566:Commandos simulate an 540:Lord Louis Mountbatten 471: 415:German-occupied Europe 407:British Prime Minister 329:Royal Marine Commandos 247:German-occupied Europe 5593:Special Boat Squadron 5454:Royal Naval Commandos 4502:No. 6 (Army) Commando 4275:Parker, John (2000). 4233:Morgan, Mike (2000). 4075:Laffin, John (1999). 3999:Griffin, P.D (2006). 3697:Korps Commandotroepen 3264:Zuehlke, pp. 117–119. 2087:Korps Commandotroepen 2055: 2000: 1922: 1891:and No. 41 and 48 at 1881:Canadian 2nd Division 1869:Battle of the Scheldt 1855: 1838:Landing Craft Assault 1794:6th Airborne Division 1766:6th Airborne Division 1760: 1669: 1619:lagoon in north east 1546: 1477: 1405: 1354:, a raid against the 1344:Landing Craft Assault 1341: 1330:was a larger raid at 1292: 1123: 1031: 1021: 1014:Weapons and equipment 991:and chief instructor 967: 897: 848: 827:Royal Naval Commandos 785:In February 1942 the 780: 756:Assault Landing Craft 723:Special Boat Squadron 616:No. 10 (Inter-Allied) 565: 498:Joseph Charles Haydon 476:Independent Companies 455: 354:Korps Commandotroepen 5382:Middle East Commando 4462:on 27 September 2021 4279:. London: Headline. 4252:Owen, James (2012). 3942:Coop, Terry (2006). 3856:Hodder and Stoughton 3682:van der Bijl, p. 56. 3673:van der Bijl, p. 58. 3509:on November 15, 2009 3474:on November 15, 2009 3282:van der Bijl, p. 17. 3273:van der Bijl, p. 19. 3255:van der Bijl, p. 14. 3231:"No 1 Army Commando" 3063:van der Bijl, p. 13. 3045:on November 21, 2008 2888:van der Bijl, p. 12. 2813:van der Bijl, p. 23. 2760:van der Bijl, p. 28. 2537:Chappell, pp. 45–48. 2389:Operation Weserübung 2165:In the British Army 2141:was unveiled by the 2075:Special Boat Service 2017:3rd Commando Brigade 2002:3rd Commando Brigade 1937:1st Commando Brigade 1935:In January 1945 the 1925:1st Commando Brigade 1609:2nd Commando Brigade 1420:Operation Ambassador 1231:Operation Ambassador 1169:British steel helmet 1095:Boys anti-tank rifle 874:to spearhead future 851:Vickers machine guns 762:and one unit in the 736:Operation Postmaster 656:Middle East Commando 383:British Armed Forces 341:Special Boat Service 259:British Armed Forces 229:, also known as the 180:John Durnford-Slater 5588:Special Air Service 4487:Combined Operations 4037:Jones, Tim (2006). 3782:"Commando Monument" 3596:"No1 Army Commando" 3394:Dunning, pp. 65–87. 2867:Moreman, pp. 37–38. 2822:Moreman, pp. 37–39. 2787:Moreman, pp. 84–85. 2720:on 2 September 2010 2685:Moreman, pp. 16–17. 2555:van der Bijl, p. 5. 2546:van der Bijl, p. 6. 2071:Special Air Service 1941:Operation Blackcock 1645:Special Air Service 1553:Operation Partridge 1488:Mark I trench knife 1451:Operation Huckabuck 1422:, which focused on 1384:Operation Checkmate 1376:Motor Torpedo Boats 1352:Operation Musketoon 1279:Operation Musketoon 1175:. Instead of heavy 1150:Mark I trench knife 1115:Vickers machine gun 841:1943 reorganization 719:Special Air Service 523:, a veteran of the 466:shortly before the 337:Special Air Service 149:Combined Operations 4399:. Oxford: Osprey. 4237:. Stroud: Sutton. 4161:. London: Kimber. 4079:. Stroud: Sutton. 3984:. Stroud: Sutton. 3703:on 31 October 2010 3655:Breuer, pp. 46–47. 3628:. 26 February 2003 3572:The London Gazette 3534:The London Gazette 3410:The London Gazette 3347:The London Gazette 3327:The London Gazette 3307:The London Gazette 2703:Haskew, pp. 48–49. 2461:Haskew, pp. 47–48. 2424:Churchill, p. 217. 2359:Valli di Comacchio 2309:Pursuit to Messina 2067:Parachute Regiment 2063:3 Commando Brigade 2058: 2021:battle of Hill 170 2015:in 1944–1945, the 2009: 1933: 1865: 1784:landed behind the 1774: 1682: 1652:Thomas Peck Hunter 1561: 1551:the morning after 1492: 1432:Operation Branford 1412: 1348: 1306:Operation Claymore 1302: 1275:Operation Aquatint 1251:Operation Gauntlet 1129: 1036: 1026: 974: 921:Scottish Highlands 904: 859: 783: 576: 568:amphibious landing 525:Gallipoli campaign 502:commanding officer 484:Norwegian Campaign 472: 432:Lieutenant-Colonel 333:Parachute Regiment 321:3 Commando Brigade 136:Special operations 25:3 Commando Brigade 5616: 5615: 5249: 5248: 5236:British Commandos 4406:978-1-85532-388-9 4286:978-0-7472-7008-9 4267:978-1-4087-0302-1 4206:978-0-500-25123-2 4067:978-1-84342-474-1 4029:978-1-84415-577-4 3991:978-0-7509-3190-8 3972:978-0-7509-3095-6 3865:978-0-340-82910-3 3852:Secret War Heroes 3646:Otway, pp. 31–32. 3556:Mcdonald, p. 303. 3121:Saunders, p. xxv. 2289:Normandy Landings 2254:Landing in Sicily 2155:Achnacarry Castle 2147:Category A listed 2139:Commando Memorial 1975:Ludendorff Bridge 1959:Operation Plunder 1939:were involved in 1875:on the island of 1832:near the town of 1826:St. Aubin-sur-Mer 1778:Normandy landings 1740:second in command 1732:Berneval-le-Grand 1687:Operation Chariot 1328:Operation Archery 1295:Operation Archery 1293:Commandos during 1267:Operation Chariot 1247:Operation Jubilee 1126:Normandy landings 1071:Browning Hi Power 742:off the coast of 620:No. 11 (Scottish) 468:Normandy landings 403:Winston Churchill 239:Winston Churchill 231:British Commandos 220: 219: 46:Commando Memorial 5673: 5468:Royal Air Force: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5253: 5252: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4429: 4410: 4391: 4372: 4350: 4331: 4309: 4290: 4271: 4259: 4248: 4229: 4210: 4191: 4172: 4153: 4134: 4117:Macksey, Kenneth 4112: 4095:Macksey, Kenneth 4090: 4071: 4052: 4033: 4014: 3995: 3976: 3957: 3938: 3929: 3907: 3888: 3869: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3827:Griffin, p. 187. 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3699:. Archived from 3689: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3664:Molinari, p. 22. 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3439: 3433: 3432:Zuehlke, p. 399. 3430: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3227: 3221: 3220:Chappell, p. 59. 3218: 3212: 3211:Chappell, p. 29. 3209: 3200: 3199:Chappell, p. 17. 3197: 3191: 3190:Saunders, p. 61. 3188: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3169:Chappell, p. 16. 3167: 3161: 3160:Saunders, p. 57. 3158: 3152: 3151:Saunders, p. 55. 3149: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3130:Macksey, p. 170. 3128: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3112:Macksey, p. 138. 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3015: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2868: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2800: 2799:Chappell, p. 14. 2797: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2778:Chappell, p. 28. 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2667:Chappell, p. 48. 2665: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2602:Saunders, p. 52. 2600: 2589: 2588:Chappell, p. 15. 2586: 2577: 2574: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2524: 2523:Chappell, p. 30. 2521: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2462: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2441: 2434: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2392: 2381: 2339:Steamroller Farm 2234:Greece 1944–1945 2127:Military Crosses 2115:Victoria Crosses 2104:Northern Ireland 2082:Commandos Marine 2042:Operation Zipper 1873:seaborne assault 1859:advance through 1752:Patrick Porteous 1611:were engaged in 1605:Queen's Regiment 1601:Italian campaign 1581:Tunisia Campaign 1534:prisoners of war 1440:Operation Basalt 1322:, a raid on the 1320:Operation Anklet 1223:Boulogne-sur-Mer 1211:Operation Collar 1177:ammunition boots 1079:De Lisle carbine 1033:De Lisle carbine 944:that included a 696:Eastern European 480:Territorial Army 447:Operation Collar 399:Battle of France 349:Commandos Marine 235:Second World War 216: 159:Second World War 113: 111: 110: 101: 99: 98: 89: 87: 86: 71: 69: 68: 42: 30: 29: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5612: 5576: 5540: 5495: 5491:No. 30 Commando 5479: 5463: 5442: 5386: 5372:No. 52 Commando 5367:No. 51 Commando 5362:No. 50 Commando 5352:No. 12 Commando 5285: 5280: 5250: 5245: 5227: 4545: 4540: 4478: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4437: 4435:Further reading 4432: 4426: 4407: 4388: 4369: 4347: 4328: 4306: 4287: 4268: 4245: 4226: 4207: 4197:The D Day Atlas 4188: 4169: 4150: 4131: 4109: 4087: 4068: 4049: 4030: 4011: 3992: 3973: 3954: 3926: 3904: 3885: 3866: 3845: 3840: 3836:Moreman, p. 94. 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3729:on 7 March 2012 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3585:Moreman, p. 82. 3584: 3580: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423:Tillman, p. 51. 3422: 3418: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3360:Moreman, p. 66. 3359: 3355: 3339: 3335: 3319: 3315: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3178:Chappel, p. 15. 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3139:Moreman, p. 20. 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103:Binney, p. 152. 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3018: 3014:Moreman, p. 54. 3013: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935:Bishop, p. 220. 2934: 2930: 2926:Moreman, p. 46. 2925: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2897:Moreman, p. 41. 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879:Moreman, p. 38. 2878: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858:Moreman, p. 37. 2857: 2853: 2849:Moreman, p. 49. 2848: 2844: 2840:Moreman, p. 33. 2839: 2835: 2831:Moreman, p. 32. 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769:Moreman, p. 28. 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676:Binney, p. 129. 2675: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2646:on 20 June 2009 2638: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2576:Moreman, p. 91. 2575: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514:Chappell, p. 6. 2513: 2509: 2505:Moreman, p. 12. 2504: 2500: 2495: 2486: 2482:Joslen, p. 454. 2481: 2477: 2473:Moreman, p. 13. 2472: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415:Moreman, p. 40. 2414: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2395: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2239:Italy 1943–1945 2204:Burma 1943–1945 2163: 2135:Military Medals 2050: 2025:George Knowland 1995: 1917: 1850: 1664: 1613:Operation Roast 1599:serving in the 1569:Operation Torch 1525:Battle of Crete 1480:No. 51 Commando 1472: 1428:Operation Dryad 1416:Channel Islands 1400: 1398:Channel Islands 1324:Lofoten Islands 1313:Lofoten Islands 1287: 1255:Channel Islands 1221:coast south of 1207: 1199:Main articles: 1197: 1144:with their own 1060:Webley Revolver 1016: 986:Squadron Leader 942:assault courses 898:Negotiating an 892: 843: 636:No. 62 Commando 628:No. 14 (Arctic) 560: 555: 533:First World War 387:special service 379: 314:South-East Asia 223: 207: 205: 202: 200: 186: 182: 178: 171: 137: 135: 134:Coastal raiding 115:Royal Air Force 108: 106: 105: 96: 94: 93: 84: 82: 66: 64: 48: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5679: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5545:Ad hoc Forces: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5505: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5484:Joint Service: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5337:No. 9 Commando 5334: 5329: 5327:No. 7 Commando 5324: 5322:No. 6 Commando 5319: 5317:No. 5 Commando 5314: 5312:No. 4 Commando 5309: 5307:No. 3 Commando 5304: 5302:No. 2 Commando 5299: 5297:No. 1 Commando 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5279: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5256: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4476:External links 4474: 4473: 4472: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4411: 4405: 4392: 4386: 4373: 4367: 4351: 4345: 4332: 4326: 4310: 4304: 4291: 4285: 4272: 4266: 4249: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4211: 4205: 4192: 4186: 4173: 4167: 4154: 4148: 4135: 4129: 4113: 4107: 4091: 4085: 4072: 4066: 4053: 4047: 4034: 4028: 4015: 4009: 3996: 3990: 3977: 3971: 3958: 3952: 3939: 3930: 3924: 3912:Chappell, Mike 3908: 3902: 3889: 3883: 3870: 3864: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3795: 3773: 3771:Laffin, p. 19. 3764: 3749: 3747:Rottman, p. 5. 3740: 3714: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3613: 3602:on 10 May 2010 3587: 3578: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3520: 3485: 3456: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3396: 3387: 3362: 3353: 3333: 3313: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3237:on 10 May 2010 3222: 3213: 3201: 3192: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3065: 3056: 3030: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2973: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2801: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2731: 2705: 2696: 2694:Morman, p. 17. 2687: 2678: 2669: 2657: 2631: 2622: 2620:Morgan, p. 15. 2613: 2604: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2496:Haskew, p. 48. 2484: 2475: 2463: 2454: 2452:Haskew, p. 47. 2442: 2426: 2417: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2224:Djebel Choucha 2221: 2219:Dives Crossing 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2167:battle honours 2162: 2161:Battle honours 2159: 2145:. It is now a 2137:. In 1952 the 2049: 2046: 2013:Burma Campaign 2006:Burma Campaign 1994: 1991: 1945:Lance Corporal 1931:, 4 April 1945 1916: 1913: 1849: 1846: 1842:Port-en-Bessin 1836:. Five of the 1806:Pegasus Bridge 1770:Pegasus Bridge 1717:Thomas Durrant 1702:Normandie dock 1675:No. 4 Commando 1663: 1660: 1656:Victoria Cross 1549:No. 9 Commando 1471: 1468: 1399: 1396: 1368:Commando Order 1360:Colditz Castle 1286: 1283: 1196: 1193: 1160:were adopted. 1064:Colt 45 pistol 1052:submachine gun 1015: 1012: 925:Charles Haydon 900:assault course 891: 888: 880:Robert Sturges 842: 839: 821:and the last, 608:No. 8 (Guards) 559: 558:Commando units 556: 554: 551: 547:Robert Laycock 529:Zeebrugge Raid 460:Robert Laycock 439:Boer commandos 419:Hastings Ismay 385:organised for 378: 375: 221: 218: 217: 210: 196: 195: 191: 190: 176:Robert Laycock 173: 167: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 139:Light infantry 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 80: 76: 75: 73:United Kingdom 62: 58: 57: 54: 50: 49: 43: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5678: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5619: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391:Royal Marine: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290:British Army: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5153: 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