653:. Paine writes that a Continental Charter "should come from some intermediate body between the Congress and the people" and outlines a Continental Conference that could draft a Continental Charter. Each colony would hold elections for five representatives at large, who would be accompanied by two members of the house of assembly of each colony and two members of Congress from each colony, for a total of nine representatives from each colony in the Continental Conference. The Conference would then meet and draft a Continental Charter that would secure "freedom and property to all men, and… the free exercise of religion". The Continental Charter would also outline a new national government, which Paine thought would take the form of a Congress.
455:, promising Paine that although other printers might balk at the content of the pamphlet, Bell would not hesitate or delay its printing. The pamphlet was first published on January 10, 1776. Bell zealously promoted the pamphlet in Philadelphia's papers, and demand grew so high as to require a second printing. Paine, overjoyed with its success, endeavored to collect his share of the profits and donate them to purchase mittens for General Montgomery's troops, then encamped in frigid Quebec. However, when Paine's chosen intermediaries audited Bell's accounts, they found that the pamphlet actually had made zero profits. Incensed, Paine ordered Bell not to proceed on a second edition, as he had planned several appendices to add to
616:, in which the powers of government are separated between a Parliament or Congress, which makes the laws, and a monarch, who executes them. The constitutional monarchy, according to Locke, would limit the powers of the king sufficiently to ensure that the realm would remain lawful rather than easily becoming tyrannical. According to Paine, however, such limits are insufficient. In the mixed state, power tends to concentrate into the hands of the monarch, eventually permitting him to transcend any limitations placed upon him. Paine questions why the supporters of the mixed state, since they concede that the power of the monarch is dangerous, wish to include a monarch in their scheme of government in the first place.
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Congress should be at least 390. The Congress would meet annually and elect a president. Each colony would be put into a lottery; the president would be elected, by the whole congress, from the delegation of the colony that was selected in the lottery. After a colony was selected, it would be removed from subsequent lotteries until all of the colonies had been selected, at which point the lottery would start anew. Electing a president or passing a law would require three-fifths of the congress.
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pamphlet touched a radical populace at the height of their radicalism, which culminated in
Pennsylvania with a new constitution aligned along Paine's principles. Many have noted that Paine's skills were chiefly in persuasion and propaganda and that no matter the content of his ideas, the fervor of his conviction and the various tools he employed on his readers (such as asserting his Christianity when he really was a Deist),
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840:, many more reviewers noted that the two main themes (direct and passionate style and calls for individual empowerment) were decisive in swaying the Colonists from reconciliation to rebellion. The pamphlet was also highly successful because of a brilliant marketing tactic planned by Paine. He and Bell timed the first edition to be published at around the same time as a proclamation on the colonies by
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participant in what would become essentially a six-month publicity tour for independence. Writing as "The
Forester," he responded to Cato and other critics in the pages of Philadelphian papers with passion and declared again in sweeping language that their conflict was not only with Great Britain but also with the tyranny inevitably resulting from monarchical rule.
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Paine suggested that a congress may be created in the following way: each colony should be divided in districts, and each district would "send a proper number of delegates to
Congress." Paine thought that each colony should send at least 30 delegates to Congress and that the total number of delegates
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For nearly three months, Paine managed to maintain his anonymity, even during Bell's potent newspaper polemics. His name did not become officially connected with the independence controversy until March 30, 1776. Paine never recouped the profits that he felt were due to him from Bell's first edition.
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While Paine focused his style and address towards the common people, the arguments he made touched on prescient debates of morals, government, and the mechanisms of democracy. That gave Common Sense a "second life" in the very public call-and-response nature of newspaper debates made by intellectual
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and argues that government is a "necessary evil." He illustrates the power of society to create and maintain happiness in man through the example of a few isolated people who find it easier to live together rather than apart, thus creating society. As society continues to grow, a government becomes
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could hardly be said to embody a particular ideology, and that "even Paine himself may not have been cognizant of the ultimate source of many of his concepts." They make the point that much of the pamphlet's value came as a result of the context in which it was published. Eric Foner wrote that the
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To promote civil society through laws and account for the impossibility of all people meeting centrally to make laws, representation and elections become necessary. As that model was clearly intended to mirror the situation of the colonists at the time of publication, Paine went on to consider the
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Aside from the printed pamphlet itself, there were many handwritten summaries and whole copies circulated. Paine also granted publishing rights to nearly every imprint which requested them, including several international editions. It was immensely popular in France, where it was published without
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had commenced hostilities against one another, the thought of independence was not initially entertained. Writing in 1778 of his early experiences in the colonies, Paine "found the disposition of the people such, that they might have been led by a thread and governed by a reed. Their attachment to
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It was sold and distributed widely and read aloud at taverns and meeting places. In proportion to the population of the colonies at that time (2.5 million), it had the largest sale and circulation of any book published in
American history. As of 2006, it remains the all-time best-selling American
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The fourth section of the pamphlet includes Paine's optimistic view of
America's military potential at the time of the revolution. For example, he spends pages describing how colonial shipyards, by using the large amounts of lumber available in the country, could quickly create a navy that could
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In
England a king hath little more to do than to make war and give away places; which in plain terms, is to impoverish the nation and set it together by the ears. A pretty business indeed for a man to be allowed eight hundred thousand sterling a year for, and worshipped into the bargain! Of more
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was "so democratical, without any restraint or even an attempt at any equilibrium or counter poise, that it must produce confusion and every evil work." Others, such as the writer calling himself "Cato," denounced Paine as dangerous and his ideas as violent. Paine was also an active and willing
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The author went on to claim that the pamphlet was highly persuasive in swaying people towards independence. The mass appeal, one later reviewer noted, was caused by Paine's dramatic calls for popular support of revolution, "giv liberty to every individual to contribute materials for that great
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sold almost 100,000 copies in 1776, and according to Paine, 120,000 copies were sold in the first three months. One biographer estimates that 500,000 copies were sold in the first year (in both
America and Europe, predominantly France and Britain), and another writes that Paine's pamphlet went
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in its issue of
February 19, 1776. Writing in 1956, Richard Gimbel estimated, in terms of circulation and impact, that an "equivalent sale today, based on the present population of the United States, would be more than six-and-one-half million copies within the short space of three months".
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Britain was obstinate, and it was, at that time, a kind of treason to speak against it. Their ideas of grievance operated without resentment, and their single object was reconciliation." Paine quickly engrained himself in the
Philadelphia newspaper business, and began writing
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468:, and released his new edition, featuring several appendices and additional writings. Bell began working on a second edition. This set off a month-long public debate between Bell and the still-anonymous Paine, conducted within the pages and advertisements of the
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first from a biblical perspective and then from a historical perspective. He begins by arguing that since all men are equal at creation, the distinction between kings and subjects is a false one. Paine then quotes a sequence of biblical passages to refute the
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Paine found two tyrannies in the English constitution: monarchical and aristocratic tyranny in the king and peers, who rule by heredity and contribute nothing to the people. Paine criticized the English constitution by examining the relationship between the
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was bound for success. Still others emphasized the uniqueness of Paine's vision, with Craig Nelson calling him a "pragmatic utopian" who de-emphasized economic arguments in favor of moralistic ones, thus giving credence to the argument that
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The publicity generated by the initial success and compounded by the publishing disagreements propelled the pamphlet to incredible sales and circulation. Following Paine's own estimate of the pamphlet's sales, some historians claim that
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but also across the Thirteen Colonies. Early "reviewers" (mainly letter excerpts published anonymously in colonial newspapers) touted the clear and rational case for independence put forth by Paine. One Marylander wrote to the
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through 25 published editions in the first year alone. However, some historians dispute these figures as implausible because of the literate population at the time and estimated the far upper limit as 75,000 copies.
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fleeing from American enslavers to find refuge within British lines. Writing in response to these policies, Paine wrote in the third section that Britain "hath stirred up the Indians and the Negroes to destroy us".
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published the first edition of Thomas Paine's revolutionary pamphlet in January 1776. Arguing for a republican form of government under a written constitution, it played a key role in rallying American support for
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describes it, "a torrent of letters, pamphlets, and broadsides on independence and the meaning of republican government... attacking or defending, or extending and refining Paine's ideas".
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While Bell believed that the advertisement would convince Paine to retain his services, it had the opposite effect. Paine secured the assistance of the Bradford brothers, publishers of
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made public a persuasive and impassioned case for independence, which had not yet been given serious intellectual consideration in either Britain or the American colonies. In England,
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Inglis, Charles. Charles Inglis The True Interest of America Impartially Stated, In Certain Strictures, On a Pamphlet Entitled Common Sense. Philadelphia, 1776
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three months later. Neither, however, went as far as Paine in proposing full-fledged independence. Paine connected independence with common dissenting
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Common Sense & the Rights of Man: Words of a Visionary That Sparked the Revolution and Remained the Core of American Democratic Principles
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on February 6, 1776, that "if you know the author of COMMON SENSE, tell him he has done wonders and worked miracles. His stile [
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Ultimately, he lost money on the Bradford printing as well, and because he decided to repudiate his copyright, he never profited from
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to establish a foundation for republican government. Paine began the section by making a distinction between
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worth is one honest man to society and in the sight of God, than all the crowned ruffians that ever lived.
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Paine then examines some of the problems that kings and monarchies have caused in the past and concludes:
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during the early spring of 1774 advocating legislative independence for the colonies while in Virginia,
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I. Of the Origin and Design of Government in General, With Concise Remarks on the English Constitution
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Jordan, Winthrop D. (1973), "Familial Politics: Thomas Paine and the Killing of the King, 1776",
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Common Sense; Addressed to the Inhabitants of America, on the Following Interesting Subjects
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men of letters throughout Philadelphia. Paine's formulation of "war for an idea" led to, as
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its diatribes against monarchy. At least one newspaper printed the entire pamphlet: the
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government. It was published anonymously on January 10, 1776, at the beginning of the
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The Republic in Print: Print Culture in the Age of U.S. Nation Building, 1770–1870
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A Bibliographical Check List of Common Sense, With an Account of Its Publication
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This article is about the pamphlet. For the everyday philosophical concept, see
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as "the most incendiary and popular pamphlet of the entire revolutionary era."
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In the third section, Paine examines the hostilities between Britain and the
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and argues that the best course of action is independence. Paine proposes a
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The first and subsequent editions divided the pamphlet into four sections.
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IV. Of the Present Ability of America, With Some Miscellaneous Reflections
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Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations
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building, the grand charter of American Liberty". Paine's vision of a
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Ferguson, Robert A. (2000), "The Commonalities of Common Sense",
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Constitution of the United States as proposed by Thomas Paine in
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SE corner of S 3rd St. & Thomas Paine Place (Chancellor St),
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in several ways. Some, like A. Owen Aldridge, emphasize that
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Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
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Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
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necessary to prevent the natural evil Paine saw in man.
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is the form of government which is most favourable to
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III. Thoughts on the Present State of American Affairs
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under the pen name "Candidus". Chalmers defended the
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to become the new nation's second president, in his
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608:Paine also attacks one type of "mixed state," the
1196:Isaac Kramnick, "Introduction", in Thomas Paine,
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1564:The Routledge Guidebook to Paine's Rights of Man
757:. On the Radical democratic society promoted by
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765:in saying that "No government is so subject to
708:The True Interest of America Impartially Stated
4442:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
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2278:A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress
1017:A Routledge Guidebook to Paine's Rights of Man
863:Later scholars have assessed the influence of
773:". The pamphlet ends with the pronouncement: "
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1991:Thomas Paine Monument, New Rochelle, New York
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775:Independence And Slavery Are Synonymous Terms
702:in New York, responded to Paine on behalf of
1986:Thomas Paine National Historical Association
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1702:, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
1419:"To the Author of Common Sense, Number IV,"
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3555:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
1504:Jerome D. Wilson and William F. Ricketson,
1213:(New York: Columbia University Press, 2007)
516:In his first section, Paine related common
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561:II. Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
4608:American political philosophy literature
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2902:Declaration of Rights and Grievances
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2126:Declaration of Rights and Grievances
1798:: The Rhetoric of Popular Democracy"
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1521:(New York: Viking, 2006), pp. 81–83
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805:an immediate sensation not only in
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2999:Committee of Secret Correspondence
2661:No taxation without representation
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1713:The American Revolution: A History
1229:Journal of the American Revolution
1160:Thomas Paine and America 1776-1809
836:. In the months leading up to the
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380:as if it were a sermon. Historian
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1996:Institute of Thomas Paine Studies
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366:A Summary View of British America
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1423:(New York) March 7, 1776, p. 1.
1413:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1355:
1335:Paine, Thomas (21 March 2018).
1328:
1293:
1269:
1257:
1216:
1203:
1200:(New York: Penguin, 1986), p. 8
1190:
1178:
1166:
1151:
1139:
1112:
1100:
4457:Continental currency banknotes
3545:Staten Island Peace Conference
2383:Virginia Declaration of Rights
1746:, New York: Penguin Classics,
1506:Thomas Paine – Updated Edition
1223:Raphael, Ray (20 March 2013).
1087:
1034:
1009:
997:
941:
919:, also written by Thomas Paine
698:, then the Anglican cleric of
645:Charter of the United Colonies
398:
182:Pennsylvania Historical Marker
1:
4275:
3251:German supporters of Congress
2949:Massachusetts Circular Letter
2170:Massachusetts Circular Letter
1406:"Philadelphia, February 13",
1019:. Routledge, 2020. Pp. 46-56.
850:The Pennsylvania Evening Post
565:The second section considers
465:The Pennsylvania Evening Post
415:
25:Common sense (disambiguation)
16:1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine
2932:Committees of correspondence
1716:, New York: Modern Library,
1528:General and cited references
935:
704:colonists loyal to the Crown
647:) that would be an American
7:
4628:Works published anonymously
4569:Charters of Freedom Rotunda
3774:
3600:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
3585:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781
3359:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
3014:Declaration of Independence
2979:Second Continental Congress
2094:Declaration of Independence
1915:(March 1791, February 1792)
1844:public domain audiobook at
1675:, New York: Hill and Wang,
1638:Journal of American History
884:
838:Declaration of Independence
730:, may be sometimes found."
503:
374:American political identity
228:Publishing & Journalism
225:Professions & Vocations
10:
4644:
4452:Financial costs of the war
2959:First Continental Congress
2810:Royal Proclamation of 1763
2755:Second Rockingham ministry
2594:American Revolutionary War
1698:Rosenfeld, Sophia (2011),
1586:William and Mary Quarterly
1371:Foot & Kramnick (1987)
1264:Foot & Kramnick (1987)
1185:Foot & Kramnick (1987)
1158:Burchell, Kenneth (2010),
1059:Eighteenth-Century Thought
658:American Revolutionary War
451:recommended the publisher
432:. Though the colonies and
410:depicted in a portrait by
18:
4419:
4388:
4364:
4360:
4345:
4306:Constitutional Convention
4286:Society of the Cincinnati
4281:
4270:
4195:
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3934:
3927:
3872:
3791:
3784:
3780:
3769:
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3634:
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3575:Carlisle Peace Commission
3537:
3409:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
3338:
3263:
3216:
3183:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3105:
3074:Hutchinson letters affair
3041:
3024:Articles of Confederation
2884:
2871:Proclamation of Rebellion
2783:
2735:First Rockingham ministry
2712:
2679:All men are created equal
2618:
2614:
2600:
2542:
2526:
2468:
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2392:
2349:
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2242:
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2205:
2149:
2101:
2090:
2032:
1978:
1948:
1937:
1888:
1693:, New York: Penguin Books
1628:, "The Crisis No. VII",
1562:Chiu, Frances A. (2020),
1408:Pennsylvania Evening Post
812:Pennsylvania Evening Post
706:with a treatise entitled
470:Pennsylvania Evening Post
303:
290:
275:39.9465505°N 75.1464207°W
243:
235:
216:Government & Politics
204:
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179:
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146:
138:
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122:
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3570:Entry of France into war
3185:Kingdom of Great Britain
2404:Declaration and Resolves
1620:Gimbel, Richard (1956),
1576:The Life of Thomas Paine
294:At his print shop here,
4301:Ratification Day (1784)
3626:Second Anglo-Mysore War
3310:Northern after Saratoga
3290:New York and New Jersey
2964:Continental Association
2861:Conciliatory Resolution
2720:Pitt–Newcastle ministry
2693:Consent of the governed
2410:Continental Association
1770:The Thomas Paine Reader
1305:The Thomas Paine Reader
1040:Anthony J. Di Lorenzo,
973:Encyclopedia Britannica
610:constitutional monarchy
280:39.9465505; -75.1464207
64:more precise citations.
4603:1776 non-fiction books
4562:Sons of the Revolution
4291:Treaty of Paris (1783)
3621:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
3616:Cherokee–American wars
3229:Franco-American Treaty
3084:Philadelphia Tea Party
3054:Treaty of Paris (1763)
3033:Confederation Congress
2626:American Enlightenment
2516:Thoughts on Government
2328:Liberty Point Resolves
2271:Orangetown Resolutions
2176:Journal of Occurrences
2120:Braintree Instructions
2002:That Night in Varennes
1689:Nelson, Craig (2007),
1571:Conway, Moncure Daniel
790:Thoughts on Government
632:
606:
421:
104:The original cover of
23:. For other uses, see
4623:Works by Thomas Paine
4507:Washington's Birthday
4312:The Federalist Papers
4296:Evacuation Day (1783)
3349:Lexington and Concord
3049:French and Indian War
2989:Olive Branch Petition
2437:Olive Branch Petition
2365:Fincastle Resolutions
2233:Bush River Resolution
2196:Sheffield Declaration
2132:Leedstown Resolutions
1053:registration required
753:would descend into a
718:and proclaimed that "
627:
595:
572:divine right of Kings
424:Paine arrived in the
406:
4512:Jefferson's Birthday
4502:Pulaski Memorial Day
3509:Guilford Court House
3160:Continental Congress
2937:Committees of safety
2912:Daughters of Liberty
2907:Virginia Association
2656:Rights of Englishmen
2487:" (1774, 1775, 1776)
2469:Essays and pamphlets
2416:Petition to the King
2318:Mecklenburg Resolves
2227:Chestertown Resolves
2182:Virginia Association
1970:Thomas Paine Cottage
1773:, Penguin Classics,
1612:Foner, Eric (2004),
783:, who would succeed
771:Intestine Commotions
743:British Constitution
539:English constitution
356:in the pages of the
3640:colony or location)
3595:Newburgh Conspiracy
3454:Sullivan Expedition
2974:Provincial Congress
2765:Fox–North coalition
2704:Settler colonialism
2651:Freedom of religion
2608:American Revolution
2377:Augusta Declaration
2083:American Revolution
1905:The American Crisis
1630:Pennsylvania Packet
1093:Rosenfeld, Sophia.
930:American philosophy
900:The American Crisis
696:Rev. Charles Inglis
686:Response and Impact
641:Continental Charter
488:Connecticut Courant
336:American Revolution
271: /
212:American Revolution
94:
4542:Semiquincentennial
4467:Libertas Americana
2897:Stamp Act Congress
2787:Acts of Parliament
2760:Shelburne ministry
2730:Grenville ministry
2427:Second Continental
2286:The Farmer Refuted
1923:(1794, 1795, 1807)
761:, Chalmers quoted
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2114:Virginia Resolves
2048:
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1921:The Age of Reason
1822:Project Gutenberg
1818:—at ushistory.org
1540:Aldridge, A. Owen
1533:Secondary sources
1303:, excerpted from
916:The Age of Reason
826:radical democracy
785:George Washington
755:radical democracy
751:thirteen colonies
733:Loyalist officer
728:absolute monarchy
712:radical democracy
637:American colonies
426:American colonies
358:Public Advertiser
328:Thirteen Colonies
326:to people in the
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2745:Grafton ministry
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2636:Colonial history
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2371:Augusta Resolves
2359:Fairfax Resolves
2340:Halifax Resolves
2254:(September 1774)
2252:Suffolk Resolves
2215:
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2122:(September 1765)
2075:
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1965:Wearmouth Bridge
1943:
1929:Agrarian Justice
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1459:, pp. 66–67
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1430:
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1421:New York Journal
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1209:Trish Loughran,
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720:Limited monarchy
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578:, he highlights
520:theories of the
420:
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362:Thomas Jefferson
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134:January 10, 1776
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60:this article by
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3246:Hortalez et Cie
3217:Colonial allies
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3028:Perpetual Union
2984:United Colonies
2917:Sons of Liberty
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2785:Related British
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2708:
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2606:Origins of the
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2449:May 15 preamble
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2373:(February 1775)
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2289:(February 1775)
2281:(December 1774)
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2189:Boston Pamphlet
2172:(February 1768)
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2134:(February 1766)
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2081:Origins of the
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2040:Headstrong Club
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1907:(December 1776)
1884:
1879:
1835:
1816:by Thomas Paine
1809:at Google Books
1790:
1781:
1767:, eds. (1987),
1765:Kramnick, Isaac
1754:
1733:
1731:Primary sources
1724:
1708:Wood, Gordon S.
1683:
1665:Kaye, Harvey J.
1650:10.2307/2936777
1598:10.2307/2674263
1556:
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1481:Aldridge (1984)
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690:In response to
688:
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662:fugitive slaves
622:
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574:. After citing
563:
522:state of nature
514:
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350:John Cartwright
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3550:"First Salute"
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2519:(Spring, 1776)
2512:
2511:(January 1776)
2504:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2455:Lee Resolution
2452:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2418:(October 1774)
2413:
2412:(October 1774)
2407:
2406:(October 1774)
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2367:(January 1775)
2362:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2334:Tryon Resolves
2331:
2325:
2315:
2314:(October 1774)
2309:
2306:Rowan Resolves
2302:
2300:
2298:North Carolina
2294:
2293:
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2290:
2282:
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2259:
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2200:
2199:
2198:(January 1773)
2193:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2153:Townshend Acts
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2128:(October 1765)
2123:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2046:
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2043:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
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2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1988:
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1980:
1976:
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1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1899:(January 1776)
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1832:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1789:
1788:External links
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1757:
1752:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1704:
1695:
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1644:(2): 294–308,
1633:
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1592:(3): 465–504,
1581:
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1517:Craig Nelson,
1510:
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996:
985:
969:"Thomas Paine"
953:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
927:
920:
912:
904:
896:
886:
883:
735:James Chalmers
700:Trinity Church
687:
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674:
671:
621:
618:
600:
562:
559:
513:
510:
505:
502:
400:
397:
382:Gordon S. Wood
352:had published
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192:"Common Sense"
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70:September 2022
42:
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33:
15:
9:
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4:
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4497:Patriots' Day
4495:
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4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4472:Commemoration
4470:
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4458:
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4411:Yankee Doodle
4409:
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4240:de Rochambeau
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3683:New Hampshire
3681:
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3678:Massachusetts
3676:
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3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3330:Naval battles
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
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3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
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3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3265:Campaigns and
3262:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
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3215:
3209:
3206:
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3201:
3199:
3196:
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3190:
3188:
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3182:
3176:
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3111:
3108:
3104:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Gaspee affair
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
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3017:
3015:
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3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
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2995:
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2987:
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2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Bute ministry
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:Spirit of '76
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Republicanism
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2336:(August 1775)
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2308:(August 1774)
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2244:Massachusetts
2241:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:Coercive Acts
2206:Following the
2204:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:Following the
2148:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:Following the
2100:
2095:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1958:Rights of Man
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1913:Rights of Man
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1780:0-14-044496-3
1776:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1761:Foot, Michael
1758:
1755:
1753:0-14-039016-2
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:Paine, Thomas
1735:
1734:
1725:
1723:0-679-64057-6
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1682:0-8090-9344-8
1678:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:(See Ch. VI.)
1578:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1555:0-874-13260-6
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1495:, p. 132
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1471:, p. 119
1470:
1465:
1458:
1457:Conway (1893)
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1433:Gimbel (1956)
1429:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1395:Conway (1893)
1391:
1385:, p. 120
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1350:
1348:9788027241521
1344:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1252:Gimbel (1956)
1248:
1246:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1173:Gimbel (1956)
1169:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1146:Gimbel (1956)
1142:
1135:
1134:Gimbel (1956)
1130:
1128:
1120:
1119:Gimbel (1956)
1115:
1108:
1107:Gimbel (1956)
1103:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1006:, p. 43.
1005:
1000:
994:
993:Conway (1893)
989:
974:
970:
966:
965:Foner, Philip
960:
958:
950:
944:
940:
931:
928:
926:
925:
921:
918:
917:
913:
910:
909:
908:Rights of Man
905:
902:
901:
897:
894:
893:
889:
888:
882:
880:
875:
870:
866:
861:
859:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
821:
819:
818:
813:
808:
804:
799:
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
683:
681:
670:
666:
663:
659:
654:
652:
651:
646:
642:
638:
631:
626:
617:
615:
611:
599:
594:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Matthew 22:21
573:
568:
558:
556:
552:
548:
542:
540:
534:
531:
527:
523:
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4103:Samuel Adams
3854:William Howe
3849:Richard Howe
3749:West Florida
3734:East Florida
3708:Rhode Island
3703:Pennsylvania
3636:Involvement
3580:Gordon Riots
3565:Valley Forge
3560:Conway Cabal
3538:Other events
3300:Philadelphia
3198:British Army
3089:Powder Alarm
3019:Model Treaty
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175:Designations
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4183:Witherspoon
4067:von Steuben
4022:Charles Lee
3739:Nova Scotia
3658:Connecticut
3529:The Saintes
3484:Springfield
3449:Stony Point
3379:Long Island
3364:Bunker Hill
3285:Nova Scotia
2876:Prohibitory
2866:Restraining
2856:Intolerable
2836:Declaratory
2457:(July 1776)
2445:(July 1775)
2439:(July 1775)
2385:(June 1776)
2361:(July 1774)
2330:(June 1775)
2322:Declaration
2273:(July 1774)
2096:(July 1776)
1162:, Routledge
1082:Wood (2002)
1029:Wood (2002)
1004:Kaye (2005)
892:Plain Truth
763:Montesquieu
739:Plain Truth
656:During the
650:Magna Carta
584:Judges 8:22
453:Robert Bell
443:Plain Truth
419: 1792
399:Publication
364:had penned
332:egalitarian
318:written by
296:Robert Bell
291:Marker Text
278: /
62:introducing
4597:Categories
4527:Centennial
4482:television
4333:Jay Treaty
4230:de Guichen
4138:Huntington
4098:John Adams
4037:Montgomery
3942:Washington
3905:Rockingham
3890:Barrington
3859:Knyphausen
3829:Cornwallis
3688:New Jersey
3519:Chesapeake
3474:Charleston
3429:Germantown
3424:Brandywine
3414:Bennington
3203:Royal Navy
3193:Parliament
3140:Combatants
3113:Combatants
2892:Loyal Nine
2825:Quartering
2795:Navigation
2641:Liberalism
2631:John Locke
2619:Philosophy
2451:(May 1776)
2379:(May 1776)
2324:(May 1775)
2229:(May 1774)
2184:(May 1769)
2116:(May 1765)
2085:: writings
2009:In Lambeth
1234:22 January
978:January 9,
858:Eric Foner
830:John Adams
781:John Adams
767:Civil Wars
737:published
680:Royal Navy
678:rival the
614:John Locke
588:1 Samuel 8
553:, and the
530:government
384:described
266:75°08′47″W
263:39°56′48″N
236:Designated
165:Wikisource
45:references
4618:Pamphlets
4401:Diplomacy
4389:Political
4372:Prisoners
4276:Aftermath
4250:Vergennes
4225:de Grasse
4220:d'Estaing
4210:Louis XVI
4148:Jefferson
4113:Dickinson
4057:St. Clair
4042:Nicholson
4017:Lafayette
3977:Duportail
3947:Alexander
3915:Shelburne
3799:Arbuthnot
3638:(by
3504:Pensacola
3464:Gibraltar
3439:St. Lucia
3404:Princeton
3116:Campaigns
2969:Minutemen
2885:Colonials
2841:Townshend
2770:Loyalists
2713:Royalists
2500:Novanglus
2105:Stamp Act
1067:1545-0449
936:Citations
395:in 1791.
131:Published
4365:Military
4118:Franklin
4091:Civilian
4072:Sullivan
4062:Schuyler
3992:Hamilton
3967:Claghorn
3935:Military
3928:Colonial
3910:Sandwich
3873:Civilian
3819:Carleton
3814:Campbell
3809:Burgoyne
3792:Military
3718:Virginia
3693:New York
3673:Maryland
3663:Delaware
3524:Yorktown
3459:Savannah
3434:Monmouth
3419:Saratoga
3325:Yorktown
3315:Southern
3305:Northern
3295:Saratoga
3267:theaters
3128:Colonies
3119:Theaters
2922:Patriots
2832:up i.p.o
2820:Currency
2805:Molasses
2552:Category
2429:Congress
2396:Congress
2351:Virginia
2263:New York
2219:Maryland
2016:Liberty!
1889:Writings
1846:LibriVox
1710:(2002),
1667:(2005),
1573:(1893),
1542:(1984),
885:See also
747:Monarchy
601:—
567:monarchy
504:Sections
316:pamphlet
244:Location
222:Military
205:Criteria
123:Language
4487:theater
4245:Suffren
4235:Luzerne
4153:Laurens
4123:Hancock
4108:Carroll
4027:Lincoln
4007:de Kalb
3997:Hopkins
3895:Germain
3885:Amherst
3824:Clinton
3785:British
3775:Leaders
3668:Georgia
3499:Cowpens
3444:Grenada
3394:Trenton
3341:battles
3320:Western
3175:Marines
3122:Battles
2527:Related
2033:Related
1658:2936777
1606:2674263
1321:Paine,
1307:, p. 79
1299:Paine,
724:liberty
555:commons
526:society
126:English
58:improve
4379:Turtle
4203:French
4173:Revere
4168:Morris
4163:McKean
4128:Hanson
4052:Rodney
4047:Putnam
4032:Mercer
3987:Greene
3957:Arnold
3864:Rodney
3844:Graves
3834:Fraser
3744:Quebec
3489:Camden
3369:Quebec
3354:Boston
3339:Major
3280:Quebec
3275:Boston
3224:France
3125:Events
3042:Events
2851:Quebec
2503:(1775)
2495:(1774)
2480:(1764)
2211:(1774)
2192:(1772)
2155:(1767)
2142:(1766)
2107:(1765)
1979:Legacy
1931:(1797)
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749:, the
580:Gideon
549:, the
255:, U.S.
113:Author
47:, but
4133:Henry
4082:Wayne
4002:Jones
3982:Gates
3972:Clark
3962:Barry
3952:Allen
3900:North
3804:Brant
2830:Stamp
2815:Sugar
1960:trial
1956:1792
1830:#3755
1654:JSTOR
1602:JSTOR
911:, and
551:peers
147:Pages
4477:film
4377:The
4178:Rush
4077:Ward
4012:Knox
3839:Gage
3239:Navy
3234:Army
3170:Navy
3165:Army
3026:and
2800:Iron
1949:Life
1828:and
1826:#147
1775:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1236:2019
1063:ISSN
980:2021
769:and
643:(or
547:king
528:and
239:1993
200:City
197:Type
155:Text
4143:Jay
2846:Tea
2320:or
1646:doi
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1057:in
817:sic
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163:at
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