215:) which, rather than moving in the flow direction, rotate around the circumference of the compressor. The stall cells rotate with the rotor blades, but at 50 to 70% of their speed, affecting subsequent airfoils around the rotor as each encounters the stall cell. Propagation of the instability around the flow path annulus is driven by stall cell blockage causing an incidence spike on the adjacent blade. The adjacent blade stalls as a result of the incidence spike, thus causing stall cell "rotation" around the rotor. Stable local stalls can also occur which are axi-symmetric, covering the complete circumference of the compressor disc, but only a portion of its radial plane, with the remainder of the face of the compressor continuing to pass normal flow.
122:
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failure. While the metal debris did not cause a compressor failure, the
Concorde accident is an example of a small piece of metal debris being dropped by one aircraft onto a runway and struck by another aircraft, and it is certainly possible that such a piece of debris, once deposited on a runway, might be thrown up by a wheel forward of a jet engine's intake and ingested by the engine, causing compressor damage. Furthermore, the surges of the port engines of the Flight 4590 Concorde could be examples of compressor stall, induced by the spikes in internal engine pressure as leaking fuel was ingested into the engines (outside of throttle control) and rapidly burned.
340:
240:, is a complete breakdown in compression resulting in a reversal of flow and the violent expulsion of previously compressed air out through the engine intake, due to the compressor's inability to continue working against the already-compressed air behind it. The compressor either experiences conditions which exceed the limit of its pressure rise capabilities or is highly loaded such that it does not have the capacity to absorb a momentary disturbance, creating a rotational stall which can propagate in less than a second to include the entire compressor.
260:. The complete engine is designed to keep the compressor operating a small distance below the surge pressure ratio on what is known as the operating line on a compressor map. The distance between the two lines is known as the surge margin on a compressor map. Various things can occur during the operation of the engine to lower the surge pressure ratio or raise the operating pressure ratio. When the two coincide there is no longer any surge margin and a compressor stage can stall or the complete compressor can surge as explained in preceding sections.
25:
286:. Taxiing on the ground, taking off, low level flying (military) and approaching to land all take place where bird strikes are a hazard. When a bird is ingested by a compressor the resultant blockage and airfoil damage causes compressor surging. Examples of debris on a runway or aircraft carrier flight deck that can cause damage are pieces of tire rubber, litter and nuts and bolts. A specific example is
169:
584:'s edge. The first officer on the TWA aircraft heard a loud bang, now known to have been a compressor stall induced by ingestion of exhaust from Delta 379 as it was passed. Believing a collision had occurred, the copilot aborted the takeoff. Because of its speed, the aircraft overran the runway, injuring 11 of the 29 passengers, one of whom died four days later as a result of the injuries.
438:(SST) a major incident occurred when a compressor surge caused a structural failure in the intake. The hammershock which propagated forward from the compressor was of sufficient strength to cause an inlet ramp to become detached and expelled from the front of the intake. The ramp mechanism was strengthened and control laws changed to prevent a re-occurrence.
219:
encountering stall cells in the region affected. In many cases however, the compressor airfoils are critically loaded without capacity to absorb the disturbance to normal airflow such that the original stall cells affect neighbouring regions and the stalled region rapidly grows to become a complete compressor stall.
600:
on a flight from
Stockholm to Copenhagen, crashed after losing both engines due to ice ingestion leading to compressor stall shortly after takeoff. Due to a newly installed auto-throttle system designed to prevent pilots reducing power during the takeoff climb, the pilot's commands to reduce power on
247:
reduces to a level at which the compressor is capable of sustaining stable airflow. If, however, the conditions that induced the stall remain, the return of stable airflow will reproduce the conditions at the time of surge and the process will repeat. Such a "locked-in" or self-reproducing stall is
677:
The crash of Air France Flight 4590 was initiated by a piece of titanium alloy, dropped from a DC-10, on the runway. The metal debris ruptured a tire of the Air France
Concorde, and pieces of the exploding tire damaged the plane, rupturing a fuel tank and causing wing structural failure and engine
353:
Compressor axially-symmetric stalls, or compressor surges, are immediately identifiable, because they produce one or more extremely loud bangs from the engine. Reports of jets of flame emanating from the engine are common during this type of compressor stall. These stalls may be accompanied by an
366:
The appropriate response to compressor stalls varies according to the engine type and situation, but usually consists of immediately and steadily decreasing thrust on the affected engine. While modern engines with advanced control units can avoid many causes of stall, jet aircraft pilots must
218:
A rotational stall may be momentary, resulting from an external disturbance, or may be steady as the compressor finds a working equilibrium between stalled and unstalled areas. Local stalls substantially reduce the efficiency of the compressor and increase the structural loads on the airfoils
248:
particularly dangerous, with very high levels of vibration causing accelerated engine wear and possible damage, even the total destruction of the engine through the breaking of compressor and stator vanes and their subsequent ingestion, destroying engine components downstream.
697:
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR A JET ENGINE WITH ANTI-STALL AUTOMATIC VALVE AIDED COMPRESSOR, Alexandru-Nicolae
Tudosie, Department of Electrical, Power Systems and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Craiova,
308:) when pilot's notes specified slow throttle movements. The excessive over-fuelling raised the operating line until it met the surge line. (Fuel control capability extended to automatically limit the over-fuelling to prevent surging).
149:. The severity of the phenomenon ranges from a momentary power drop barely registered by the engine instruments to a complete loss of compression in case of a surge, requiring adjustments in the fuel flow to recover normal operation.
548:, engines 1 and 2 also surged, causing the aircraft to crash some 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) past the end of the runway. It struck several houses in a residential area, killing all 23 on board, and 45 people on the ground.
370:
A compressor anti-stall system is a compressor bleed system that automatically dumps away unwanted air to prevent compressor stalling. Other methods of stall prevention may include an anti-stall tip treatment of the casing.
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Note: Before ejection from the intake the inlet ramp first travelled inward and struck the front face of the compressor causing considerable damage to the initial compressor stages. Despite this damage, the
256:
A compressor will only pump air in a stable manner up to a certain pressure ratio. Beyond this value the flow will break down and become unstable. This occurs at what is known as the surge line on a
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recognising the surge were countermanded by the system, leading to engine damage and total engine failure. The airliner successfully made a forced landing in a forest clearing without loss of life.
297:, extreme flight manoeuvres resulting in airflow separations within the engine intake, flight in icing conditions where ice can build up in the intake or compressor, flight at excessive altitudes.
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was affected by repeated compressor surges early in its 1940s development which proved difficult to eliminate from the design. Such was the perceived importance and urgency of the engine that
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increased exhaust gas temperature, an increase in rotor speed due to the large reduction in work done by the stalled compressor and — in the case of multi-engine aircraft —
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Airport in Russia. Three seconds after lifting off from Runway 14, at a height of about 5 metres (16 ft), the number 3 engine surged. Climbing away with a high
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211:, disrupting the local airflow without destabilising the compressor. The stalled airfoils create pockets of relatively stagnant air (referred to as
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at low forward speed, resulting in re-ingestion of hot turbulent air or, for military aircraft, ingestion of hot exhaust gases from missile firing.
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turbofan engines. The stalls were so severe as to cause the destruction of the engines, leaving the flight crew with no choice but to make an
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Dirt build-up in the compressor and wear that increases compressor tip clearances or seal leakages all tend to raise the operating line.
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687:"Jet Propulsion for Aerospace Applications" 2nd edition 1964 Walter J.hesse Nicholas V.S. Mumford, Pitman Publishing Corporation p201
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which continues to provide compressed air, but with reduced effectiveness. Rotating stall arises when a small proportion of
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290:. Runways and aircraft carrier flight decks are cleaned frequently in an attempt to preclude ingestion of foreign objects.
156:, but has been virtually eliminated by better design and the use of hydromechanical and electronic control systems such as
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160:. Modern compressors are carefully designed and controlled to avoid or limit stall within an engine's operating range.
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772:
Kerrebrock, Jack L. "Aircraft
Engines and Gas Turbines", 2nd edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1992.
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Compressor stalls were a common problem on early jet engines with simple aerodynamics and manual or mechanical
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was attributed to compressor stalls brought on by ingestion of large quantities of water and
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which results in damage, as well as sand and dirt erosion, can lower the surge line.
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continue to take this into account when dropping airspeed or increasing throttle.
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on a public road, killing 62 passengers and another eight people on the ground.
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EP1478857B1 - Compressor with an anti-stall tip treatment - Google
Patents
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Comparison of normal and distorted airflow into the compressor section
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755:"ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-124-100 08 Black Irkutsk-2 Airport"
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Complete loss of surge margin with violent surging can occur with a
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The engine, as redesigned, went on to power aircraft such as the
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The following, if severe enough, can cause stalling or surging.
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Hot gases from gun firing which may produce inlet distortion;
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A compressor stall contributed to the 1994 death of Lt.
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Engine operation outside its flight manual procedures;
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angle were a known deficiency of this type of engine.
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The compressor will recover to normal flow once the
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1196:Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)
551:
304:, on early jet engines abrupt throttle movements (
1229:Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)
311:Turbulent or hot airflow into the engine intake,
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293:Aircraft operation outside its design envelope;
724:still remained operable up to around 80% power.
1186:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)
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805:
626:The Jet Engine — Rolls-Royce plc, 1995.
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133:is a local disruption of the airflow in the
264:Factors which erode compressor surge margin
1191:Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)
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798:
652:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
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346:prototype suffering a compressor stall at
188:There are two types of compressor stall:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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288:a metal piece dropped from another plane
223:Axi-symmetric stall or compressor surge
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536:transport plane was destroyed when it
400:licensed the compressor design of the
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580:stuck in the dirt a few feet off the
158:Full Authority Digital Engine Control
431:During the 1960s development of the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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733:Trubshaw, Brian; Edmondson, Sally.
644:
484:; compressor stalls from excessive
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13:
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528:1997 Irkutsk Antonov An-124 crash
191:
1059:Thrust specific fuel consumption
594:Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751
588:Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751
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656:Federal Aviation Administration
552:Trans World Airlines Flight 159
540:immediately after takeoff from
34:needs additional citations for
1108:Propeller speed reduction unit
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201:airflow within the compressor
658:. 2016-08-24. pp. 7–24.
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1019:Engine pressure ratio (EPR)
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502:McDonnell Douglas DC-9-9-31
498:Southern Airways Flight 242
492:Southern Airways Flight 242
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1286:Auxiliary power unit (APU)
910:Rotating detonation engine
570:Greater Cincinnati Airport
518:Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9
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375:Notable stall occurrences
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230:, more commonly known as
199:is a local disruption of
994:Aircraft engine starting
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532:On December 6, 1997, an
480:position by executing a
471:Pratt & Whitney TF30
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870:Pulse detonation engine
668:Kerrebrock 1992, p.261.
598:McDonnell Douglas MD-81
385:Rolls-Royce Avon engine
1064:Thrust to weight ratio
1034:Overall pressure ratio
1029:Jet engine performance
948:Centrifugal compressor
865:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
578:McDonnell Douglas DC-9
504:, while penetrating a
421:Sud Aviation Caravelle
408:to speed development.
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16:Gas turbine phenomenon
1301:Ice protection system
1069:Variable cycle engine
1039:Propulsive efficiency
556:On November 6, 1967,
362:Response and recovery
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245:engine pressure ratio
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1201:Flight data recorder
958:Constant speed drive
938:Afterburner (reheat)
616:Surge in compressors
568:from the then-named
447:U.S. Navy F-14 crash
436:Supersonic Transport
380:Aircraft development
43:improve this article
467:Grumman F-14 Tomcat
465:. Her aircraft, a
455:, the first female
228:Axi-symmetric stall
172:An animation of an
1103:Propeller governor
460:United States Navy
417:de Havilland Comet
406:Armstrong Siddeley
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154:fuel control units
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58:"Compressor stall"
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1181:Annunciator panel
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973:Propelling nozzle
592:In December 1991
522:emergency landing
496:The 1977 loss of
306:slam acceleration
176:showing both the
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54:Find sources:
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38:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1260:Flame holder
1234:Thrust lever
1224:Autothrottle
1054:Thrust lapse
1013:
1009:Bypass ratio
836:Gas turbines
828:gas turbines
766:Bibliography
749:
734:
729:
715:
704:
692:
683:
673:
664:
651:
646:
625:
591:
566:takeoff roll
555:
531:
506:thunderstorm
495:
450:
430:
410:
404:engine from
388:
369:
365:
352:
344:Sukhoi Su-57
323:
312:
305:
301:
294:
267:
255:
242:
237:
231:
227:
226:
217:
212:
196:
195:
187:
151:
146:
143:turbocharger
130:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1174:instruments
1129:Blade pitch
1124:Autofeather
968:Nose bullet
821:Jet engines
722:Olympus 593
534:Antonov 124
427:Olympus 593
423:airliners.
398:Rolls-Royce
284:bird strike
213:stall cells
207:experience
139:gas turbine
1117:Principles
1096:Components
1088:Propellers
987:Principles
933:Air intake
921:components
919:Mechanical
895:Turboshaft
622:References
562:Boeing 707
508:cell over
135:compressor
99:March 2024
69:newspapers
1149:Proprotor
999:Bleed air
953:Combustor
890:Turboprop
737:. p 110.
572:, passed
542:Irkutsk-2
348:MAKS 2011
315:, use of
1316:Category
1265:Jet fuel
1154:Scimitar
1024:Flameout
963:Impeller
885:Turbojet
880:Turbofan
861:Pulsejet
825:aircraft
605:See also
482:sideslip
474:turbofan
433:Concorde
402:Sapphire
205:airfoils
1253:systems
875:Propfan
698:Romania
564:on its
538:crashed
510:Georgia
335:Effects
83:scholar
1172:Engine
1049:Thrust
905:Rocket
900:Ramjet
776:
741:
630:
582:runway
356:yawing
252:Causes
184:blades
178:stator
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
849:Types
638:Notes
236:; or
182:rotor
164:Types
137:of a
90:JSTOR
76:books
1249:Fuel
839:and
823:and
774:ISBN
739:ISBN
628:ISBN
596:, a
560:, a
514:hail
500:, a
419:and
389:The
324:e.g.
313:e.g.
302:e.g.
295:e.g.
62:news
486:yaw
141:or
45:by
1318::
654:.
634:.
326:,
129:A
863:/
813:e
806:t
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780:.
757:.
330:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
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66:·
39:.
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