536:. The new Act changed the requirement to register by reducing the maximum age from 60 to 55 and by including all males who had resided in New Zealand for more than three months. The list of exempted professions was expanded, with the militia being classified into three levels of priority, ranging from unmarried men and widowers without children, between eighteen and forty years of age; widowers with children, and married men, between 18 and 4/ years of age, unmarried men who could prove that female relatives were dependent upon them for their support; and men between 40 and 55 years of age. Penalties for failing to comply with the Act became considerably tougher, with reference to penalties under Imperial legislation.
898:
613:, Section 35, brought in a general training requirement for males 12 to 14 years old (Junior Cadets), 14 to 18 (Senior Cadets), 18 to 21 (General Training Section), and 21 to 30 (the Reserve). There was exemption for religious conscientious objectors under Section 92 of the Act but only subject to performing non-combatant duties within the military. Failure to comply with the Act could result in fines and potentially imprisonment for those who did not pay them. The Act also introduced a range of new offences, a number of which were aimed at the behaviour of those being trained. The
643:
41:
2321:
583:
organisation was set up with similar objectives. The organisation advocated the compulsory training of all boys and youths up to the age of 21. By 1907, Australia had begun to move towards compulsory military training despite opposition from trade unions, socialist parties and others. Legislation was
555:
set up a permanent military force. The changes relating to the militia expanded those liable for service to include Maori, slightly revised the exempted professions and revised the priority classifications by making those married and aged either 17 to 30 or 30 to 40 one step lower priority than those
512:
the Police
Magistrate shall have power, after hearing such objections, to strike out of the said list the names of all persons who shall not be liable to serve as militiamen, and also of such as are afflicted by lunacy or unsoundness of mind, or deafness, blindness, lameness, or by any other disorder
960:
Conscientious objection was allowed under the legislation if the applicant could prove to the satisfaction of the Appeal Board that he had objected on conscientious grounds before the outbreak of war. Only 200 cases were approved, with 800 being imprisoned for failing to comply with the regulations.
671:
That he was on the fourth day of August, nineteen hundred and fourteen, and has since continuously been a member of a religious body the tenets and doctrines of which religious body declare the bearing of arms and the performance of any combatant service to be contrary to Divine revelation, and also
605:
Ward appears to have changed his mind because in April 1909, he announced that the government intended to introduce compulsory military training for youths up to 21 years old. There was some sporadic opposition to the idea, but that was very definitely a minority view. In
Wellington, there was quite
578:
was formed in
Australia, with the intent to introduce universal compulsory military training for youths and men on the Swiss system. The proposal differed from the earlier militia in that training was to be organised permanently rather than just when required. The Australian move was widely reported
663:
and their employers were pursued and given harsh punishments. That attitude was reflected with the introduction of conscription in 1916 in the
Military Service Act 1916, which from 16 September 1916 imposed a liability on all men from the 20th birthday up to the day before the 46th birthday to be
937:
on 18 June, made under the
Defence Act and the Emergency Regulations Amendment Act of 31 May. Men aged between 18 and 46 again became liable to be called up by ballot. Volunteering for Army service ceased from 22 July 1940 although entry to the Navy and Air Force remained voluntary. From January
654:
approached, as the derisive term "conchies" emerged. Alternative service suggested by the government was generally rejected by the public in favour of punishment and imprisonment. In 1915 Britain began to move towards conscription, but New
Zealand thought the need unlikely. By early 1916, Great
905:
The numbers of prosecutions for breaches relating to compulsory military training and military service were 28 in 1911, 3,187 in 1912, 7,030 in 1913, 6,321 in 1914, 3,136 in 1915, 2,478 in 1916, 2,342 in 1917 and 1,501 in 1918. In addition to prosecutions under the Act, some local authorities
680:
On the application of any person a
Magistrate may grant to the applicant a certificate of exemption from military training and service if the Magistrate is satisfied that the applicant objects in good faith to such training and service on the ground that it is contrary to his religious
484:
Calls for the military training of settlers began in the colony's earliest days. The concern was that settlers were not used to firearms, which could result in their inability to defend themselves if the need arose. Debate continued until 1843, when a militia was formed in
655:
Britain had introduced conscription, and debate in New
Zealand papers was generally overwhelmingly in favour of following suit. Those opposing it were considered unpatriotic and shirkers by the general public. However, it is hard to tell what public opinion truly was, as
1105:. Ballots based on dates of birth were conducted to decide who would undertake compulsory service. Those selected were required to complete three months initial full-time training, followed by an annual commitment of three weeks part-time training for three years.
620:
There continued to be mixed opposition to the Act, such as
Methodists seeking a broader conscientious objection clause and the Tinsmiths and Sheetmetal Workers Union seeking removal of the compulsory requirements. Anti-militarists, such as Reginald Williams of the
543:. The exempted professions were slightly amended, the starting age was lowered from 18 to 17 and the classifications for levels of priority changed to solely age groups: 17 to 30 years, 30 to 40 years and 40 to 55 years. Penalties in the Act remained mainly fines.
1066:, and apart from those exempted for medical, compassionate or conscientious objection reasons, they had to undergo 14 weeks of intensive full-time training, three years of part-time service and six years in the Reserve. All had the option of serving with the
629:
also spoke out against compulsory training. They were all very much in the minority of public opinion since conscientious objectors were generally perceived as shirkers. Political opposition to the measures came from the socialists and
1124:") mounted a campaign of civil disobedience and lobbying. Members refused to do military service or deserted military camps. One of the deserters Geoff Woolford was jailed. In 1972 a newly-elected Labour government, led by
2115:
933:, difficulties in filling the Second and Third Echelons for overseas service in 1939 and 1940 and the Allied disasters of May 1940 led the government to reintroduce conscription reluctantly in June 1940 by the
571:, when the issue again began to be raised in the press. In 1903 to 1904, a Royal Commission considered New Zealand's defence needs and concluded that all able-bodied males should be trained in the use of arms.
2261:
2226:
697:
were recognised as conscientious objectors under the 1916 legislation. The combined number of males within those religions was only about 1,200. Only 20 to 30 of them were exempted military service.
1112:. Unlike Australia or the United States which sent conscripts, New Zealand only sent full-time professional regular force soldiers but anti-war protests also included calls to abolish CMT and the
508:
Those exempted under clause 7 were "Judges of the
Supreme Court, all members of the Legislative Council, all clergymen, priests, ministers of religion, and catechists". In addition under Clause 9
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934:
1113:
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2130:
575:
1098:
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2236:
2221:
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2150:
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that according to his own conscientious religious belief the bearing of arms and the performance of any combatant service is unlawful by reason of being contrary to Divine revelation.
2160:
580:
2256:
2216:
978:
announced that a referendum would be held on the future of CMT. The results on 3 August 1949 strongly approved reintroduction of CMT, with 77.9% in favour and a turnout of 63.5%.
2251:
2231:
496:
was passed by the legislature and enabled the Governor to form a militia when required. Training would be implemented only when the militia was needed. The ordinance required:
1921:
1059:
614:
17:
2287:
2125:
1173:
2271:
2175:
622:
2246:
2170:
493:
2713:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2241:
2198:
2120:
1585:
918:. From July 1931, voluntary training was inaugurated. During that period, high school students were subjected to a few periods each week of military training.
209:
205:
1646:
610:
552:
540:
533:
522:
1062:, which went into effect in 1950, all males became liable for military service upon reaching 18 years of age. They were required to register with the
525:
replaced the ordinance, but retained the same provisions as the above clauses. Monetary penalties were introduced for not complying with the call-up.
2309:
2814:
2743:
2733:
2723:
2004:
224:
2738:
2728:
2317:
2768:
2378:
2355:
2763:
2753:
2748:
1947:
717:
2809:
385:
1925:
676:
That was a considerable contraction of the exemption under the Defence Amendment Act 1912, which had allowed under Section 65(2):
2819:
2799:
2089:
1255:"1858 Militia Act > Legislation > Artillery Heritage > New Zealand Artillery : Southern Gunners : Live Firing"
1108:
The issue of compulsory military training became a point of debate in the 1960s as New Zealand contributed a combat force to the
631:
1890:
2781:
560:
450:
2643:
1178:
500:
Every man except as hereinafter excepted, between the ages of (18) years and (60) years, being a British subject, and not an
2867:
2776:
2758:
2718:
1856:
489:, without the Governor's authorisation, which prompted the Governor to send troops to Wellington to disperse the militia.
290:
2846:
2804:
2302:
563:
in England and reported in New Zealand, began to make calls for the universal compulsory military training of young men.
700:
The only political opposition to conscription in Parliament came from five members of parliament and trade unions. Five
2836:
2337:
1664:
1220:"Militia Ordinance 1845 – Conscription, conscientious objection and pacifism – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
1063:
390:
145:
140:
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2618:
2613:
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2588:
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2345:
1989:
1293:
606:
pronounced opposition from socialists. The Society of Friends raised the issue of conscientious objectors with Ward.
585:
395:
40:
2031:
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2872:
2841:
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2683:
2678:
2673:
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2658:
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2648:
1102:
150:
1831:
1515:
1315:
727:
Of the 124,211 New Zealand men who served during World War I, 91,941 were volunteers and 32,270 were conscripts.
335:
305:
2635:
2295:
1555:
914:
The compulsory military training provisions of the Defence Act were placed in abeyance in 1930 because of the
400:
295:
1090:
617:
repealed Section 35 (a) and thereby removed the requirement for those aged up to 14 years old to be trained.
350:
690:
355:
62:
897:
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2140:
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1167:
1121:
1075:
370:
285:
280:
1254:
2698:
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1527:"Discussion at Methodist Conference, Press". Vol. LXVIII, no. 14299. 9 March 1912. p. 6.
921:
In May 1939, a voluntary military reserve was established in response to the looming crises in Europe.
713:
471:
between 1909 and 1972. Military training in New Zealand has been voluntary before then and ever since.
443:
330:
180:
2110:
1219:
1153:
360:
175:
170:
1819:
2325:
1079:
950:
701:
2365:
1715:
1793:
1209:
Port Nicholson, Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle, Volume II, 2 September 1843, Page 311.
423:
405:
300:
260:
255:
245:
240:
230:
1767:
906:
implemented by-laws to prohibit the distribution of anti-compulsory military training leaflets.
2075:
1741:
1689:
1278:
1067:
626:
380:
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365:
345:
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325:
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220:
195:
190:
72:
1380:
Volunteer and Defence Notes, Auckland Star| volume=XXXVI| issue=255, 25 October 1905, Page 10
436:
235:
200:
1336:
Lord Wolseley on Conscription, Evening Post| volume=XXXVII| issue=90, 16 April 1889, Page 4
1140:. There have been sporadic calls for its reintroduction, especially as a measure to reduce
567:
was held up as an example of the success of such a system. Debate quietened down until the
275:
215:
185:
1078:. A total of 63,033 men were trained before the Military Training Act was replaced by the
8:
117:
82:
77:
1389:
National Defence League, Auckland Star| volume=XXXVII| issue=203, 25 August 1906, Page 6
87:
67:
160:
1985:
1852:
642:
584:
introduced into the Australian Parliament in September 1908. During the New Zealand
102:
1586:"Calling SBW a 'conchie' is to belittle World War horrors, yet there are parallels"
1071:
915:
686:
529:
112:
107:
1851:
The Home Front Vol 1, Nancy Taylor, New Zealand Government Print, 1986, page 244,
504:, who shall reside within the colony, shall be liable to serve in such militia....
1636:
Will conscription come?, Free Lance| volume=XV| issue=758, 9 January 1915, Page 8
1101:, was introduced requiring all males to register on their 20th birthday with the
660:
592:
stated that he was against forcing compulsory military training on the populace.
568:
1665:"Future PM Fraser charged with sedition | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
1501:"Defence Bill – Conscientious objection to service. Deputation to the Premier".
501:
1094:
656:
2032:"Conscription, conscientious objection and pacifism - Conscientious objection"
1097:, ended the registration of 18-year-olds for national service. A new act, the
2861:
92:
1911:
Anti-militarist, Press| volume=LXVIII| issue=14279, 15 February 1912, Page 2
1137:
975:
949:, had been imprisoned for anti-conscription activities in World War I, the
946:
930:
705:
551:
With the Russian scare of the 1880s, the Militia Act was repealed, and the
518:
464:
122:
32:
2067:
2320:
1141:
1125:
1109:
651:
595:
589:
564:
468:
97:
1433:
A Defence Bill, Press| volume=LXIV| issue=13235, 1 October 1908, Page 7
721:
709:
650:
Public opinion had tended to harden against conscientious objectors as
486:
46:
513:
that may render them unfit for active service in any such militia...".
2005:"50th Anniversary Of End Of Compulsory Military Training Remembered"
730:
532:
commencing in the early 1860s, the Act was replaced in 1865 by the
1572:
Calls to Arms: New Zealand Society and Commitment to the Great War
1411:
Trades Union Congress, Star | issue=9028, 7 September 1907, Page 7
961:
A total of 194,000 men served in the armed forces during the war.
659:
charges were laid against those who expressed a contrary view and
1820:
http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/military-service-act-1916
1144:, but no major political party has made it part of its platform.
953:
was traditionally opposed to it, and some members still demanded
901:
Waikeria Prison, where at least 64 objectors were held until 1919
694:
521:
in 1858, when 400 residents were called up. On 28 May 1858, the
1505:. Vol. LXXVIII, no. 142. 13 December 1909. p. 8.
1647:"Signing up the shirkers: Conscription in the First World War"
1768:"BREACH OF WAR REGULATIONS. (Ashburton Guardian, 1917-12-06)"
1962:
1822:, (Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 29 July 2014
1475:. Vol. XLVI, no. 14035. 15 April 1909. p. 6.
1574:. Wellington: Victoria University Press. pp. 138–152.
1174:
Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War
1559:. Vol. LXXXV, no. 149. 25 June 1913. p. 6.
1490:. Vol. LXXVII, no. 113. 14 May 1909. p. 3.
1117:
1542:. Vol. LI, no. 15632. 11 June 1914. p. 9.
1282:. Vol. III, no. 741. 30 March 1866. p. 6.
724:) were imprisoned for their opposition to conscription.
1716:"THE LAW'S LONG ARM (Waikato Independent, 1917-09-27)"
1614:| volume=LXXXVIII| issue=68, 17 September 1914, Page 8
1460:. Vol. LII, no. 59. 3 April 1909. p. 2.
945:
Four members of the cabinet, including Prime Minister
596:
Introduction of universal compulsory military training
1424:| volume=XXXVIII| issue=305, 23 December 1907, Page 5
517:
The first significant use of this legislation was at
1402:| volume=XXXXI| issue=12287, 3 October 1907, Page 5
1358:
Conscription, Star| issue=6842, 9 July 1900, Page 2
667:The only grounds for conscientious objection were:
1690:"ENGAGING A DESERTER (Waikato Times, 1917-11-26)"
1627:| volume=LXXXIX| issue=03, 5 January 1915, Page 7
1486:"Mostly uproar. Rowdy meeting in the town hall".
731:Number of compulsory military trainees during war
492:There was further debate, and in March 1845, the
2859:
2061:Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History
1446:| volume=LI| issue=255, 21 October 1908, Page 3
546:
1244:, Volume VI, Issue 289, 13 February 1858, p. 1
539:The 1865 Act was repealed and replaced by the
463:Compulsory military training (CMT), a form of
2303:
2083:
1982:Elections in Asia: A data handbook| volume=II
1980:Nohlen, D, Grotz, F & Hartmann, C (2001)
1880:New Zealand Official Statistics Yearbook 1919
1371:| volume=XXXV| issue=128, 30 May 1904, Page 4
444:
1871:| volume=XCI| issue=131, 3 June 1916, Page 7
1198:New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator
2097:
2059:McGibbon, Ian, ed. (2000). "Conscription".
1200:, Volume 14, Issue 70, 14 August 1841, p. 2
18:Compulsory Military Training in New Zealand
2310:
2296:
2090:
2076:
1948:"THE NEW ZEALAND OFFICIAL YEAR-BOOK, 1940"
1922:"THE NEW ZEALAND OFFICIAL YEAR-BOOK, 1932"
664:entered in a ballot for military call-up.
451:
437:
1891:"The New Zealand Official Year-book 1919"
1794:"SOLDIERS SENTENCED. (Press, 1917-11-03)"
1569:
579:in New Zealand at the time. In 1906, the
2058:
2036:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1968:
896:
641:
942:, or directed to essential industries.
14:
2860:
1742:"ELEVEN DESERTERS. (Star, 1918-06-12)"
1084:National Service Registration Act 1958
935:National Service Emergency Regulations
2291:
2071:
2029:
1999:
1997:
1349:| issue=8705, 18 January 1890, Page 6
1179:World War I conscription in Australia
1114:Organisation to Halt Military Service
576:Australasian National Defence League
1064:Department of Labour and Employment
1053:
600:
24:
1994:
1818:'Military Service Act 1916', URL:
1099:National Military Service Act 1961
969:
559:In the late 1880s, people such as
25:
2894:
1800:. National Library of New Zealand
1774:. National Library of New Zealand
1748:. National Library of New Zealand
1722:. National Library of New Zealand
1696:. National Library of New Zealand
1222:. Teara.govt.nz. 12 November 2014
955:conscription of wealth before men
2319:
39:
2023:
1974:
1940:
1924:. Stats.govt.nz. Archived from
1914:
1905:
1883:
1874:
1861:
1845:
1836:
1825:
1812:
1786:
1760:
1734:
1708:
1682:
1657:
1639:
1630:
1617:
1604:
1578:
1563:
1553:"Shirkers and anti-defenders".
1546:
1531:
1520:
1509:
1494:
1479:
1464:
1449:
1436:
1427:
1414:
1405:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1361:
1352:
1339:
974:On 25 May 1949, Prime Minister
924:
892:
581:National Defence of New Zealand
479:
2116:Federated States of Micronesia
1367:Compulsory military training,
1330:
1308:
1286:
1269:
1247:
1234:
1212:
1203:
1190:
637:
13:
1:
2714:1894–1987 (alcohol licensing)
2052:
1136:Since 1972 there has been no
588:campaign, Prime Minister Sir
467:, was practised for males in
909:
547:Russian scare to World War I
63:Alternative civilian service
7:
2868:Conscription in New Zealand
1168:Conscription Crisis of 1917
1147:
1076:Royal New Zealand Air Force
10:
2899:
2815:2009 (corporal punishment)
2330:referendums in New Zealand
1867:Anti-militarists meeting,
1570:Loveridge, Steven (2014).
1442:Government Policy Speech,
1128:, ended National Service.
1060:Military Training Act 1949
1026:
1016:
1005:
994:
964:
615:Defence Amendment Act 1912
474:
2832:
2792:
2744:1990 (parliamentary term)
2734:1967 (parliamentary term)
2706:
2697:
2634:
2336:
2207:
2184:
2103:
1798:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1772:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1746:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1720:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1694:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1456:"New Zealand's Defence".
1154:Conscription in Australia
1043:
2724:1949 (military training)
2262:Northern Mariana Islands
1538:"The anti-militarists".
1184:
1131:
1122:On Her Majesty's Service
2883:Conscription by country
2873:Military of New Zealand
2847:Supplementary elections
2369:(First Māori elections)
2227:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2098:Conscription in Oceania
938:1942, workers could be
623:Passive Resisters Union
2739:1967 (licensing hours)
2729:1949 (licensing hours)
1623:Hint of conscription,
1471:"Universal training".
1420:Famous Labour leader,
1279:The New Zealand Herald
1068:Royal New Zealand Navy
902:
691:Seventh-day Adventists
683:
674:
647:
627:National Peace Council
515:
506:
494:Militia Ordinance 1845
73:Conscientious objector
2837:Parliamentary makeups
2210:and other territories
1116:(OHMS, a pun on both
900:
678:
669:
645:
510:
498:
132:By historical country
45:1780 caricature of a
2764:2011 (voting method)
2754:1993 (voting method)
2749:1992 (voting method)
2707:Parliament-initiated
2030:Derby, Mark (2012).
1669:www.nzhistory.net.nz
1276:"Militia Act 1865".
1103:Department of Labour
632:Federation of Labour
415:By geographical area
386:United Arab Emirates
2810:1999 (MP reduction)
2800:1995 (firefighters)
2063:. pp. 117–120.
1971:, pp. 118–120.
1842:1911 Census figures
1458:Taranaki Daily News
1444:Taranaki Daily News
1017:Invalid/blank votes
646:Conscription poster
528:As a result of the
118:Penal military unit
83:Counter-recruitment
78:Conscription crisis
2878:Military sociology
2820:2013 (asset sales)
2793:Citizens-initiated
2011:. 23 November 2022
1928:on 21 January 2015
1540:New Zealand Herald
1473:New Zealand Herald
1093:government, under
903:
648:
88:Draft-card burning
68:Civil conscription
2855:
2854:
2828:
2827:
2370:
2338:General elections
2285:
2284:
2277:Wallis and Futuna
2185:Associated states
1347:Otago Daily Times
1089:In March 1961, a
1086:early that year.
1051:
1050:
890:
889:
556:who were single.
502:aboriginal native
461:
460:
161:By modern country
16:(Redirected from
2890:
2769:2015–2016 (flag)
2704:
2703:
2368:
2324:
2323:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2289:
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2267:Pitcairn Islands
2237:French Polynesia
2222:Christmas Island
2151:Papua New Guinea
2131:Marshall Islands
2104:Sovereign states
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2078:
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2001:
1992:
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1972:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
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1881:
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1849:
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1829:
1823:
1816:
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1809:
1807:
1805:
1790:
1784:
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1781:
1779:
1764:
1758:
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1755:
1753:
1738:
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1729:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1686:
1680:
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1675:
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1634:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1556:The Evening Post
1550:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1516:Defence Act 1909
1513:
1507:
1506:
1498:
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1409:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1387:
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1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1345:The Swiss army,
1343:
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1328:
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1325:
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1303:
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1290:
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1251:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1072:New Zealand Army
1054:After referendum
981:
980:
916:Great Depression
747:General training
735:
734:
687:Christadelphians
611:Defence Act 1909
601:Defence Act 1909
553:Defence Act 1886
541:Militia Act 1870
534:Militia Act 1865
523:Militia Act 1858
453:
446:
439:
113:National service
108:Military service
54:Related concepts
43:
29:
28:
21:
2898:
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2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2858:
2857:
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2824:
2788:
2719:1949 (gambling)
2693:
2636:Local elections
2630:
2332:
2318:
2316:
2286:
2281:
2209:
2203:
2186:
2180:
2161:Solomon Islands
2099:
2096:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1950:. Stats.govt.nz
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1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1915:
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1893:. Stats.govt.nz
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1400:Wanganui Herald
1397:
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1316:"Download Menu"
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1292:
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1242:Taranaki Herald
1239:
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1213:
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1204:
1195:
1191:
1187:
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1134:
1056:
1044:Source: Nohlen
972:
970:1949 referendum
967:
927:
912:
895:
733:
640:
603:
598:
569:Second Boer War
549:
482:
477:
457:
428:
410:
336:the Philippines
306:the Netherlands
155:
127:
49:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2896:
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2805:1999 (justice)
2802:
2796:
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2790:
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2759:1997 (pension)
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2217:American Samoa
2213:
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2205:
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2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2187:of New Zealand
2182:
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1993:
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1095:Keith Holyoake
1091:National Party
1055:
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1023:
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827:
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790:
786:
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769:
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762:
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748:
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742:
739:
732:
729:
639:
636:
602:
599:
597:
594:
548:
545:
481:
478:
476:
473:
459:
458:
456:
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448:
441:
433:
430:
429:
427:
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420:
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412:
411:
409:
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403:
398:
393:
391:United Kingdom
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
218:
213:
210:child soldiers
206:Congo-Kinshasa
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
154:
153:
148:
146:Russian Empire
143:
141:Ottoman Empire
137:
134:
133:
129:
128:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
103:Levée en masse
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
56:
55:
51:
50:
44:
36:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2895:
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2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
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2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
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2457:
2455:
2452:
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2427:
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2422:
2420:
2417:
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2412:
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2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
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2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2364:
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2331:
2327:
2322:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:New Caledonia
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Easter Island
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1990:0-19-924959-8
1987:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1969:McGibbon 2000
1965:
1949:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1857:0 477 01259 0
1854:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1832:Section 18(e)
1828:
1821:
1815:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1422:Auckland Star
1417:
1408:
1401:
1398:The Militia,
1395:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1369:Auckland Star
1364:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1317:
1311:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1221:
1215:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1082:government's
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
986:
983:
982:
979:
977:
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
936:
932:
922:
919:
917:
907:
899:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
872:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
744:Senior Cadets
743:
740:
737:
736:
728:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
682:
677:
673:
668:
665:
662:
658:
653:
644:
635:
633:
628:
624:
618:
616:
612:
607:
593:
591:
587:
586:1908 election
582:
577:
574:In 1905, the
572:
570:
566:
562:
561:Lord Wolseley
557:
554:
544:
542:
537:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
514:
509:
505:
503:
497:
495:
490:
488:
472:
470:
466:
454:
449:
447:
442:
440:
435:
434:
432:
431:
425:
422:
421:
419:
418:
414:
413:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:United States
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
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297:
294:
292:
289:
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284:
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279:
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269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
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244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
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219:
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214:
211:
207:
204:
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199:
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162:
159:
158:
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149:
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142:
139:
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135:
131:
130:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
93:Draft evasion
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
58:
57:
53:
52:
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38:
37:
34:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2842:By-elections
2624:
2208:Dependencies
2194:Cook Islands
2060:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2008:
1981:
1976:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1916:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1885:
1876:
1869:Evening Post
1868:
1863:
1847:
1838:
1827:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1797:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1745:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1693:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1625:Evening Post
1624:
1619:
1612:Evening Post
1611:
1610:Parliament,
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1522:
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1503:Evening Post
1502:
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1488:Evening Post
1487:
1481:
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1310:
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1288:
1277:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1257:. Rnza.co.nz
1249:
1241:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1138:conscription
1135:
1107:
1088:
1080:Labour Party
1057:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1027:
976:Peter Fraser
973:
959:
954:
951:Labour Party
947:Peter Fraser
944:
939:
931:World War II
928:
925:World War II
920:
913:
904:
893:Prosecutions
750:Rifle clubs
741:Territorials
726:
702:Labour Party
699:
684:
679:
675:
670:
666:
649:
619:
608:
604:
573:
558:
550:
538:
527:
519:New Plymouth
516:
511:
507:
499:
491:
483:
480:Colonial era
465:conscription
462:
356:South Africa
310:
151:Soviet Union
123:War resister
33:Conscription
26:
2699:Referendums
2141:New Zealand
2009:Scoop.co.nz
1318:. Nzlii.org
1296:. Nzlii.org
1196:Editorial,
1142:youth crime
1126:Norman Kirk
1110:Vietnam War
652:World War I
638:World War I
590:Joseph Ward
565:Switzerland
469:New Zealand
371:Switzerland
311:New Zealand
286:South Korea
281:North Korea
98:Impressment
2862:Categories
2782:euthanasia
2053:References
2041:24 October
2015:24 October
1804:29 October
1778:29 October
1752:29 October
1726:29 October
1700:29 October
1674:29 October
1118:resistance
1058:Under the
940:manpowered
625:, and the
487:Wellington
331:Mozambique
181:Azerbaijan
47:press gang
2379:1875–1876
2356:1860–1861
2326:Elections
2111:Australia
1984:, p. 722
1240:Gazette,
1170:in Canada
910:Abolition
714:Armstrong
704:members (
661:deserters
530:land wars
361:Sri Lanka
351:Singapore
296:Lithuania
225:reduction
176:Australia
171:Argentina
2777:cannabis
2126:Kiribati
1954:23 April
1932:23 April
1897:23 April
1596:12 April
1322:23 April
1300:23 April
1261:23 April
1226:23 April
1148:See also
657:sedition
2272:Tokelau
2176:Vanuatu
1074:or the
1033:729,245
1009:160,998
1006:Against
998:568,427
984:Choice
965:Postwar
929:During
874:1918–19
857:1917–18
840:1916–17
823:1915–16
806:1914–15
789:1913–14
772:1912–13
755:1911–12
718:O'Brien
695:Quakers
681:belief.
475:Origins
424:Ireland
406:Vietnam
401:Ukraine
301:Myanmar
261:Germany
256:Georgia
246:Finland
241:Eritrea
231:Denmark
186:Bermuda
2247:Hawaii
2171:Tuvalu
1988:
1855:
1070:, the
1046:et al.
987:Votes
886:6,354
880:31,109
877:25,626
869:7,252
863:30,668
860:22,933
852:7,975
846:29,832
843:22,174
835:7,928
829:27,063
826:26,839
818:8,770
812:26,446
809:29,447
801:2,577
795:25,332
792:25,902
784:4,003
778:24,770
775:23,919
758:22,614
720:, and
710:Semple
706:Fraser
381:Turkey
376:Taiwan
366:Sweden
346:Serbia
341:Russia
326:Monaco
321:Mexico
316:Norway
291:Latvia
271:Israel
266:Greece
251:France
221:Cyprus
196:Canada
191:Brazil
2773:2020
2166:Tonga
2156:Samoa
2146:Palau
2136:Nauru
1590:Stuff
1185:Notes
1132:Today
1120:and "
1028:Total
1012:22.1
1001:77.9
832:3,437
815:2,075
798:3,729
781:1,370
685:Only
236:Egypt
201:China
2689:2025
2684:2022
2679:2019
2674:2016
2669:2013
2664:2010
2659:2007
2654:2004
2649:2001
2644:1853
2625:Next
2619:2023
2614:2020
2609:2017
2604:2014
2599:2011
2594:2008
2589:2005
2584:2002
2579:1999
2574:1996
2569:1993
2564:1990
2559:1987
2554:1984
2549:1981
2544:1978
2539:1975
2534:1972
2529:1969
2524:1966
2519:1963
2514:1960
2509:1957
2504:1954
2499:1951
2494:1949
2489:1946
2484:1943
2479:1938
2474:1935
2469:1931
2464:1928
2459:1925
2454:1922
2449:1919
2444:1914
2439:1911
2434:1908
2429:1905
2424:1902
2419:1899
2414:1896
2409:1893
2404:1890
2399:1887
2394:1884
2389:1881
2384:1879
2374:1871
2366:1868
2361:1866
2351:1855
2346:1853
2328:and
2242:Guam
2199:Niue
2121:Fiji
2043:2023
2017:2023
1986:ISBN
1956:2015
1934:2015
1899:2015
1853:ISBN
1806:2016
1780:2016
1754:2016
1728:2016
1702:2016
1676:2016
1598:2017
1324:2015
1302:2015
1263:2015
1228:2015
738:Year
722:Webb
693:and
609:The
276:Iran
216:Cuba
1160:WWI
1038:100
995:For
2864::
2034:.
2007:.
1996:^
1796:.
1770:.
1744:.
1718:.
1692:.
1667:.
1649:.
1588:.
1022:-
990:%
957:.
767:–
716:,
712:,
708:,
689:,
634:.
2311:e
2304:t
2297:v
2091:e
2084:t
2077:v
2045:.
2019:.
1958:.
1936:.
1901:.
1808:.
1782:.
1756:.
1730:.
1704:.
1678:.
1653:.
1600:.
1326:.
1304:.
1265:.
1230:.
883:–
866:–
849:–
764:–
761:–
452:e
445:t
438:v
227:)
223:(
212:)
208:(
20:)
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