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active at a given time. The active panel contains the "file cursor". Panels are resizable and can be hidden. Files in the active panel serve as the source of file operations performed by the manager. For example, files can be copied or moved from the active panel to the location represented in the passive panel. This scheme is most effective for systems in which the keyboard is the primary or sole input device. The active panel shows information about the
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50:
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649:(see below). But they have three panes including a command line pane below (or hidden behind) two symmetric panes. Furthermore, most of these programs allow using just one of the two larger panes with the second hidden. Some also add an item to the Context Menu in Windows to "Open two Explorers, side by side".
398:
241:
While transferring files, a file manager may show the source and destination directories, transfer progress in percentage and/or size, progress bar, name of the file currently being transferred, remaining and/or total number of files, numerical transfer rate, and graphical transfer rate. The ability
902:
Selecting a directory in the
Navigation pane on the left designates it as the current directory, displaying its contents in the Contents pane on the right. However, expanding (+) or collapsing (-) a portion of the tree without selecting a directory will not alter the contents of the right pane. The
533:
They present the user with a two-panel directory view with a command line below. Either panel may be selected to be active; the other becomes passive. The active panel becomes the working area for delete and rename operations, while the passive panel serves as a target for copy and move operations.
516:
An orthodox file manager typically has three windows. Two of the windows are called panels and are positioned symmetrically at the top of the screen. The third is the command line, which is essentially a minimized command (shell) window that can be expanded to full screen. Only one of the panels is
636:
Orthodox file managers are among the most portable file managers. Examples are available on almost any platform, with both command-line and graphical interfaces. This is unusual among command line managers in that something purporting to be a standard for the interface is published. They are also
504:. The concept dates to the mid-1980s—PathMinder was released in 1984, and Norton Commander version 1.0 was released in 1986. Despite the age of this concept, file managers based on Norton Commander are actively developed, and dozens of implementations exist for DOS, Unix, and Microsoft Windows.
1372:
More advanced, and usually commercially distributed, web-based file management scripts allow the administrator of the file manager to configure secure, individual user accounts, each with individual account permissions. Authorized users have access to documents stored on the server or in their
521:
and the files that it contains. The passive (inactive) panel shows the content of the same or another directory (the default target for file operations). Users may customize the display of columns that show relevant file information. The active panel and passive panel can be switched (often by
253:
Conflicting file names in a target directory may be handled through renaming, overwriting, or skipping. Renaming is typically numerical. Overwriting may be conditional, such as when the source file is newer or differs in size. Files could technically be compared with
1376:
A web-based file manager can serve as an organization's digital repository. For example, documents, digital media, publishing layouts, and presentations can be stored, managed, and shared between customers, suppliers, and remote workers, or just internally.
1189:
was set as a spatial file manager model by default; because it also worked as a navigational file manager, directories could be opened in multiple windows, which made it fail all the above criteria. Later versions gradually abandoned the spatial
917:
File operations are based on drag-and-drop and editor metaphors: users can select and copy files or directories onto the clipboard and then paste them in a different place in the filesystem or even in a different instance of the file manager.
1644:
483:
to "OFM") or command-based file managers are text-menu based file managers that commonly have three windows (two panels and one command line window). Orthodox file managers are one of the longest running families of file managers, preceding
1068:
representing the directory changes—perhaps from an image showing a closed drawer to an opened one, perhaps the directory's icon turns into a silhouette filled with a pattern—and a new window is opened to represent that directory.
429:
The flist program provided a list of files in the user's minidisk, and allowed sorting by any file attribute. The file attributes could be passed to scripts or function-key definitions, making it simple to use flist as part of
1056:
Stability: files, directories, and windows go where the user moves them, stay where the user puts them ("preserve their spatial state"), and retain all their other "physical" characteristics (such as size, shape, color and
1409:, which allows specifying in which location to save a file (usually accessed through the "Save as" option in software), and where to open a file from. Sometimes, a folder is selected instead of a file or destination path.
245:
Some file managers move multiple files by copying and deleting each selected file from the source individually, while others first copy all selected files, then delete them from the source afterwards, as described in
1288:
method of displaying files and directory structures. Three-dimensional file browsing has not become popular; the exact implementation tends to differ between projects, and there are no common standards to follow.
903:
exception to this behavior applies when collapsing a parent of the current directory, in which case the selection is refocused on the collapsed parent directory, thus altering the list in the
Contents pane.
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554:
Users can create their own file associations and scripts that are invoked for certain file types and organize these scripts into a hierarchical tree (e.g., as a user script library or user menu).
1514:
573:
Information on the "active" and "passive" panels may be used for constructing commands on the command line. Examples include current file, path to left panel, path to right panel, etc.
906:
The process of moving from one location to another need not open a new window. Several instances of the file manager can be opened simultaneously and communicate with each other via
615:
Function keys: F1–F10 have all the same functions under all orthodox file managers. Examples: F5 always copies file(s) from the active to the inactive panel, while F6 moves the file.
545:, using the associated terminal window that permits viewing the results of executing shell commands entered on the command line (e.g., via Ctrl-O shortcut in Norton Commander).
242:
to pause the file transfer allows temporarily granting other software full sequential read access while allowing to resume later without having to restart the file transfer.
1365:. When installed on a local server or on a remote server, they allow files and directories located there to be managed and edited, using a web browser, without the need for
318:(connecting and accessing the server's file system like a local file system) or by providing its own full client implementations for file server protocols.
2006:
1121:
534:
Panels may be shrunk, exposing the terminal window hidden behind them. Normally, only the last line of the terminal window (the command line) is visible.
1994:
1020:
had a spatial mode, which was removed with the arrival of GNOME (and with it
Nautilus) version 3.x. Each of these windows displays an open directory.
814:
Typically, it has two panes, with the filesystem tree in the left pane and the contents of the current directory in the right pane. For macOS, the
1746:
1518:
1412:
Some file pickers also allow file management to some degree, such as searching, moving, copying, renaming, and copying the path to clipboard.
637:
actively supported by developers. This makes it possible to do the same work on different platforms without much relearning of the interface.
258:, but that would require reading through the entire source and target files, which would slow down the process significantly on larger files.
1546:" includes the options "Overwrite if the source is newer", "Overwrite if different size", and "Overwrite if differenz size or source newer".
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17:
1316:, a file manager using a three-dimensional representation of a desktop with realistic physics, intended for use with a stylus and
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operations, so it is possible to view several directories simultaneously and perform cut-and paste operations between instances.
1988:
1984:
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1204:
was designed with a similar integration of spatial and navigational modes, meaning that the spatial mode did not actually work.
357:
at the
University of Maryland, and was available to other users at that time. The term was used by other developers, including
1588:
1565:
606:
Panel with information about file name, extension, date and time of creation, last modification, and permissions (attributes).
579:
They have a built-in editor. In many cases, the editor can extract certain elements of the panels into the text being edited.
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445:
This program ran only on IBM VM/SP CMS, but was the inspiration for other programs, including filelist (a script run via the
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1229:
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of the filesystem. This means that unlike orthodox file managers, the two panes are asymmetrical in their content and use.
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as if they were actual physical objects. A spatial file manager imitates the way people interact with physical objects.
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1384:(CMS) and the need for non-technical website moderators to manage media on their websites powered by these platforms.
862:, typing a location, or using the additional pane with the navigation tree representing all or part of the filesystem.
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133:
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426:. This is a variant of FULIST, which originated before late 1978, according to comments by its author, Theo Alkema.
93:
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The location being viewed (the current directory) can be changed by the user by opening directories, pressing a
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71:
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editor), and programs running on other operating systems, including a program also called flist, which ran on
100:
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67:
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in the 1973-1974 time frame. It had some of the same features that would end up in orthodox file managers.
488:-based types. Developers create applications that duplicate and extend the manager that was introduced by
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Web-based file managers are becoming increasingly popular due to the rise in popularity of dynamic web
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Sometimes they are called dual-pane managers, a term that is typically used for programs such as the
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1892:"Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: the Ars Technica review: The Finder: An application divided against itself"
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227:
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Cubix 3D Filer is a
Windows file manager which organizes files according to different attributes.
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Information about directory size, disk usage and disk name (usually at the bottom of the panels)
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tdfsb, an open-source 3D file browser, where one enters directories by flying into them (using
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Info panel with the number of files in directory, and the sum of the sizes of selected files.
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2010:
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8:
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In Cubix, files sharing the same attributes are represented by cubes in a 3D environment.
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1978:
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628:) made it possible to manipulate more than one active and passive directory at a time.
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453:, and FULIST (from the name of the corresponding internal IBM program), which runs on
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1968:
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publishes his own set of criteria for an OFM standard (version 1.2 dated June 1997).
505:
422:
Another such file manager is flist, which was introduced sometime before 1980 on the
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1910:
888:
buttons. Most also contain an address bar into which the file or directory path (or
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586:) such as viewing compressed archives, or working with files via an FTP connection.
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1998:
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Examples of file managers that use a spatial metaphor to some extent include:
369:. This was in turn inspired by an older program with the same name running on
4192:
4042:
3987:
3661:
3601:
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2844:
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2189:
2016:
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Each window is unambiguously and irrevocably tied to a particular directory.
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1972:
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873:
811:, it has become the dominant type of file manager for desktop computers.
740:
719:
693:
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358:
347:
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267:
175:
38:
27:
Computer program that provides a user interface to work with file systems
2339:
793:
576:
They provide a built-in viewer for (at least) the most basic file types.
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2671:
2204:
1373:
individual user directories anytime, from anywhere, via a web browser.
1186:
786:
730:
493:
489:
416:
895:
Most navigational file managers have two panes, the left pane being a
408:
file managers are lesser known and older than orthodox file managers.
174:
performed on files or groups of files include creating, opening (e.g.
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3656:
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1300:
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939:
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The introduction of tabbed panels in some file managers (for example
529:
The following features describe the class of orthodox file managers.
255:
1161:(implemented in Atari TOS and as a somewhat reduced version for PCs)
49:
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3799:
3768:
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3382:
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3131:
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1329:
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1001:
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708:
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Path: shows the source/destination location of the directory in use
431:
1515:"All About Windows 8 FileName Collisions And Copy/Move Dialog Box"
1064:
As in navigational file managers, when a directory is opened, the
557:
Users can extend the functionality of the manager via a so-called
3809:
3783:
3610:
3243:
3213:
3104:
3060:
2462:
2214:
2161:
2111:
1388:
1323:
Real
Desktop, a desktop replacement with similarities to BumpTop.
1313:
1102:
1092:
988:
838:
829:
688:
523:
450:
370:
1345:
Web-based file managers are typically scripts written in either
1114:
from version 2.6 (default until 2.29, completely removed in 3.0)
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3728:
3723:
3527:
3228:
2872:
2802:
2334:
2166:
1944:
992:
947:
943:
872:
The interface in a navigational file manager often resembles a
756:
435:
354:
311:
230:
file managers may support copying and moving of files through "
1922:
1792:
4077:
3875:
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3837:
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3827:
3738:
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1201:
1107:
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1042:
Some ideas behind the concept of a spatial file manager are:
997:
967:
761:
551:
The file manager frees the user from having to use the mouse.
446:
439:
382:
378:
339:
3748:
3713:
3703:
3698:
3636:
3572:
3542:
3537:
3473:
3468:
3439:
3348:
3339:
3292:
3233:
3203:
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3055:
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3015:
2997:
2437:
2234:
1354:
1145:
1127:
454:
3354:
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3125:
2181:
2171:
1539:
1366:
1346:
1060:
The same item can only be viewed in one window at a time.
889:
826:) is a variation on the navigational file manager theme.
501:
366:
921:
Notable examples of navigational file managers include:
548:
They provide the user with extensive keyboard shortcuts.
314:. This is achieved by allowing the user to browse for a
234:" and "cut and paste" respectively, as well as through
37:"file browser" redirects here. Not to be confused with
30:"File Manager" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3458:
1292:
Examples of three-dimensional file managers include:
807:
is a newer type of file manager. Since the advent of
238:, and a separate menu for selecting the target path.
1415:Some software might have a customized file picker.
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
537:They provide close integration with an underlying
1299:, or fsv, an open-source clone of fsn for modern
266:Some file managers contain features analogous to
4190:
1981:, by Colin Charles, 2004. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
1662:"Discussion of VM/CMS FLIST showing screenshot"
612:Tabbed interface (usually in GUI file managers)
2046:
1937:
194:and searching for files, as well as modifying
2888:
2478:
2376:
2032:
855:displays the location currently being viewed.
1915:
1634:"CMS Architecture and Interactive Computing"
1284:Some projects have attempted to implement a
773:
1564:DART (Dump and Restore Technique) Archive.
1489:"6 Ways to Copy Files Faster in Windows 10"
868:represent files, programs, and directories.
344:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
2895:
2881:
2485:
2471:
2039:
2025:
1391:, a PHP- and JavaScript-based FTP client.
1340:
1124:(though the default mode is navigational)
789:, displaying the contents of partition X:
460:
392:
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
1889:
1725:
1275:
1264:
1244:by adding descriptive text and removing
1089:has the option to turn into spatial mode
1011:
828:
792:
777:
464:
396:
2266:
1007:
841:is a type of Navigational file manager.
14:
4191:
2003:Introduction to IBM/CMS, Users' Manual
1867:"File Managers to Fit Your Every Need"
1747:"Comment on original author of FULIST"
1712:"email by Theo Alkema to Lynn Wheeler"
1555:
2876:
2466:
2020:
2001: (archived February 15, 2003) in
1687:"Textual description of VM/CMS FLIST"
1631:
1178:Dysfunctional spatial file managers:
640:
401:The Alto Neptune file manager program
1991:on 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
1562:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab
1212:
321:
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
1405:Operating systems typically ship a
1310:). Runs on Linux, FreeBSD and BeOS.
1208:
582:Many support virtual file systems (
377:inspired other programs, including
353:A directory editor was written for
248:computer file § Moving methods
24:
2492:
1793:"FLIST - file manager for VAX/VMS"
1779:"User comparing FLIST to FILELIST"
1332:, a 3D visualisation of networked
1272:, one example of a 3D file manager
479:Orthodox file managers (sometimes
472:, an orthodox file manager with a
342:, was developed circa 1974 at the
25:
4215:
1962:
1807:"User comparing FULIST and FLIST"
261:
2902:
2279:File Explorer / Windows Explorer
1217:
1050:represents each opened directory
619:
222:
206:and files may be displayed in a
48:
1904:
1883:
1859:
1845:
1831:
1813:
1799:
1785:
1771:
1757:
1739:
1704:
1679:
1654:
1650:from the original on 2015-04-22
1586:SAILDART Username key for above
1568:from the original on 2015-09-03
569:Other common features include:
59:needs additional citations for
2651:Hidden file / Hidden directory
2007:Department of Computer Science
1625:
1611:
1597:
1579:
1549:
1532:
1507:
1481:
1468:Computer Language Encyclopedia
1456:
1394:
631:
365:program in 1980, which ran on
338:. An early directory editor,
13:
1:
2694:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
1975:, 2003. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
1890:Siracusa, John (2007-10-28).
1450:
511:
424:Conversational Monitor System
281:
270:, including forward and back
2084:Graphics Environment Manager
1517:. 2012-03-06. Archived from
7:
4068:Filesystem-level encryption
2828:Comparison of file managers
2627:List of filename extensions
1643:, vol. 1, SHARE Inc.,
1556:Kugell, Stanley G. (1974).
1430:Comparison of file managers
1418:
845:
286:Some file managers provide
278:, and a bookmark side bar.
217:
10:
4220:
2915:Comparison of file systems
1956:The Cubix Project Homepage
1853:"Home of the OFM standard"
1464:"Definition: File manager"
1398:
1382:content management systems
411:One such file manager was
385:and similar editors), and
36:
29:
4160:
4132:
4097:
4053:
3978:
3971:
3893:
3846:
3792:
3694:
3687:
3592:
3518:
3401:
3368:
2944:
2935:
2910:
2835:File system fragmentation
2795:
2752:
2719:
2659:
2592:
2500:
2436:
2394:
2367:
2287:
2257:
2233:
2180:
2102:
2059:
1765:"Description of FILELIST"
1605:"Abstract for dired 3.05"
805:navigational file manager
774:Navigational file manager
589:They often have the word
519:current working directory
474:text-based user interface
381:, the editor script (for
4018:Extended file attributes
3719:Compact Disc File System
2639:Extended file attributes
2547:Proprietary file formats
1985:dired - directory editor
1619:"DED - Directory Editor"
1164:ROX-Filer file manager (
486:graphical user interface
18:Computer file management
4117:Installable File System
2840:File-system permissions
2013:, Saskatchewan, Canada.
1641:Proceedings of SHARE 61
1632:Daney, Charles (1983),
1341:Web-based file managers
1246:less pertinent examples
4204:Utility software types
3165:TiVo Media File System
3029:Encrypting File System
1297:File System Visualizer
1281:
1273:
1270:File System Visualizer
1021:
842:
800:
790:
652:Notable ones include:
476:
461:Orthodox file managers
402:
393:File-list file manager
178:, playing, editing or
3160:Macintosh File System
1279:
1268:
1025:Spatial file managers
1018:Nautilus file manager
1015:
970:(default since v2.30)
832:
796:
781:
647:Windows File Explorer
468:
400:
4173:GUID Partition Table
3520:Distributed parallel
3268:Shared File System (
2855:File synchronization
2704:Semantic file system
2527:List of file formats
2011:University of Regina
1971:, by John Siracusa,
1363:server-side language
1008:Spatial file manager
680:(DN) and derivatives
565:and extensions menu.
272:navigational buttons
170:. The most common
68:improve this article
32:Windows File Manager
4178:Apple Partition Map
4124:Virtual file system
4063:Access-control list
3177:NetWare File System
2684:Directory structure
1435:Disk space analyzer
1242:improve the article
884:buttons, and often
593:in the name, after
212:directory structure
4168:Master Boot Record
3993:Data deduplication
3632:Google File System
3548:Google File System
3034:Extent File System
2996:Byte File System (
2622:Filename extension
2089:Midnight Commander
1767:. 8 February 1999.
1591:2015-09-03 at the
1558:"SAILDART/1974-08"
1495:. 15 December 2019
1445:Spatial navigation
1282:
1274:
1022:
976:(Windows Explorer)
843:
801:
791:
714:Midnight Commander
641:Dual-pane managers
477:
470:Midnight Commander
403:
274:, an address bar,
4186:
4185:
4093:
4092:
3983:Case preservation
3889:
3888:
3588:
3587:
3514:
3513:
3276:Smart File System
2870:
2869:
2862:File verification
2615:Filename mangling
2542:Open file formats
2460:
2459:
2432:
2431:
2363:
2362:
1821:"FULIST for Unix"
1521:on 5 January 2014
1286:three-dimensional
1263:
1262:
506:Nikolai Bezroukov
322:Directory editors
290:connectivity via
208:hierarchical tree
198:, properties and
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
4211:
4003:Execute in place
3976:
3975:
3709:Boot File System
3692:
3691:
3456:
3455:
2992:Boot File System
2942:
2941:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2818:Data compression
2699:Grid file system
2677:Temporary folder
2667:Directory/folder
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2374:
2373:
2320:Norton Commander
2295:Altap Salamander
2264:
2263:
2249:Norton Commander
2220:Volkov Commander
2200:Norton Commander
2079:Double Commander
2041:
2034:
2027:
2018:
2017:
1995:4.3.2.2.3. FLIST
1987:. Archived from
1969:About the Finder
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1945:"Cubix 3D Filer"
1941:
1935:
1934:product homepage
1933:
1931:
1929:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1823:. Archived from
1817:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1749:. Archived from
1743:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1689:. Archived from
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1664:. Archived from
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1553:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1460:
1440:Desktop metaphor
1258:
1255:
1249:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1209:3D file managers
1183:Windows Explorer
1155:Digital Research
892:) can be typed.
876:, complete with
822:(originating in
751:Volkov Commander
725:Norton Commander
684:Double Commander
658:Altap Salamander
595:Norton Commander
498:Norton Commander
415:. It ran on the
361:, who wrote the
336:directory editor
329:
200:file permissions
158:that provides a
156:computer program
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4156:
4128:
4112:File system API
4089:
4049:
4025:File change log
3967:
3943:Record-oriented
3916:Self-certifying
3885:
3842:
3788:
3683:
3584:
3510:
3454:
3397:
3364:
2937:
2931:
2927:Unix filesystem
2906:
2901:
2871:
2866:
2808:File comparison
2791:
2760:File descriptor
2748:
2715:
2655:
2588:
2532:File signatures
2496:
2491:
2461:
2456:
2428:
2390:
2359:
2330:Total Commander
2283:
2253:
2229:
2176:
2122:GNOME Commander
2098:
2055:
2045:
1999:Wayback Machine
1979:The Spatial Way
1965:
1960:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1839:"OFM standards"
1837:
1836:
1832:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1593:Wayback Machine
1584:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1550:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1421:
1403:
1397:
1343:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1239:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1150:Workplace Shell
1010:
848:
776:
771:
746:Total Commander
704:GNOME Commander
668:Demos Commander
643:
634:
626:Total Commander
622:
514:
463:
395:
327:
324:
284:
264:
225:
220:
210:based on their
196:file attributes
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4217:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4152:Log-structured
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4055:Access control
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4013:File attribute
4010:
4005:
4000:
3998:Data scrubbing
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3953:Steganographic
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3933:Log-structured
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
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3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
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3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3570:
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3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
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3503:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3256:Reliance Nitro
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3119:
3116:Classic Mac OS
3109:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2987:Be File System
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2634:File attribute
2631:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2584:Zero-byte file
2581:
2579:Temporary file
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:Computer files
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2378:Classic Mac OS
2371:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:Directory Opus
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2061:Cross-platform
2057:
2056:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1964:
1963:External links
1961:
1959:
1958:
1936:
1923:"Real Desktop"
1914:
1903:
1882:
1871:Techopedia.com
1858:
1844:
1830:
1827:on 2001-04-29.
1812:
1798:
1784:
1770:
1756:
1753:on 2007-09-27.
1738:
1724:
1703:
1678:
1653:
1624:
1610:
1596:
1578:
1548:
1542:file manager "
1531:
1506:
1480:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1425:Batch renaming
1420:
1417:
1399:Main article:
1396:
1393:
1387:An example is
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1311:
1304:
1261:
1260:
1254:September 2013
1225:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1191:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1027:use a spatial
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
971:
961:
956:
950:
937:
928:
926:Directory Opus
870:
869:
863:
856:
847:
844:
816:Miller columns
775:
772:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
722:
717:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
675:
673:Directory Opus
670:
665:
660:
654:
642:
639:
633:
630:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
587:
580:
577:
574:
567:
566:
555:
552:
549:
546:
535:
513:
510:
462:
459:
394:
391:
323:
320:
283:
280:
263:
262:User interface
260:
232:copy and paste
224:
221:
219:
216:
160:user interface
142:
141:
124:September 2021
83:"File manager"
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4216:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:File managers
4197:
4196:
4194:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Cryptographic
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Copy-on-write
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3461:wear leveling
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
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2845:File transfer
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2787:Symbolic link
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2610:Long filename
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2407:
2405:
2404:Commander One
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
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2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Macintosh OSs
2366:
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2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
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2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:STDU Explorer
2323:
2321:
2318:
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2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:DOS Navigator
2303:
2301:
2298:
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2277:
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2247:
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2244:DOS Navigator
2242:
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2239:
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2232:
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2216:
2213:
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2208:
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2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:DOS Navigator
2188:
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2058:
2053:
2049:
2048:File managers
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
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1966:
1946:
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1734:
1733:"FLIST - IBM"
1728:
1713:
1707:
1693:on 2008-01-30
1692:
1688:
1682:
1668:on 2007-08-31
1667:
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1287:
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1237:
1235:
1231:
1226:This section
1224:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1173:
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1070:
1067:
1059:
1055:
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1049:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:to represent
1030:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
990:
987:
985:
981:
978:
975:
974:File Explorer
972:
969:
965:
962:
960:
957:
954:
951:
949:
945:
941:
938:
936:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
915:
913:
909:
908:drag-and-drop
904:
900:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
864:
861:
857:
854:
850:
849:
840:
837:browser from
836:
835:Miller Column
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
799:
795:
788:
784:
780:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
726:
723:
721:
718:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
679:
678:DOS Navigator
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
663:Commander One
661:
659:
656:
655:
653:
650:
648:
638:
629:
627:
620:Tabbed panels
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
570:
564:
560:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:
530:
527:
525:
522:pressing the
520:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
475:
471:
467:
458:
456:
452:
448:
443:
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437:
433:
427:
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418:
414:
409:
407:
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390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:the usage of
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
277:
273:
269:
259:
257:
251:
249:
243:
239:
237:
236:drag and drop
233:
229:
223:File transfer
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:), renaming,
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
138:
135:
127:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4107:File manager
4106:
3676:
3577:
3403:Flash memory
3370:Optical disc
3308:soft updates
3288:Soup (Apple)
2938:non-rotating
2904:File systems
2850:File sharing
2823:File manager
2822:
2813:File copying
2660:Organisation
2605:8.3 filename
2559:Sidecar file
2537:Magic number
2274:File Manager
2047:
2002:
1989:the original
1973:Ars Technica
1948:. Retrieved
1939:
1926:. Retrieved
1917:
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1885:
1874:. Retrieved
1870:
1861:
1847:
1833:
1825:the original
1815:
1801:
1787:
1773:
1759:
1751:the original
1741:
1727:
1716:. Retrieved
1714:. 1978-10-10
1706:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1681:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:the original
1656:
1640:
1627:
1613:
1599:
1581:
1570:. Retrieved
1551:
1534:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:the original
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1492:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:
1458:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1344:
1291:
1283:
1251:
1240:Please help
1228:may contain
1227:
1177:
1174:file manager
1071:
1063:
1041:
1024:
1023:
959:macOS Finder
953:File Manager
920:
916:
905:
901:
894:
885:
881:
877:
871:
859:
813:
804:
802:
783:File Manager
651:
644:
635:
623:
590:
568:
562:
558:
543:command line
528:
515:
478:
444:
428:
421:
410:
405:
404:
386:
374:
362:
352:
335:
332:file manager
331:
326:A term that
325:
285:
268:web browsers
265:
252:
244:
240:
226:
152:file browser
151:
148:file manager
147:
145:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
4073:Permissions
3688:Specialized
2920:distributed
2689:File system
2574:System file
2564:Sparse file
2522:File format
2508:Binary file
2447:OpenTracker
2419:Path Finder
2315:Far Manager
2127:GNOME Files
2094:MuCommander
1407:file picker
1401:File dialog
1395:File picker
1361:or another
1318:touchscreen
1166:ROX Desktop
1037:directories
874:web browser
860:back button
741:SE-Explorer
720:muCommander
694:Far Manager
632:Portability
481:abbreviated
359:Jay Lepreau
348:Stan Kugell
316:file server
39:file viewer
4193:Categories
4099:Interfaces
4083:Sticky bit
3963:Versioning
3928:Journaling
3871:Rubberhose
3667:SMB (CIFS)
3459:host-side
2796:Management
2721:Operations
2672:NTFS links
2593:Properties
2310:Explorer++
2288:Unofficial
2205:PathMinder
2052:comparison
1928:August 25,
1897:2008-04-20
1876:2020-05-23
1718:2008-01-31
1697:2007-08-20
1672:2007-08-20
1572:2014-02-19
1525:2022-03-13
1451:References
1367:FTP Access
1336:resources.
1234:irrelevant
1187:Windows 95
1057:location).
955:in Windows
787:Windows 10
731:PathMinder
563:Start menu
541:shell via
494:John Socha
490:PathMinder
417:Xerox Alto
294:, such as
282:Networking
172:operations
162:to manage
94:newspapers
3958:Synthetic
3901:Clustered
3848:Encrypted
3779:OverlayFS
3388:ISO 13490
2964:Amiga OFS
2959:Amiga FFS
2765:Hard link
2646:File size
2569:Swap file
2517:Data file
2512:text file
2195:DOS Shell
2132:Konqueror
2104:Unix-like
1544:FileZilla
1493:MakeUseOf
1301:Unix-like
1230:excessive
1103:Workbench
1087:Konqueror
1046:A single
940:DOS Shell
912:clipboard
897:tree view
591:commander
559:User menu
442:scripts.
406:File-list
292:protocols
256:checksums
228:Graphical
4043:Symbolic
3972:Features
3948:Semantic
3856:eCryptfs
3800:configfs
3769:SquashFS
3657:POHMELFS
3558:OrangeFS
3383:ISO 9660
3303:UFS/UFS2
3251:Reliance
3239:ReiserFS
3085:Files-11
2979:bcachefs
2936:Disk and
2770:Shortcut
2600:Filename
2554:Metafile
2414:ForkLift
2355:ZTreeWin
2350:XYplorer
2340:xplorer²
2267:Official
2210:PC Shell
2137:Krusader
1645:archived
1589:Archived
1566:Archived
1499:13 March
1419:See also
1330:GopherVR
1303:systems.
1236:examples
1112:Nautilus
1029:metaphor
1002:ZTreeWin
984:PC Tools
980:PC Shell
964:Nautilus
846:Concepts
824:NeXTStep
818:view in
767:ZTreeWin
709:Krusader
699:ForkLift
512:Features
432:CMS EXEC
328:predates
218:Features
192:deleting
180:printing
4161:Layouts
4147:Default
3810:debugfs
3784:UnionFS
3678:more...
3611:OpenAFS
3579:more...
3244:Reiser4
3214:OpenZFS
3105:HAMMER2
3061:ext3cow
3041:Episode
2753:Linking
2452:Tracker
2259:Windows
2215:ViewMAX
2162:SpaceFM
2152:PCManFM
2112:emelFM2
2074:Dolphin
1997:at the
1950:May 28,
1473:June 9,
1389:net2ftp
1314:BumpTop
1141:Tracker
1132:Tracker
1093:RISC OS
989:ViewMAX
931:Dolphin
882:forward
839:GNUstep
689:emelFM2
524:tab key
451:OpenVMS
413:neptune
371:TOPS-20
288:network
204:Folders
184:copying
176:viewing
168:folders
108:scholar
4034:Links
4008:Extent
3938:Object
3906:Global
3824:specfs
3820:procfs
3815:kernfs
3793:Pseudo
3774:UMSDOS
3729:Davfs2
3724:cramfs
3662:Hadoop
3642:Lustre
3528:BeeGFS
3494:NILFS2
3229:QNX4FS
3192:NILFS2
3100:HAMMER
3090:Fossil
2803:Backup
2780:Shadow
2409:Finder
2386:Finder
2335:WinSCP
2167:Thunar
2157:ranger
2117:gentoo
1334:Gopher
1198:Finder
1190:model.
1083:5 to 9
1081:Finder
1048:window
993:DR DOS
948:PC DOS
944:MS-DOS
886:reload
853:window
820:Finder
757:WinSCP
736:Ranger
436:EXEC 2
355:EXEC 8
312:WebDAV
188:moving
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
4134:Lists
4078:Modes
3923:Flash
3894:Types
3876:SSHFS
3861:EncFS
3838:WinFS
3833:tmpfs
3828:sysfs
3805:devfs
3739:FTPFS
3734:EROFS
3672:SSHFS
3553:OCFS2
3506:UBIFS
3501:YAFFS
3489:NILFS
3484:LogFS
3479:JFFS2
3435:EROFS
3425:exFAT
3330:Xiafs
3313:WAPBL
3298:UBIFS
3209:OneFS
3187:NILFS
3182:Next3
3172:MINIX
3078:exFAT
3006:Btrfs
2974:AthFS
2954:AdvFS
2775:Alias
2744:Write
2734:Close
2501:Types
2424:Xfile
2396:macOS
2345:XTree
2225:XTree
2069:Dired
1911:tdfsb
1648:(PDF)
1637:(PDF)
1202:macOS
1194:Apple
1137:Haiku
1108:GNOME
1099:Amiga
1095:Filer
1077:Apple
1033:files
998:XTree
968:GNOME
866:Icons
762:XTree
447:Xedit
440:XEDIT
383:emacs
379:dired
375:Dired
363:dired
340:DIRED
164:files
154:is a
115:JSTOR
101:books
4038:Hard
4030:Fork
3911:Grid
3764:MVFS
3759:NOVA
3754:LTFS
3749:Lnfs
3744:FUSE
3714:CDfs
3704:AXFS
3699:Aufs
3637:GPFS
3622:Coda
3573:Xsan
3563:PVFS
3543:GFS2
3538:CXFS
3533:Ceph
3474:JFFS
3469:CHFS
3450:NVFS
3440:F2FS
3430:TFAT
3415:APFS
3405:and
3349:z/OS
3340:Xsan
3325:WAFL
3320:VxFS
3293:Tux3
3283:SNFS
3265:SFS
3234:ReFS
3204:NTFS
3156:MFS
3142:HTFS
3137:HPFS
3132:HFS+
3095:GPFS
3066:ext4
3056:ext3
3051:ext2
3025:EFS
3016:CXFS
3011:CVFS
2998:z/VM
2983:BFS
2969:APFS
2949:ADFS
2739:Read
2729:Open
2711:Path
2440:etc.
2438:BeOS
2237:etc.
2235:OS/2
2142:Nemo
1952:2013
1930:2010
1538:The
1501:2022
1475:2023
1355:Perl
1351:Ajax
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1232:or
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991:in
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