25:
545:
This was the effect of section 5(2) of the
Criminal Law Act 1977. The relevant words were repealed by section 12(2) of the Criminal Justice Act 1987. The repeal does not apply to "things done" before 20 July 1987: The Criminal Justice Act 1987 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1987 (S.I. 1987/1061), article
126:
held that producing devices designed to alter electricity meter readings constituted conspiracy to defraud, even though the actual fraud would be carried out by members of the public rather than the conspirators. In two situations, it will not even be necessary for the actions to directly lead to any
109:
it is clearly the law that an agreement by two or more by dishonesty to deprive a person of something which is his or to which he is or would be entitled and an agreement by two or more by dishonesty to injure some proprietary right of his, suffices to constitute the offence of conspiracy to
127:
kind of financial loss for the victim; these are when the conspirators plan to deceive a person holding public office into acting counter to their duties, and when the conspirators know that their actions put the victim's property at risk, even if the risk never materialises.
172:
are crimes, it is irrelevant for these purposes whether the agreement would amount to a crime if carried out. If the victim has suffered of any financial or other prejudice there of, there is no need to establish that the defendant deceived him or her. But, following
582:
244:(b) that course of conduct will necessarily amount to or involve the commission of any offence or offences by one or more of the parties to the agreement if the agreement is carried out in accordance with their intentions,
434:
Article 13(1) of the
Criminal Attempts and Conspiracy (Northern Ireland) Order 1983 (S.I. 1983/1120 (N.I. 13)) does not affect the common law offence of conspiracy so far as it relates to conspiracy to defraud.
185:
deceived by one or more of the parties to the agreement into running an economic risk that he or she would not otherwise have run, if the victim has not suffered any loss. For the
1046:
118:, and that if the conspiracy was undertaken, the victim's property rights would be harmed. This does not require the defendants' actions to directly result in the fraud; in
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Before 20 July 1987, section 1 of the
Criminal Law Act 1977 did not apply in any case where the agreement in question amounted to a conspiracy to defraud at common law.
661:
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1631:
98:
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698:
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the fact that it will do so shall not preclude a charge of conspiracy to defraud being brought against any of them in respect of the agreement.
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1603:
949:
123:
1211:
1023:
387:, and that they were then able to supply certain articles of jewellery to whomsoever would remit to them the sum of two pounds.
43:
1179:
1101:
993:
648:
621:
137:
R v Button (1848) 11 QB 929, (1848) 18 LJMC 19, (1848) 12 LT (OS) 309, (1848) 13 JP 20, (1848) 12 Jur 1017, (1848) 3 Cox 229
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1086:
1051:
162:
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691:
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906:
870:
814:
61:
1439:
852:
1157:
1626:
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1305:
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191:, it is necessary to prove that "the purpose of the conspirators (was) to cause the victim economic loss" (per
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684:
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841:
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1200:
989:
954:
896:
809:
312:
35:
1370:
1036:
971:
960:
425:
Board of Trade v Owen AC 602, 2 WLR 351, 1 All ER 411, 41 Cr App R 11, affirming R v Owen 1 QB 174
657:
569:
556:
409:
230:
359:, conspired together with intent to defraud by means of an advertisement inserted by them, the said
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does not affect the common law offence of conspiracy so far as it relates to conspiracy to defraud.
1325:
1195:
1119:
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781:
241:(a) a person agrees with any other person or persons that a course of conduct shall be pursued; and
1290:
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of the
Criminal Justice (Serious Fraud) (Northern Ireland) Order 1988 (S.I. 1988/1846 (N.I. 16))
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901:
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451:
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633:
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422:
DPP v Doot and others AC 807, 2 WLR 532, 1 All ER 940, 57 Cr App R 600, Crim LR 292, HL
419:
Attorney
General's Reference (No 1 of 1982) QB 751, 3 WLR 72, 2 All ER 721, Crim LR 534
316:
586:
439:
8:
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Conspiracy to defraud therefore contains two key elements; that the conspiracy involved
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to imprisonment for any term not exceeding ten years, or to a fine, or to both.
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for legal citations that should be in references/footnotes rather than main text
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Conspiracy to defraud is a Group B offence for the purposes of Part I of the
1571:
1557:
1380:
604:
Smith, J. C. "Some
Comments On The Law Commission's Report" (1995) CLR 209.
311:
The following specimen count was formerly contained in paragraph 13 of the
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Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence
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1514:
1345:
1340:
1310:
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A person guilty of conspiracy to defraud is liable on conviction on
1547:
1509:
1413:
1315:
775:
219:, thereby abolish the common law offence of conspiracy to defraud.
187:
97:
The standard definition of a conspiracy to defraud was provided by
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Guidance on Use of the common law offence of
Conspiracy to Defraud
506:
Scott v
Metropolitan Police Commissioner AC 819, 3 All ER 1032,
1434:
1429:
1403:
1295:
1251:
1091:
1041:
875:
1147:
583:
Criminal
Attempts and Conspiracy (Northern Ireland) Order 1983
259:
As to section 12, see R v
Rimmington, R v Goldstein UKHL 63.
1300:
1275:
169:
252:
Paragraphs (a) and (b) are derived from section 1(1) of the
1552:
1221:
1137:
601:
Law Commission Report No 228 "Conspiracy To Defraud" (1994)
202:
608:
Clarkson, C.M.V.; Keating, H.M.; Cunningham, S.R. (2007).
607:
379:
were then carrying on a genuine business as jewellers at
302:
R v Cohen and others, The Independent, 29 July 1992, CA
130:
The following cases are also relevant to this offence:
662:
Sentencing Manual - Conspiracy to Defraud (Common Law)
610:
Clarkson and Keating Criminal Law: Text and Materials
134:
R v Orbell (1703) 6 Mod Rep 42, (1703) 12 Mod Rep 499
256:
and refer to the offence that that section creates.
1470:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
1057:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
181:1032, it is necessary to prove that the victim was
632:
1465:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
1052:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
1618:
692:
391:
347:and on divers days between that day and the
195:in Scott). For the test of dishonesty, see
699:
685:
270:
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
1632:Common law offences in England and Wales
1019:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm
706:
203:Relationship to statutory conspiracy etc
175:Scott v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
103:Scott v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
635:Criminal Law: Text, Cases and Materials
630:
295:355, 72 Cr App R 237, 1 All ER 1172,
1619:
1212:Preventing the lawful burial of a body
1024:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
1180:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred
680:
371:newspaper, falsely representing that
1087:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
92:
18:
429:
13:
14:
1643:
1480:Encouraging or assisting a crime
1440:Perverting the course of justice
861:Encouraging or assisting a crime
666:Her Majesty's Attorney General.
147:301, (1892) 56 JP 683, (1892) 8
23:
16:Offence under English common law
1604:History of English criminal law
1495:Obstruction of a police officer
1158:Fear or provocation of violence
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1505:Refusing to assist a constable
1321:Taking without owner's consent
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1525:Fabrication of false evidence
1237:Misconduct in a public office
1163:Harassment, alarm or distress
737:Regulatory (lowered mens rea)
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282:
1242:Misfeasance in public office
842:Ignorantia juris non excusat
585:(S.I. 1983/1120 (N.I. 13)),
7:
1409:Cheating the public revenue
1201:Effecting a public mischief
1047:Assault with intent to rape
533:"Criminal Justice Act 1987"
445:
211:did not, by abolishing the
10:
1648:
1485:Escape from lawful custody
1371:Fraud by abuse of position
1037:Assault with intent to rob
961:Category:Criminal defences
631:Herring, Jonathan (2008).
392:Mode of trial and sentence
154:R v Quinn (1898) 19 Cox 78
140:R v Yates (1853) 6 Cox 441
1601:For obsolete aspects see
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1336:Misappropriation of funds
1268:Offences against property
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950:Diminished responsibility
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658:Crown Prosecution Service
570:Criminal Justice Act 1993
557:Criminal Justice Act 1987
415:See the following cases:
410:Criminal Justice Act 1993
291:R v Landy and others, 1
287:See the following cases:
231:Criminal Justice Act 1987
1423:Offences against justice
1196:Outraging public decency
1120:Sexual Offences Act 2003
921:inc. participation in a
831:Lesser included offences
787:Intention in English law
782:Intention (criminal law)
329:PARTICULARS OF OFFENCE.
319:before it was repealed.
275:See section 5(7) of the
207:Section 32(1)(a) of the
157:R v Boyle and Mears, 94
143:R v De Kromme (1892) 66
77:is an offence under the
641:Oxford University Press
326:Conspiracy to defraud.
1540:Other common law areas
1490:Obstruction of justice
1232:Accessory (legal term)
994:Corporate manslaughter
389:
323:STATEMENT OF OFFENCE.
271:Incitement to conspire
250:
151:325, (1892) 17 Cox 492
112:
1627:Conspiracy (criminal)
1455:Misprision of treason
1376:Conspiracy to defraud
1331:Handling stolen goods
1175:Public Order Act 1986
1130:Public order offences
520:Criminal Law Act 1977
452:Conspiracy (criminal)
321:
277:Criminal Law Act 1977
254:Criminal Law Act 1977
235:
229:Section 12(1) of the
224:Criminal Law Act 1977
199:(1982) 2 All ER 689.
107:
105:, when he said that:
75:Conspiracy to defraud
1475:Harboring a fugitive
1445:Witness intimidation
1395:Forgery, personation
1014:Concealment of birth
708:English criminal law
497:Herring (2008) p.811
479:Herring (2008) p.809
317:Indictments Act 1915
222:Section 5(1) of the
1530:Rescuing a prisoner
1500:Wasting police time
1258:Dereliction of duty
1217:Breach of the peace
935:Prevention of crime
797:Criminal negligence
614:Sweet & Maxwell
355:, in the county of
1596:English law portal
1582:Criminal procedure
1247:Abuse of authority
1077:False imprisonment
928:Medical procedures
756:Elements of crimes
213:common law offence
42:You can assist by
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1520:Contempt of court
1450:Witness tampering
1168:intent aggravates
1153:Unlawful assembly
1009:Child destruction
853:Inchoate offences
715:Classes of crimes
650:978-0-19-923432-5
623:978-0-421-94780-1
572:, section 1(3)(b)
383:in the county of
93:England and Wales
83:England and Wales
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1386:Webcam blackmail
1207:disorderly house
1143:Violent disorder
1004:Unlawful killing
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810:Strict liability
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1397:and cheating
1381:Fare evasion
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990:Manslaughter
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897:Self-defence
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52:October 2023
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36:copy editing
34:may require
33:
998:Infanticide
836:Concurrence
183:dishonestly
1621:Categories
1351:Cybercrime
1281:Dishonesty
1205:Keeping a
1082:Harassment
1067:Kidnapping
974:the person
866:Conspiracy
764:Actus reus
747:Common law
727:Either way
722:Indictable
458:References
440:article 11
398:indictment
283:Indictment
116:dishonesty
79:common law
44:editing it
1515:Espionage
1346:Extortion
1341:Blackmail
1326:Deception
1311:Squatting
907:Necessity
871:Accessory
824:Doctrines
815:Omissions
806:Vicarious
802:Corporate
770:Causation
742:Statutory
367:, in the
197:R v Ghosh
177:(1974) 3
1577:Evidence
1558:Property
1548:Contract
1510:Sedition
1414:Uttering
1316:Trespass
1291:Burglary
1189:Causing
1185:Nuisance
982:Homicide
945:Insanity
890:Defences
776:Mens rea
446:See also
217:cheating
188:mens rea
159:Cr App R
110:defraud.
1572:estates
1435:Perjury
1430:Bribery
1404:Forgery
1296:Robbery
1254:of oath
1252:Perjury
1092:Treason
1062:Battery
1042:Robbery
917:Consent
876:Attempt
732:Summary
351:day of
343:day of
339:on the
315:to the
307:History
299:326, CA
297:Crim LR
263:History
1568:Trusts
1148:Affray
986:Murder
902:Duress
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488:AC 975
470:AC 910
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179:All ER
170:frauds
122:, the
1606:table
1563:Wills
1301:Theft
1276:Arson
546:2(3).
237:If -
161:158,
1570:and
1553:Tort
1222:Rout
1138:Riot
1110:Rape
645:ISBN
618:ISBN
581:The
568:The
555:The
518:The
438:See
377:C.D.
375:and
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369:H.S.
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363:and
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337:C.D.
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85:and
293:WLR
215:of
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