205:
318:
34:
1288:
405:
because of the large number of new criminal offences created and secondly because of the back-and-forth between counsel for the defence and the prosecution, one attempting to spot loopholes in the indictment and the other attempting to close them. A slight misspelling on the indictment rendered it invalid, and all errors were taken in favour of the prisoner. An additional contributory factor was that the indictments were drafted by
570:
problems, because prosecution barristers would give the smallest amount of information possible to make the defence counsel's job more difficult. This was a significant problem, particularly in complex fraud cases where by the 1960s it was normal for the defence attorney to receive several thousand pages of witness statements, documents and pieces of evidence with only a vague, general indictment tying them together.
375:
Coming into force on 1 April 1916, the Act established rules on how indictments are to be drafted, and provided methods to amend and alter faulty indictments in court. Most importantly it simplified the layout of indictments and provided a list of items it had to contain, such as "such particulars as
404:
is a document formally accusing an individual of a criminal offence. Indictments have been used in
English law from at least 1362, but the system was mainly developed during the seventeenth and eighteenth century. During this period indictments became lengthy, confusing and highly technical, firstly
433:
wrote "In 1851 an Act was passed which went further in the way of removing technicalities but it did so by an enumeration of them so technical and minute that no one could possibly understand it who had not first acquainted himself with the technicalities which it was meant to abolish". The Act did
880:
By rule 4(5), the forms set out in the appendix to the rules or forms conforming thereto as nearly as may be had to be used in cases to which they were applicable, and in other cases forms to the like effect or conforming thereto as nearly as may be had to be used, the statement of offence and the
675:
Rule 1(2) provided that each sheet on which an indictment was set out was to be not more than 12 and not less than 6 inches in length, and not more than 14 and not less than 12 inches in width, and that if more than one sheet was required, that the sheets were to be fastened together in book form.
409:
who were only paid once per set of indictments – if the indictment was not valid they had to write a new one for free, and they therefore had a vested interest in making them as detailed and complex as possible to avoid subtle flaws. By the turn of the 20th century indictments were so complex that
569:
This section lays out what an indictment is required to contain. It must include a statement of the offence the defendant is being charged with "together with such particulars as may be necessary for giving reasonable information as to the nature of the charge." The second part of this caused
598:
This section allows the court to amend an indictment at any stage of a trial, unless to do so would cause an "injustice". It also allows the court to postpone a trial for the purpose of amending the indictment and separate felonies and misdemeanors into different indictments.
3488:
668:
This
Schedule contained rules relating to indictments, which could be cited as the Indictment rules 1915. It was repealed by rule 2 of the Indictment Rules 1971. The rules created by this Schedule are replaced by new rules under that instrument.
624:
376:
may be necessary for giving reasonable information as to the nature of the charge." While the Act has been significantly amended over the years, several sections are still in force, and the indictment rules given form the basis of the
469:
The rules contained in the First
Schedule to this Act with respect to indictments shall have effect as if enacted in this Act, but those rules may be added to, varied, or annulled by further rules made . . . under this
536:
and "another person having experience in criminal procedure". The committee had the power to suggest changes to the rules governing indictments, which would be placed before
Parliament for forty days and passed as a
3693:
635:
This section provides that similarly the Act does not intend to alter the jurisdiction of courts or places where an individual can be tried, and that the Act applies to all appeals against indictments.
546:
493:
475:
275:
133:
434:
get rid of the idea that minor flaws in an indictment sunk it entirely, and
Stephen later wrote that "a general impression has been produced that quibbles about indictments have come to an end".
1781:
542:
856:
368:
specialised entirely in drawing up indictments. During the nineteenth century several Acts were passed by
Parliament to correct this problem, but none were entirely successful. In 1913
620:
607:
This section allowed the court to award costs to the prosecution for defective or unnecessarily lengthy indictments. It was repealed by section 31(6) of, and
Schedule 2 to, the
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2046:
117:
558:
653:
425:
in an attempt to simplify and modernise it, and acts of
Parliament reforming the law surrounding indictments were passed in 1826, 1828, 1848, 1849 and 1851. Only the
2271:
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2256:
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2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
364:. The law relating to indictments evolved during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and became lengthy, confusing and highly technical to the point where some
2300:
2295:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1391:
1386:
1381:
652:, and that it came into force on 1 April 1916. It also amends and repeals several other bits of legislation with the Second Schedule, including some of the
959:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
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at once, but gave the defendant the right to treat both as if they were felonies and allowed him to challenge the jurors. This was amended by the
3683:
3613:
457:
Despite being the first Act to amend the law relating to indictments in over 50 years, it at no point formally defines what an indictment is.
3569:
3516:
627:, and the section now provides that nothing in the Act prevents a challenge if the indictment fails to comply with "any other enactment".
3627:
3552:
1982:
3557:
445:
to draft a bill reforming the law of indictments. The draft bill was finished and introduced to
Parliament by 1915, and it was given
1320:
353:
492:
The original format also allows the rules to be changed by the Rules
Committee, something removed when the act was amended by the
1211:
330:
217:
56:
781:
Form 15 - A.B., arson, contrary to section 3 of the Malicious Damage Act 1861; C.D., accessory before the fact to same offence
619:
This section formerly provided that nothing in the Act prevents the challenge of an indictment if it fails to comply with the
3657:
1270:
1244:
Criminal justice & human rights: reshaping the criminal justice system, fraud and the criminal law, freedom of expression
3564:
712:
1200:
3511:
2310:
429:
dealt with indictments directly – the others simply amended the law around it – but it was not an unqualified success.
1251:
372:
created a committee to draw up a draft bill reforming the law of indictments, which became the Indictments Act 1915.
608:
357:
322:
209:
143:
38:
3536:
3640:
657:
148:
51:
An Act to amend the Law relating to Indictments in Criminal Cases, and matters incidental or similar thereto.
1292:
3678:
3594:
1313:
593:
3688:
697:
541:
if no objections were raised. This was a more powerful version of the rules committee established by the
500:. c. 34).. The original rules remained in force until 1971, when they were significantly reformed as the
426:
679:
The Appendix to the Rules, as enacted, contained specimen forms of indictment for a number of offences:
1396:
1226:
437:
Nothing else was done to reform the law relating to indictments until the early 20th century. In 1913
3635:
1329:
813:
771:
529:
138:
1125:
1114:
1033:
285:
1998:
1343:
690:
165:
1306:
1193:
430:
874:
Count 2 - Fraudulent conversion of property, contrary to section 1(1)(b) of the Larceny Act 1901
3453:
1857:
172:
3473:
2282:
865:
758:
684:
587:
517:
501:
486:
46:
1160:
1137:
1021:
848:
Form 24 - A.B., undischarged bankrupt, obtaining credit, contrary to section 155 (a) of the
818:
Form 20 - Uttering counterfeit coin, contrary to section 12 of the Coinage Offences Act 1861
754:
Form 12 - Obtaining goods by false pretences, contrary to section 88 of the Larceny Act 1861
3698:
3479:
3464:
1348:
1207:
538:
422:
8:
3548:
1884:
849:
703:
594:
Section 5 - Orders for amendment of indictment, separate trial and postponement of trial
3459:
807:
Count 2 - Uttering forged document, contrary to section 6(1)(2) of the Forgery Act 1913
790:
Count 2 - Obstructing railway, contrary to section 36 of the Malicious Damage Act 1861.
521:
513:
289:
176:
717:
Count 2 - Wounding, contrary to section 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861
3502:
1768:
1363:
1266:
1247:
1230:
723:
251:
96:
74:
751:
Form 11 - Sending threatening letter, contrary to section 46 of the Larceny Act 1861
449:
on 23 December 1915, coming into force on 1 April 1916 as the Indictments Act 1915.
3650:
3605:
3586:
964:
869:
828:
822:
802:
729:
649:
550:
533:
497:
479:
415:
983:
3645:
881:
particulars of offence being varied according to the circumstances in each case.
855:
Form 25 - Counts 1 and 2:Falsification of accounts, contrary to section 1 of the
554:
525:
406:
349:
61:
743:
Count 2 - Receiving stolen goods, contrary to section 91 of the Larceny Act 1861
3475:
968:
795:
Form 17 Damaging trees, contrary to section 22 of the Malicious Damage Act 1861
953:
748:
Form 10 - Burglary and larceny, contrary to section 60 of the Larceny Act 1861
734:
Form 8 - Robbery with violence, contrary to section 42 of the Larceny Act 1861
3672:
1234:
1150:
Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933 (c. 36), Sch. 3
838:
288:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
175:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
639:
474:
The words "by the rule committee" were repealed by section 19(4)(b) of the
446:
442:
438:
389:
369:
335:
86:
602:
3694:
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning England and Wales
1353:
583:
361:
573:
3527:
776:
Count 2 - Arson, contrary to section 3 of the Malicious Damage Act 1861
590:
to remove the right to challenge jurors (and felonies were abolished).
401:
411:
365:
787:
Count 1 - Offence under section 35 of the Malicious Damage Act 1861
645:
564:
1287:
812:
Form 19 - Uttering counterfeit coin, contrary to section 9 of the
1298:
843:
Count 2 - Procuring obscene libel with intent to sell or publish
381:
222:
954:"Oxford DNB article:Bodkin, Sir Archibald (subscription needed)"
579:
711:
Count 1 - Wounding with intent, contrary to section 18 of the
767:
625:
Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933
672:
The rules set out the form an indictment was meant to take.
485:
The first schedule to the act was repealed by rule 2 of the
1105:
Criminal Law Act 1967 (c. 58), section 1 and Sch. 3 Pt. III
722:
Form 6 - Cruelty to a child, contrary to section 12 of the
1217:
Alexander, G. Glover (1916). "The Indictments Act, 1915".
630:
640:
Section 9 - Repeal, extent, short title and commencement
603:
Section 6 - Costs of defective or redundant indictments
507:
801:
Count 1 - Forgery, contrary to section 2(1)(a) of the
460:
821:
Form 21 - Perjury, contrary to section (1)(i) of the
644:
This section provides that the Act does not apply in
574:
Section 4 - Joinder of charges in the same indictment
512:
This section created a rule committee made up of the
360:
that made significant changes to the law relating to
3603:
952:
1219:Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation
1046:Criminal Justice Administration Act 1956 s.19(4)b
421:The 19th century saw significant changes made to
3670:
868:of property, contrary to section 1(1)(a) of the
728:Form 7 - Larceny, contrary to section 67 of the
565:Section 3 – General provisions as to indictments
2317:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1314:
740:Count 1 - Larceny after a previous conviction
418:had a practice specialising in writing them.
3517:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
963:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
578:This section allowed an indictment for both
3553:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
656:. This schedule was itself repealed by the
3577:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
1321:
1307:
1216:
950:
2315:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
1260:
547:Criminal Justice Administration Act 1956
494:Criminal Justice Administration Act 1956
476:Criminal Justice Administration Act 1956
276:Criminal Justice Administration Act 1956
134:Criminal Justice Administration Act 1956
1056:
1054:
1052:
960:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
852:; C.D., being accessory to same offence
557:, and the rules are now amended by the
3684:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1915
3671:
895:
893:
631:Section 8 - Savings and interpretation
3565:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
1302:
1241:
1007:
1005:
995:
993:
928:
926:
614:
286:Text of the The Indictment Rules 1971
166:Text of statute as originally enacted
3636:United Kingdom statutory instruments
1049:
907:
905:
713:Offences against the Person Act 1861
508:Section 2 – Powers of rule committee
1201:Office of Public Sector Information
1081:
890:
545:. This section was repealed by the
461:Section 1 – Rules as to indictments
13:
1328:
1002:
990:
923:
857:Falsification of Accounts Act 1875
14:
3710:
1280:
902:
663:
1286:
609:Prosecution of Offences Act 1985
543:Poor Prisoners' Defence Act 1903
358:Parliament of the United Kingdom
323:Parliament of the United Kingdom
316:
210:Parliament of the United Kingdom
203:
173:Text of the Indictments Act 1915
144:Prosecution of Offences Act 1985
39:Parliament of the United Kingdom
32:
3537:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
1186:
1174:
1171:Indictments Act 1915, section 9
1165:
1153:
1144:
1130:
1119:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1072:
1063:
1040:
1026:
770:, contrary to section 2 of the
465:Section 1 of the act provides:
3641:Scottish statutory instruments
1014:
944:
935:
914:
621:Vexatious Indictments Act 1859
1:
3658:Church of England instruments
1337:Pre-parliamentary legislation
951:Humphreys, Christmas (2004).
884:
658:Statute Law Revision Act 1927
395:
149:Statute Law Revision Act 1927
1368:the Kingdom of Great Britain
984:UK public library membership
452:
7:
1246:. Oxford University Press.
1115:Indictments Act 1915 s.5(1)
1078:Indictments Act 1915 s.2(3)
1069:Indictments Act 1915 s.2(1)
441:created a committee led by
427:Criminal Procedure Act 1851
118:Criminal Procedure Act 1848
10:
3715:
1227:Cambridge University Press
1180:Indictments Act 1915 sch.1
1159:The Indictments Act 1915,
623:. This was amended by the
559:Crown Court Rule Committee
384:/1253) which replace the
311:Statutory Rules and Orders
298:United Kingdom legislation
185:United Kingdom legislation
18:United Kingdom legislation
3626:
3585:
3525:
3501:
2309:
2280:
1996:Acts of Parliament of the
1995:
1975:
1374:
1362:
1336:
957:. In Pottle, Mark (ed.).
814:Coinage Offences Act 1861
772:Malicious Damage Act 1861
654:Quarter Sessions Act 1849
329:
315:
310:
303:
284:
265:
260:
250:
242:
234:
229:
216:
202:
197:
190:
171:
164:
157:
139:Criminal Justice Act 1948
126:
110:
105:
95:
85:
80:
68:
55:
45:
31:
26:
2313:of the United Kingdom of
1999:Kingdom of Great Britain
1344:List of English statutes
1261:Winfield, P. H. (2007).
1208:The Indictments Act 1915
1126:Indictments Act 1915 s.5
1096:Indictments Act 1915 s.4
899:Indictments Act 1915 s.3
691:Accessory after the fact
70:Territorial extent
1782:Interregnum (1642–1660)
1263:Penal Reform in England
1210:, as amended, from the
1976:Parliament of Scotland
1194:"Indictments Act 1915"
1138:"Indictments Act 1915"
1087:Alexander (1916) p.242
1034:"Indictments Act 1915"
1020:Indictments Act 1915,
1011:Alexander (1916) p.241
999:Alexander (1916) p.240
969:10.1093/ref:odnb/31942
932:Alexander (1916) p.238
920:Alexander (1916) p.237
911:Alexander (1916) p.236
827:Form 22 - Libel (i.e.
472:
243:Laid before Parliament
3628:Secondary legislation
2283:Parliament of Ireland
1375:Parliament of England
1293:Indictments Act, 1915
1242:Birks, Peter (1995).
866:Fraudulent conversion
837:Count 1 - Publishing
759:Conspiracy to defraud
588:Criminal Law Act 1967
518:High Court of Justice
502:Indictment Rules 1971
487:Indictment Rules 1971
467:
386:Indictment Rules 1915
378:Indictment Rules 1971
305:Indictment Rules 1915
192:Indictment Rules 1971
3549:Acts of Senedd Cymru
3480:European Communities
1349:Charter of Liberties
941:Winfield (2007) p.51
539:Statutory Instrument
528:, a chairman of the
423:English criminal law
346:Indictments Act 1915
272:Indictments Act 1915
198:Statutory Instrument
22:Indictments Act 1915
3679:1915 in British law
3454:Halsbury's Statutes
1366:of states preceding
1364:Acts of parliaments
850:Bankruptcy Act 1914
23:
3689:Criminal procedure
3460:Legislation.gov.uk
2311:Acts of Parliament
615:Section 7 - Saving
553:. c. 34). and the
522:clerk of the peace
514:Lord Chief Justice
290:legislation.gov.uk
177:legislation.gov.uk
21:
3666:
3665:
3651:Acts of Adjournal
3622:
3621:
3614:1972–2009/2015–16
3587:Orders in Council
3503:Church of England
3497:
3496:
1991:
1990:
1858:Habeas Corpus Act
1769:Petition of Right
1291:The full text of
1272:978-1-4067-4423-1
1212:National Archives
1060:Birks (1995) p.61
982:(Subscription or
724:Children Act 1908
551:4 & 5 Eliz. 2
516:, a judge of the
498:4 & 5 Eliz. 2
480:4 & 5 Eliz. 2
342:
341:
296:
295:
261:Other legislation
183:
182:
106:Other legislation
75:England and Wales
27:Act of Parliament
3706:
3646:Acts of Sederunt
3606:Northern Ireland
3601:
3600:
3474:relating to the
3471:
3470:
1372:
1371:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1276:
1257:
1238:
1204:
1198:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1000:
997:
988:
987:
979:
977:
975:
956:
948:
942:
939:
933:
930:
921:
918:
912:
909:
900:
897:
870:Larceny Act 1901
829:defamatory libel
823:Perjury Act 1911
803:Forgery Act 1913
730:Larceny Act 1861
650:Northern Ireland
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252:Commencement
238:23 July 1971
101:1 April 1916
97:Commencement
87:Royal assent
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3699:Indictments
1354:Magna Carta
362:indictments
3673:Categories
3478:(formerly
986:required.)
885:References
864:Count 1 -
766:Count 1 -
757:Form 13 -
482:. c. 34).
412:barristers
402:indictment
396:Background
366:barristers
266:Made under
127:Amended by
47:Long title
2301:1751–1800
2296:1701–1750
2092:1760–1764
2087:1755–1759
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1235:1479-5973
1161:section 8
1022:section 1
702:Form 4 -
696:Form 3 -
693:to murder
689:Form 2 -
683:Form 1 -
453:Omissions
3528:devolved
3505:measures
974:3 August
861:Form 26
834:Form 23
798:Form 18
784:Form 16
763:Form 14
646:Scotland
580:felonies
534:recorder
414:such as
392:/1235).
331:Citation
218:Citation
57:Citation
2291:to 1700
1983:to 1707
737:Form 9
708:Form 5
382:SI 1971
356:of the
223:SI 1971
64:. c. 90
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685:Murder
1225:(2).
1197:(PDF)
768:Arson
410:some
338:/1235
230:Dates
225:/1253
81:Dates
3604:for
3570:List
3558:List
3551:and
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3512:List
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1267:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1231:ISSN
976:2009
704:Rape
582:and
532:, a
524:, a
520:, a
470:Act.
344:The
235:Made
965:doi
648:or
400:An
354:Act
3675::
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179:.
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