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royal authority wherever possible, mediaeval barons asserted for themselves the right to be tried only by fellow barons rather than the usual royal courts. A statutory authorisation of this right that would have granted peers the option, but not requirement, to be tried by peers was passed in 1391 but quickly repealed under royal pressure. The 1391 repeal, combined with the practical inability of peers to secure the right to try peers for any and every offence, ended up forming a settlement that peers were required to be tried in the House of Lords for treason and felony, and could not waive such a trial in favour of a trial by jury. Technically speaking, the House of Lords tried such trials only when
Parliament was in session, and the Court of the
34:
52:
relating to the proceedings of criminal courts, including the law relating to evidence before such courts; to abolish privilege of peerage in criminal proceedings; to regulate the management of prisons and other institutions and the treatment of offenders and other persons committed to custody; to re-enact certain enactments relating to the matters aforesaid; and for purposes connected therewith.
256:
abolished in 1841, and the vote of the Lords to determine the convicted's punishment was constrained by law. In addition, the actual proceedings of such trials were almost invariably controlled by the advice of royal justices, the same people who tried commoners; as early as the 18th century, the Lord High
Steward asked a justice for advice on all but one of his motions and decisions.
268:
that the privilege ought to be abolished; the holders of this view were generally holders of recently-created peerages who chafed at the burden imposed on them, whereas the minority who defended the practice were generally holders of older peerages who considered it a privilege of the House as a whole.
400:
Technically speaking, the Lord High
Steward could be a commoner, in which event he would merely preside over the proceedings and be unable to speak or deliberate; the position – filled in latter centuries only during coronations and trials of peers – was in practice held
267:
was charged with vehicular manslaughter. In a display of the farcical nature of such trials, the only deliberation of the House was to ask the attorney his opinion on the case before unanimously voting to acquit de
Clifford based on his answer. By the mid-1930s, the majority opinion of the Lords was
153:
Reforming the criminal justice system by removing penal servitude and whipping had long been a goal of Labour, and the Attlee government was felt capable of bringing those reforms into effect. Peers in the House of Lords, who considered being tried by the House to be a bothersome duty rather than a
51:
An Act to abolish penal servitude, hard labour, prison divisions and sentence of whipping ; to amend the law-relating to the probation of offenders, and otherwise to reform existing methods and provide new methods of dealing with offenders and persons liable to imprisonment; to amend the law
237:
Mediaeval courts were limited in their scope; lords generally held their own courts, which had jurisdiction over the lord's subjects. The king's main advisors, who would in time evolve into the peerage, were subjects directly to the King and so could only be tried by royal courts. Eager to limit
250:
In practice, this trial was far more a detriment than a privilege for accused peers. Whereas a commoner could challenge certain individuals from being empanelled in his or her jury, peers had no such right since all lords were involved in the deliberations and verdict of the court. Furthermore,
255:
so no appeal was possible for a convicted peer except for royal pardon. Nor were there any substantial benefits in terms of sentencing compared to a commoner convicted of the same offence; the privilege of a peer to be excused for the first offence he committed other than murder or treason was
242:
tried them at other times. This latter court comprised those lords, known as "Lords Triers", whom the monarch empowered for the purpose. Monarchs could and did empower peers favourable to their desired verdict to the Court, but this ended when
Parliament passed the
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proposed, and the House voted, to abolish the privilege, but the government did not give time for the motion to be considered by the
Commons before the session ended. A similar vote was passed in the Lords in 1937 but likewise died in the Commons.
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participated in the deliberations but walked out before a verdict was voted on, a custom that dated from mediaeval concerns of ecclesiastical judges participating in lay courts, especially when a possible death sentence was
339:
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transportation moved to
Australia. Non-felon settlers in Australia began to resent the transportation of felons to their lands, however, so the practice was abolished in 1852. In its stead arose a system of
150:. The act also dealt with more minor aspects of criminal law, such as the procedure regarding bail. Early versions of the bill attempted to abolish the death penalty, but this would not occur until 1965.
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and the presumption that an Act extends to the United
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revoked it after
Parliament displeased him; insisting that Parliament alone could repeal laws, Parliament quickly did so under Richard's will.
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Except for the parts abolishing the privilege of peerage, the act applied only to
England and Wales. Some of its content is mirrored in the
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had long been staples in British criminal law; death was the mandatory sentence for many offences since time immemorial, as was whipping.
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The act was partially repealed in 1977; it was modernised and recast in Acts including the Criminal Law Acts 1977 and 1997.
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The act is "one of the most important measures relating to the reform of the criminal law and its administration".
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s. 70(2), authorising pensions to be paid notwithstanding disqualification from office under section 2 of the
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requiring that all peers be summoned to the Court, rendering the two courts virtually indistinguishable.
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The persistence of these trials was in large part because so few of them occurred in latter centuries;
138:. It implemented several widespread reforms of the English criminal justice system, mainly abolishing
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privilege, added a provision abolishing peer trials by peers, which was accepted by both houses.
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to English colonies for felons. Originally these colonies were in North America, and
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whilst a commoner could appeal a decision to higher courts, the House of Lords was
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By the mid-1930s, most servitude was of the latter type, being in public prisons.
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the right of peers to be tried for treason and felony in the House of Lords
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always by a peer, and for trials usually by the Lord Chancellor.
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only one in the 19th century, and only two in the 20th
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s 42, on a procedural rule in cases on indictment;
177:and its successor states maintained the penalty of
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287:Other substantive provisions still in force are:
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2723:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
340:Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1953
2759:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
306:abroad while in the course of their duties;
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233:Privilege of peerage § Trial by peers
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291:s. 27, as amended by (in particular) the
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302:in respect of Crown servants committing
211:Capital punishment in the United Kingdom
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2771:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
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298:s. 31(1), which gives English courts
115:Text of statute as originally enacted
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336:Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1949
271:In 1936, the former Lord Chancellor
183:after the loss of most such colonies
173:From at least the 17th century, the
293:Children and Young Persons Act 1969
263:. The last trial was in 1935, when
13:
2890:Criminal law of the United Kingdom
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309:s. 37, relating to bail on appeal;
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497:, as originally enacted from the
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434:The citation of this Act by this
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318:s. 66, partly defining "custody";
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39:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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451:This is the effect of sections
201:Corporal and capital punishment
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325:due to conviction for a crime.
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485:The Criminal Justice Act 1948
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253:the highest court in the land
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207:Judicial corporal punishment
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988:Interregnum (1642–1660)
227:Trial of peers by peers
1182:Parliament of Scotland
487:, as amended from the
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1489:Parliament of Ireland
581:Parliament of England
2755:Acts of Senedd Cymru
2686:European Communities
555:Charter of Liberties
383:Soon after granting
360:Criminal Justice Act
2660:Halsbury's Statutes
572:of states preceding
570:Acts of parliaments
469:Halsbury's Statutes
323:Forfeiture Act 1870
304:indictable offences
280:Legislative history
217:corporal punishment
144:corporal punishment
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130:. c. 58) is an
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70:Introduced by
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2801:1994 to date
2736:institutions
2695:1972 to date
2671:Short titles
2658:
1487:Acts of the
986:
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464:
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430:
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385:royal assent
379:
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102:30 July 1948
98:Royal assent
15:
560:Magna Carta
442:of this Act
436:short title
2879:Categories
2684:(formerly
422:References
389:Richard II
158:Background
47:Long title
1507:1751–1800
1502:1701–1750
1298:1760–1764
1293:1755–1759
1288:1750–1754
1283:1745–1749
1278:1740–1744
1273:1735–1739
1268:1730–1734
1263:1725–1729
1258:1720–1724
1253:1715–1719
630:1422–1460
625:1413–1421
620:1399–1411
615:1377–1397
610:1327–1376
598:1308–1325
593:1275–1307
588:1225–1267
414:involved.
2734:devolved
2711:measures
354:See also
338:and the
58:Citation
1497:to 1700
1189:to 1707
134:of the
65:. c. 58
146:, and
440:83(1)
371:Notes
215:Both
92:Dates
2810:for
2776:List
2764:List
2757:and
2748:List
2718:List
2651:2024
2646:2023
2641:2022
2636:2021
2631:2020
2626:2019
2621:2018
2616:2017
2611:2016
2606:2015
2601:2014
2596:2013
2591:2012
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2581:2010
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2178:1930
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2168:1928
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2098:1914
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2028:1900
2020:1899
2015:1898
2010:1897
2005:1896
2000:1895
1995:1894
1990:1893
1985:1892
1980:1891
1975:1890
1970:1889
1965:1888
1960:1887
1955:1886
1950:1885
1945:1884
1940:1883
1935:1882
1930:1881
1925:1880
1920:1879
1915:1878
1910:1877
1905:1876
1900:1875
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1700:1835
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1615:1818
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1605:1816
1600:1815
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1585:1812
1580:1811
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1570:1809
1565:1808
1560:1807
1555:1806
1550:1805
1545:1804
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1535:1802
1530:1801
1478:1800
1473:1799
1468:1798
1463:1797
1458:1796
1453:1795
1448:1794
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1433:1791
1428:1790
1423:1789
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1024:1666
1019:1665
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999:1661
994:1660
982:1640
970:1627
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780:1534
775:1533
770:1532
765:1531
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755:1529
750:1523
745:1515
740:1514
735:1513
730:1512
725:1511
720:1509
715:1503
710:1496
705:1495
700:1491
695:1488
690:1487
685:1485
680:1483
675:1482
670:1477
665:1474
660:1472
655:1468
650:1467
645:1464
640:1463
635:1461
455:and
219:and
209:and
122:The
132:Act
2881::
457:82
453:81
342:.
194:.
142:,
2688:)
528:e
521:t
514:v
501:.
491:.
126:(
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