4746:"854 F.2d 1338, 129 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2001, 1988 A.M.C. 2409, 272 U.S.App.D.C. 129, 57 USLW 2147, 109 Lab.Cas. P 10,681, NEW YORK SHIPPING ASSOCIATION, INC., International Longshoremen's Association, AFL-CIO, Council of North Atlantic Shipping Associations, Atlantic Container Line, Ltd., Dart Containerline Company, Limited, Hapag-Lloyd Aktiengesellschaft, "Italia" S.P.A.N., Nedlloyd Lines B.V., Puerto Rico Maritime Shipping Authority, Sea-Land Service, Inc., Trans Freight Lines, Inc., and United States Lines, Inc., Petitioners, v. Federal Maritime Commission and United States of America, Respondents. New York Shipping Association, Inc., et al., Petitioners, v. Federal Maritime Commission and United States of America, Respondents, American Trucking Assoc., Inc., American Warehousemen's Assoc., West Gulf Maritime Assoc., National Customs Brokers & Forwarders Association of America, Inc., International Association of NVOCCs, et al., Intervenors. Nos. 82-1347, 87-1370. United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit. Argued Dec. 17, 1987. Decided Aug. 9, 1988"
217:
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232:. Typically, goods would be loaded onto a vehicle from the factory and taken to a port warehouse where they would be offloaded and stored awaiting the next vessel. When the vessel arrived, they would be moved to the side of the ship along with other cargo to be lowered or carried into the hold and packed by dock workers. The ship might call at several other ports before off-loading a given consignment of cargo. Each port visit would delay the delivery of other cargo. Delivered cargo might then have been offloaded into another warehouse before being picked up and delivered to its destination. Multiple handling and delays made transport costly, time-consuming and unreliable.
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1582:, where containers are stacked two high on railway cars, was introduced in the US. The concept was developed by Sea-Land and the Southern Pacific railroad. The first standalone double-stack container car (or single-unit 40-ft COFC well car) was delivered in July 1977. The five-unit well car, the industry standard, appeared in 1981. Initially, these double-stack railway cars were deployed in regular train service. Ever since American President Lines initiated in 1984 a dedicated double-stack container train service between Los Angeles and Chicago, transport volumes increased rapidly.
74:
94:
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82:
1933:
1326:. All the containerization pioneers who came before McLean had thought in terms of optimizing particular modes of transport. McLean's "fundamental insight" which made the intermodal container possible was that the core business of the shipping industry "was moving cargo, not sailing ships". He visualized and helped to bring about a world reoriented around that insight, which required not just standardization of the metal containers themselves, but drastic changes to
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1165:
1850:
62:
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1192:, a rigid, corrugated steel container with a 9,000 lb (4,100 kg) carrying capacity, for shipping household goods of officers in the field. It was 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) long, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m), and 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) high, with double doors on one end, mounted on skids, and had lifting rings on the top four corners. During the
1229:(BIC) held demonstrations of container systems, with the aim of selecting the best solution for Western Europe. Present were representatives from France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Great Britain, Italy and the United States. The system chosen for Western Europe was based on the Netherlands' system for consumer goods and waste transportation called
1767:
tampering is more evident. Some containers are fitted with electronic monitoring devices and can be remotely monitored for changes in air pressure, which happens when the doors are opened. This reduced thefts that had long plagued the shipping industry. Recent developments have focused on the use of intelligent logistics optimization to further enhance security.
1576:. By the 1960s, ICC approval was required before any shipper could carry different items in the same vehicle or change rates. The fully integrated systems in the US today became possible only after the ICC's regulatory oversight was cut back (and abolished in 1995). Trucking and rail were deregulated in the 1970s and maritime rates were deregulated in 1984.
1129:" service (transporting highway freight trailers on flatcars) limited to their own railroads. The Chicago Great Western Railway filed a U.S. patent in 1938 on their method of securing trailers to a flatcars using chains and turnbuckles. Other components included wheel chocks and ramps for loading and unloading the trailers from the flatcars. By 1953, the
1407:, Washington and Alaska. None of these services was particularly successful. First, the containers were rather small, with 52% of them having a volume of less than 3 cubic metres (106 cu ft). Almost all European containers were made of wood and used canvas lids, and they required additional equipment for loading into rail or truck bodies.
1399:. Four containers were used for the conveyance of passengers' baggage. These containers were loaded in London or Paris and carried to the ports of Dover or Calais. In February 1931 the first container ship in the world was launched. It was called the Autocarrier, owned by Southern Railway UK. It had 21 slots for containers of Southern Railway.
1659:, which then built vast container terminals next to deep oceanfront harbors in lieu of the dockfront warehouses and finger piers that had formerly handled break bulk cargo. With intermodal containers, the jobs of packing, unpacking, and sorting cargoes could be performed far from the point of embarkation. Such work shifted to so-called "
1620:, the former piers used for loading and unloading were no longer required, but there was little room to build the vast holding lots needed for storing and sorting containers in transit between different transport modes. As a result, the Port of San Francisco essentially ceased to function as a major commercial port, but the neighboring
1449:. Independently of the events in Canada, McLean had the idea of using large containers that never opened in transit and that were transferable on an intermodal basis, among trucks, ships, and railroad cars. McLean had initially favored the construction of "trailerships"—taking trailers from large trucks and stowing them in a ship's
348:, began. For transport of passengers' baggage four containers were used. These containers were loaded in London or Paris and carried to ports, Dover or Calais, on flat cars in the UK and "CIWL Pullman Golden Arrow Fourgon of CIWL" in France. At the Second World Motor Transport Congress in Rome, September 1928, Italian senator
408:, B.I.C.) was established. In June 1933, the B.I.C. decided on obligatory parameters for containers used in international traffic. Containers handled by means of lifting gear, such as cranes, overhead conveyors, etc. for traveling elevators (group I containers), constructed after July 1, 1933. Obligatory Regulations:
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predicted that containerization would benefit New York by allowing it to ship its industrial goods more cheaply to the
Southern US than other areas, but he did not anticipate that containerization might make it cheaper to import such goods from abroad. Most economic studies of containerization merely
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is carried out in China. For example, in 2009 there were 105,976,701 transshipments in China (both international and coastal, excluding Hong Kong), 21,040,096 in Hong Kong (which is listed separately), and only 34,299,572 in the United States. In 2005, some 18 million containers made over 200 million
1364:
released its patent rights, so that
Tantlinger's inventions could become "the basis for a standard corner fitting and twist lock". Tantlinger was deeply involved in the debates and negotiations which in back-to-back votes in September 1965 (on September 16 and 24, respectively) led to the adoption of
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Containers are intended to be used constantly, being loaded with new cargo for a new destination soon after emptied of previous cargo. This is not always possible, and in some cases, the cost of transporting an empty container to a place where it can be used is considered to be higher than the worth
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of 8 by 8 by 6.5 feet (2.44 m × 2.44 m × 1.98 m), and a capacity of 13,000 lbs was being developed. Connecting devices were intended to join three Conex-III containers together into one 20-feet long unit, a standard recommended by the
American Standards Association, for use
1678:
The effects of containerization rapidly spread beyond the shipping industry. Containers were quickly adopted by trucking and rail transport industries for cargo transport not involving sea transport. Manufacturing also evolved to adapt to take advantage of containers. Companies that once sent small
374:
In 1931, in the U.S., B. F. Fitch designed the two largest and heaviest containers in existence. One measured 17 ft 6 in (5.33 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m) with a capacity of 30,000 pounds (14,000 kg) in 890 cubic feet (25 m),
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and container leasing companies have become expert at repositioning empty containers from areas of low or no demand, such as the US West Coast, to areas of high demand, such as China. Repositioning within the port hinterland has also been the focus of recent logistics optimization work. Damaged or
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and the subsequent Great
Depression, many countries were without any means to transport cargo. The railroads were sought as a possibility to transport cargo, and there was an opportunity to bring containers into broader use. In February 1931 the first container ship was launched. It was called the
278:
in the UK was one of these, making use of "simple rectangular timber boxes" to convey coal from
Lancashire collieries to Liverpool, where a crane transferred them to horse-drawn carriages. Originally used for moving coal on and off barges, "loose boxes" were used to containerize coal from the late
2423:
There is now a high demand for containers to be converted in the domestic market to serve specific purposes. As a result, a number of container-specific accessories have become available for a variety of applications, such as racking for archiving, lining, heating, lighting, powerpoints to create
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used 35-foot (10.67 m) containers. The standard sizes and fitting and reinforcement norms that now exist evolved out of a lengthy and complex series of compromises among international shipping companies, European railroads, US railroads, and US trucking companies. Everyone had to sacrifice
352:
proposed the use of containers for road and railway transport systems, using collaboration rather than competition. This would be done under the auspices of an international organ similar to the
Sleeping Car Company, which provided international carriage of passengers in sleeping wagons. In 1928
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less than that required for the application of a carload rate. A quantity of cargo less than that which fills the visible or rated capacity of an inter-modal container." It can also be defined as "a consignment of cargo which is inefficient to fill a shipping container. It is grouped with other
1915:
The original choice of 8-foot (2.44 m) height for ISO containers was made in part to suit a large proportion of railway tunnels, though some had to be modified. The current standard is eight feet six inches (2.59 m) high. With the arrival of even taller hi-cube containers at
1892:). An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20 ft (6.10 m) (length) × 8 ft (2.44 m) (width) container. As this is an approximate measure, the height of the box is not considered. For instance, the 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m)
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Improved cargo security is an important benefit of containerization. Once the cargo is loaded into a container, it is not touched again until it reaches its destination. The cargo is not visible to casual viewers, and thus is less likely to be stolen. Container doors are usually sealed so that
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590, known as "pa-Behälter." It was implemented in the
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, West Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and Denmark. With the popularization of the larger ISO containers, support for pa containers was phased out by the railways. In the 1970s they began to be widely used for
2441:, which allow the conversion of an ordinary container system into a missile boat, capable of attacking surface and ground targets, and the CWS (Containerized Weapon System) developed for the US Army that allow for the rapid deployment of a remote controlled machine gun post from a container.
1826:
Contrary to ocean shipping containers owned by the shippers, a persisting trend in the industry is for (new) units to be purchased by leasing companies. Leasing business accounted for 55% of new container purchases in 2017, with their box fleet growing at 6.7%, compared to units of transport
1903:
The maximum gross mass for a 20 ft (6.10 m) dry cargo container was initially set at 24,000 kg (53,000 lb), and 30,480 kg (67,200 lb)for a 40 ft (12.19 m) container (including the 9 ft 6 in or 2.90 m high cube) . Allowing for the
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The dimensions of the CONEX II are 75 by 82½ by 102 in. The CONEX container is a metal reusable shipping box. The most common type has a 295-cu. ft. capacity, is about 8½ by 6 by 7 ft, and can carry 9,000 lbs. The dimensions of the Half-CONEX or CONEX I container are 75 by 82¼ by 51
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is the use of containers as the basis for housing and other functional buildings for people, either as temporary or a permanent housing, and either as a main building or as a cabin or as a workshop. Containers can also be used as sheds or storage areas in industry and commerce.
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states in a survey among freight companies that this claim is grossly excessive and calculated an average of 350 containers to be lost at sea each year, or 675 if including catastrophic events. For instance, on
November 30, 2006, a container washed ashore on the Outer Banks of
1752:
assumed that shipping companies would begin to replace older forms of transportation with containerization, but did not predict that the process of containerization itself would have a more direct influence on the choice of producers and increase the total volume of trade.
2305:. Containers lost in rough waters are smashed by cargo and waves, and often sink quickly. Although not all containers sink, they seldom float very high out of the water, making them a shipping hazard that is difficult to detect. Freight from lost containers has provided
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purpose-built secure offices, canteens and drying rooms, condensation control for furniture storage, and ramps for storage of heavier objects. Containers are also converted to provide equipment enclosures, pop-up cafes, exhibition stands, security huts and more.
1822:
In July, 2020, The
Digital Container Shipping Association (DCSA), a non-profit group established to further digitalisation of container shipping technology standards, published standards for the digital exchange of operational vessel schedules (OVS).
1426:
service using trucks, ships, and railroad cars. Southbound containers were loaded by shippers in Yukon and moved by rail, ship, and truck to their consignees without opening. This first intermodal system operated from
November 1955 until 1982.
2347:
Some of the biggest battles in the container revolution were waged in Washington, D.C.. Intermodal shipping got a huge boost in the early 1970s, when carriers won permission to quote combined rail-ocean rates. Later, non-vessel-operating
1663:" and gigantic warehouses in rural inland towns, where land and labor were much cheaper than in oceanfront cities. This fundamental transformation of where warehouse work was performed freed up valuable waterfront real estate near the
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does not always mean a full payload or capacity – many companies will prefer to keep a 'mostly' full container as a single container load to simplify logistics and increase security compared to sharing a container with other goods.
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that could efficiently be loaded onto ships and would hold securely on sea voyages. The result was an 8 feet (2.44 m) tall by 8 ft (2.44 m) wide box in 10 ft (3.05 m)-long units constructed from 2.5 mm
1827:
operators growing by just 2.4% more TEU, said global shipping consultancy Drewry in their 'Container Census & Leasing and Equipment Insight', leading to a leased share of the global ocean container fleet reaching 54% by 2020.
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the majority of supplies and materials were shipped by CONEX. By 1965 the U.S. military used some 100,000 Conex boxes, and more than 200,000 in 1967. making this the first worldwide application of intermodal containers. After the
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427:) for containers of the heavy type; 2.5 tonnes (2.46 long tons; 2.76 short tons) for containers of the light type; a tolerance of 5 percent excess on the total weight is allowable under the same conditions as for wagon loads.
1908:
of the container, the maximum payload mass is therefore reduced to approximately 22,000 kg (49,000 lb) for 20 ft (6.10 m), and 27,000 kg (60,000 lb) for 40 ft (12.19 m) containers.
143:, is the process of unitization of cargoes in exports. Containerization is the predominant form of unitization of export cargoes, as opposed to other systems such as the barge system or palletization. The containers have
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container that is loaded and unloaded under the risk and account of one shipper and one consignee. In practice, it means that the whole container is intended for one consignee. FCL container shipment tends to have lower
1402:
The next step was in Europe after WW II. Vessels purpose-built to carry containers were used between UK and Netherlands and also in Denmark in 1951. In the United States, ships began carrying containers in 1951, between
375:
and a second measured 20 ft 0 in (6.10 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m), with a capacity of 50,000 pounds (23,000 kg) in 1,000 cubic feet (28 m).
1608:
and increased its speed, especially of consumer goods and commodities. It also dramatically changed the character of port cities worldwide. Prior to highly mechanized container transfers, crews of 20 to 22
1365:
a modified version of the Sea-Land design as the American and then the international standard for corner fittings for shipping containers. This began international standardization of shipping containers.
370:
on September 30, 1931, on one of the platforms of the Maritime Station (Mole di Ponente), practical tests assessed the best construction for European containers as part of an international competition.
1496:
During the first 20 years of containerization, many container sizes and corner fittings were used. There were dozens of incompatible container systems in the US alone. Among the biggest operators, the
1141:
railroads had joined the innovation. Most of the rail cars used were surplus flatcars equipped with new decks. By 1955, an additional 25 railroads had begun some form of piggyback trailer service.
2266:, or the steel content salvaged. In the summer of 2010, a worldwide shortage of containers developed as shipping increased after the recession, while new container production had largely ceased.
1237:
that were moved by rail, truck and ship, in various configurations up to a capacity of 5,500 kg (12,100 lb), and up to 3.1 by 2.3 by 2 metres (10 ft 2 in × 7 ft
2240:. The vast majority of containers are never subjected to scrutiny due to their large numbers. In recent years there have been increased concerns that containers might be used to transport
2352:
won a long court battle with a US Supreme Court decision against contracts that attempted to require that union labor be used for stuffing and stripping containers at off-pier locations.
2190:. The abbreviation LCL formerly applied to "less than (railway) car load" for quantities of material from different shippers or for delivery to different destinations carried in a single
1613:
would pack individual cargoes into the hold of a ship. After containerization, large crews of longshoremen were not necessary at port facilities, and the profession changed drastically.
1418:. Her first trip carried 600 containers between North Vancouver, British Columbia, and Skagway, Alaska, on November 26, 1955. In Skagway, the containers were unloaded to purpose-built
1311:
standardized an 8-by-8-foot (2.44 by 2.44 m) cross section container in multiples of 10-foot (3.05 m) lengths for military use, it was rapidly adopted for shipping purposes.
1360:
executive, Tantlinger went back to McLean and convinced him to relinquish control of their design to help stimulate the container revolution. On January 29, 1963, McLean's company
185:. Containerization eliminated manual sorting of most shipments and the need for dock front warehouses, while displacing many thousands of dock workers who formerly simply handled
1912:
It was increased to 30,480 kg for the 20' in 2005, then further increased to a max of 36,000 kg for all sizes by the amendment 2 (2016) of the ISO standard 668 (2013).
1830:
In 2021, the average time to unload a container in Asia was 27 seconds, the average time in Northern Europe was 46 seconds, and the average time in North America was 76 seconds.
1461:. Instead, McLean modified his original concept into loading just the containers, not the chassis, onto the ship; hence the designation "container ship" or "box" ship. (See also
1732:, 396 m (1,299 ft) long, launched in August 2006. It has been predicted that, at some point, container ships will be constrained in size only by the depth of the
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3333:
2390:) and recommendations for use in container decontamination, inspection and quarantine. The SCTF also provides the English translation of the National Standard of China (
1996:
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are used in Europe and have length (45, 40 or 20 ft or 13.72, 12.19 or 6.10 m) and height like ISO-containers, but they are 2.484 m (8 ft
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something. For example, to McLean's frustration, Sea-Land's 35-foot container was not adopted as one of the standard container sizes. In the end, four important ISO (
3551:
1391:
The first vessels purpose-built to carry containers had begun operation in 1926 for the regular connection of the luxury passenger train between London and Paris, the
283:. By the 1840s, iron boxes were in use as well as wooden ones. The early 1900s saw the adoption of closed container boxes designed for movement between road and rail.
263:
built at his Butterley Ironwork. The horse-drawn wheeled wagons on the gangway took the form of containers, which, loaded with coal, could be transshipped from canal
366:
Autocarrier, owned by Southern Railway UK. It had 21 slots for containers of Southern Railway. Under auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris in
4613:
2427:
Public containerised transport is the concept, not yet implemented, of modifying motor vehicles to serve as personal containers in non-road passenger transport.
1884:
US domestic standard containers are generally 48 ft (14.63 m) and 53 ft (16.15 m) (rail and truck). Container capacity is often expressed in
299:, which he had designed as transferable containers. In 1919, his system was extended to over 200 containers serving 21 railway stations with 14 freight trucks.
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2292:
Containers occasionally fall from ships, usually during storms. According to media sources, between 2,000 and 10,000 containers are lost at sea each year. The
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the Transporter was evaluated for handling sensitive military equipment and, proving effective, was approved for broader use. Theft of material and damage to
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The first major shipment of CONEXes, containing engineering supplies and spare parts, was made by rail from the Columbus General Depot in Georgia to the
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1973:
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The widespread use of ISO standard containers has driven modifications in other freight-moving standards, gradually forcing removable truck bodies or
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1900:
20 ft (6.10 m) containers are also called one TEU. 48' containers have been phased out over the last ten years in favor of 53' containers.
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Meanwhile, the port facilities needed to support containerization changed. One effect was the decline of some ports and the rise of others. At the
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Clause 1. Containers are, as regards form, either of the closed or the open type, and, as regards capacity, either of the heavy or the light type.
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ran aground off the coast of New Zealand. As the ship listed, some containers were lost, while others were held on board at a precarious angle.
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consignments began grouping them into containers. Many cargoes are now designed to precisely fit containers. The reliability of containers made
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1506:
1281:, by the addition of a smaller, half-size unit of 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) long, 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) wide and 6 ft
192:
Containers can be made from a wide range of materials such as steel, fibre-reinforced polymer, aluminum or a combination. Containers made from
130:
5230:. Transport Canada, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the Secretariat of Communications and Transport of Mexico. 2004. Archived from
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Ninety Percent of Everything: Inside Shipping, the Invisible Industry That Puts Clothes on Your Back, Gas in Your Car, and Food on Your Plate
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into standard sizes and shapes (though without the strength needed to be stacked), and changing completely the worldwide use of freight
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The first truly successful container shipping company dates to April 26, 1956, when American trucking entrepreneur McLean put 58
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189:. Containerization reduced congestion in ports, significantly shortened shipping time, and reduced losses from damage and theft.
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vehicle shipping, personal effects can be loaded into the container with the vehicle, allowing easy international relocation.
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3448:
McGough, Roger (Narrator), McAulay, Graeme (Director & Producer), Crossley-Holland, Dominic (Executive Producer) (2010).
3368:(Report). Vol. 7: Containerization. US DoD Joint Logistics Review Board. 15 December 1970. pp. 9–11. Archived from
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Containers are also beginning to be used to house computer data centers, although these are normally specialized containers.
1950:
While major airlines use containers that are custom designed for their aircraft and associated ground handling equipment the
1572:(ICC), which was created in 1887 to keep railroads from using monopolist pricing and rate discrimination, but fell victim to
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dimensions. They can be loaded and unloaded, stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one
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in bulk. FCL is intended to designate a container loaded to its allowable maximum weight or volume, but FCL in practice on
221:
4517:"The Federal Logistics SuperSite – The Federal Transportation Management Desk Reference: Glossary – Definitions"
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3249:(Report). Vol. 7: Containerization. US DoD Joint Logistics Review Board. 15 December 1970. p. 10. Archived from
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4974:. Research in Maritime History, issue 23. St. John's, Newfoundland: International Maritime Economic History Association.
4872:"Public Containerised Transport, ways to improve the efficiency and convenience of travel by intermodalizing automobiles"
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are significantly clustered around ports, and containers are a common source of such successful pest transfers. The IPPC
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1302:, then by ship to Yokohama, Japan, and then to Korea, in late 1952. Transit times were almost halved. By the time of the
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The development of containerization was created in Europe and the U.S. as a way to revitalize rail companies after the
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3485:. Alaska Historical Society for the Alaska Historical Commission, Dept. of Education, State of Alaska. p. 328.
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Blue Book of Container Stuffing – The Container Stuffing Management in International Logistics: The Economics Behind
1808:. The use of container trains in all these countries makes transshipment between trains of different gauges easier.
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275:
2080:
1295: in (2.10 m) high. CONEXes could be stacked three high, and protected their contents from the elements.
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The use of the same basic sizes of containers across the globe has lessened the problems caused by incompatible
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3638:"Tankers to Carry 2-Way Pay Loads; Filled Trailer Vans to Form Cargoes for Vessels That Normally Carry Ballast"
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Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2016). "Growth in the Size of Unit Loads and Shipping Containers from Antique to WWI".
2021:
1954:
has created a set of standard aluminium container sizes of up to 11.52 m (407 cu ft) in volume.
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size constrains a ship to dimensions of 470 m (1,542 ft) in length and 60 m (197 ft) wide.
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326:
31:
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emerged as the second largest on the US West Coast. A similar fate occurred with the relationship between the
166:—without being opened. The handling system is mechanized so that all handling is done with cranes and special
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5239:– a guidebook for first responders during the initial phase of a dangerous goods/hazardous materials incident
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2248:(CSI), intended to ensure that high-risk cargo is examined or scanned, preferably at the port of departure.
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began shipping containers between Chicago and Milwaukee. Their efforts ended in the spring of 1931 when the
274:
By the 1830s, railroads were carrying containers that could be transferred to other modes of transport. The
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for efficiency. LCL freight was often sorted and redistributed into different railway cars at intermediate
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1736:, one of the world's busiest shipping lanes, linking the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This so-called
1457:, was not adopted because of the large waste in potential cargo space on board the vessel, known as broken
1423:
1357:
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system. The size and capacity of the Conex were about the same as the Transporter, but the system was made
173:
Containerization originated several centuries ago but was not well developed or widely applied until after
117:
38:
415:
Clause 2. The loading capacity of containers must be such that their total weight (load, plus tare) is: 5
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native Benjamin Franklin "B. F." Fitch (1877–1956) launched commercial use of "demountable bodies" in
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4636:"Photos: Spilled Doritos chips wash up on Outer Banks | HamptonRoads.com | PilotOnline.com"
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394:
358:
318:
3731:"Double-stack unit train container service: its commercial impact and value to the military skipper"
2863:
Transport Means 2016, Proceedings of the 20th International Scientific Conference, October 5–7, 2016
6639:
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2375:
2119:
5682:
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2455:
On September 5, 2008, the BBC embarked on a year-long project to study international trade and
2332:, safer stacking, the marking of containers, and security for above-deck cargo in heavy swell.
2325:
2293:
4690:
3769:
1683:
possible as component suppliers could deliver specific components on regular fixed schedules.
1477:
6581:
6219:
5708:
5565:
5193:
D 5728 Standard Practice for Securement of Cargo in Intermodal and Unimodal Surface Transport
4673:
4293:
4264:
4236:
4180:
4152:
4124:
4027:
3798:
2762:
2745:
2489:
1617:
1501:
1299:
387:
354:
349:
341:
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3295:
3282:
3027:
2927:"Czechoslovak activity to prepare European norms for containers before the Second World War"
2438:
208:
6509:
6502:
6224:
5311:
4208:
3961:
2521:
2515:
2500:
2050:(Australia) – slightly wider than ISO containers to fit slightly wider Australian Standard
1858:
1844:
1466:
1392:
1353:
1323:
1185:
333:
311:
292:
256:
121:
66:
5023:
The Box that Changed the World: Fifty Years of Container Shipping - an Illustrated History
3065:"History & Development of the Container – The "Transporter", predecessor to the CONEX"
1114:
carried railroad boxcars on its sea vessels to transport goods between New York and Cuba.
8:
6679:
6591:
6351:
6295:
6077:
5698:
5634:
5482:
5083:– novel set in U.S., in which mystery surrounding a containerized shipment serves as the
4701:
4068:
2505:
2495:
2469:
2237:
1605:
379:
178:
5390:
4774:"200 million reasons to take global action on sea containers to keep khapra beetle out!"
2975:
Benjamin Franklin Fitch the Forgotten Developer of the Container System in US of America
2057:
2043:
milk container, 2,000 imperial gallons (9,100 L; 2,400 US gal), road-rail
1698:
243:
designed the box boat 'Starvationer' with ten wooden containers, to transport coal from
6305:
5980:
5903:
5557:
5451:
5129:
The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger
5097:
The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger
4486:
4467:
3642:
2887:
2672:
2371:
2002:
1733:
1637:
1573:
1442:
1334:
1265: in) size. This became the first post World War II European railway standard
1177:
1122:
383:
163:
50:
5169:
4846:
3708:
2750:. Vol. 43–44. The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society. 1985. p. 27.
1565:
from shipowner NYK, which started sailing in 1968 and could carry 752 TEU containers.
177:, when it dramatically reduced the costs of transport, supported the post-war boom in
6382:
6082:
5985:
5868:
5833:
5812:
5792:
5370:
5179:
5154:
5133:
5101:
5072:
5051:
5027:
5005:
4985:
4975:
4654:
4524:
3859:
3841:
3814:
3804:
3777:
3486:
3369:
3250:
3174:
3158:
3037:
2977:
by Krzysztof Lewandowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland. 2015.
2951:
2926:
2866:
2838:
2811:
2799:
2715:
2676:
2664:
2627:
2314:
2244:
or terrorist materials into a country undetected. The US government has advanced the
2177:
1744:
1706:
1641:
1633:
1598:
397:, which had caused economic collapse and reduction in use of all modes of transport.
280:
248:
148:
73:
2861:
Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2016). "The containers ships, which really was the first?".
400:
In 1933 in Europe, under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce, the
6531:
6330:
6315:
6249:
6193:
6092:
5995:
5807:
5672:
5661:
5655:
5547:
5472:
5441:
5436:
5271:
5174:
4504:
3584:
2941:
2656:
2328:
began work on a code of practice for container storage, including crew training on
2195:
2191:
2115:
better. They are meant for transport inside Europe and are often accepted in ships.
2074:
2047:
1945:
1937:
1816:
1462:
1454:
1319:
1234:
296:
229:
193:
186:
4922:
3321:.. CONEX ... container that ... was about 7' high by 8' wide and about 12' long...
3004:, David J. Fiore Sr., Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2006, p. 51
1717:
worldwide is moved by containers stacked on transport ships; 26% of all container
1157:
in the railroads. These non-stackable containers were about the size of the later
332:
In 1926, a regular connection of the luxury passenger train from London to Paris,
77:
Double-stack Union Pacific container train crossing the desert at Shawmut, Arizona
6674:
6649:
6439:
6320:
6310:
6130:
6115:
6062:
5990:
5898:
5883:
5828:
5746:
5645:
5416:
5148:
5127:
5111:
5066:
5021:
4969:
4897:
4697:
4617:
4582:
4474:
3860:"Container port traffic (TEU: 20 foot equivalent units) | Data | Table"
3480:
2532:
2391:
2367:
2213:
2187:
2130:
2040:
1621:
1150:
252:
144:
3130:
6290:
6150:
6072:
6057:
6052:
5888:
5735:
5640:
5588:
5477:
5411:
5375:
5201:
4971:
The Globalisation of the Oceans: Containerisation from the 1950s to the Present
4824:
4786:
3730:
2349:
2298:
2284:
2077:(Sweden, Finland, UK) – big 95 t (93 long tons; 105 short tons) container.
2068:
2034:
1797:
1629:
1568:
In the US, containerization and other advances in shipping were impeded by the
1555:
1396:
1386:
1154:
1111:
240:
156:
152:
98:
93:
6444:
3931:"Ocean carriers rely increasingly on leased containers - Axxess International"
3818:
2800:"Stanisław Rodowicz, Eng. The Forgotten Pioneer of Containerization in Poland"
2204:
is the process of filling a container with multiple shipments for efficiency.
1540:
set out the minimum internal dimensions of general purpose freight containers.
1273:
In 1952 the U.S. Army developed the Transporter into the CONtainer EXpress or
6694:
6644:
6576:
6361:
6356:
6239:
6107:
6000:
5951:
5848:
5761:
5421:
5231:
5183:
4999:
4989:
4344:
4316:
4288:
4259:
4231:
4203:
4147:
4119:
4091:
4063:
3845:
3309:
3178:
2955:
2870:
2815:
2668:
2526:
2456:
2310:
2306:
2258:
2164:
2012:
1967:
1921:
1718:
1668:
1315:
1207:
362:
182:
4175:
4022:
3881:"Detroit, Michigan Intermodal Transport and Drayage | Courtesy Transfer Inc"
2987:
Mohowski, Robert E. (Spring 2011). "Seatrain: Railroad or steamship line?".
2831:
The Northwestern A History of the Chicago & North Western Railway System
1932:
1728:
170:
trucks. All containers are numbered and tracked using computerized systems.
6629:
6586:
6275:
6067:
6032:
5878:
5853:
5797:
5777:
5619:
5542:
4994:– a history of containerization in the second half of the twentieth century
4965:
3670:"The Containership Revolution: Malcom McLean's 1956 Innovation Goes Global"
2417:
Tempo Housing in Amsterdam stacks containers for individual housing units.
2156:
2151:
1854:
1812:
1805:
1690:, of which 82 percent were handled by the world's top 100 container ports.
1652:
1610:
1419:
174:
6624:
6549:
6434:
6270:
6244:
6198:
6188:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6135:
6125:
6097:
6087:
5893:
5873:
5802:
5216:
5041:
4875:
4349:
2363:
1990:
1905:
1801:
1800:, but some countries (such as Russia, India, Finland, and Lithuania) use
1648:
1303:
1184:
cargo to speed the loading and unloading of transport ships. In 1947 the
797:
In April 1935 BIC established a second standard for European containers:
268:
81:
5919:
5280:
3986:
3676:. (c/o National Academy of Sciences). Number 246. September–October 2006
2946:
2402:
1110:
between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Chicago, Illinois. Beginning in 1929,
357:(PRR) started regular container service in the northeast U.S. After the
6300:
6183:
6140:
6042:
6019:
5970:
5908:
5782:
5771:
5741:
5729:
5667:
5431:
4595:
Podsada, Janice. (2001-06-19) 'Lost Sea Cargo: Beach Bounty or Junk?',
3206:
The Shipping Container and the Globalization of American Infrastructure
2542:
2437:
Containers have also been used for weapon systems, such as the Russian
2233:
2112:
1771:
1737:
1714:
1435:
1193:
1164:
106:
4639:
2576:
Some sources also mention a 12-foot version. and a third version, the
1849:
1352:
mechanism atop each of the four corners, allowing the container to be
1180:
started to combine items of uniform size, lashing them onto a pallet,
6449:
6325:
6285:
6037:
5863:
5838:
5446:
5084:
3957:"Cargo ships are so stuffed that ports are struggling to unload them"
3526:"Clifford J. Rodgers: The World's First Purpose Built Container Ship"
3033:
2660:
2547:
2383:
2280:
2241:
2230:
1756:
1671:
and led to a plethora of waterfront revitalization projects (such as
1490:
1349:
1333:
In 1955, McLean and Tantlinger's immediate challenge was to design a
1274:
1181:
424:
390:. The Fitch hooking system was used for reloading of the containers.
102:
61:
2212:
consignments for the same destination in a container at a container
2134:
Code of practice for the plant quarantine of exit freight containers
6554:
6335:
6280:
6229:
5858:
5787:
5766:
5756:
5718:
5703:
5677:
5650:
5624:
5603:
5395:
5340:
4874:. Nordic Communications Corporation. 4 January 2013. Archived from
4677:
2567:(8’6" length, 6’3" width and 6’10½" height, and 9000 lbs capacity),
2183:
1774:
sizes. The majority of the rail networks in the world operate on a
1743:
Few foresaw the extent of the influence of containerization on the
1660:
420:
303:
167:
86:
2459:
by tracking a shipping container on its journey around the world.
2129:(2021) The National Standard of the People's Republic of China is
6477:
6454:
6254:
5843:
5723:
5713:
5505:
5385:
3611:
2474:
2336:
2302:
1656:
1515:
1458:
1446:
1404:
1361:
1233:(literally, "loading bins"), in use since 1934. This system used
1107:
244:
159:
30:"Container Revolution" redirects here. For the pottery term, see
2603:"The Freight Essentials: Getting Your Products Across The Ocean"
1106:
carried motor carrier vehicles and shippers' vehicles loaded on
228:
Before containerization, goods were usually handled manually as
6596:
5751:
5608:
4621:
3102:[Predecessors of today's containers: pa, BT and B900].
2051:
1760:
367:
307:
260:
3281:
Development of Containerization // J. van Ham, J. Rijsenbrij:
2787:. Railway and Locomotive Historical Society. 1988. p. 78.
6178:
6027:
5975:
2430:
The ACTS roller container standards have become the basis of
2208:
2160:
1485:
1450:
1378:
1200:
crates convinced the army that steel containers were needed.
416:
264:
3404:
3402:
1434:
later called containers, aboard a refitted tanker ship, the
1348: in) thick corrugated steel. The design incorporated a
801:
Obligatory norms for European containers since 1 April 1935
432:
Obligatory norms for European containers since 1 July 1933
6559:
6519:
5965:
5190:
5132:(2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
4940:
1197:
1158:
5126:——————— (2016).
3419:
3417:
3161:[Organizational Requirements Use the ACTS System]
3129:[Loading bin transport] (in Dutch). Archived from
2406:
A converted container used as an office at a building site
1763:
that fit into ISO containers or into commercial vehicles.
1509:) recommendations standardized containerization globally:
310:. In 1920, he built a prototype of the biaxial wagon. The
5276:– types, inspection, climate, stowage, securing, capacity
3907:. No. 8 July 2020. Global Cargo News. Archived from
3506:
3399:
3387:
5587:
4845:
Containexperts, Container Conversions (9 January 2018).
3662:
3429:
3414:
3224:
1500:
had a fleet of 24-foot (7.32 m) containers, while
314:
stopped development of the container system in Poland.
306:, developed the first draft of the container system in
6412:
3776:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 809–827 .
3460:
3152:
3150:
3148:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2097: in) wide externally and 2.420 m (7 ft
1722:
trips per year. Some ships can carry over 14,500
329:
disallowed the use of a flat rate for the containers.
321:
to move mail via containers in May 1921. In 1930, the
3687:
The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management
3650:
2856:
2854:
2735:. Augustus M. Kelly Publishers. New York. 1979 p. 92
2387:
1410:
The world's first purpose-built container vessel was
212:
Loading assorted break bulk cargo onto ships manually
5050:. New York: Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt and Co.
4468:
https://www.johngood.co.uk/ufaqs/difference-fcl-lcl/
3832:
Ebeling, C. E. (Winter 2009). "Evolution of a Box".
1983:
Japanese railway containers: Containers used by the
4633:
4485:
3472:
3307:
3145:
3100:"Vorläufer der heutigen Container: pa, BT und B900"
2888:"S/S Autocarrier. Foto genom Roy Thorntonn samling"
2683:
2615:
1957:
4317:"New Freight Containers For S.E. Railway Services"
2882:
2880:
2851:
2262:retired containers may be recycled in the form of
1962:Some other container systems (in date order) are:
1686:In 2004, global container traffic was 354 million
6121:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)
5272:"Transport Information Service : containers"
5026:. East Windsor, NJ: Commonwealth Business Media.
4624:(World Shipping Council). Accessed: 11 July 2013.
4519:. Archived from the original on October 31, 2004.
3796:
3159:"Wymagania Organizacyjne Stosowania Systemu ACTS"
3025:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2733:British Goods Wagons from 1887 to the Present Day
2492:described an early principle of containerization.
1916:nine feet six inches (2.90 m) and
1815:overseas using 20- or 40-foot containers. Unlike
1153:used containers to more easily deal with various
6692:
5001:Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World
4586:(Maritime insurers). Accessed: 26 February 2011.
4505:https://www.logisticsglossary.com/term/groupage/
4371:RACE equipment gears up ROA container expansion
3905:"DCSA publishes standards for digital schedules"
2581:in commercial rail, highway, and water shipping.
1604:Containerization greatly reduced the expense of
1519:defined the terminology, dimensions and ratings.
5150:The Colombo Bay: At Sea in a Dangerous Universe
4723:. Informa Australia. 2008-02-07. Archived from
4545:"Shipping Container Shortage Pushing Up Prices"
3479:Antonson, Joan M.; Hanable, William S. (1985).
3478:
3334:"Reusable Metal Shipping Container (Conex III)"
2877:
2731:Essery, R. J, Rowland. D. P. & Steel W. O.
2301:, along with thousands of bags of its cargo of
1804:, while others in Africa and South America use
1377:Containers waiting at the South Korean port of
4844:
4768:
4766:
4493:. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 319–321.
3774:The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History
3192:
3190:
3188:
2967:
2965:
2905:
2309:with unexpected opportunities to track global
1507:International Organization for Standardization
1172:, showing four different UIC-590 pa-containers
6398:
5935:
5573:
5296:
5259:– A good pictorial introduction to containers
5100:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5019:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
3761:
3685:Rushton, A., Oxley, J., Croucher, P. (2004).
1747:. In the 1950s, Harvard University economist
1636:declined in importance. Meanwhile, Britain's
1453:hold. This method of stowage, referred to as
1414:, built in Montreal in 1955 and owned by the
1044:2.5 t (2.46 long tons; 2.76 short tons)
687:2.5 t (2.46 long tons; 2.76 short tons)
4915:
2397:
2186:that is not large enough to fill a standard
239:beginning in the late 18th century. In 1766
5266:. American Association of Port Authorities.
4763:
4659:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3554:. Hougen Group of Companies. Archived from
3185:
3156:
2962:
2924:
2860:
2797:
2646:
2171:
1920:rail cars, further enlargement of the rail
1644:in the Netherlands emerged as major ports.
1533:made recommendations about corner fittings.
1422:for transport north to Yukon, in the first
864:5 t (4.92 long tons; 5.51 short tons)
493:5 t (4.92 long tons; 5.51 short tons)
6405:
6391:
5942:
5928:
5580:
5566:
5303:
5289:
5244:"Introduction to Container Transportation"
4420:
4100:. Launceston, Tas. 7 June 1929. p. 11
3441:
3355:
1896:and the 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m)
235:Containerization has its origins in early
6372:List of merchant navy capacity by country
5949:
5310:
4817:International Plant Protection Convention
4779:International Plant Protection Convention
4567:
4565:
4441:International Plant Protection Convention
4184:. Melbourne. 12 December 1928. p. 26
4031:. Melbourne. 16 February 1922. p. 11
3728:
3277:
3275:
2945:
2342:
1927:
1651:on waterways incapable of receiving deep-
1104:Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railway
317:The U.S. Post Office contracted with the
5125:
5089:
5020:Donovan, Arthur; Bonney, Joseph (2006).
4212:. Rockhampton. 26 April 1929. p. 10
3656:
3512:
3466:
3435:
3423:
3408:
3393:
3230:
3026:Van Ham, Hans; Rijsenbrij, Joan (2012).
2986:
2712:The Little Eaton Gangway and Derby Canal
2698:
2401:
2273:
2017:(1931) International Chamber of Commerce
1931:
1864:There are five common standard lengths:
1848:
1811:Containers have become a popular way to
1697:
1589:
1484:
1476:
1372:
1356:using cranes. Several years later, as a
1214:
1202:
1163:
215:
207:
92:
80:
72:
60:
45:
5167:
5016:– how container ships changed the world
4806:
4804:
4605:
3831:
3800:Ports, Cities, and Global Supply Chains
3729:Bernhardt, Karl-Heinz (December 1986).
3698:
3679:
2791:
2600:
2511:List of world's busiest container ports
2444:
2388:§ Other container system standards
1693:
1314:In 1955, former trucking company owner
220:Transferring freight containers on the
37:For the virtualization technology, see
14:
6693:
5519:Container Shipping Information Service
5146:
5064:
5040:
5004:. New York: Fordham University Press.
4997:
4964:
4847:"Container Conversions Containexperts"
4691:A Master's guide to Container Securing
4562:
4389:Freight & Container Transportation
4204:"Through Road, Rail and Water Traffic"
3954:
3803:. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 61–72.
3605:
3272:
3124:
2760:
2626:(I ed.). Auckland: Massey Press.
2621:
2145:
1833:
1368:
135:). Containerization, also referred as
6386:
5923:
5561:
5284:
5219:. German Insurance Association. 2006.
4923:"The Box takes off on global journey"
4353:. cairns. 14 February 1946. p. 4
4325:. Adelaide. 23 April 1936. p. 19
3196:
2972:"Chapter 3. Education and Experience"
2828:
1713:As of 2009, approximately 90% of non-
55:Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal
5168:Taggart, Stewart (October 1, 1999).
4801:
4683:
4403:"20ft Standard Container - K-Tainer"
3767:
3749:from the original on August 25, 2022
3739:Defense Technical Information Center
3608:"White Pass: The Container Pioneers"
3583:. Yukon Museum Guide. Archived from
3338:Defense Technical Information Center
2432:containerized firefighting equipment
2182:Less-than-container load (LCL) is a
2140:
1813:ship private cars and other vehicles
1667:of port cities around the world for
1655:ship traffic to decline in favor of
1647:In general, containerization caused
1544:Based on these standards, the first
1526:defined the identification markings.
1223:, the Swiss Museum of Transport and
1221:Zürich Tiefenbrunnen railway station
286:
222:London, Midland and Scottish Railway
5336:Bureau International des Containers
5198:"Container Dimensions and Capacity"
4049:Van Ham, J.C. and Rijsenbrij, J.C.
3552:"White Pass The Container Pioneers"
3363:Logistic Support in the Vietnam Era
3308:Michael J. Everhart (7 July 2014).
3244:Logistic Support in the Vietnam Era
2251:
2198:en route to the final destination.
1472:
1226:Bureau International des Containers
1102:From 1926 to 1947 in the U.S., the
406:Bureau International des Conteneurs
323:Chicago & Northwestern Railroad
27:Intermodal freight transport system
24:
6414:Major container shipping companies
5153:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
4748:. Ftp.resource.org. Archived from
4721:Lloyd's List Daily Commercial News
4638:. HamptonRoads.com. Archived from
4634:© November 30, 2006 (2006-11-30).
4491:This Fascinating Railroad Business
4386:Railways well in the freight Race
4006:
3127:"Laadkistvervoer - Langs de rails"
2865:. Juodkrante, Lithuania: 668–676.
2835:Northern Illinois University Press
2764:The Motor-Truck Helps the Railroad
2640:
2150:A full container load (FCL) is an
1011:1.50 m (4 ft 11 in)
920:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in)
831:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in)
549:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in)
460:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in)
271:, which Outram had also promoted.
25:
6717:
6367:International Chamber of Shipping
6215:Anchor handling tug supply vessel
4821:Food and Agriculture Organization
4783:Food and Agriculture Organization
3002:The Chicago Great Western Railway
2594:
2480:Container terminal design process
2357:
2322:International Chamber of Shipping
2064:by rail and road (Central Europe)
1626:ports of Manhattan and New Jersey
1161:and perhaps made mainly of wood.
259:, upon which coal was carried in
6009:
5541:
5354:
5071:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
4289:"International Container Bureau"
4072:. Perth. 30 July 1925. p. 4
3701:"The Box that Changed the World"
3699:Postrel, Virginia (2006-03-23).
3097:
2784:Railroad History, Issues 158–159
2761:Wilson, Latimer J. (July 1920).
2649:Packaging Technology and Science
2538:Stowage plan for container ships
2136:as of November 1, 2021.
2008:(1929) International Competition
1958:Other container system standards
1548:container ship was the Japanese
1416:White Pass and Yukon Corporation
302:In 1919, Stanisław Rodowicz, an
276:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
247:Delph (quarry) to Manchester by
85:An ocean containership close to
5615:British railway milk tank wagon
5524:Shipping container architecture
5274:. German Insurance Association.
4957:
4933:
4890:
4864:
4838:
4738:
4709:
4667:
4627:
4589:
4537:
4509:
4497:
4479:
4460:
4395:
4380:
4365:
4337:
4309:
4281:
4252:
4224:
4196:
4168:
4140:
4112:
4084:
4056:
4051:Development of Containerization
4043:
4015:
4000:
3975:
3948:
3923:
3897:
3873:
3852:
3825:
3790:
3722:
3692:
3630:
3599:
3569:
3544:
3518:
3326:
3301:
3288:
3236:
3157:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2014).
3118:
3106:(in German) (Special 54): 12–19
3091:
3073:U.S. Army Transportation Museum
3057:
3029:Development of Containerization
3019:
3007:
2995:
2980:
2925:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2014).
2894:from the original on 2015-07-17
2822:
2798:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2014).
2570:
2561:
2411:Shipping container architecture
2283:containers falling overboard –
2264:shipping container architecture
1838:
1481:Maersk Line containers in 1975.
1144:
386:in the world was opened by the
65:A container-goods train on the
5225:"Emergency Response Guidebook"
4898:"Containerized Weapon Systems"
4674:"Rubber Duckies Map The World"
4240:. 8 September 1930. p. 11
3955:Rivero, Nicolás (2021-09-28).
2775:
2754:
2738:
2725:
2704:
2622:Baskar, Mariappa Babu (2021).
2269:
2022:International Container Bureau
1570:Interstate Commerce Commission
1168:Freight car in railway museum
1131:Chicago, Burlington and Quincy
402:International Container Bureau
327:Interstate Commerce Commission
237:coal mining regions in England
32:Container Revolution (pottery)
13:
1:
4706:. Accessed: 26 February 2011.
4268:. 31 December 1931. p. 9
3075:. 15 May 2013. Archived from
2714:(Second ed.). Oakwood Press.
2588:
2246:Container Security Initiative
2229:Containers have been used to
2159:than an equivalent weight of
1985:Japan Freight Railway Company
1580:Double-stacked rail transport
1489:Keppel Container Terminal in
1210:at railing, Port Newark, 1957
1119:Chicago Great Western Railway
181:, and was a major element in
5331:Intermodal freight transport
5200:. Export 911. Archived from
3450:The Box that Changed Britain
3294:Falloff // Robert Flanagan:
2601:Edmonds, John (2017-03-03).
2111: in) internally to fit
1886:twenty-foot equivalent units
1724:twenty-foot equivalent units
1135:Chicago and Eastern Illinois
118:intermodal freight transport
39:Containerization (computing)
7:
6635:Pacific International Lines
5346:Twenty-foot equivalent unit
4704:& Standard P&I Club
4297:. 18 April 1933. p. 13
4156:. 2 January 1936. p. 9
3069:www.transportation.army.mil
2485:Double-stack rail transport
2462:
1936:A number of LD-designation
10:
6722:
5264:"Port Industry Statistics"
3797:James Jixian Wang (2007).
3016:p 8.26 by David Burke 1988
2448:
2380:Cargo Transport Units Code
2224:
2175:
2124:Cargo Transport Units Code
1943:
1853:40 foot containers on the
1842:
1681:just in time manufacturing
1665:central business districts
1585:
1384:
1330:aspect of cargo handling.
1251: in × 6 ft
1176:During the same time, the
279:1780s, at places like the
36:
29:
6667:
6612:
6542:
6470:
6427:
6420:
6344:
6263:
6207:
6149:
6106:
6018:
6007:
5958:
5821:
5691:
5596:
5537:
5491:
5460:
5427:Rubber tyred gantry crane
5404:
5363:
5352:
5318:
4998:Cudahy, Brian J. (2006).
4717:"Banana box slip a worry"
4529:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4260:"International Container"
4128:. 13 May 1929. p. 13
4053:. IOS Press, 2012, p. 39.
3772:. In Clark, Peter (ed.).
2398:Other uses for containers
2386:and other standards (see
2219:
2029:South Australian Railways
1997:English Railway container
1880:53 ft (16.15 m)
1877:48 ft (14.63 m)
1874:45 ft (13.72 m)
1871:40 ft (12.19 m)
1726: (TEU), such as the
1498:Matson Navigation Company
1354:easily secured and lifted
1043:
1002:
863:
822:
686:
631:
492:
451:
395:Wall Street Crash of 1929
359:Wall Street Crash of 1929
319:New York Central Railroad
203:
5147:Pollak, Richard (2004).
5065:Gibson, William (2007).
4597:National Geographic News
3834:Invention and Technology
3310:"My Vietnam Tour – 1970"
2829:Grant, H. Roger (1996).
2554:
2376:Sea Container Task Force
2172:Less-than-container load
2120:Sea Container Task Force
2005:– refrigerated container
1868:20 ft (6.10 m)
1309:US Department of Defense
984:1.125 m (3 ft
936:1.125 m (3 ft
6194:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
6093:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
5683:Wagon with opening roof
5090:Levinson, Marc (2006).
4943:. BBC. 5 September 2008
4232:"New railway Container"
3985:. Emase. Archived from
3197:Heins, Matthew (2013).
2804:Logistics and Transport
2769:Popular Science Monthly
2451:The Box (BBC container)
2378:(SCTF) promulgates the
2257:of the used container.
1796:) gauge track known as
1441:, and sailed them from
1082:2.55 m (8 ft
1069:2.15 m (7 ft
1052:1.05 m (3 ft
1027:2.55 m (8 ft
1014:2.15 m (7 ft
971:2.15 m (7 ft
958:2.15 m (7 ft
923:2.15 m (7 ft
898:2.55 m (8 ft
885:2.15 m (7 ft
872:2.15 m (7 ft
847:2.55 m (8 ft
834:2.15 m (7 ft
777:1.10 m (3 ft
760:1.05 m (3 ft
747:2.15 m (7 ft
725:1.10 m (3 ft
708:1.05 m (3 ft
695:2.15 m (7 ft
670:2.20 m (7 ft
653:1.05 m (3 ft
640:2.15 m (7 ft
613:1.10 m (3 ft
600:2.15 m (7 ft
587:2.15 m (7 ft
565:1.10 m (3 ft
552:2.15 m (7 ft
527:2.20 m (7 ft
514:2.15 m (7 ft
501:2.15 m (7 ft
476:2.20 m (7 ft
463:2.15 m (7 ft
346:French Northern Railway
6706:Economic globalization
6235:Platform supply vessel
6048:Coastal trading vessel
5874:Revenue collection car
5529:Sun Modular Datacenter
5468:Refrigerated container
5092:"(See Chapter 1 here)"
4696:July 16, 2011, at the
4581:March 4, 2011, at the
4374:Railway Transportation
4092:"NEW TRANSPORT METHOD"
3581:Treasures of the Yukon
3340:. 1968. Archived from
3210:University of Michigan
2710:Ripley, David (1993).
2407:
2343:Trade union challenges
2326:World Shipping Council
2294:World Shipping Council
2289:
2207:LCL is "a quantity of
2081:Pallet-wide containers
2060:roller containers for
1941:
1928:Air freight containers
1924:is proving necessary.
1861:
1710:
1601:
1493:
1482:
1382:
1322:to develop the modern
1211:
1173:
1117:In the mid-1930s, the
225:
213:
110:
90:
78:
70:
69:near Nuneaton, England
58:
6701:Intermodal containers
6582:Ocean Network Express
6220:Diving support vessel
5822:Non-revenue equipment
5709:Class U special wagon
5591:freight rolling stock
5312:Intermodal containers
4689:Murdoch & Tozer.
4572:Containers Overboard!
4294:Sydney Morning Herald
4265:Sydney Morning Herald
4237:Sydney Morning Herald
4153:Sydney Morning Herald
4125:Sydney Morning Herald
3983:"Shipping containers"
3885:Courtesy Transfer Inc
3768:Hein, Carola (2013).
3689:. Kogan Page: London.
2490:Henry Robinson Palmer
2405:
2362:Containers are often
2313:, notably a cargo of
2277:
2122:(SCTF) finalises the
1935:
1852:
1701:
1618:Port of San Francisco
1593:
1502:Sea-Land Service, Inc
1488:
1480:
1376:
1318:worked with engineer
1300:Port of San Francisco
1215:Mid-twentieth century
1206:
1167:
1159:20-foot ISO container
388:Pennsylvania Railroad
378:In November 1932, in
355:Pennsylvania Railroad
219:
211:
196:are used to minimize
122:intermodal containers
96:
84:
76:
64:
49:
6225:Emergency tow vessel
5808:Specialized flatcars
5548:Transport portal
5217:"Container Handbook"
4602:Retrieved 2007-04-17
4209:The Morning Bulletin
4148:"Railway Containers"
3962:Quartz (publication)
3862:. Data.worldbank.org
2522:Multimodal transport
2516:Little Eaton Gangway
2501:Intermodal container
2445:BBC tracking project
2062:intermodal transport
1845:Intermodal container
1694:Twenty-first century
1467:trolley and lift van
1324:intermodal container
1270:transporting waste.
1186:Transportation Corps
312:Polish-Bolshevik War
293:Louisville, Kentucky
257:Little Eaton Gangway
67:West Coast Main Line
6680:United States Lines
6352:Nautical operations
6296:Floating restaurant
6078:Lighter aboard ship
5699:Bogie bolster wagon
5635:Covered goods wagon
5483:Flat rack container
5341:ISO 6346 (BIC code)
5170:"The 20-Ton Packet"
4503:Logistics Glossary
4487:Henry, Robert Selph
4435:"SCTF final report"
4069:The West Australian
3456:(documentary). BBC.
2947:10.22306/al.v1i4.25
2747:Queen City Heritage
2506:List of cargo types
2496:Inter-box connector
2470:2000s energy crisis
2434:throughout Europe.
2146:Full container load
2041:Queensland Railways
1888:(TEU, or sometimes
1834:Container standards
1673:warehouse districts
1606:international trade
1412:Clifford J. Rodgers
1369:Purpose-built ships
802:
433:
179:international trade
164:semi-trailer trucks
126:shipping containers
51:Shipping containers
6306:Merchant submarine
5981:Maritime transport
5904:Track geometry car
5597:Enclosed equipment
5452:Container spreader
4616:2013-08-27 at the
4473:2021-05-11 at the
4377:August 1974 page 5
4176:"The Country Page"
4064:"Freight Handling"
4007:Africa, Railways.
3742:. pp. 33–36.
3668:Cudahy, Brian J.,
3643:The New York Times
3618:on 26 January 2013
3587:on 17 October 2013
2408:
2382:(CTU), prescribed
2330:parametric rolling
2290:
2118:(2014) The IPPC's
2003:Victorian Railways
1942:
1862:
1734:Straits of Malacca
1711:
1638:Port of Felixstowe
1602:
1574:regulatory capture
1494:
1483:
1443:Newark, New Jersey
1383:
1335:shipping container
1219:In April 1951, at
1212:
1178:United States Army
1174:
1123:New Haven Railroad
800:
431:
384:container terminal
226:
214:
137:container stuffing
111:
101:being loaded by a
91:
79:
71:
59:
6688:
6687:
6663:
6662:
6380:
6379:
6083:Livestock carrier
5986:Freight transport
5917:
5916:
5869:Rail adhesion car
5834:Ballast regulator
5813:Transporter wagon
5793:Rotary car dumper
5555:
5554:
4902:www.avmc.army.mil
4851:containexperts.ie
4009:"Railways Africa"
3646:. April 27, 1956.
3606:McLaughlin, Les.
3577:"Cargo Container"
3515:, pp. 31–32.
3492:978-0-943712-18-5
3482:Alaska's heritage
3411:, pp. 70–71.
3396:, pp. 64–69.
2844:978-0-87580-214-5
2771:. pp. 30–33.
2315:Friendly Floatees
2288:
2196:railway terminals
2178:less-than-carload
2141:Container loading
1745:shipping industry
1642:Port of Rotterdam
1634:Port of Liverpool
1628:. In the UK, the
1599:Port of Rotterdam
1235:roller containers
1170:Bochum-Dahlhausen
1149:During WWII, the
1100:
1099:
795:
794:
287:Twentieth century
281:Bridgewater Canal
249:Bridgewater Canal
198:maintenance needs
149:mode of transport
141:container loading
57:in New Jersey, US
16:(Redirected from
6713:
6532:Italia Marittima
6440:P&O Nedlloyd
6425:
6424:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6384:
6383:
6331:Semi-submersible
6316:Pipe-laying ship
6013:
5996:Maritime history
5944:
5937:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5719:Double-stack car
5662:Refrigerated van
5656:Refrigerator car
5582:
5575:
5568:
5559:
5558:
5546:
5545:
5442:Terminal tractor
5437:Straddle carrier
5358:
5326:Containerization
5305:
5298:
5291:
5282:
5281:
5275:
5267:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5246:. Archived from
5238:
5236:
5229:
5220:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5187:
5164:
5143:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5110:. Archived from
5082:
5061:
5037:
5015:
4993:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4878:on 14 March 2013
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4812:"Sea Containers"
4808:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4713:
4707:
4702:Lloyd's Register
4687:
4681:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4658:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4631:
4625:
4609:
4603:
4593:
4587:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4528:
4520:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4483:
4477:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4431:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4405:. Archived from
4399:
4393:
4392:May 1974 page 55
4384:
4378:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4060:
4054:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3933:. Archived from
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3735:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3707:. Archived from
3696:
3690:
3683:
3677:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3614:. Archived from
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3412:
3406:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3283:Steel containers
3279:
3270:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3208:(dissertation).
3203:
3194:
3183:
3182:
3164:
3154:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2931:
2922:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2767:. Vol. 97.
2758:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2681:
2680:
2661:10.1002/pts.2231
2655:(8–9): 451–478.
2644:
2638:
2637:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2278:
2252:Empty containers
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
1974:von-Haus-zu-Haus
1946:Unit load device
1938:Unit Load Device
1817:roll-on/roll-off
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1777:
1749:Benjamin Chinitz
1595:Shanghai Express
1563:
1473:Toward standards
1463:pantechnicon van
1455:roll-on/roll-off
1347:
1346:
1342:
1320:Keith Tantlinger
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1139:Southern Pacific
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1018:
997:
996:
992:
989:
980:
979:
975:
967:
966:
962:
949:
948:
944:
941:
932:
931:
927:
911:
910:
906:
903:
894:
893:
889:
881:
880:
876:
860:
859:
855:
852:
843:
842:
838:
803:
799:
790:
789:
785:
782:
773:
772:
768:
765:
756:
755:
751:
738:
737:
733:
730:
721:
720:
716:
713:
704:
703:
699:
683:
682:
678:
675:
666:
665:
661:
658:
649:
648:
644:
626:
625:
621:
618:
609:
608:
604:
596:
595:
591:
578:
577:
573:
570:
561:
560:
556:
540:
539:
535:
532:
523:
522:
518:
510:
509:
505:
489:
488:
484:
481:
472:
471:
467:
434:
430:
342:Southern Railway
297:Cincinnati, Ohio
291:On 17 May 1917,
230:break bulk cargo
194:weathering steel
187:break bulk cargo
114:Containerization
109:Harbor, Denmark.
21:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6675:Hanjin Shipping
6659:
6650:X-Press Feeders
6608:
6538:
6466:
6416:
6411:
6381:
6376:
6340:
6321:Research vessel
6311:Narco-submarine
6259:
6203:
6145:
6131:Hydrogen tanker
6116:Chemical tanker
6102:
6063:Heavy-lift ship
6014:
6005:
5991:Merchant marine
5954:
5948:
5918:
5913:
5899:Tamping machine
5884:Rotary snowplow
5829:Ballast cleaner
5817:
5747:Kangourou wagon
5704:Chauldron wagon
5687:
5646:Livestock wagon
5592:
5586:
5556:
5551:
5540:
5533:
5487:
5456:
5417:Container crane
5400:
5359:
5350:
5314:
5309:
5279:
5270:
5262:
5253:
5251:
5242:
5234:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5207:
5205:
5196:
5161:
5140:
5117:
5115:
5108:
5079:
5058:
5034:
5012:
4982:
4960:
4955:
4946:
4944:
4941:"BBC – The Box"
4939:
4938:
4934:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4843:
4839:
4830:
4828:
4810:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4791:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4755:
4753:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4730:
4728:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4698:Wayback Machine
4688:
4684:
4680:– July 31, 2003
4672:
4668:
4652:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4632:
4628:
4618:Wayback Machine
4610:
4606:
4594:
4590:
4583:Wayback Machine
4570:
4563:
4554:
4552:
4549:Universal Cargo
4543:
4542:
4538:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4484:
4480:
4475:Wayback Machine
4465:
4461:
4452:
4450:
4433:
4432:
4421:
4412:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4385:
4381:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4345:"Milk Business"
4343:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4300:
4298:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4271:
4269:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4005:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3965:
3953:
3949:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3865:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3830:
3826:
3811:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3714:
3712:
3697:
3693:
3684:
3680:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3375:on 21 July 2015
3372:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3293:
3289:
3280:
3273:
3259:
3257:
3256:on 21 July 2015
3253:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3201:
3195:
3186:
3167:Pojazdy Szynowe
3162:
3155:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3133:on 20 July 2015
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3079:on 20 July 2015
3063:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3024:
3020:
3014:With Iron Rails
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2985:
2981:
2970:
2963:
2929:
2923:
2906:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2837:. p. 156.
2827:
2823:
2796:
2792:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2759:
2755:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2726:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2684:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2533:Shipping portal
2465:
2453:
2447:
2400:
2392:GB/T 39919-2021
2360:
2350:common carriers
2345:
2272:
2254:
2227:
2222:
2214:freight station
2188:cargo container
2180:
2174:
2148:
2143:
2131:GB/T 39919-2021
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
1960:
1948:
1930:
1918:double stacking
1847:
1841:
1836:
1806:narrower gauges
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:4 ft
1779:
1775:
1705:departing from
1703:Maersk Virginia
1696:
1622:Port of Oakland
1588:
1553:
1475:
1389:
1371:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1217:
1155:breaks of gauge
1151:Australian Army
1147:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1015:
994:
990:
987:
985:
977:
973:
972:
964:
960:
959:
946:
942:
939:
937:
929:
925:
924:
908:
904:
901:
899:
891:
887:
886:
878:
874:
873:
857:
853:
850:
848:
840:
836:
835:
787:
783:
780:
778:
770:
766:
763:
761:
753:
749:
748:
735:
731:
728:
726:
718:
714:
711:
709:
701:
697:
696:
680:
676:
673:
671:
663:
659:
656:
654:
646:
642:
641:
623:
619:
616:
614:
606:
602:
601:
593:
589:
588:
575:
571:
568:
566:
558:
554:
553:
537:
533:
530:
528:
520:
516:
515:
507:
503:
502:
486:
482:
479:
477:
469:
465:
464:
289:
253:Benjamin Outram
206:
153:container ships
116:is a system of
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6719:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6640:Swire Shipping
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6579:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6474:
6472:
6471:Ocean Alliance
6468:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6431:
6429:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6410:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6387:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6291:Fishing vessel
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6073:Lake freighter
6070:
6065:
6060:
6058:Container ship
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5952:merchant ships
5947:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5889:Scale test car
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5693:
5692:Open equipment
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5641:Covered hopper
5638:
5632:
5630:Intermodal car
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5589:Rail transport
5585:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5553:
5552:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5508:
5503:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5478:Tank container
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5412:Container port
5408:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5376:Container ship
5373:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5308:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5285:
5278:
5277:
5268:
5260:
5240:
5237:on 2006-02-08.
5221:
5213:
5194:
5188:
5165:
5159:
5144:
5138:
5123:
5106:
5087:
5077:
5062:
5056:
5038:
5032:
5017:
5010:
4995:
4980:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4932:
4914:
4889:
4863:
4837:
4825:United Nations
4800:
4787:United Nations
4762:
4737:
4708:
4682:
4666:
4626:
4604:
4588:
4561:
4536:
4508:
4496:
4478:
4459:
4419:
4394:
4379:
4364:
4336:
4322:The Advertiser
4308:
4280:
4251:
4223:
4195:
4167:
4139:
4111:
4083:
4055:
4042:
4014:
3999:
3974:
3947:
3922:
3911:on 8 July 2020
3896:
3872:
3851:
3824:
3810:978-0754670544
3809:
3789:
3783:978-0191637698
3782:
3760:
3721:
3691:
3678:
3661:
3649:
3629:
3598:
3568:
3543:
3532:. 21 July 2016
3530:Marine Insight
3517:
3505:
3491:
3471:
3459:
3440:
3438:, p. 191.
3428:
3426:, p. 188.
3413:
3398:
3386:
3354:
3325:
3300:
3296:Fleeing G.o.D.
3287:
3271:
3235:
3233:, p. 127.
3223:
3184:
3144:
3117:
3090:
3056:
3043:978-1614991465
3042:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2989:Classic Trains
2979:
2961:
2934:Acta Logistica
2904:
2876:
2850:
2843:
2833:. DeKalb, IL:
2821:
2790:
2774:
2753:
2737:
2724:
2703:
2682:
2639:
2633:978-1703213027
2632:
2614:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2449:Main article:
2446:
2443:
2399:
2396:
2359:
2358:As pest vector
2356:
2344:
2341:
2311:ocean currents
2307:oceanographers
2299:North Carolina
2287:in winter 1980
2285:North Atlantic
2271:
2268:
2259:Shipping lines
2253:
2250:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2173:
2170:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2116:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2044:
2037:
2035:break of gauge
2025:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1978:house to house
1970:
1959:
1956:
1944:Main article:
1929:
1926:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1843:Main article:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1802:broader gauges
1798:standard gauge
1695:
1692:
1630:Port of London
1587:
1584:
1542:
1541:
1536:October 1970:
1534:
1529:January 1970:
1527:
1520:
1513:January 1968:
1474:
1471:
1447:Houston, Texas
1387:Container ship
1385:Main article:
1370:
1367:
1216:
1213:
1188:developed the
1146:
1143:
1112:Seatrain Lines
1098:
1097:
1080:
1067:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1025:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
982:
969:
956:
952:
951:
934:
921:
918:
914:
913:
896:
883:
870:
866:
865:
862:
845:
832:
829:
825:
824:
820:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
793:
792:
775:
758:
745:
741:
740:
723:
706:
693:
692:Close type 201
689:
688:
685:
668:
651:
638:
634:
633:
629:
628:
611:
598:
585:
581:
580:
563:
550:
547:
543:
542:
525:
512:
499:
495:
494:
491:
474:
461:
458:
454:
453:
449:
448:
445:
443:
441:
438:
429:
428:
413:
288:
285:
241:James Brindley
205:
202:
157:rail transport
99:container ship
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6718:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6408:
6403:
6401:
6396:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6362:Admiralty law
6360:
6358:
6357:Affreightment
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6012:
6002:
6001:Shipping line
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5849:Clearance car
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:Mineral wagon
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5590:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5422:Reach stacker
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5250:on 2010-09-06
5249:
5245:
5241:
5233:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5204:on 2003-06-04
5203:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5139:9781400880751
5135:
5131:
5130:
5124:
5114:on 2013-01-22
5113:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5078:9780399154300
5074:
5070:
5069:
5068:Spook Country
5063:
5059:
5057:9780805092639
5053:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5003:
5002:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4966:Broeze, Frank
4963:
4962:
4942:
4936:
4929:. 2008-09-08.
4928:
4924:
4918:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4752:on 2012-03-25
4751:
4747:
4741:
4727:on 2005-12-16
4726:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4656:
4642:on 2011-12-13
4641:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4532:
4526:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4463:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4409:on 2012-01-03
4408:
4404:
4398:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4052:
4046:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4023:"ENGINEERING"
4018:
4010:
4003:
3989:on 2009-04-20
3988:
3984:
3978:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3937:on 2021-08-27
3936:
3932:
3926:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3861:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3770:"Port Cities"
3764:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3732:
3725:
3711:on 2008-03-09
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3682:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3658:
3657:Levinson 2006
3653:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3558:on 2015-12-08
3557:
3553:
3547:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3513:Levinson 2006
3509:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3469:, p. 31.
3468:
3467:Levinson 2006
3463:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3436:Levinson 2016
3432:
3425:
3424:Levinson 2016
3420:
3418:
3410:
3409:Levinson 2016
3405:
3403:
3395:
3394:Levinson 2016
3390:
3371:
3364:
3358:
3344:on 2015-07-27
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3322:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3291:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3232:
3231:Levinson 2006
3227:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:(in Polish).
3168:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3045:
3039:
3036:. p. 8.
3035:
3032:. Amsterdam:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2720:0-85361-431-8
2717:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2699:Levinson 2006
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2579:
2573:
2564:
2560:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:NYC container
2525:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2457:globalization
2452:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:introductions
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2340:
2338:
2335:In 2011, the
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:Doritos Chips
2300:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2165:ocean freight
2162:
2158:
2157:freight rates
2153:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:GWR Container
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:NYC container
1965:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1922:loading gauge
1919:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1857:line through
1856:
1851:
1846:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1776:1,435 mm
1773:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1719:transshipment
1716:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:redevelopment
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:railroad cars
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:Malcom McLean
1312:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1209:
1208:Malcom McLean
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:and then the
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1081:
1068:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1026:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
983:
970:
957:
954:
953:
935:
922:
919:
916:
915:
897:
884:
871:
868:
867:
846:
833:
830:
827:
826:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:
798:
776:
759:
746:
743:
742:
724:
707:
694:
691:
690:
669:
652:
639:
637:Close type 22
636:
635:
630:
612:
599:
586:
583:
582:
564:
551:
548:
545:
544:
526:
513:
500:
498:Close type 42
497:
496:
475:
462:
459:
457:Close type 62
456:
455:
450:
446:
444:
442:
439:
436:
435:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
410:
409:
407:
403:
398:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
376:
372:
369:
364:
360:
356:
351:
350:Silvio Crespi
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
284:
282:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
223:
218:
210:
201:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
183:globalization
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
132:
127:
124:(also called
123:
119:
115:
108:
104:
100:
95:
88:
83:
75:
68:
63:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Containerized
6543:THE Alliance
6276:Crane vessel
6068:Hopper barge
6033:Bulk carrier
5879:Power shovel
5798:Schnabel car
5778:Pocket wagon
5620:Cattle wagon
5539:
5514:(board game)
5511:
5498:
5381:Double-stack
5325:
5252:. Retrieved
5248:the original
5232:the original
5206:. Retrieved
5202:the original
5173:
5149:
5128:
5116:. Retrieved
5112:the original
5096:
5067:
5046:
5042:George, Rose
5022:
5000:
4970:
4958:Bibliography
4945:. Retrieved
4935:
4926:
4917:
4905:. Retrieved
4901:
4892:
4880:. Retrieved
4876:the original
4866:
4854:. Retrieved
4850:
4840:
4829:. Retrieved
4815:
4792:. Retrieved
4790:. 2020-12-30
4777:
4754:. Retrieved
4750:the original
4740:
4729:. Retrieved
4725:the original
4720:
4711:
4700:
4685:
4669:
4644:. Retrieved
4640:the original
4629:
4620:
4607:
4596:
4591:
4574:
4553:. Retrieved
4551:. 2010-08-19
4548:
4539:
4511:
4499:
4490:
4481:
4462:
4451:. Retrieved
4449:. 2022-01-11
4438:
4411:. Retrieved
4407:the original
4397:
4387:
4382:
4372:
4367:
4355:. Retrieved
4348:
4339:
4327:. Retrieved
4320:
4311:
4299:. Retrieved
4292:
4283:
4270:. Retrieved
4263:
4254:
4242:. Retrieved
4235:
4226:
4214:. Retrieved
4207:
4198:
4186:. Retrieved
4179:
4170:
4158:. Retrieved
4151:
4142:
4130:. Retrieved
4123:
4120:"Commercial"
4114:
4102:. Retrieved
4097:The Examiner
4095:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4067:
4058:
4050:
4045:
4033:. Retrieved
4026:
4017:
4002:
3991:. Retrieved
3987:the original
3977:
3966:. Retrieved
3960:
3950:
3939:. Retrieved
3935:the original
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3909:the original
3899:
3888:. Retrieved
3884:
3875:
3864:. Retrieved
3854:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3799:
3792:
3773:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3737:
3724:
3713:. Retrieved
3709:the original
3705:Dynamist.com
3704:
3694:
3686:
3681:
3673:
3664:
3659:, p. 1.
3652:
3641:
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3616:the original
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3585:the original
3580:
3571:
3560:. Retrieved
3556:the original
3546:
3534:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3508:
3496:. Retrieved
3481:
3474:
3462:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3431:
3389:
3377:. Retrieved
3370:the original
3357:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:the original
3328:
3320:
3313:. Retrieved
3303:
3290:
3265:
3258:. Retrieved
3251:the original
3238:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3212:. p. 15
3205:
3170:
3166:
3135:. Retrieved
3131:the original
3125:Nico Spilt.
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3103:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3077:the original
3068:
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2982:
2974:
2937:
2933:
2896:. Retrieved
2862:
2830:
2824:
2810:(3): 73–78.
2807:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2777:
2763:
2756:
2746:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2711:
2706:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2623:
2617:
2606:. Retrieved
2596:
2577:
2572:
2563:
2454:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2409:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2334:
2320:In 2007 the
2319:
2291:
2255:
2228:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2181:
2152:ISO standard
2149:
2133:
1977:
1961:
1949:
1914:
1911:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1863:
1839:ISO standard
1829:
1825:
1821:
1810:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1742:
1727:
1712:
1702:
1685:
1677:
1649:inland ports
1646:
1615:
1611:longshoremen
1603:
1594:
1578:
1567:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1495:
1437:
1432:trailer vans
1431:
1429:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1393:Golden Arrow
1390:
1332:
1327:
1313:
1297:
1278:
1272:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1189:
1175:
1148:
1145:World War II
1116:
1101:
823:Heavy types
818:Total mass
796:
744:Open type 21
584:Open type 41
546:Open type 61
452:Heavy types
447:Total mass
405:
399:
392:
382:, the first
377:
373:
334:Golden Arrow
331:
316:
301:
290:
273:
234:
227:
191:
175:World War II
172:
145:standardized
140:
136:
129:
125:
113:
112:
43:
6550:Hapag-Lloyd
6445:Hamburg Süd
6428:2M Alliance
6271:Cable layer
6264:Other types
6245:Salvage tug
6199:Train ferry
6189:Ocean liner
6174:Cruiseferry
6169:Cruise ship
6164:Cargo liner
6159:Cable ferry
6136:LNG carrier
6126:Gas carrier
6098:Train ferry
6088:Reefer ship
5909:Work trains
5894:Stoneblower
5803:Slate wagon
4350:Cairns Post
2543:Tanktainers
2270:Loss at sea
2238:stolen cars
2192:railway car
2126:(CTU Code).
1898:half height
1757:swap bodies
1709:, Australia
1554: [
1551:Hakone Maru
1522:July 1968:
1397:Fleche d'Or
1304:Vietnam War
1190:Transporter
1003:Light Type
632:Light Type
338:Fleche d'Or
269:Derby Canal
255:opened the
251:. In 1795,
151:to another—
6695:Categories
6620:Arkas Line
6301:Icebreaker
6184:Narrowboat
6141:Oil tanker
6043:Chain boat
5971:Cargo ship
5783:Quarry tub
5772:Open wagon
5742:Hopper car
5730:Flat wagon
5668:RoadRailer
5432:Sidelifter
5254:2010-08-09
5208:2003-06-09
5160:074320073X
5118:2018-07-30
5107:0691123241
5033:1891131958
5011:0823225682
4981:0973007338
4947:2008-09-05
4882:12 January
4831:2021-01-27
4794:2021-01-27
4756:2011-11-28
4731:2008-02-14
4646:2011-11-28
4555:2011-11-28
4466:John Good
4453:2022-03-21
4413:2012-01-19
4357:26 October
4329:26 October
4301:27 October
4272:26 October
4244:25 October
4216:28 October
4188:27 October
4160:27 October
4132:26 October
4104:25 October
4076:29 October
4035:25 October
3993:2007-02-10
3968:2021-09-29
3941:2021-08-27
3890:2018-02-25
3866:2011-11-28
3840:(4): 8–9.
3819:1074025516
3753:August 25,
3715:2008-02-14
3562:2015-11-07
3348:2015-07-27
2940:(4): 1–7.
2898:2021-03-16
2608:2017-09-01
2589:References
2384:pesticides
2242:terrorists
2234:contraband
2176:See also:
2113:EUR-pallet
1980:; Germany)
1940:containers
1772:rail gauge
1738:Malaccamax
1729:Emma Mærsk
1715:bulk cargo
1424:intermodal
1231:Laadkisten
1194:Korean War
1137:, and the
1096: in)
1041: in)
998: in)
950: in)
912: in)
861: in)
791: in)
739: in)
684: in)
627: in)
579: in)
541: in)
490: in)
425:short tons
133:containers
107:Copenhagen
6604:Yang Ming
6527:Evergreen
6450:Safmarine
6326:Riverboat
6286:Drillship
6151:Passenger
6038:Car float
6020:Dry cargo
5959:Overviews
5864:Excavator
5839:Brake van
5673:Stock car
5512:Container
5447:Twistlock
5364:Transport
5184:1078-3148
5085:MacGuffin
4990:1188-3928
4181:The Argus
4028:The Argus
3846:8756-7296
3536:17 August
3179:0138-0370
3034:IOS Press
2956:1339-5629
2871:1822-296X
2816:1734-2015
2677:113982441
2669:1099-1522
2578:Conex III
2548:Unit load
2281:hurricane
1906:tare mass
1894:high cube
1859:La Crosse
1707:Fremantle
1661:dry ports
1491:Singapore
1350:twistlock
1275:CONEX box
1182:unitizing
1127:piggyback
1079: in)
1066: in)
1024: in)
981: in)
968: in)
933: in)
895: in)
882: in)
844: in)
774: in)
757: in)
722: in)
705: in)
667: in)
650: in)
610: in)
597: in)
562: in)
524: in)
511: in)
473: in)
421:long tons
404:(French:
380:Enola, PA
105:crane in
103:portainer
89:, Germany
6555:CP Ships
6336:Snagboat
6230:Fireboat
5859:Crew car
5788:Rollbock
5767:Modalohr
5757:Minecart
5678:Tank car
5651:Milk car
5625:Coil car
5604:Autorack
5405:Handling
5396:Well car
5319:Overview
5044:(2013).
4968:(2002).
4927:BBC News
4856:25 March
4694:Archived
4678:CBS News
4655:cite web
4614:Archived
4579:Archived
4525:cite web
4489:(1942).
4471:Archived
3744:Archived
3622:24 April
3591:24 April
3498:24 April
3298:(page 7)
3285:(page 8)
3173:: 1–14.
2991:: 64–73.
2892:Archived
2463:See also
2364:infested
2324:and the
2202:Groupage
2184:shipment
2073:(2005?)
2032:Wolseley
1794: in
1657:seaports
1436:SS
1358:Fruehauf
1108:flatcars
1049:Close 22
1008:Close 32
869:Close 42
828:Close 62
806:Category
437:Category
363:New York
304:engineer
168:forklift
160:flatcars
87:Cuxhaven
6668:Defunct
6645:Wan Hai
6570:DAL/JTE
6493:Comanav
6478:CMA CGM
6455:SeaLand
6345:Related
6281:Dredger
6255:Tugboat
6208:Support
6108:Tankers
6053:Collier
5950:Modern
5844:Caboose
5736:Gondola
5724:Flatcar
5714:Conflat
5506:BBC Box
5500:The Box
5391:Flatcar
5386:Drayage
5371:Chassis
4576:TT Club
3674:TR News
3612:CKRW-FM
3379:22 July
3315:21 July
3260:22 July
3216:21 July
3137:20 July
3110:23 July
3083:20 July
3049:27 July
2475:Conflat
2370:. Pest
2337:MV Rena
2231:smuggle
2225:Hazards
2106:⁄
2092:⁄
2067:(1998)
2056:(1994)
2052:pallets
2046:(1974)
2039:(1946)
2027:(1936)
2020:(1933)
2011:(1930)
2001:(1928)
1995:(1927)
1989:(1925)
1972:(1924)
1966:(1922)
1789:⁄
1761:pallets
1586:Effects
1516:ISO 668
1459:stowage
1438:Ideal X
1405:Seattle
1362:SeaLand
1343:⁄
1290:⁄
1279:modular
1260:⁄
1246:⁄
1125:began "
1091:⁄
1074:⁄
1061:⁄
1036:⁄
1019:⁄
993:⁄
976:⁄
963:⁄
955:Open 41
945:⁄
928:⁄
917:Open 61
907:⁄
890:⁄
877:⁄
856:⁄
839:⁄
809:Length
786:⁄
769:⁄
752:⁄
734:⁄
717:⁄
700:⁄
679:⁄
662:⁄
645:⁄
622:⁄
605:⁄
592:⁄
574:⁄
557:⁄
536:⁄
519:⁄
506:⁄
485:⁄
468:⁄
440:length
423:; 5.51
267:on the
245:Worsley
53:at the
6630:Matson
6613:Others
6597:K Line
6498:Delmas
6435:Maersk
6421:Active
6250:Tender
6240:Pusher
5752:Lowmac
5609:Boxcar
5182:
5157:
5136:
5104:
5075:
5054:
5030:
5008:
4988:
4978:
4907:10 Feb
4439:IPPC (
3915:8 July
3844:
3817:
3807:
3780:
3489:
3177:
3040:
2954:
2869:
2841:
2814:
2718:
2675:
2667:
2630:
2439:Club-K
2220:Issues
1538:R-1897
1531:R-1161
1198:wooden
1133:, the
812:Width
419:(4.92
417:tonnes
368:Venice
308:Poland
265:barges
261:wagons
204:Origin
162:, and
120:using
6625:IRISL
6510:COSCO
6179:Ferry
6028:Barge
5976:Cargo
5854:Crane
5492:Other
5461:Types
5235:(PDF)
5228:(PDF)
5175:Wired
4445:. UN
3747:(PDF)
3734:(PDF)
3373:(PDF)
3366:(PDF)
3254:(PDF)
3247:(PDF)
3202:(PDF)
3163:(PDF)
3098:M.K.
2930:(PDF)
2673:S2CID
2555:Notes
2368:pests
2366:with
2279:In a
2209:cargo
2161:cargo
1653:draft
1562:]
1524:R-790
1451:cargo
1379:Busan
1328:every
815:High
340:, by
128:, or
6565:UASC
6560:CSAV
6520:OOCL
6515:CSCL
5966:Ship
5774:(EU)
5738:(US)
5732:(EU)
5726:(US)
5664:(EU)
5658:(US)
5637:(EU)
5611:(US)
5473:SECU
5191:ASTM
5180:ISSN
5155:ISBN
5134:ISBN
5102:ISBN
5073:ISBN
5052:ISBN
5028:ISBN
5006:ISBN
4986:ISSN
4976:ISBN
4909:2021
4884:2013
4858:2019
4661:link
4531:link
4359:2011
4331:2011
4303:2011
4274:2011
4246:2011
4218:2011
4190:2011
4162:2011
4134:2011
4106:2011
4078:2011
4037:2011
3917:2020
3842:ISSN
3815:OCLC
3805:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3755:2022
3624:2012
3593:2012
3538:2017
3500:2012
3487:ISBN
3454:BBC4
3381:2015
3317:2015
3262:2015
3218:2015
3175:ISSN
3139:2015
3112:2015
3104:MIBA
3085:2015
3051:2015
3038:ISBN
2952:ISSN
2867:ISSN
2839:ISBN
2812:ISSN
2716:ISBN
2665:ISSN
2628:ISBN
2529:1922
2518:1798
2075:SECU
2069:PODS
2058:ACTS
2048:RACE
1991:Mack
1952:IATA
1855:BNSF
1688:TEUs
1640:and
1632:and
1465:and
344:and
224:1928
6655:ZIM
6592:MOL
6587:NYK
6577:HMM
6503:NOL
6488:APL
6483:ANL
6462:MSC
4447:FAO
4278:ICC
3267:in.
3199:"2"
2942:doi
2657:doi
2394:).
2236:or
2216:".
1890:teu
1675:).
1546:TEU
1469:.)
1445:to
1345:128
1267:UIC
361:in
139:or
131:ISO
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