160:
40:
127:. The conventions provided "an organizational structure through which black men could maintain a distinct black leadership and pursue black abolitionist goals." Colored conventions occurred in thirty-one states across the United States and in Ontario, Canada. The movement involved more than five thousand delegates and tens of thousands of attendees.
254:
Following the Civil War, Colored
Conventions began to appear in the Southern states as well, with one author noting that "we can not deny that the various conventions of the colored people in the late insurrectionary States compare favorably with those of their white brethren...their resolutions are
214:
also started hosting conventions. By the 1850s, the conventions were extremely popular and multiple national, state, and local conventions were held every year. Although the majority of these antebellum conventions were held in northern, particularly New
England states, conventions are documented as
266:
for being elected
President of the United States, to which Grant responded, "I thank the Convention, of which you are the representative, for the confidence they have expressed, and I hope sincerely that the colored people of the Nation may receive every protection which the laws give to them. They
134:
African
Americans sought justice beyond the emancipation of their enslaved countrymen: they also organized to discuss labor, health care, temperance, emigration, voting rights, the right to a trial by jury, and educational equality. The Colored Conventions Movement antedated the founding of any
1694:
Proceedings of the State Equal Rights' Convention, of the
Colored People of Pennsylvania, Held in the City of Harrisburg February 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1865: Together with a Few of the Arguments Presented Suggesting the Necessity for Holding the Convention, and an Address of the Colored State
1944:
A History of the Club
Movement Among the Colored Women of the United States of America as contained in the Minutes of the Conventions, Held in Boston, July 29, 30, 31, 1895, and of the National Federation of Afro-American Women, Held in Washington, D.C., July 20, 21, 22,
167:
In the early 19th century, national and local conventions involving a variety of political and social issues were pursued by increasing numbers of
Americans. In 1830 and 1831, political parties held their first national nominating conventions. Historian
190:
in
September 1830. Delegates to this convention discussed the prospect of emigrating to Canada to find refuge from the harsh fugitive slave laws and legal discrimination under which they lived. The first convention elected as president
292:
Colored
Conventions continued to take place in the late 1880s and 1890s, including Indianapolis in 1887 and state conventions in New Jersey, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. The convention movement slowed by the end of the century.
1762:
Proceedings of the
Illinois State Convention of Colored Men, assembled at Galesburg, October 16th, 17th, and 18th, containing the state and national addresses promulgated by it, with a list of the delegates composing
1473:
Proceedings of the State Convention of the Colored Freemen of Pennsylvania : held in Pittsburgh, on the 23rd, 24th and 25th of August, 1841, for the purpose of considering their condition, and the means of its
138:
The conventions significantly increased in number following the Civil War. The Antebellum and postwar colored conventions were the precursors to larger, 20th-century African-American organizations, including the
255:
of an elevated humanity and common sense to which those of the other Conventions make no pretension." More Colored Conventions took place in the South during the late 1860s than the entire antebellum period.
280:
and attempted to form state-level Equal Rights League chapters across the United States. In response to a denial of African American admittance to the National Labor Union, community leaders formed the
199:(AME), the first independent black denomination in the United States. The idea of buying land in Canada quickly gave way to addressing problems they faced at home, such as education and labor rights.
807:
1405:
1165:
570:
172:
notes that the convention movement grew out of a trend toward greater self-expression among African Americans and was largely fostered by the appearance of newspapers such as
1294:
1599:
445:
978:
344:
615:
1507:
Address to the constitutional convention of Ohio: from the state convention of colored men held in the city of Columbus, January 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th, 1851
2053:
1216:
541:
1191:
2043:
270:
During Reconstruction the national, state, and local Colored Conventions evolved into other kinds of state and national organizations. Delegates at the
1709:
1837:
783:
2048:
1796:. Washington, D.C.: Printed at the Great Republic Book and Newspaper Printing Establishment, National Convention of the Colored Men of America. 1869.
529:
426:
403:
393:
386:
364:
1872:
1491:
Minutes and address of the State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Ohio : convened at Columbus, January 10th, 11th, 12th, & 13th, 1849
491:
372:
1397:
1157:
1017:
516:
416:
368:
207:
436:
1766:. The Library of Congress, Illinois State Convention of Colored Men Galesburg. Chicago, IL: Church, Goodman and Donnelley, printers. 1867.
454:
622:
1952:
1136:
1793:
Proceedings of the National Convention of the Colored Men of America: Held in Washington, D. C., on January 13, 14, 15, and 16, 1869
1284:
1585:
1549:
1435:
1809:
Proceedings of the State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Tennessee, held in Nashville, Feb. 22d, 23d, 24th & 25th, 1871
1746:
Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the National Equal Rights League Held in Cleveland, Ohio, October 19, 20, and 21, 1865
2018:
includes PDFs of antebellum and post-bellum convention minutes, teaching resources, online exhibits and a critical bibliography.
1333:
Minutes and Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Colour in These United States
972:
833:
1349:
Minutes and Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Colour in These United States
1317:
Minutes and Proceedings of the Third Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Colour in These United States
801:
685:
626:
579:
115:, was a series of national, regional, and state conventions held irregularly during the decades preceding and following the
635:
313:
484:
17:
1621:
1656:
918:
793:
196:
1812:. The Library of Congress, State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Tennessee, Nashville. C. LeRoi, printer. 1871.
1368:. The Library of Congress, Maine Union in Behalf of the Colored Race. Portland, ME: Portland, Merrill and Byram. 1835.
399:
1834 Fourth Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Color in the United States, New York, New York
1590:
1113:
1011:
955:
124:
1040:
1187:
1091:
763:
321:
889:
755:
708:
471:
305:
859:
202:
Philadelphia was the hub of the Colored Conventions movement for several years before nearby cities such as
2038:
676:
548:
282:
276:
227:. The conventions attracted the most prominent African-American leaders from across the country, including
140:
1907:
1521:
789:
379:
183:
2022:
1710:"The Late Convention of Colored Men; Address to the Loyal Citizens of the United States and to Congress"
1823:
1777:
1457:
1379:
565:
308:
was formed in 1890 and held national and state-level meetings throughout the 1890s. From 1896 to 1914,
1586:"John Brown and his men, before and after the raid on Harper's Ferry, October 16th, 17th, 18th, 1859"
1162:
Encyclopedia of American History: Civil War and Reconstruction, 1856 to 1869, Revised Edition, vol. V
608:
509:
467:
343:
Du Bois' continued activism and relationships forged at these meetings led to the foundation of the
1981:
653:
646:
533:
1001:
39:
159:
947:
941:
329:
192:
99:
745:
719:
333:
1942:
119:. The delegates who attended these conventions consisted of both free and formerly enslaved
596:
552:
409:
1835 Convention which Formed the Maine Union in Behalf of the Colored Race, Portland, Maine
325:
240:
174:
123:, including religious leaders, businessmen, politicians, writers, publishers, editors, and
8:
1873:"Insisting on Their Rights; The Colored Citizens' Convention of the State of Connecticut"
352:
232:
1365:
Proceedings of the Convention Which Formed the Maine Union in Behalf of the Colored Race
1238:"Some Reform Interests of the Negro during the 1850's as Reflected in State Conventions"
1987:
1977:
1912:
1877:
1842:
1817:
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1554:
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1141:
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702:
689:
657:
228:
116:
1003:
A Nation Within a Nation: Organizing African-American Communities Before the Civil War
1917:
1882:
1847:
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440:
317:
301:
1807:
1363:
829:
782:
Casey, Jim (2021). Foreman, P. Gabrielle; Casey, Jim; Patterson, Sarah Lynn (eds.).
1249:
1067:. The Library of Congress. San Francisco, Printed at the Office of "The Elevator,".
668:
639:
420:
348:
337:
309:
263:
262:
in Washington, D.C. The convention delegates wrote a letter congratulating General
144:
131:
120:
1838:"Education in the South: A Convention of Colored Citizens to Discuss the Question"
692:
on his inability to attend. The proceedings were published, and reprinted in 1969.
1791:
1744:
1692:
1347:
1331:
1315:
661:
394:
Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Color in these United States
1062:
912:
629:, after the 1904 National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, Washington, D.C.
1060:
672:
589:
461:
449:
404:
Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Color in the United States
244:
179:
169:
2032:
1921:
1886:
1851:
1723:
1670:
1635:
1563:
1398:"Decades Before the Civil War, Black Activists Organized for Racial Equality"
1290:
1261:
285:(CNLU) in December 1869. Many former Colored Convention delegates, including
248:
203:
1505:
1489:
1471:
785:
The Colored Conventions Movement: Black Organizing in the Nineteenth Century
724:
501:
236:
187:
1477:. Pittsburgh, PA: Convention of the Colored Freemen of Pennsylvania. 1841.
505:
286:
1083:
1991:
1393:
430:
224:
211:
1269:
1237:
538:
1865 Virginia State Convention of Colored People, Alexandria, Virginia
751:
530:
State Equal Rights' Convention, of the Colored People of Pennsylvania
220:
1061:
California State Convention of Colored Citizens, Sacramento (1865).
1048:
Minutes and Proceedings of the National Negro Conventions, 1830–1864
855:
561:
1869 National Convention of Colored Men of America, Washington, D.C.
1494:. Columbus, Ohio: State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Ohio.
1253:
576:
1871 State Convention of the Colored Citizens, Nashville, Tennessee
881:
558:
1867 Illinois State Convention of Colored Men, Galesburg, Illinois
289:
and Frederick Douglass, were instrumental in organizing the CNLU.
2015:
1145:: 81–82. February 6, 1869 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
1122:: 786. December 16, 1865 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
638:, Atlanta, Georgia; and held annually until 1914, organized by
216:
1691:
Catto, Octavius; Green, Alfred M.; Bustill, Joseph C. (1865).
605:
1887 National Convention of Colored Men, Indianapolis, Indiana
148:
822:
497:
1857 Convention of Colored Citizens, New York City, New York
446:
1847 National Convention of Colored People and Their Friends
1749:. E.C. Markley and Son, National Equal Rights League. 1865.
1225:: 378. May 28, 1887 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
1188:"Today in Labor History: Black workers form national union"
684:
1909 National Negro Convention in New York, 50 years after
611:, Washington, D.C.; held yearly (with exception) until 1894
571:
1870 Missouri State Colored People's Educational Convention
525:
1864 National Convention of Colored Men, Syracuse, New York
848:
345:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
149:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
1510:. State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Ohio. 1851.
1041:"1830, "Proceedings of the Convention," Philadelphia, PA"
747:
Black Women Abolitionists, A Study in Activism, 1828–1860
616:
First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
602:
1883 Convention of Colored Citizens, Nashville, Tennessee
480:
1853 State Convention of Colored Citizens, Columbus, Ohio
914:
Minutes and Proceedings of the Negro Convention Movement
711:, series of African American Communist Party conferences
460:
1849 State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Ohio,
427:
State Convention of the Colored Freemen of Pennsylvania
939:
681:
1907 Third Conference of the Niagara Movement, Boston.
585:
1876 Colored National Convention, Nashville, Tennessee
542:
1865 South Carolina State Convention of Colored People
522:
1863 Convention of Colored Men, Poughkeepsie, New York
163:
Colored National Convention in Nashville in April 1876
324:, which met annually until 1907 and with Fortune and
1550:"Free-Suffrage Convention--Second Day's Proceedings"
974:
A Survey of the Negro Convention Movement −1830-1861
477:
1851 State Convention of Colored Men, Columbus, Ohio
135:formal anti-slavery movement in the United States.
705:, series of African American religious conferences
267:shall have my efforts to secure such protection."
258:The post-war conventions culminated with the 1869
1983:Proceedings of the National Negro Conference 1909
1690:
649:, Hampton, Virginia; and held annually until 1912
625:, New York; merged with other groups to form the
365:Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention
2030:
1698:. Philadelphia, Penn.: Order of the Convention.
492:California State Convention of Colored Citizens
373:California State Convention of Colored Citizens
1286:National Negro Convention Movement (1831-1864)
328:playing prominent roles. In 1905, Du Bois and
182:. The first documented convention was held at
2054:Abolitionist conventions in the United States
1084:"Colored Conventions Project Digital Records"
517:New York State Convention of Colored Citizens
417:New York State Convention of Colored Citizens
369:New York State Convention of Colored Citizens
130:The minutes from these conventions show that
487:at Franklin Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
437:1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens
455:1848 National Convention of Colored Freemen
1428:"Convention of the Colored People of Ohio"
623:National Federation of Afro-American Women
38:
1976:
2049:History of African-American civil rights
1695:Convention to the People of Pennsylvania
316:of national importance. In 1898, bishop
158:
2044:African Americans' rights organizations
777:
775:
314:annual conference at Atlanta University
27:Series of conference events in the U.S.
14:
2031:
1622:"Gerrit Smith and his Colored Friends"
1583:
1050:. New York: Arno Press. pp. 1–12.
999:
892:from the original on December 19, 2021
358:
1657:"Convention of Colored Men Postponed"
1438:from the original on January 30, 2022
1408:from the original on January 30, 2022
1211:
1209:
1155:
1131:
1129:
1078:
1076:
1074:
781:
627:National Association of Colored Women
595:1883 Convention of Colored Citizens,
588:1882 Convention of Colored Citizens,
580:1873 National Civil Rights Convention
2023:Items related to colored conventions
1297:from the original on August 20, 2020
1235:
1217:"The Convention of Colored Citizens"
1094:from the original on January 7, 2022
1038:
977:. New York: Arno Press. p. 10.
970:
946:. New York: Pegasus Books. pp.
772:
636:Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems
2021:Digital Public Library of America.
1487:
1352:. By Order of the Convention. 1835.
1336:. By Order of the Convention. 1834.
1320:. By Order of the Convention. 1833.
1282:
1194:from the original on April 19, 2014
1168:from the original on April 18, 2014
921:from the original on April 16, 2014
862:from the original on April 26, 2014
836:from the original on April 26, 2014
743:
555:" was sung at the meeting (page 11)
24:
1602:from the original on June 14, 2021
1206:
1126:
1071:
1020:from the original on April 7, 2022
981:from the original on April 7, 2022
810:from the original on April 7, 2022
794:University of North Carolina Press
272:National Convention of Colored Men
260:National Convention of Colored Men
197:African Methodist Episcopal Church
25:
2065:
2009:
1958:from the original on May 19, 2016
1434:. Kate Masur. September 8, 1837.
1392:
547:1865 First Annual Meeting of the
412:1837 Convention in Columbus, Ohio
387:Convention of the People of Color
910:
500:1858 Convention of Colored Men,
1970:
1935:
1900:
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1229:
1180:
1149:
1114:"Convention of the Other Color"
1106:
1054:
1032:
940:Webber, Christopher L. (2011).
830:"About the Colored Conventions"
564:1870 Colored Labor Convention,
508:; May 8–10, 1858, organized by
1598:(6): 691–703, at pp. 695–696.
1591:Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly
1283:Yee, Shirley (April 1, 2011),
1158:"Colored National Labor Union"
993:
964:
933:
904:
874:
737:
667:1906 Second Conference of the
609:1889 Colored Catholic Congress
322:National Afro-American Council
13:
1:
856:"Colored Conventions Project"
756:University of Tennessee Press
730:
709:American Negro Labor Congress
544:in Charleston, South Carolina
382:in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
306:National Afro-American League
277:National Equal Rights Leagues
178:, and was first suggested by
1488:Day, William Howard (1849).
1088:omeka.coloredconventions.org
677:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
549:National Equal Rights League
406:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
396:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
389:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
283:Colored National Labor Union
274:in Syracuse, NY founded the
141:Colored National Labor Union
109:Colored Conventions Movement
44:National Colored Convention,
7:
1006:. Ivan R Dee. p. 107.
886:Colored Conventions Project
790:Chapel Hill, North Carolina
696:
485:Colored National Convention
380:Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church
184:Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church
33:Colored Convention Movement
10:
2070:
573:, Jefferson City, Missouri
566:Saratoga Springs, New York
362:
154:
113:Black Conventions Movement
55:Black Conventions Movement
1584:Hinton, R J (June 1889).
468:Fugitive Slave Convention
296:
93:
75:
67:
59:
51:
37:
1236:Bell, Howard H. (1960).
1137:"The Colored Convention"
943:American to the Backbone
744:Yee, Shirley J. (1992).
647:Hampton Negro Conference
551:, Cleveland, Ohio; the "
534:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
494:, Sacramento, California
1908:"Tennessee Colored Men"
1522:"Article 5 -- No Title"
660:, Canada. Organized by
621:1896 Conference of the
618:, Boston, Massachusetts
2016:ColoredConventions.org
1822:: CS1 maint: others (
1776:: CS1 maint: others (
1558:. September 25, 1857.
1456:: CS1 maint: others (
1378:: CS1 maint: others (
330:William Monroe Trotter
164:
46:Washington, D.C., 1869
1881:. December 31, 1883.
1039:Bell, Howard (1969).
1000:Ernest, John (2011).
971:Bell, Howard (1969).
720:Henry Highland Garnet
688:. Includes letter of
457:in Newark, New Jersey
355:and Du Bois in 1909.
334:Niagara Falls, Canada
162:
71:Civil rights activism
1978:McPherson, James. M.
1846:. December 8, 1883.
1402:Smithsonian Magazine
1190:. December 6, 2012.
326:Booker T. Washington
241:Charles Lenox Remond
2039:Colored Conventions
1916:. August 27, 1883.
1718:. August 13, 1865.
1630:. October 7, 1858.
378:1830 convention at
359:List of conventions
353:Mary White Ovington
233:Charles Bennett Ray
34:
18:Convention movement
1988:The New York Times
1913:The New York Times
1878:The New York Times
1843:The New York Times
1715:The New York Times
1662:The New York Times
1627:The New York Times
1555:The New York Times
1527:The New York Times
1432:The Philanthropist
703:Clifton Conference
690:Wm. Lloyd Garrison
658:Fort Erie, Ontario
654:Niagara Conference
582:, Washington, D.C.
402:1835 Fifth Annual
392:1833 Third Annual
385:1831 First Annual
229:Frederick Douglass
165:
117:American Civil War
32:
1665:. June 23, 1863.
1156:Rondinone, Troy.
803:978-1-4696-5426-3
715:George T. Downing
441:Buffalo, New York
318:Alexander Walters
302:T. Thomas Fortune
195:, founder of the
175:Freedom's Journal
121:African Americans
105:
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640:W. E. B. Du Bois
519:, Troy, New York
421:Albany, New York
349:Moorfield Storey
338:Niagara Movement
310:W. E. B. Du Bois
264:Ulysses S. Grant
215:taking place in
145:Niagara Movement
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1064:Proceedings
664:and others.
506:Canada West
490:1855 First
347:(NAACP) by
287:Isaac Myers
2033:Categories
1992:Arno Press
765:0870497367
731:References
510:John Brown
474:, New York
431:Pittsburgh
225:California
212:Pittsburgh
147:, and the
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