50:
326:(DSM 5), PNES is classified as a "conversion disorder" or Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder characterized by alterations in behavior, motor activity, consciousness, and sensation. A few neuroimaging (functional and structural) studies suggest that PNES may replicate sensorimotor alterations, emotional regulation, cognitive control, and integration of neural circuits.
306:
Febrile seizures fall into two categories: simple and complex. A simple febrile seizure is generalized, occurs singularly, and lasts less than 15 minutes. A complex febrile seizure can be focused in an area of the body, occur more than once, and lasts for more than 15 minutes. Febrile seizures affect
246:
is a neuronal disorder with multifactorial manifestations. It is a noncontagious illness and is usually associated with sudden attacks of seizures, which are an immediate and initial anomaly in the electrical activity of the brain that disrupts part or all of the body. Various areas of the brain can
268:
The most common type of seizure is called a generalized seizure, also known as a generalized convulsion. This is characterized by a loss of consciousness which may lead to the person collapsing. The body stiffens for about a minute and then jerks uncontrollably for the next minute. During this, the
1249:
Swoboda, KJ; Soong, B; McKenna, C; Brunt, ER; Litt, M; Bale JF, Jr; Ashizawa, T; Bennett, LB; Bowcock, AM; Roach, ES; Gerson, D; Matsuura, T; Heydemann, PT; Nespeca, MP; Jankovic, J; Leppert, M; Ptácek, LJ (25 July 2000). "Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and infantile convulsions: clinical and
298:
A common cause of convulsions in children is febrile seizures, a type of seizure associated with a high body temperature. This high temperature is a usual immune response to infection, and in febrile convulsions, the reason for the fever is extra-cranial (such as a body-wide viral infection). In
321:
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are described as neurobehavioral conditions or "psychogenic illnesses" which occur not due to the electrical disturbances in a person's brain but due to mental and emotional stress. PNES are an important differential diagnosis and a common occurrence in
269:
patient may fall and injure themselves or bite their tongue, their eyes roll back, and lose control of their bladder. A familial history of seizures puts a person at a greater risk of developing them. Generalized seizures have been broadly classified into two categories: motor and non-motor.
157:
Convulsions in children are not necessarily benign, and may lead to brain damage if prolonged. In these patients, the frequency of occurrence should not downplay their significance, as a worsening seizure state may reflect the damage caused by successive attacks. Symptoms may include:
272:
A generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS), also known as a grand mal seizure, is a whole-body seizure that has a tonic phase followed by clonic muscle retrenchments. GTCSs can happen in people of all ages. GTCSs are very hazardous, and they increase the risk of injuries and
1199:
Cloarec, R; Bruneau, N; Rudolf, G; Massacrier, A; Salmi, M; Bataillard, M; Boulay, C; Caraballo, R; Fejerman, N; Genton, P; Hirsch, E; Hunter, A; Lesca, G; Motte, J; Roubertie, A; Sanlaville, D; Wong, SW; Fu, YH; Rochette, J; Ptácek, LJ; Szepetowski, P (20 November 2012).
234:
Convulsions are often caused by epileptic seizures, febrile seizures, non-epileptic seizures, or paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. In rare cases, it may be triggered by reactions to certain medications, such as antidepressants, stimulants, and antihistamines.
307:
2–4% of children in the United States and
Western Europe, it is the most common childhood seizure. The exact reason for febrile convulsion is unidentified, though it might be the outcome of the interchange between environmental and genetic factors.
642:
Shoeibi, A; Khodatars, M; Ghassemi, N; Jafari, M; Moridian, P; Alizadehsani, R; Panahiazar, M; Khozeimeh, F; Zare, A; Hosseini-Nejad, H; Khosravi, A; Atiya, AF; Aminshahidi, D; Hussain, S; Rouhani, M; Nahavandi, S; Acharya, UR (27 May 2021).
1376:
1322:
1307:
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149:
A person having a convulsion may experience several different symptoms, such as a brief blackout, confusion, drooling, loss of bowel or bladder control, sudden shaking of the entire body, uncontrollable
130:, infections (including a severe form of listeriosis which is caused by eating food contaminated by Listeria Monocytogenes), brain trauma, or other medical conditions. They can also occur from an
1362:
338:(PKD) is characterized by sudden involuntary movement caused by sudden stress or excitement. The relationship between convulsion and PKD is mainly due to the common mechanism of pathophysiology.
119:. However, not all epileptic seizures result in convulsions, and not all convulsions are caused by epileptic seizures. Non-epileptic convulsions have no relation with epilepsy, and are caused by
561:
277:(SUDEP). SUDEP is a sudden, unexpected, nontraumatic death in patients with epilepsy. Strong convulsions that are related to GTCSs can also cause falls and severe injuries.
962:
966:
1686:
247:
be disturbed by epileptic events. Epileptic seizures can have contrary clinical features. Epileptic seizures can have long-lasting effects on
2110:
284:, also known as a petit mal seizure, the brain experiences electrical disturbances but the body remains motionless and unresponsive.
2054:
1971:
154:, or temporary cessation of breathing. Symptoms usually last from a few seconds to several minutes, although they can last longer.
557:
970:
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2018:
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Anzellotti, F; Dono, F; Evangelista, G; Di Pietro, M; Carrarini, C; Russo, M; Ferrante, C; Sensi, SL; Onofrj, M (2020).
1948:
355:
2033:
1905:
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316:
1354:
1976:
1779:
745:"Preventing harmful effects of epileptic seizures on cerebrovascular functions in newborn pigs: does sex matter?"
539:
303:—which can cause sudden, high fevers—is a significant cause of convulsions among children under 5 years of age.
49:
1993:
1966:
1672:
462:"How Long Do Most Seizures Last? A Systematic Comparison of Seizures Recorded in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit"
2115:
2028:
1943:
1998:
1910:
1574:
1915:
1132:
Doss, JL; Plioplys, S (January 2018). "Pediatric
Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: A Concise Review".
927:
Paul, SP; Rogers, E; Wilkinson, R; Paul, B (May 2015). "Management of febrile convulsion in children".
824:
Kodankandath, Thomas V.; Theodore, Danny; Samanta, Debopam (2022). "Generalized Tonic-Clonic
Seizure".
792:
461:
17:
696:"Classification of low-density EEG for epileptic seizures by energy and fractal features based on EMD"
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1462:
1862:
1337:
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532:
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219:, or lack of oxygen to the brain. Sometimes the convulsion can be caused by genetic defects or
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263:
120:
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1877:
1867:
1787:
1738:
1040:"Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures and Pseudo-Refractory Epilepsy, a Management Challenge"
558:"Definition & Facts for Celiac Disease. What are the complications of celiac disease?"
8:
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Convulsions can be caused by specific chemicals in the blood, as well as infections like
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contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in uncontrolled shaking. Because
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Asadi-Pooya, AA (June 2017). "Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a concise review".
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However, some seizures are not due to electrical disturbances in the brain, such as
196:. Often, a specific cause is not clear. Numerous conditions can cause a convulsion.
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Liu, J; Pourcyrous, M; Fedinec, AL; Leffler, CW; Parfenova, H (November 2017).
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131:
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Anwar, H; Khan, QU; Nadeem, N; Pervaiz, I; Ali, M; Cheema, FF (12 June 2020).
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Medical condition where body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly
2104:
1811:
1802:
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1202:"PRRT2 links infantile convulsions and paroxysmal dyskinesia with migraine"
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There is a linkage between infantile convulsion and paroxysmal dyskinesia.
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Various kinds of epileptic seizures affect 60 million people worldwide.
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645:"Epileptic Seizures Detection Using Deep Learning Techniques: A Review"
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Most convulsions are the result of abnormal electrical activity in the
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Not all generalized seizures produce convulsions. For example, in an
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853:"Generalized tonic-clonic seizure: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
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1543:
1516:
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963:"Management of Convulsion in Children, a Health concern in Nigeria"
460:
Jenssen, Sigmund; Gracely, Edward J.; Sperling, Michael R. (2006).
324:
5th Edison of
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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231:(pyridoxine). The pathophysiology of convulsion remains ambiguous.
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91:
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1435:
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International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Carter, S; Gold, A (8 February 1968). "Convulsions in children".
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Huff, J. Stephen; Lui, Forshing; Murr, Najib I. (2024-02-25).
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is sometimes used to mean a convulsion or epileptic seizure.
30:"Convulse" redirects here. For Finnish death metal band, see
999:
Shinnar, S; Glauser, TA (January 2002). "Febrile seizures".
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Child and
Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
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877:"Circuits generating secondarily generalized seizures"
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431:"Convulsions: Causes, definition, and treatment"
177:Jerky movements of the arms, legs, body, or head
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134:or improperly enriched air for scuba diving.
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694:Moctezuma, LA; Molinas, M (29 August 2019).
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544:What is a convulsion? | theindependentbd.com
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174:Stiffening of the arms, legs, or whole body
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875:Brodovskaya, A; Kapur, J (December 2019).
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2055:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
111:typically include convulsions, the term
257:
14:
2103:
223:. Convulsions can also occur when the
103:is a medical condition where the body
1668:
1358:
793:"Epilepsy Seizure Types and Symptoms"
287:
238:
144:
1972:Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy
1160:
2019:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
1169:"Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures"
506:The New England Journal of Medicine
322:epilepsy centers. According to the
275:sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
24:
2111:Symptoms and signs: Nervous system
1949:Complex partial status epilepticus
356:psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
311:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
25:
2127:
2034:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
1906:Benign familial neonatal seizures
1858:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
336:Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia
330:Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia
317:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
550:
478:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00622.x
803:
785:
115:is often used as a synonym for
1994:Early myoclonic encephalopathy
1967:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
969:. October 2018. Archived from
700:Journal of Biomedical Research
596:Discoveries (Craiova, Romania)
453:
441:
348:
207:. Other possibilities include
180:Lack of control over movements
13:
1:
365:
126:Convulsions can be caused by
1944:Epilepsia partialis continua
1218:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182752c46
1009:10.1177/08830738020170010601
227:or there is a deficiency of
7:
1999:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
1977:Unverricht–Lundborg disease
1575:Sensory processing disorder
893:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106474
518:10.1056/NEJM196802082780606
10:
2132:
1916:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy
1001:Journal of Child Neurology
811:"Grand mal seizure causes"
314:
291:
261:
29:
2067:Epilepsy Action Australia
2047:
2011:
1957:
1934:
1876:
1810:
1801:
1778:
1747:
1706:
1565:
1542:
1487:
1404:
1293:
1171:. StatPearls Publishing.
1146:10.1016/j.chc.2017.08.007
1103:10.1007/s10072-017-2887-8
830:. StatPearls Publishing.
187:
85:
72:
56:
47:
42:
2029:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
1863:Panayiotopoulos syndrome
1057:10.3389/fneur.2020.00461
941:10.7748/en.23.2.18.e1431
435:www.medicalnewstoday.com
399:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
341:
81:, uncontrollable shaking
1911:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
1793:Epilepsy and employment
881:Epilepsy & Behavior
712:10.7555/JBR.33.20190009
540:"What is a convulsion?"
1843:Temporal lobe epilepsy
1763:Electroencephalography
1584:Auditory hallucination
1044:Frontiers in Neurology
1003:. 17 Suppl 1: S44-52.
662:10.3390/ijerph18115780
225:blood sugar is too low
121:non-epileptic seizures
1848:Frontal lobe epilepsy
1091:Neurological Sciences
967:Public Health Nigeria
264:Tonic-clonic seizures
165:Loss of consciousness
2084:Epilepsy Research UK
1868:Vertiginous epilepsy
1788:Epilepsy and driving
1739:Epilepsy in children
1264:10.1212/wnl.55.2.224
592:"Epileptic seizures"
448:Merriam-Webster: Fit
258:Generalized seizures
183:Inability to respond
171:Changes to breathing
2116:Medical terminology
2072:Epilepsy Foundation
2039:Epilepsy in animals
1719:Aura (warning sign)
1441:Anterograde amnesia
761:10.1038/pr.2017.152
249:cerebral blood flow
1959:Myoclonic epilepsy
1936:Status epilepticus
1446:Retrograde amnesia
1386:Signs and symptoms
1250:linkage studies".
973:on 18 October 2018
749:Pediatric Research
437:. 31 January 2019.
288:Febrile convulsion
239:Epileptic seizures
145:Signs and symptoms
109:epileptic seizures
2098:
2097:
2012:Related disorders
2007:
2006:
1853:Rolandic epilepsy
1662:
1661:
1534:Suicidal ideation
1352:
1351:
608:10.15190/d.2020.7
168:Eyes rolling back
162:Lack of awareness
97:
96:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2123:
2089:Epilepsy Society
2078:Epilepsy Outlook
1921:Epileptic spasms
1833:Gelastic seizure
1808:
1807:
1734:Neonatal seizure
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1682:
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1365:
1356:
1355:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1212:(21): 2097–103.
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1157:
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1123:
1122:
1086:
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983:
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924:
915:
914:
904:
887:(Pt B): 106474.
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472:(9): 1499–1503.
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2061:Epilepsy Action
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2003:
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1930:
1926:Febrile seizure
1891:Absence seizure
1872:
1828:Complex partial
1797:
1780:Personal issues
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1759:Investigations
1755:Anticonvulsants
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1729:Epileptogenesis
1724:Postictal state
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294:Febrile seizure
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32:Convulse (band)
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2024:Todd's paresis
2021:
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2013:
2009:
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2001:
1996:
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1987:Lafora disease
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1982:MERRF syndrome
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1294:Classification
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1081:
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813:. Mayo Clinic.
802:
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172:
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146:
143:
132:electric shock
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
76:
70:
69:
60:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2128:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
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2090:
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2048:Organizations
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2014:
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1803:Seizure types
1800:
1794:
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1777:
1771:
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1714:Seizure types
1712:
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1671:
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1580:Hallucination
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1305:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:(2): 224–30.
1257:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1155:
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1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
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1120:
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869:
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854:
848:
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837:
833:
829:
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780:
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771:
766:
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746:
739:
731:
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697:
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682:
678:
673:
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638:
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627:
623:
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586:
584:
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563:
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545:
541:
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487:
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479:
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405:
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339:
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318:
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295:
285:
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278:
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270:
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255:
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236:
232:
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218:
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197:
195:
182:
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176:
173:
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167:
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159:
155:
153:
152:muscle spasms
142:
140:
135:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
93:
90:
88:
84:
80:
79:Muscle spasms
77:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
19:
1886:Tonic–clonic
1529:Irritability
1452:
1388:relating to
1336:
1321:
1306:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1209:
1205:
1180:. Retrieved
1162:
1140:(1): 53–61.
1137:
1133:
1127:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1000:
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
957:
935:(2): 18–25.
932:
928:
884:
880:
856:
826:
819:
805:
796:
787:
752:
748:
738:
703:
699:
689:
652:
648:
599:
595:
566:. Retrieved
552:
543:
534:
512:(6): 315–7.
509:
505:
469:
465:
455:
443:
434:
397:
350:
333:
323:
320:
305:
297:
279:
271:
267:
253:
242:
233:
221:brain tumors
205:encephalitis
198:
191:
156:
148:
138:
136:
125:
116:
112:
100:
98:
87:Risk factors
1878:Generalised
1652:Hypergeusia
1627:Synesthesia
602:(2): e110.
564:. June 2016
213:head trauma
2105:Categories
1901:Automatism
1748:Management
1642:Hypogeusia
1620:Hyperosmia
1615:Phantosmia
1567:Perception
1507:Depression
1468:Presyncope
1453:Convulsion
1390:perception
1182:2024-08-25
977:18 October
827:StatPearls
366:References
292:See also:
229:vitamin B6
201:meningitis
113:convulsion
101:convulsion
67:Psychiatry
43:Convulsion
18:Convulsive
1647:Dysgeusia
1552:Verbosity
1524:Hostility
1458:Dizziness
1424:Psychosis
1414:Confusion
1406:Cognition
1398:behaviour
1252:Neurology
1206:Neurology
486:0013-9580
466:Epilepsia
299:Nigeria,
137:The word
63:Neurology
58:Specialty
1839:Epilepsy
1819:Seizures
1700:epilepsy
1696:Seizures
1610:Parosmia
1605:Dysosmia
1600:Hyposmia
1544:Behavior
1517:Paranoia
1429:Delusion
1419:Delirium
1272:10908896
1236:23077017
1177:28722901
1154:29157502
1111:28275874
1076:32582005
1025:11876657
1017:11918463
949:25952398
911:31431400
836:32119383
779:28665933
730:32561698
681:34072232
626:32577498
404:Seizures
244:Epilepsy
128:epilepsy
92:Epilepsy
74:Symptoms
1637:Ageusia
1595:Anosmia
1502:Anxiety
1489:Emotion
1477:Vertigo
1436:Amnesia
1394:emotion
1343:D012640
1280:5755007
1227:3511924
1119:4227746
1067:7280483
1050:: 461.
902:6944760
770:5645245
721:7324275
672:8199071
617:7305811
526:4866891
301:malaria
117:seizure
105:muscles
1707:Basics
1278:
1270:
1234:
1224:
1175:
1152:
1117:
1109:
1074:
1064:
1023:
1015:
947:
909:
899:
834:
777:
767:
728:
718:
679:
669:
655:(11).
624:
614:
568:26 May
524:
484:
217:stroke
188:Causes
1812:Focal
1632:Taste
1590:Smell
1497:Anger
1332:125.7
1276:S2CID
1115:S2CID
1021:S2CID
797:WebMD
562:NIDDK
342:Notes
194:brain
2091:(UK)
2080:(UK)
2074:(US)
2063:(UK)
2057:(US)
1698:and
1512:Fear
1396:and
1338:MeSH
1327:9-CM
1268:PMID
1232:PMID
1173:PMID
1150:PMID
1107:PMID
1072:PMID
1013:PMID
979:2018
945:PMID
907:PMID
832:PMID
775:PMID
726:PMID
677:PMID
622:PMID
570:2018
522:PMID
482:ISSN
1323:ICD
1317:R56
1308:ICD
1260:doi
1222:PMC
1214:doi
1142:doi
1099:doi
1062:PMC
1052:doi
1005:doi
937:doi
897:PMC
889:doi
885:101
765:PMC
757:doi
716:PMC
708:doi
667:PMC
657:doi
612:PMC
604:doi
514:doi
510:278
474:doi
203:or
139:fit
2107::
1392:,
1341::
1330::
1315::
1312:10
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1266:.
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1230:.
1220:.
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1019:.
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987:^
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714:.
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698:.
675:.
665:.
653:18
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634:^
620:.
610:.
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