959:
491:
738:
34:
2870:
1818:
1496:
896:(HAART), in conjunction with the established pyrimethamine-based maintenance therapy, decreases the chance of relapse in patients with HIV and TE from approximately 18% to 11%. This is a significant difference as relapse may impact the severity and prognosis of disease and result in an increase in healthcare expenditure.
1527:
1020:
of acute encephalitis in
Western countries is 7.4 cases per 100,000 people per year. In tropical countries, the incidence is 6.34 per 100,000 people per year. The number of cases of encephalitis has not changed much over time, with about 250,000 cases a year from 2005 to 2015 in the US. Approximately
1021:
seven per 100,000 people were hospitalized for encephalitis in the US during this time. In 2015, encephalitis was estimated to have affected 4.3 million people and resulted in 150,000 deaths worldwide. Herpes simplex encephalitis has an incidence of 2â4 per million of the population per year.
917:
studies with sufficient numbers of patients and sufficient follow-up. There is the possibility of a benefit of intravenous immunoglobulin for some forms of childhood encephalitis on some indicators such as length of hospital stay, time to stop spasms, time to regain consciousness, and time to
2090:
Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, Mehta B, Easton A, Hemingway C, et al. (May 2012). "Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of
British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines".
745:
People should only be diagnosed with encephalitis if they have a decreased or altered level of consciousness, lethargy, or personality change for at least twenty-four hours without any other explainable cause. Diagnosing encephalitis is done via a variety of tests:
827:
An ideal drug to treat brain infection should be small, moderately lipophilic at pH of 7.4, low level of plasma protein binding, volume of distribution of litre per kg, does not have strong affinity towards binding with
836:. Some drugs such as isoniazid, pyrazinamide, linezolid, metronidazole, fluconazole, and some fluoroquinolones have good penetration to blood brain barrier.Treatment (which is based on supportive care) is as follows:
2787:
2760:
1320:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1266:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1237:
3367:
1188:
3753:
3748:
3765:
3743:
2554:
2916:
1605:
1546:
1802:
1264:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
441:
in the structures of the medial temporal lobes, and in some cases, other limbic structures. Some cases of limbic encephalitis are of autoimmune origin.
2215:
1229:
3112:
3107:
1378:
1318:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators) (October 2016).
528:. The majority of viral cases of encephalitis have an unknown cause; however, the most common identifiable cause of viral encephalitis is from
2156:
2069:
2909:
2014:"Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium"
1480:
1457:
347:
may be required. In 2015, encephalitis was estimated to have affected 4.3 million people and resulted in 150,000 deaths worldwide.
1998:
3735:
1720:
Broder CC, Geisbert TW, Xu K, Nikolov DB, Wang LF, Middleton D, et al. (2012). "Immunization strategies against henipaviruses".
516:
Viral infections are the usual cause of infectious encephalitis. Viral encephalitis can occur either as a direct effect of an acute
2246:"Penetration of drugs through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid/blood-brain barrier for treatment of central nervous system infections"
2194:
1511:
3725:
2902:
1180:
3705:
3378:
2715:
62:
2737:
3730:
3362:
2586:
1812:
1737:
1599:
1521:
1490:
3568:
3556:
3018:
893:
2558:
1118:
660:
1779:
1706:
3787:
3720:
3275:
664:
1587:
3490:
3293:
2126:
478:, though the cause of encephalitis lethargica is not currently known. From 1917 to 1928, an epidemic of encephalitis
344:
3609:
2598:
1541:
722:
708:
3124:
3100:
2930:
766:(spinal tap), this helps determine via a test using the cerebral-spinal fluid, obtained from the lumbar region.
2317:"Toxoplasmic encephalitis relapse rates with pyrimethamine-based therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis"
2223:
1561:
3803:
3688:
3604:
3546:
3316:
3095:
1123:
1103:
958:
3839:
3772:
3146:
2425:
1128:
2885:
1989:
Howes DS, Lazoff M, Conrad SA, Hemphill RR, Huff JS, Pritz T, et al. (2018-08-07). Brenner BE (ed.).
3282:
2578:
The word seems to have had a meaning of "lithic imitation of the human brain" at first, according to the
702:
136:
124:
3760:
3310:
2982:
2519:
Rozenberg F, Deback C, Agut H (June 2011). "Herpes simplex encephalitis : from virus to therapy".
41:
3710:
3678:
3652:
3630:
3479:
3058:
2593:). The first use in the medical sense is attested from the early 19th century in French (J. Capuron,
1370:
775:
2164:
886:-based maintenance therapy is often used to treat toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), which is caused by
44:
scan image shows high signal in the temporal lobes and right inferior frontal gyrus in someone with
3777:
3551:
2965:
2802:
1017:
555:
511:
2665:"Encephalitis caused by pathogens transmitted through organ transplants, United States, 2002-2013"
3782:
3715:
3471:
3289:
3141:
3131:
2975:
2061:
833:
796:
680:
455:
450:
233:. The severity can be variable with symptoms including reduction or alteration in consciousness,
93:
2894:
1449:
3844:
3647:
3639:
3594:
3270:
3242:
3090:
2470:"The incidence of acute encephalitis syndrome in Western industrialised and tropical countries"
2012:
Venkatesan A, Tunkel AR, Bloch KC, Lauring AS, Sejvar J, Bitnun A, et al. (October 2013).
1133:
1113:
340:
188:
128:
2842:
3834:
3662:
3536:
3354:
3332:
3247:
3170:
3080:
3067:
2992:
919:
800:
726:
324:
2620:
Steiner I, Budka H, Chaudhuri A, Koskiniemi M, Sainio K, Salonen O, et al. (May 2005).
3599:
3416:
3305:
1990:
871:
808:
277:
176:
8:
3849:
3528:
3175:
3030:
2970:
2791:
2707:
2186:
1034:
900:
779:
621:
612:
408:
396:
313:
300:
and certain medications. In many cases the cause remains unknown. Risk factors include a
297:
166:
2875:
3698:
3683:
3671:
3421:
3372:
3209:
3072:
2960:
2689:
2664:
2651:
2496:
2469:
2450:
2395:
2370:
2341:
2316:
2270:
2245:
2038:
2013:
1971:
1913:
1888:
1873:
1748:
1693:
1426:
1401:
1344:
1319:
1290:
1265:
939:
507:
69:
1513:
Neuropsychological
Neurology: The Neurocognitive Impairments of Neurological Disorders
1335:
1281:
3461:
3427:
3399:
3390:
3322:
3298:
3165:
3013:
2813:
2694:
2643:
2638:
2621:
2536:
2501:
2442:
2400:
2346:
2275:
2108:
2043:
1963:
1918:
1855:
1850:
1833:
1808:
1753:
1733:
1698:
1649:
1595:
1517:
1486:
1431:
1349:
1295:
1038:
907:
888:
804:
650:
301:
152:
53:
2853:
2796:
2454:
3584:
3455:
3450:
3235:
3230:
2684:
2676:
2655:
2633:
2528:
2491:
2481:
2434:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2336:
2328:
2265:
2257:
2100:
2033:
2025:
1975:
1953:
1945:
1908:
1900:
1845:
1743:
1725:
1688:
1680:
1639:
1421:
1413:
1339:
1331:
1285:
1277:
943:
875:
812:
525:
2622:"Viral encephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management"
2332:
2298:
1724:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 359. pp. 197â223.
1417:
3506:
3197:
2807:
2590:
2438:
763:
559:
336:
332:
309:
184:
180:
162:
3563:
3512:
3340:
3049:
2926:
2818:
2532:
2104:
1804:
Johns
Hopkins Internal Medicine Board Review: Certification and Recertification
935:
903:
829:
579:
529:
438:
418:
262:
102:
45:
2777:
918:
resolution of neuropathic symptoms and fever. Intravenous immunoglobulin for
811:
is avoidable, for all intents and purposes, as smallpox is nearly eradicated.
3828:
3589:
3541:
3411:
3180:
3136:
2987:
2583:
2423:
Venkatesan A (June 2015). "Epidemiology and outcomes of acute encephalitis".
1904:
1771:
1684:
1668:
1045:
947:
883:
865:
698:
653:
642:
541:
471:
422:
414:
372:
258:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2486:
950:
at the early stages of diagnosis is associated with high rates of survival.
892:
and can be life-threatening for people with weak immune systems. The use of
490:
3085:
2938:
2698:
2680:
2647:
2540:
2505:
2446:
2404:
2350:
2279:
2134:
2112:
2047:
1967:
1922:
1859:
1834:"Neurosyphilis with mesiotemporal magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities"
1757:
1702:
1653:
1644:
1627:
1435:
1353:
1299:
914:
616:
533:
376:
281:
226:
1949:
760:, in monitoring brain activity, encephalitis will produce abnormal signal.
754:, can determine inflammation and differentiate from other possible causes.
3044:
3005:
2947:
2837:
2705:
2293:
2261:
2029:
847:
575:
426:
305:
230:
158:
2371:"Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of childhood encephalitis"
1729:
701:. Antibody-mediated anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor encephalitis and
3155:
3025:
2216:"Contraindications and Precautions to Commonly Used Vaccines in Adults"
1958:
1138:
1108:
1030:
911:
607:
595:
571:
567:
563:
551:
537:
479:
392:
384:
246:
2752:
2468:
Jmor F, Emsley HC, Fischer M, Solomon T, Lewthwaite P (October 2008).
3265:
3216:
3204:
3187:
3119:
2848:
1037:, while encephalitis with involvement of the spinal cord is known as
859:
841:
816:
737:
690:
686:
634:
548:
517:
364:
328:
293:
242:
195:
82:
58:
1669:"Viral encephalitis: causes, differential diagnosis, and management"
615:, cause inflammation of the meninges and consequently encephalitis.
3740:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
3445:
3437:
3403:
3257:
3160:
853:
715:
694:
638:
599:
598:, or may be a complication of a current infectious disease such as
591:
521:
467:
463:
459:
430:
413:
Limbic encephalitis refers to inflammatory disease confined to the
388:
360:
339:. Treatment generally takes place in hospital. Some people require
285:
250:
234:
86:
74:
33:
1936:
Dalmau J, Graus F (March 2018). "Antibody-Mediated
Encephalitis".
803:
and should be considered for at-risk individuals. Post-infectious
2924:
2663:
Basavaraju SV, Kuehnert MJ, Zaki SR, Sejvar JJ (September 2014).
923:
712:
646:
368:
320:
266:
254:
106:
98:
2597:, 1806), and from 1843 in English respectively (cf. the article
1991:"Encephalitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology"
498:
In 30%-40% of encephalitis cases, the etiology remains unknown.
3484:
3225:
3192:
2764:
2619:
910:
have been unable to draw firm conclusions because of a lack of
819:
immunization should be observed in patients with encephalitis.
668:
475:
380:
132:
2557:(in German). The University of Chicago Library. Archived from
1084:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1048:
356:
289:
273:
238:
78:
2662:
2187:"CDC Media Statement on Newly Discovered Smallpox Specimens"
2011:
304:. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by
1832:
Hama K, Ishiguchi H, Tuji T, Miwa H, Kondo T (2008-01-01).
2315:
Connolly MP, Goodwin E, Schey C, Zummo J (February 2017).
1886:
711:
is the most common autoimmune form, and is accompanied by
391:
covering the brain, indicates that the patient has either
2314:
1988:
906:
for the management of childhood encephalitis is unclear.
783:
757:
751:
434:
2467:
2369:
Iro MA, Martin NG, Absoud M, Pollard AJ (October 2017).
532:
infection. Other causes of acute viral encephalitis are
417:
of the brain. The clinical presentation often includes
2089:
1719:
1234:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
2368:
1887:
Armangue T, Petit-Pedrol M, Dalmau J (November 2012).
1588:"Meningitis, Encephalitis, Brain Abscess, and Empyema"
1317:
1831:
659:
The rare but typically deadly forms of encephalitis,
355:
Adults with encephalitis present with acute onset of
2742:
1594:(19 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
718:
in 58 percent of affected women 18â45 years of age.
2518:
2310:
2308:
2306:
1625:
1263:
1673:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
934:Identification of poor prognostic factors include
147:Infection, autoimmune, certain medication, unknown
2418:
2416:
2414:
1800:
3826:
2303:
2243:
1478:
962:Encephalitis deaths per million persons in 2012
2706:National Center for Biotechnology Information.
1402:"Acute encephalitis - diagnosis and management"
922:appeared to have no benefit when compared with
343:. Once the immediate problem is under control,
2595:Nouveau dictionnaire de médecine, chirurgie...
2411:
1181:"Meningitis and Encephalitis Information Page"
367:, and sometimes seizures. Younger children or
2910:
1801:Ashar BH, Miller RG, Sisson SD (2012-01-01).
1626:Fisher DL, Defres S, Solomon T (March 2015).
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1175:
2237:
2222:. Center for Disease Control. Archived from
1399:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
3629:
2375:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2244:Nau R, Sörgel F, Eiffert H (October 2010).
2163:. World Health Organization. Archived from
2133:. World Health Organization. Archived from
1935:
1772:"Symptoms & Treatment | Powassan | CDC"
1313:
1311:
1309:
649:can also cause encephalitis in people with
2917:
2903:
2422:
1592:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1203:
832:, or other efflux pumps on the surface of
705:are examples of autoimmune encephalitis.
685:Autoimmune encephalitis signs can include
674:
628:
444:
32:
2688:
2637:
2580:Trésor de la langue française informatisé
2512:
2495:
2485:
2394:
2340:
2269:
2037:
1957:
1912:
1849:
1747:
1692:
1643:
1585:
1425:
1365:
1363:
1343:
1289:
1252:
1152:
1306:
1230:"Meningitis and Encephalitis Fact Sheet"
957:
736:
489:
1666:
3827:
3706:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
3379:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
2555:"Woodhouse's English-Greek Dictionary"
2161:Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals
1509:
1381:from the original on 22 September 2017
1360:
786:which is a sign of viral encephalitis.
570:(lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus),
402:
2898:
2364:
2362:
2360:
1889:"Autoimmune encephalitis in children"
1556:
1554:
1479:Shmaefsky B, Babcock H (2010-01-01).
878:(if brain is affected post-infection)
547:Additional possible viral causes are
466:. Individuals can exhibit upper body
350:
3557:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2946:
2461:
1240:from the original on 29 October 2017
1191:from the original on 29 October 2017
894:highly active antiretroviral therapy
1938:The New England Journal of Medicine
1460:from the original on 5 January 2015
1119:Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
661:primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
319:Certain types are preventable with
13:
3788:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
2612:
2357:
2127:"Tick-borne Encephalitis: Vaccine"
1551:
782:, to detect the presence of viral
729:which primarily affects children.
721:Another autoimmune cause includes
665:Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
14:
3861:
3491:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
3294:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
2731:
2521:Infectious Disorders Drug Targets
1782:from the original on 26 June 2019
1400:Ellul M, Solomon T (March 2018).
1089:, 'head', and the medical suffix
856:are used to reduce brain swelling
795:Vaccination is available against
582:is a rare cause of encephalitis.
462:, delayed physical response, and
3511:For more detailed coverage, see
3489:For more detailed coverage, see
3460:For more detailed coverage, see
3426:For more detailed coverage, see
3377:For more detailed coverage, see
2868:
2714:. National Library of Medicine.
2639:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.01126.x
2001:from the original on 2015-08-03.
1851:10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0983
1821:from the original on 2015-11-29.
1709:from the original on 2015-10-02.
1530:from the original on 2015-10-30.
1499:from the original on 2015-10-30.
605:Other bacterial pathogens, like
157:Based on symptoms, supported by
2718:from the original on 2021-08-28
2572:
2547:
2286:
2208:
2197:from the original on 2016-05-20
2179:
2149:
2131:International travel and health
2119:
2083:
2072:from the original on 2015-07-16
2054:
2005:
1982:
1929:
1880:
1874:"Free Living Amebic Infections"
1866:
1825:
1794:
1764:
1713:
1660:
1619:
1608:from the original on 2017-11-17
1579:
1534:
953:
844:medications (if virus is cause)
723:acute disseminated encephalitis
709:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
387:, due to the irritation of the
371:may present with irritability,
272:Causes of encephalitis include
2387:10.1002/14651858.CD011367.pub2
1628:"Measles-induced encephalitis"
1516:. Cambridge University Press.
1503:
1472:
1442:
1393:
1024:
625:may also cause encephalitis.
379:examinations usually reveal a
1:
3804:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3689:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
3547:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
2626:European Journal of Neurology
2333:10.1080/20477724.2016.1273597
2250:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1418:10.7861/clinmedicine.18-2-155
1336:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
1282:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1145:
1124:Sappinia amoebic encephalitis
790:
594:infection, such as bacterial
458:is identified by high fever,
3773:Progressive muscular atrophy
2669:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2439:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000199
2426:Current Opinion in Neurology
2018:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1807:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1085:
1071:
1057:
929:
822:
732:
667:, are caused by free-living
585:
433:, and behavioral anomalies.
253:. Complications may include
116:Weeks to months for recovery
7:
3283:Primary progressive aphasia
2605:). Retrieved 11 March 2017.
2603:Online Etymology Dictionary
2321:Pathogens and Global Health
1096:
574:(Colorado tick virus), and
10:
3866:
3605:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
3311:Posterior cortical atrophy
3132:Striatonigral degeneration
2983:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
2533:10.2174/187152611795768088
2105:10.1016/j.jinf.2011.11.013
1893:Journal of Child Neurology
1586:Roos KL, Tyler KL (2015).
1450:"Symptoms of encephalitis"
1104:Bickerstaff's encephalitis
1077:
1063:
1049:
1018:number of new cases a year
678:
602:(secondary encephalitis).
505:
448:
406:
3711:Spinal muscular atrophies
3679:Primary lateral sclerosis
3661:
3638:
3622:
3577:
3537:Intracranial hypertension
3527:
3499:
3470:
3436:
3398:
3387:
3353:
3331:
3317:CreutzfeldtâJakob disease
3256:
3066:
3057:
3043:
3003:
2937:
2828:
2746:
2062:"Encephalitis: Diagnosis"
1667:Kennedy PG (March 2004).
1129:Wernicke's encephalopathy
776:Polymerase chain reaction
697:movements, and autonomic
212:
204:
194:
172:
151:
143:
120:
112:
92:
68:
52:
40:
31:
26:
16:Inflammation of the brain
3778:Progressive bulbar palsy
3569:Intracranial hypotension
3552:Choroid plexus papilloma
2966:Herpesviral encephalitis
2294:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
2093:The Journal of Infection
1905:10.1177/0883073812448838
1685:10.1136/jnnp.2003.034280
1510:Larner AJ (2013-05-02).
946:. In contrast, a normal
850:, (if bacteria is cause)
512:Herpesviral encephalitis
501:
485:
323:. Treatment may include
3290:Frontotemporal dementia
2976:Encephalitis lethargica
2738:WHO: Viral Encephalitis
2487:10.1186/1743-422X-5-134
2157:"Japanese encephalitis"
1566:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
1542:Encephalitis Lethargica
1485:. Infobase Publishing.
741:Spinal tap on a newborn
681:Autoimmune encephalitis
675:Autoimmune encephalitis
629:Other Infectious Causes
456:Encephalitis lethargica
451:Encephalitis lethargica
445:Encephalitis lethargica
296:. Other causes include
3595:Hepatic encephalopathy
2681:10.3201/eid2009.131332
1134:World Encephalitis Day
1114:La Crosse encephalitis
1013:
742:
703:Rasmussen encephalitis
641:infestations, such as
590:It can be caused by a
556:St. Louis encephalitis
495:
341:artificial respiration
189:artificial respiration
3653:Ataxiaâtelangiectasia
3610:Static encephalopathy
3333:Mitochondrial disease
3171:Spasmodic torticollis
3081:Basal ganglia disease
1950:10.1056/NEJMra1708712
1061:'brain', composed of
961:
926:(pretend) treatment.
920:Japanese encephalitis
899:The effectiveness of
801:Japanese encephalitis
778:(PCR) testing of the
740:
727:demyelinating disease
493:
325:antiviral medications
3600:Toxic encephalopathy
3306:Lewy bodies dementia
2582:(cf. the article on
2262:10.1128/CMR.00007-10
1679:(Suppl 1): i10âi15.
1645:10.1093/qjmed/hcu113
1330:(10053): 1459â1544.
1276:(10053): 1545â1602.
809:smallpox vaccination
750:Brain scan, done by
566:(La Crosse strain),
482:occurred worldwide.
383:or confused person.
278:herpes simplex virus
265:, and problems with
261:, trouble speaking,
177:Antiviral medication
101:, trouble speaking,
3840:Infectious diseases
3648:Friedreich's ataxia
3031:Meningoencephalitis
2971:Limbic encephalitis
1778:. 4 December 2018.
1730:10.1007/82_2012_213
1035:meningoencephalitis
834:bloodâbrain barrier
780:cerebrospinal fluid
622:Bartonella henselae
613:rickettsial disease
520:, or as one of the
437:imaging reveals T2
409:Limbic encephalitis
403:Limbic encephalitis
397:meningoencephalitis
314:cerebrospinal fluid
298:autoimmune diseases
167:cerebrospinal fluid
3684:Pseudobulbar palsy
3422:Status epilepticus
3373:Multiple sclerosis
3210:Myoclonic epilepsy
3073:movement disorders
3019:Acute disseminated
2961:Viral encephalitis
2829:External resources
2589:2017-11-05 at the
2167:on 3 December 2013
2137:on 3 December 2013
2030:10.1093/cid/cit458
1029:Encephalitis with
1014:
940:status epilepticus
908:Systematic reviews
743:
611:and those causing
508:Viral encephalitis
496:
351:Signs and symptoms
312:, and analysis of
302:weak immune system
208:4.3 million (2015)
63:infectious disease
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3618:
3617:
3523:
3522:
3462:Template:Headache
3428:Template:Epilepsy
3349:
3348:
3323:Vascular dementia
3166:Status dystonicus
3039:
3038:
3014:Encephalomyelitis
2863:
2862:
1899:(11): 1460â1469.
1844:(20): 1813â1817.
1838:Internal Medicine
1814:978-1-4557-0692-1
1739:978-3-642-29818-9
1601:978-0-07-180215-4
1523:978-1-107-60760-6
1492:978-1-4381-3216-7
1406:Clinical Medicine
1044:The word is from
1039:encephalomyelitis
889:Toxoplasma gondii
805:encephalomyelitis
220:
219:
153:Diagnostic method
21:Medical condition
3857:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3585:Brain herniation
3396:
3395:
3236:Intention tremor
3231:Essential tremor
3096:Postencephalitic
3064:
3063:
3055:
3054:
2944:
2943:
2925:Diseases of the
2919:
2912:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2872:
2871:
2744:
2743:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2702:
2692:
2675:(9): 1443â1451.
2659:
2641:
2606:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2474:Virology Journal
2465:
2459:
2458:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2381:(10): CD011367.
2366:
2355:
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2344:
2312:
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2273:
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2235:
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2212:
2206:
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2193:. January 2016.
2183:
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2087:
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2077:
2058:
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2041:
2024:(8): 1114â1128.
2009:
2003:
2002:
1986:
1980:
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1961:
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1293:
1261:
1250:
1249:
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1245:
1226:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1177:
1093:'inflammation'.
1088:
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1080:
1074:
1068:
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1060:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
944:thrombocytopenia
876:physical therapy
862:for restlessness
813:Contraindication
578:infections. The
526:latent infection
36:
24:
23:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3810:
3736:Congenital DSMA
3657:
3614:
3573:
3519:
3507:Sleep disorders
3495:
3472:Cerebrovascular
3466:
3432:
3389:
3383:
3345:
3327:
3252:
3198:Choreoathetosis
3071:
3048:
3035:
2999:
2933:
2923:
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2891:
2873:
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2755:
2734:
2729:
2721:
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2615:
2613:Further reading
2610:
2609:
2591:Wayback Machine
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2010:
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1983:
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1815:
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1027:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
999:
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993:
989:
987:
983:
981:
977:
975:
971:
969:
965:
956:
932:
881:
825:
793:
764:Lumbar puncture
735:
683:
677:
631:
588:
560:West Nile virus
514:
506:Main articles:
504:
488:
453:
447:
411:
405:
353:
337:corticosteroids
333:anticonvulsants
310:medical imaging
263:memory problems
185:corticosteroids
181:anticonvulsants
163:medical imaging
103:memory problems
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3863:
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3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
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3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3564:Cerebral edema
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3513:Template:Sleep
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
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3467:
3465:
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3453:
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3408:
3406:
3393:
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3381:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3341:Leigh syndrome
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3287:
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3280:
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3278:
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3260:
3254:
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3250:
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3212:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3077:
3075:
3068:Extrapyramidal
3061:
3052:
3050:encephalopathy
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3010:
3008:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2927:nervous system
2922:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2874:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2833:
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2830:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2810:
2799:
2784:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:Classification
2741:
2740:
2733:
2732:External links
2730:
2728:
2727:
2708:"Encephalitis"
2703:
2660:
2632:(5): 331â343.
2616:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2599:"encephalitis"
2571:
2546:
2527:(3): 235â250.
2511:
2460:
2433:(3): 277â282.
2410:
2356:
2302:
2285:
2256:(4): 858â883.
2236:
2207:
2178:
2148:
2118:
2099:(5): 449â477.
2082:
2053:
2004:
1981:
1944:(9): 840â851.
1928:
1879:
1865:
1824:
1813:
1793:
1763:
1738:
1712:
1659:
1638:(3): 177â182.
1618:
1600:
1578:
1562:"Encephalitis"
1550:
1533:
1522:
1502:
1491:
1471:
1441:
1412:(2): 155â159.
1392:
1371:"Encephalitis"
1359:
1305:
1251:
1202:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1026:
1023:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
963:
955:
952:
936:cerebral edema
931:
928:
904:immunoglobulin
880:
879:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
838:
830:P-glycoprotein
824:
821:
792:
789:
788:
787:
773:
772:Urine analysis
770:
767:
761:
755:
734:
731:
679:Main article:
676:
673:
654:immune systems
630:
627:
587:
584:
580:Powassan virus
530:herpes simplex
503:
500:
487:
484:
472:muscular pains
449:Main article:
446:
443:
439:hyperintensity
419:disorientation
407:Main article:
404:
401:
352:
349:
345:rehabilitation
259:hallucinations
218:
217:
216:150,000 (2015)
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
198:
192:
191:
174:
170:
169:
165:, analysis of
155:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:Eastern equine
125:Herpes simplex
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
96:
90:
89:
85:, stiff neck,
72:
66:
65:
56:
50:
49:
46:herpes simplex
38:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3862:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3845:Inflammations
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Reye syndrome
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Hydrocephalus
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3423:
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3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3355:Demyelinating
3352:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:Restless legs
3241:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3181:Blepharospasm
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Hemiballismus
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:Brain abscess
2986:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
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2932:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2717:
2713:
2712:PubMed Health
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:"encéphalite"
2581:
2575:
2561:on 2017-03-05
2560:
2556:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
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2397:
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2300:
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2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
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48:encephalitis.
47:
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3835:Encephalitis
3798:
3697:
3670:
3631:Degenerative
3368:Inflammatory
3315:
3248:Stiff-person
3086:Parkinsonism
3059:Degenerative
2956:Encephalitis
2955:
2939:Inflammation
2929:, primarily
2886:Encephalitis
2884:
2883:
2882:profile for
2879:
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2720:. Retrieved
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2299:Encephalitis
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2165:the original
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2135:the original
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1568:. 2021-08-08
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1184:
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1043:
1033:is known as
1028:
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954:Epidemiology
933:
915:double-blind
898:
887:
882:
872:Occupational
826:
794:
744:
720:
707:
684:
658:
632:
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617:Lyme disease
606:
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546:
534:rabies virus
515:
497:
494:Rabies virus
454:
412:
377:Neurological
354:
318:
282:rabies virus
271:
227:inflammation
223:Encephalitis
222:
221:
27:Encephalitis
18:
3783:FazioâLonde
3623:Both/either
3417:Generalised
3276:Early-onset
3271:Alzheimer's
3006:spinal cord
2838:MedlinePlus
2191:www.cdc.gov
2066:NHS Choices
1959:2445/147222
1776:www.cdc.gov
1722:Henipavirus
1375:NHS Choices
1075:, 'in' and
1025:Terminology
1010: 25-45
1004: 15-24
998: 10-14
901:intravenous
848:Antibiotics
651:compromised
576:henipavirus
427:memory loss
375:and fever.
306:blood tests
284:as well as
159:blood tests
105:, problems
3850:Acute pain
3829:Categories
3391:paroxysmal
3363:Autoimmune
3156:Dyskinesia
3026:Meningitis
3004:Brain and
2814:DiseasesDB
2722:2015-08-05
2565:2013-01-10
2230:2015-08-05
2201:2016-05-19
2076:2015-08-05
1612:2017-11-17
1572:2024-01-09
1482:Meningitis
1385:29 October
1244:29 October
1195:29 October
1146:References
1139:Zika virus
1109:Cerebritis
1058:enképhalos
1031:meningitis
912:randomised
797:tick-borne
791:Prevention
769:Blood test
608:Mycoplasma
596:meningitis
568:arenavirus
564:bunyavirus
552:flavivirus
538:poliovirus
480:lethargica
393:meningitis
385:Stiff neck
247:stiff neck
3388:Episodic/
3266:Tauopathy
3217:Akathisia
3205:Myoclonus
3188:Athetosis
3120:Tauopathy
2854:emerg/163
2849:eMedicine
1464:5 January
1051:áŒÎłÎșÎÏαλοÏ
992: 5-9
986: 3-4
980: 2-2
974: 1-1
968: 0-0
930:Prognosis
868:for fever
860:Sedatives
842:Antiviral
823:Treatment
817:Pertussis
733:Diagnosis
691:psychosis
687:catatonia
639:protozoal
635:parasitic
592:bacterial
586:Bacterial
549:arboviral
518:infection
365:confusion
329:acyclovir
327:(such as
294:parasites
243:confusion
205:Frequency
196:Prognosis
173:Treatment
129:West Nile
83:confusion
59:Neurology
54:Specialty
3754:SMALED2B
3749:SMALED2A
3446:Migraine
3438:Headache
3404:epilepsy
3400:Seizures
3258:Dementia
3161:Dystonia
2716:Archived
2699:25148201
2648:15804262
2587:Archived
2541:21488834
2506:18973679
2455:21041693
2447:25887770
2405:28967695
2351:28090819
2280:20930076
2220:Vaccines
2195:Archived
2113:22120594
2070:Archived
2048:23861361
1999:Archived
1995:MedScape
1968:29490181
1923:22935553
1860:18854635
1819:Archived
1780:Archived
1758:22481140
1707:Archived
1703:14978145
1654:24865261
1606:Archived
1528:Archived
1497:Archived
1458:Archived
1436:29626021
1379:Archived
1377:. 2016.
1354:27733281
1300:27733282
1238:Archived
1189:Archived
1097:See also
854:Steroids
716:teratoma
695:abnormal
633:Certain
600:syphilis
572:reovirus
522:sequelae
468:weakness
464:lethargy
460:headache
431:seizures
389:meninges
361:headache
321:vaccines
286:bacteria
276:such as
255:seizures
251:vomiting
235:headache
200:Variable
139:, others
113:Duration
99:Seizures
87:vomiting
75:Headache
70:Symptoms
3766:SMA-PME
3761:SMA-PCH
3744:SMALED1
3456:Tension
3451:Cluster
3176:Meige's
2993:Amoebic
2876:Scholia
2808:D004660
2690:4178385
2656:8986902
2601:in the
2497:2583971
2396:6485509
2342:5375610
2271:2952976
2171:2 April
2141:2 April
2039:3783060
1976:3623281
1914:3705178
1786:26 June
1749:4465348
1694:1765650
1427:6303463
1345:5388903
1291:5055577
1086:kephalé
924:placebo
713:ovarian
647:malaria
476:tremors
369:infants
274:viruses
267:hearing
229:of the
107:hearing
3485:Stroke
3299:Pick's
3226:Tremor
3193:Chorea
2878:has a
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381:drowsy
335:, and
249:, and
213:Deaths
144:Causes
133:rabies
3799:both:
3731:DSMA1
3726:SMAX2
3721:SMAX1
3701:only:
3674:only:
3578:Other
3500:Other
3412:Focal
3045:Brain
2948:Brain
2880:topic
2819:22543
2778:B94.1
2652:S2CID
2451:S2CID
1972:S2CID
1547:NINDS
1185:NINDS
1091:-itis
524:of a
502:Viral
486:Cause
357:fever
292:, or
290:fungi
239:fever
231:brain
121:Types
79:fever
3402:and
3113:PKAN
3108:NBIA
2803:MeSH
2792:9-CM
2695:PMID
2644:PMID
2537:PMID
2502:PMID
2443:PMID
2401:PMID
2379:2017
2347:PMID
2276:PMID
2173:2013
2143:2013
2109:PMID
2044:PMID
1964:PMID
1919:PMID
1856:PMID
1809:ISBN
1788:2019
1754:PMID
1734:ISBN
1699:PMID
1650:PMID
1596:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1466:2015
1432:PMID
1387:2017
1350:PMID
1296:PMID
1246:2017
1197:2017
1016:The
874:and
799:and
725:, a
663:and
645:and
510:and
280:and
245:, a
3716:SMA
3699:LMN
3672:UMN
3663:MND
3529:CSF
3480:TIA
3125:PSP
3101:NMS
3070:and
2931:CNS
2797:323
2788:ICD
2782:G05
2774:A86
2770:A83
2761:ICD
2685:PMC
2677:doi
2634:doi
2529:doi
2492:PMC
2482:doi
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2329:doi
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2101:doi
2034:PMC
2026:doi
1954:hdl
1946:doi
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