1053:, who repeated the claims that Heisenberg had sabotaged the German nuclear program in a 1993 book, further asserting that the Copenhagen meeting was actually a counterintelligence operation to let Bohr in on what the Nazis were up to. Frayn's play, which portrays Powers' theory sympathetically as a possible interpretation of the meeting, brought more attention to what previously had been a primarily scholarly discussion. After the play inspired numerous scholarly and media debates over the 1941 meeting, in 2002 the Niels Bohr Archive in Copenhagen released to the public all sealed documents related to the meeting. Among the documents were the unsent letters Bohr drafted to Heisenberg about Jungk's book and other topics. Many historians have strongly criticised the play on the basis of the released letters, contending:
1095:, the nuclear historian asserts that the truth of the Copenhagen meeting is that "we’ll never know, and it probably isn’t that important in the scheme of things". Nevertheless, he argues that Frayn's play creates a false balance in ascribing undue credibility to the theory (rejected by almost all historians) that Heisenberg sabotaged the German nuclear program, a theory Heisenberg did not directly advocate (being misquoted by Jungk) but also did not publicly dispute. The play was accurate in not portraying the Nazis as narrowly failing to obtain the bomb, but there were many other far more plausible reasons for their failure. On the other hand, Wellerstein praised the play for the moral questions it raised and for creating public interest in history.
1038:(1956). In the letter, Heisenberg said he had come to Copenhagen to discuss with Bohr his moral objections toward scientists working on nuclear weapons but how he had failed to say that clearly before the conversation came to a halt. Jungk published an extract from the letter in the Danish edition of the book in 1956 that made it appear as if Heisenberg was claiming to have sabotaged the German bomb project on moral grounds. Jungk omitted a critical sentence from Heisenberg: "I would not want this remark to be misunderstood as saying that I myself engaged in resistance to Hitler. On the contrary, I have always been ashamed in the face of the men of
532:– Christian was one of Bohr's sons, who tragically drowned while he and Bohr were out sailing. The phrase "Christian reaches for the life-buoy" appears several times during the play, and every time, the characters seem to hold their breath in the hope that this time, Christian will survive. Bohr had concluded that they would have both drowned had he jumped in to save his son, which presents an idea of futile heroics, particularly with reference to Heisenberg and what should happen if he were to resist Hitler's rule.
25:
433:. She was closely involved in her husband's work; he would commonly bounce ideas off her, trying to explain them in "plain language". She died in 1984, survived by several of her children. Her son Hans wrote, "My mother was the natural and indispensable centre. Father knew how much mother meant to him and never missed an opportunity to show his gratitude and love.... Her opinions were his guidelines in daily affairs."
413:
lives at Bohr's
Institute." Before the war, his research was instrumental in nuclear research, some of which led to the building of the atomic bomb. During the war, however, Bohr was living in occupied Denmark and somewhat restricted in his research; he escaped to Sweden in 1943, just before an SS sweep which would have targeted him through his Jewish heritage. In the US, he worked in
939:'s Elaine Cicora noted: "While Copenhagen's weirdness has historically drawn some grumblings from critics and audiences alike, the three-actor cast assembled here — comprising established veterans of the Cleveland theater scene — does a commendable job of illuminating the humanity inside this piece of historical fiction."
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physicists, Frayn felt confident in claiming that "The actual words spoken by characters are entirely their own." With that in mind, the character descriptions apply to both the representative characters as well as the physicists themselves. There is a great amount known about all of the primary characters presented in
321:– "No one understands my trip to Copenhagen. Time and time again I've explained it. To Bohr himself, and Margrethe. To interrogators and intelligence officers, to journalists and historians. The more I've explained, the deeper the uncertainty has become. Well, I shall be happy to make one more attempt."
609:, who were responsible for performing at least one of the matinee shows each week. The second cast consisted of David Baron as Niels Bohr, Corinna Marlowe as Margarethe Bohr, and William Brand as Werner Heisenberg, and after six months, they replaced the original cast for the rest of the West End run.
808:
as
Margrethe Bohr. The movie substantially cuts down the script of the play, eliminating several recurring themes, and most of the material that established the community of scientists in Copenhagen. It also abandons the abstract staging of the theatrical version in favour of being set in the city of
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was the main figure of the meeting. Allegedly, "Heisenberg and Weizsäcker came to Bohr wearing German army uniforms. Weizsäcker tried to persuade Bohr to mediate for peace between Great
Britain and Germany and Heisenberg practically completely relied on his political judgement". Supek received these
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Though the dialogue does not contradict logic, it cannot be called realistic in the strictest sense. One character's line might fade into the next as though the second person knew exactly what he was going to say; sometimes a character will slip into a memory and partially relive a former or younger
442:
The construction of the plot is non-linear, seeing as it does not exist in time and space. Sometimes one character will not notice that there are other people in the space, and speak as if to no one. The world that Frayn presents is outside of our conceptions as audience members, simply by virtue of
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was born in 1885, making him 38 when
Heisenberg first came to work with him. He married Margrethe Norlund in 1912 in Copenhagen and together they had six sons, two of whom died while young. Biographer Harry Lustig notes that "Most of the world's great theoretical physicists... spent periods of their
399:
of quantum mechanics. During the Second World War, Heisenberg worked for
Germany, researching atomic technology and heading their nuclear reactor program. After the war, his involvement with the Nazis earned him certain notoriety in the world of physicists, mainly due to the fact that he could have
562:
both operate in the play. There are several instances when the two physicists start speaking too scientifically for many people to understand, and one of them will remark that they must revert to plain language, to explain it in a way that
Margrethe will understand. Even for that effort, criticism
551:
The play was originally written in
English, but the real people in the exchange may have had the conversation in Danish or German, but even with translation in mind, Frayn defends that the words in the script are those that the characters would actually say. In his post-script, he writes, "If this
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In most dramas in which the characters are based on real people, there is a point at which the character deviates from the real person. However, playwright
Michael Frayn worked to keep that distinction as small as possible. Having studied memoirs and letters and other historical records of the two
450:
It can also be thought to exist "inside the heads" of the characters present. It is a subjective world, taking and manipulating history, picking apart some events and mashing others together to better compare them. The characters are all plagued by some form of guilt or another, particularly in
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Pratyay
Amateur Theatre Art Centre (प्रत्यय हौशी नाट्य कला केंद्र, कोल्हापूर) of Kolhapur (Maharashtra State, India), in Marathi translation by Dr Sharad Navare (शरद नावरे), directed by Dr Sharad Bhuthadiya (शरद भुथाडिया), with Sagar Talashikar (सागर तळाशीकर) as Werner Heisenberg, Dr Sharad
552:
needs any justification, I can only appeal to
Heisenberg himself." Understandably, Frayn needs to present the characters in an interesting and dramatic light, as well as depicting a setting that no living person has visited, so the accuracy of such dialogue is subject to dwindle by degrees.
492:– These two activities are referred to as a pastime of Bohr and Heisenberg's, and both demonstrate the competition between the two (representative of national competition.) They are also used to suggest Heisenberg's speed and recklessness which contrasts with Bohr's caution and tediousness.
324:
Along the way, Heisenberg and Bohr "draft" several versions of their 1941 exchange, arguing about the ramifications of each potential version of their meeting and the motives behind it. They discuss the idea of nuclear power and its control, the rationale behind building or not building an
525:– The term "bomb" appears as a literal looming image in many cases, but it is used figuratively in a couple of instances, as if it should be a joke, but with such grave implications that it cannot be found funny. (For example, Heisenberg refers to a "bomb having gone off" in Bohr's head.)
650:(Michael Blakemore). But even for its success, Frayn admitted in an article that "A number of commentators expressed misgivings about the whole enterprise." Several critics noted that it was heavy with scientific dialogue, a little too heavy for the common audience. Though a writer from
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Bohr was outraged after reading the extract in his copy of the book, feeling that it was false and that the 1941 meeting had proven to him that Heisenberg was quite happy to produce nuclear weapons for Germany. Bohr drafted a number of letters about this issue, but did not send them.
133:
717:
At the Teatro Municipal General San Martín (Buenos Aires), with Juan Carlos Gené, Alberto Segado and Alicia Verdaxagar. It was directed by Carlos Gandolfo. It ran for four consecutive years and is considered one of the biggest hits in the history of that
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details in a confidential conversation with Margrethe, who thought he would never make them public. Supek however felt it was "his duty to announce these facts so that future generations can know the truth about the Bohr – Heisenberg meeting".
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It opened 15 February in Avilés. After touring the country, it will open in Madrid 23 May at the Teatro de la Abadia. Produced by PTC and directed by Claudio Tolcachir, the cast includes Emilio Gutiérrez Caba, Carlos Hipólito and Malena
451:
reference to the atomic bomb, and they are trapped in this world, doomed to forever speculate on that evening in Copenhagen in 1941 to determine how the world might have been changed. These are all traits of the artistic style known as
680:
The Danish production at Betty Nansen Teatret was directed by Peter Langdal and featured Søren Pilmark as Heisenberg, Henning Moritzen as Niels Bohr, and Lilly Weiding as his wife. The minimalist scenography was created by Steffen
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notes that in these worlds, "everything is possible and probable. Time and space do not exist. Working with... real events as a background, the imagination spins out its threads of thoughts and weaves them into new patterns."
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Three spirits come together to try to apprehend and explain one simple question: "Why did Heisenberg go to Copenhagen?" The rest of the play details information around this subject through argument and interjections.
1103:
Over the course of the play, a number of renowned physicists are mentioned. Many of them are referenced in the context of their work with either Bohr or Heisenberg. This is the order they appear in the script:
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in October 2016 with Rupert Stonehill as Heisenberg, George Varley as Bohr and Miranda Collins as Margrethe. It was produced by Emma Irving, directed by Archie Thomson, and assistant directed by Jack Cammack.
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A collection of historical essays provoked by the play was published in English in 2005, with the vast majority of historians disagreeing with Frayn's depiction of the events. In a March 2006 interview
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At the Teatro Argentina (Roma). Translated by Filippo Ottoni and Maria Teresa Petruzzi, directed by Mauro Avogadro, with Umberto Orsini, Giuliana Lojodice and Massimo Popolizio. National touring in 2018.
518:– These fall into the Toy vs. Weapon theme and once again presents anecdotes of Bohr and Heisenberg's lives. Their fascination in playing with the new toy blinds them to the danger that it poses.
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dealt to Germany at a rather young age. He married Elisabeth Schumacher, also the child of a professor, and they had seven children. He received his doctorate in 1923 from the physicist
672:
At the Théâtre Montparnasse (Paris). Adapted by Jean-Marie Besset, directed by Michaël Blakemore and with Pierre Vaneck, Niels Arestrup and Maïa Simon, the play won four Molière Prizes.
897:
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Because the concepts in physics and politics are at times very complicated or very abstract, Frayn uses several controlling images to better relate certain ideas to his audience.
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and ran for more than 300 performances, starring David Burke as Niels Bohr, Sara Kestelman as Margrethe Bohr, and Matthew Marsh as Werner Heisenberg. It was directed by
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359:, Germany. The son of a university professor, Heisenberg grew up in an environment with an intense emphasis on academics, but was exposed to the destruction that
755:. Translated to Turkish and directed by Noyan Ayturan, the cast includes Umut Beşkırma as Heisenberg, Yaman Ceri as Niels Bohr, and Burcu Ger as Margrethe Bohr.
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with Artoun Festekjian as Niels Bohr, Maya Grodman as Margrethe Bohr, and Alex Kaufman as Werner Heisenberg. It was directed by Michael Roubey, February 2013.
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self in a monologue; and over the course of the show, there is a definite ambiguity as to whether they are speaking to one another or to the audience.
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By Fila Siete y Armonía Production in Madrid in April 2003 withFernando Delgado, Juan Gea and Sonsoles Benedicto. It was directed by Román Calleja.
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2014:
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in Berkeley, CA, with Aaron Wilton as Heisenberg, Nancy Carlin as Margrethe Bohr, and Robert Ernst as Niels Bohr, directed by Bruce Coughran.
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511:, suggesting that nations will act differently when they think that an opponent can produce nuclear arms, whether or not the opponent can.
238:, who had been Bohr's student. It premiered in London in 1998, at the National Theatre, running for more than 300 performances, starring
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in Staffordshire with John O'Mahony as Niels Bohr, Jamie Hinde as Heisenberg and Deborah Maclaren as Margrethe Bohr. It was directed by
329:, the uncertainty of the past and the inevitability of the future as embodiments of themselves acting as particles drifting through the
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in New York City with Lou Vuolo as Bohr, Mary Ann Hay as Margrethe, and Keith Herron as Heisenberg. It was directed by Anne Pasquale.
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Lustig, Harry. "Biographies of Persons in Copenhagen." City University of New York Graduate Center: American Social History Project.
1859:
Michael Frayn's "Copenhagen" in Debate: Historical Essays and Documents on the 1941 Meeting Between Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg
911:., directed by Kittson O'Neill, with Charles McMahon as Heisenberg, Sally Mercer as Margrethe Bohr, and Paul L. Nolan as Niels Bohr.
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The meeting took place in September 1941 when Bohr and Heisenberg were 55 and 39, respectively. Heisenberg had worked with Bohr in
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Michael Frayn's Copenhagen in Debate: Historical Essays and Documents on the 1941 Meeting between Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg
935:, Cleveland, Ohio, presented the play, with Dana Hart, Mary Alice Beck and Brian Bowers, in a September/October 2019 production.
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539:– Whenever the characters conclude that an interpretation of their 1941 meeting is incorrect, they call for "another draft".
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1042:(some of whom were friends of mine), who at that time accomplished truly serious resistance at the cost of their lives."
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as Niels Bohr, Sally Edwards as Margrethe Bohr, and Owen Oakeshott as Werner Heisenberg. It was directed by Tony Cownie.
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There is no evidence Heisenberg wanted Germany to lose the war, let alone secretly undermined the German war effort.
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605:, where it ran from 8 February 1999, for more than 750 performances. It had a "second" cast when it opened in the
346:; the following includes those bits of information which are directly relevant and referenced in the work itself.
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2019:
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A 75-minute single-act adaptation premiered on December 8, 2022 at the "K! Kültüral Performing Arts" theatre in
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commented on the Broadway premiere, saying that "the play's relentless cerebral forays can... be frustrating."
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given Germany the means to produce and use nuclear arms. He continued his research until his death in 1976 in
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Heisenberg wanted to help Bohr. A new document about the meeting of the two physicists in Copenhagen in 1941.
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offered Heisenberg the opportunity to become Germany's youngest full professor. He is best known for his "
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on the atomic bomb until the end of the war. He died in 1962 and was survived by his wife, Margrethe.
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arose about the complexity of the play and the difficulty for viewers to comprehend. A writer for
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There is no evidence Heisenberg proposed some agreement between physicists to not build the bomb.
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Much of the initial controversy stemmed from a 1956 letter Heisenberg sent to the journalist
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Heisenberg did not know how to build a bomb, and so could not have withheld the information.
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1861:. Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley.
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1490:"Copenhagen di Michael Frayn, il teatro nello spirito della scienza e della storia"
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Documents relating to the 1941 meeting released in 2002 by the Niels Bohr Archive
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is a bad play" and that "Frayn mixed up some things". Supek also claimed that
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the fact that no one attending the play has ever died. So the world in which
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that he thought he had, but he really did not. That principle is applied to
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1566:"Ohjelmisto | Kööpenhamina | Teatteri Esitykset | Ryhmäteatteri | Helsinki"
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Jungk's book was influential on Frayn's play via the work of journalist
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with Niels Bohr in 1924, when he was 22, and replaced Bohr's assistant,
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Bhuthadiya as Niels Bohr and Meghana Khare (मेघना खरे) as Margrethe.
24:
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Symposium at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York
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based on a translation by Petri Friari, opened on October 18, 2001.
1290:(postwar attempt to gauge the progress of the German bomb project)
618:
Continuing under the direction of Michael Blakemore, it opened on
499:– An anecdote in which Bohr managed to bluff himself in a game of
2025:
American Repertory Theatre's production, directed by Scott Zigler
430:
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have been consistently dishonest about the Copenhagen meeting.
1695:. Werner-heisenberg.unh.edu. 17 November 1956. Archived from
656:
hailed it as "brilliant theatre ", a Charles Spencer, of the
500:
395:
meaning "indeterminacy".) In 1927, he and Bohr presented the
1079:, one of Heisenberg's students and friends, commented that "
766:, Helsinki, between October 7 -- December 9, 2023. Starring
817:
The play has had many productions and revivals, including:
330:
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on 11 April 2000 and ran for 326 performances. Directed by
2098:
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297:
1934:. Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL
1924:. New York City. Anchor Books: Random House, Inc. 2000.
1807:
Heisenberg's War: The Secret History of the German Bomb
1628:"Copenhagen by Michael Frayn | Lantern Theater Company"
1914:
Uncertainty: the Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg
1616:
http://www.cherwell.org/2016/10/30/review-copenhagen/
285:, and Best Direction of a Play (Michael Blakemore).
2024:
1748:. Niels Bohr Archive. February 2002. Archived from
1725:"Historical thoughts on Michael Frayn's Copenhagen"
626:on 11 April and ran for 326 performances. Starring
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1883:"Moj život s nobelovcima 20. stoljeća – mJutarnji"
1032:after reading the German edition of Jungk's book,
886:as Margrethe. It was directed by Prakash Belawadi.
782:based on the same translation as the 2001 edition.
447:is based is somewhere between heaven and an atom.
3398:The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
2520:The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
1671:"In 'Copenhagen,' Physics and Philosophy Collide"
3482:
2627:
1917:. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY. 1992.
1856:
1722:
868:as Margrethe. It was directed by David Grindley.
281:for Best Play, Best Featured Actress in a Play,
1693:"Letter from Werner Heisenberg to Robert Jungk"
1614:Review: Copenhagen, Retrieved 3 November 2016,
2049:(in German) In: Berliner Zeitung, 5 April 2002
1718:
1716:
1714:
476:
2809:
2613:
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2015:Review from the American Institute of Physics
1342:Company, Lantern Theater (23 February 2018).
882:as Werner Heisenberg and Sharanya Ramprakash/
3536:New York Drama Critics' Circle Award winners
3123:The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby
2823:
1885:. Jutarnji.hr. 18 March 2006. Archived from
516:Cap-Pistols, Land Mines and Nuclear Reactors
196:Physics, Politics, WWII, Memory, Perspective
1982:, in The Complete Review. Accessed 2-25-09.
1966:, in The Complete Review. Accessed 2-25-09.
1950:, in The Complete Review. Accessed 2-25-09.
1711:
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429:or "Queen" Margrethe, was born in 1890 in
131:
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949:Adapted and directed by Emma Harding for
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3211:Angels in America: Millennium Approaches
2327:Angels in America: Millennium Approaches
1769:
1767:
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1173:– credited with the discovery of fission
1098:
1776:"The Bohr Letters: No More Uncertainty"
1729:Restricted Data: A Nuclear History Blog
1669:Cicora, Elaine T. (24 September 2019).
1341:
3483:
1668:
473:is an embodiment of these principles.
3531:Fiction about nuclear war and weapons
3000:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
2797:
2601:
2100:Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Play
2072:
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572:
391:Relation, which was later changed to
223:, based on an event that occurred in
1649:"Indra's Net Theater | Berkeley, CA"
1476:"Roman Calleja - Director de Escena"
1389:Biographies of Persons in Copenhagen
1337:
1335:
1025:for several years starting in 1924.
1016:
1006:for Best Foreign Play (winner, 2000)
638:as Margrethe, it went on to win the
530:Christian Reaching for the Life-Buoy
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3496:Biographical plays about scientists
3382:Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike
2504:Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike
1000:for Outstanding Play (winner, 2000)
13:
367:, and went to Copenhagen to study
14:
3587:
3516:Cultural depictions of physicists
3422:Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
1986:
1780:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1332:
809:Copenhagen, in Bohr's old house.
16:Play about 1941 atom bomb meeting
3501:British plays adapted into films
1932:A Student Guide to Play Analysis
994:for Best New Play (winner, 1999)
898:The Michael Pilch Studio Theatre
597:"Copenhagen" transferred to the
23:
2960:Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
2888:The Teahouse of the August Moon
2695:Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
1905:
1875:
1850:
1824:
1798:
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1641:
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644:Best Featured Actress in a Play
383:", (translated from the German
227:in 1941, a meeting between the
34:needs additional citations for
3526:Drama Desk Award-winning plays
3219:Angels in America: Perestroika
2569:Prayer for the French Republic
2335:Angels in America: Perestroika
2239:"Master Harold"...and the Boys
1496:
1482:
1468:
1464:es:Copenhague (obra de teatro)
1457:
1431:
1405:
1394:
1387:Much of the above is based on
1381:
1004:New York Drama Critics' Circle
137:1998 Premiere season programme
1:
2912:Long Day's Journey into Night
2726:Ganesh Versus the Third Reich
1320:
1301:(Allied wartime bomb project)
1035:Brighter than a Thousand Suns
425:, known later in her life as
336:
277:(Margrethe Bohr). It won the
257:It opened on Broadway at the
3556:Plays based on actual events
2629:Helpmann Award for Best Play
1530:"Copenhague - Teatro Abadía"
1012:for Best Play (winner, 2000)
988:for Best Play (winner, 1998)
642:, along with two others for
304:(PBS) in the United States.
7:
3294:The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia?
2410:The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia?
2367:The Beauty Queen of Leenane
1443:Helsingin Kaupunginteatteri
1419:(in Danish). 30 August 2000
1315:(Nazi wartime bomb project)
1308:- 2015 PBS film documentary
1263:
854:Lyceum theatre in Sheffield
542:
477:Recurring images and motifs
302:Public Broadcasting Service
10:
3592:
3243:The Last Night of Ballyhoo
2010:Internet Broadway Database
1999:Internet Broadway Database
1391:, compiled by Harry Lustig
1283:History of nuclear weapons
909:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
792:The play was adapted as a
588:National Theatre in London
307:
3277:
3227:Love! Valour! Compassion!
3066:
2831:
2635:
2393:
2343:Love! Valour! Compassion!
2176:
2106:
2066:
1857:Matthias Dörries (2005).
1832:"Document 9. Translation"
1723:Alex Wellerstein (2016).
1591:"Security Check Required"
864:as Werner Heisenberg and
664:International Productions
397:Copenhagen interpretation
273:(Werner Heisenberg), and
200:
192:
184:
176:
168:
152:
142:
130:
125:
3571:Tony Award-winning plays
3551:Plays about World War II
3107:Children of a Lesser God
3040:That Championship Season
2825:Tony Award for Best Play
2223:Children of a Lesser God
2005:Copenhagen
1994:Copenhagen
1834:. Nbi.dk. Archived from
1325:
1091:In a 2016 assessment by
648:Best Direction of a Play
640:Tony Award for Best Play
437:
3566:Plays set in Copenhagen
2904:The Diary of Anne Frank
1774:Sweet, William (2002).
1401:fr:Théâtre Montparnasse
920:Balch Arena Theater at
3561:Plays by Michael Frayn
2359:How I Learned to Drive
2134:The Merchant of Venice
965:as Margrethe Bohr and
288:In 2002, the play was
58:"Copenhagen" play
3511:Copenhagen in fiction
2976:The Subject Was Roses
2952:A Man for All Seasons
2920:Sunrise at Campobello
2781:Counting and Cracking
1413:"Den gådefulde kerne"
1099:Physicists referenced
691:Helsinki City Theatre
381:Uncertainty Principle
377:University of Leipzig
355:was born in 1901, in
300:and presented on the
254:(Werner Heisenberg).
3342:August: Osage County
3179:The Heidi Chronicles
3008:The Great White Hope
2464:August: Osage County
2295:The Heidi Chronicles
2160:Same Time, Next Year
2155:No Award (1957–1974)
2116:The Way of the World
1746:"Niels Bohr Archive"
1570:www.ryhmateatteri.fi
955:Benedict Cumberbatch
862:Geoffrey Streatfeild
822:Royal Lyceum Theatre
333:that is Copenhagen.
43:improve this article
3546:Plays about science
3521:Fiction set in 1941
3334:The Coast of Utopia
3203:Dancing at Lughnasa
3187:The Grapes of Wrath
2896:The Desperate Hours
2848:Death of a Salesman
2749:The Glass Menagerie
2456:The Coast of Utopia
1947:The Daily Telegraph
1838:on 10 December 2006
1492:. 16 November 2017.
1120:Carl von Weizsäcker
1068:Carl von Weizsäcker
967:Simon Russell Beale
931:theatre company at
915:Indra’s Net Theater
884:Rukmini Vijayakumar
804:as Niels Bohr, and
646:(Blair Brown), and
560:scientific language
3446:The Lehman Trilogy
3131:Torch Song Trilogy
2936:The Miracle Worker
2856:The Cocktail Party
2247:Torch Song Trilogy
1937:Spencer, Charles.
1911:Cassidy, David C.
1752:on 4 February 2013
1699:on 19 October 2016
1510:on 2 February 2019
1504:"PTC - Copenhague"
1373:has generic name (
1192:Robert Oppenheimer
977:Awards and honours
927:Cesear's Forum, a
874:in Bangalore with
847:The Living Theatre
634:as Heisenberg and
573:Production history
497:Invisible Straight
458:In his preface to
296:, produced by the
3576:Werner Heisenberg
3478:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3155:I'm Not Rappaport
2791:
2790:
2765:The Drover's Wife
2757:The Bleeding Tree
2741:Angels in America
2641:Life After George
2595:
2594:
2271:A Lie of the Mind
2199:Otherwise Engaged
2149:The Iceman Cometh
2122:Thieves' Carnival
1969:Zoglin, Richard,
1817:978-0-394-51411-6
1792:10.2968/058003007
1673:. Cleveland Scene
1299:Manhattan Project
1294:Operation Epsilon
1197:Erwin Schrödinger
1158:Arnold Sommerfeld
1124:Rozental Petersen
1017:Historical debate
959:Werner Heisenberg
894:Oxford University
713:2002 - Argentina
603:London's West End
592:Michael Blakemore
466:August Strindberg
369:quantum mechanics
365:Arnold Sommerfeld
352:Werner Heisenberg
290:adapted as a film
263:Michael Blakemore
236:Werner Heisenberg
208:
207:
185:Original language
163:Werner Heisenberg
119:
118:
111:
93:
3583:
3326:The History Boys
3318:Doubt: A Parable
3310:I Am My Own Wife
3099:The Elephant Man
3032:Sticks and Bones
2818:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2733:The Secret River
2703:War of the Roses
2622:
2615:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2448:The History Boys
2440:Doubt: A Parable
2432:I Am My Own Wife
2303:The Piano Lesson
2215:The Elephant Man
2143:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2054:
2053:
1920:Frayn, Michael.
1899:
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1595:www.facebook.com
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1555:
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1517:
1515:
1506:. Archived from
1500:
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1372:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1344:"Margrethe Bohr"
1339:
1252:George Uhlenbeck
1227:Fritz Houtermans
1222:Victor Weisskopf
1177:Fritz Strassmann
1128:Christian Møller
1093:Alex Wellerstein
998:Drama Desk Award
984:Evening Standard
933:Playhouse Square
922:Tufts University
876:Prakash Belawadi
794:television movie
776:Robin Svartström
613:Broadway Opening
509:nuclear weaponry
503:by betting on a
204:Historical Drama
135:
123:
122:
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107:
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51:
27:
19:
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3585:
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3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3438:The Inheritance
3273:
3195:Lost in Yonkers
3062:
3048:The River Niger
2864:The Rose Tattoo
2827:
2822:
2792:
2787:
2631:
2626:
2596:
2591:
2564:No Award (2021)
2558:The Inheritance
2389:
2311:Lost in Yonkers
2193:A Texas Trilogy
2172:
2140:The White Devil
2113:
2102:
2097:
2062:
1989:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1889:on 28 June 2009
1881:
1880:
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1869:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1810:. Knopf. 1993.
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1288:Operation Alsos
1271:Deutsche Physik
1266:
1261:
1257:Rudolph Peierls
1202:Hendrik Casimir
1138:Albert Einstein
1133:Samuel Goudsmit
1101:
1066:Heisenberg and
1019:
979:
946:– January 2013
937:Cleveland Scene
905:Lantern Theatre
878:as Niels Bohr,
860:as Niels Bohr,
837:New Vic Theatre
813:Recent revivals
806:Francesca Annis
800:as Heisenberg,
768:Santtu Karvonen
759:2023 - Finland
685:2001 - Finland
676:2000 - Denmark
658:Daily Telegraph
632:Michael Cumpsty
599:Duchess Theatre
578:London Premiere
575:
545:
537:"Another Draft"
479:
440:
375:. In 1926, The
339:
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271:Michael Cumpsty
180:London, England
177:Place premiered
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3508:
3506:Broadway plays
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3374:Clybourne Park
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3350:God of Carnage
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3139:The Real Thing
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3083:The Shadow Box
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2996:
2992:The Homecoming
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2872:The Fourposter
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2840:Mister Roberts
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2255:The Real Thing
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738:2019 - Spain
733:
732:
731:
730:2017 - Italy
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707:Neil Hardwick
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615:– April 2000
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385:Ungenauigkeit
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373:H. A. Kramers
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3462:Stereophonic
3460:
3454:Leopoldstadt
3452:
3444:
3436:
3430:The Ferryman
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
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3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3278:2001–present
3266:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3235:Master Class
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3171:M. Butterfly
3169:
3161:
3153:
3147:Biloxi Blues
3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
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3105:
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2902:
2894:
2886:
2880:The Crucible
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2779:
2773:The Children
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
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2639:
2585:Stereophonic
2583:
2577:Leopoldstadt
2575:
2567:
2556:
2550:The Ferryman
2548:
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2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
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2400:
2394:2001–present
2382:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2351:Master Class
2349:
2341:
2333:
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2309:
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2293:
2287:M. Butterfly
2285:
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2037:
2030:
2004:
1993:
1977:
1972:
1961:
1956:
1945:
1940:
1931:
1921:
1912:
1906:Bibliography
1891:. Retrieved
1887:the original
1877:
1858:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:the original
1826:
1806:
1800:
1786:(3): 20–27.
1783:
1779:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:the original
1728:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:the original
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1622:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1594:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1546:(in Turkish)
1538:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1498:
1484:
1470:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1445:(in Finnish)
1442:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1416:
1407:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:
1305:
1275:
1247:H.A. Kramers
1207:George Gamow
1187:John Wheeler
1182:Enrico Fermi
1162:Max von Laue
1153:Lise Meitner
1102:
1090:
1080:
1073:
1048:
1044:
1033:
1030:Robert Jungk
1027:
1020:
983:
948:
943:
942:
880:Nakul Bhalla
816:
812:
811:
798:Daniel Craig
791:
786:
785:
758:
746:
737:
729:
721:
712:
703:Leena Uotila
693:, featuring
684:
675:
667:
663:
662:
657:
651:
628:Philip Bosco
617:
612:
611:
596:
583:
582:
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534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
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490:Table-Tennis
489:
485:
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461:A Dream Play
459:
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350:
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287:
267:Philip Bosco
256:
211:
210:
209:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3390:All the Way
3302:Take Me Out
3016:Borstal Boy
2711:Richard III
2665:Inheritance
2649:Cloudstreet
2512:All the Way
2424:Take Me Out
2058:Awards for
1893:10 February
1842:10 February
1703:10 February
1654:15 December
1633:16 February
1600:1 September
1417:Information
1371:|last=
1237:Leó Szilárd
1212:Oskar Klein
1148:Otto Frisch
951:BBC Radio 3
841:James Dacre
830:Tom Mannion
802:Stephen Rea
699:Mika Nuojua
695:Hannu Lauri
636:Blair Brown
361:World War I
327:atomic bomb
283:Blair Brown
275:Blair Brown
240:David Burke
3541:Niels Bohr
3491:1998 plays
3485:Categories
3406:The Humans
3267:Copenhagen
3075:Travesties
2984:Marat/Sade
2657:Copenhagen
2543:Admissions
2528:The Humans
2383:Copenhagen
2060:Copenhagen
2038:Copenhagen
1973:Copenhagen
1971:review of
1957:Copenhagen
1955:review of
1941:Copenhagen
1939:review of
1922:Copenhagen
1756:10 January
1677:26 January
1550:8 December
1544:"Kopenhag"
1514:2 February
1449:13 January
1321:References
1313:Uranverein
1242:Paul Dirac
1166:Karl Wirtz
1085:Weizsäcker
1081:Copenhagen
1077:Ivan Supek
1023:Copenhagen
1010:Tony Award
971:Niels Bohr
929:minimalist
743:Gutiérrez.
584:Copenhagen
471:Copenhagen
445:Copenhagen
415:Los Alamos
409:Niels Bohr
344:Copenhagen
337:Characters
318:Heisenberg
279:Tony Award
232:Niels Bohr
229:physicists
225:Copenhagen
212:Copenhagen
157:Niels Bohr
153:Characters
143:Written by
126:Copenhagen
99:March 2023
69:newspapers
3441:(2020/21)
3366:War Horse
3067:1976–2000
2832:1948–1975
2488:War Horse
2185:Streamers
2177:1976–2000
2107:1955–1975
1171:Otto Hahn
953:starring
826:Edinburgh
630:as Bohr,
389:Unschärfe
3259:Side Man
1575:4 August
1423:16 April
1363:cite web
1306:The Bomb
1264:See also
1110:Max Born
787:TV Movie
753:Istanbul
718:theatre.
681:Aarfing.
620:Broadway
607:West End
543:Language
505:straight
427:Dronning
357:Würzburg
3115:Amadeus
2231:Amadeus
2008:at the
1997:at the
1040:20 July
828:, with
789:– 2002
689:At the
622:at the
580:– 1998
431:Denmark
308:Summary
250:), and
193:Subject
188:English
83:scholar
3465:(2024)
3457:(2023)
3449:(2022)
3433:(2019)
3425:(2018)
3417:(2017)
3409:(2016)
3401:(2015)
3393:(2014)
3385:(2013)
3377:(2012)
3369:(2011)
3361:(2010)
3353:(2009)
3345:(2008)
3337:(2007)
3329:(2006)
3321:(2005)
3313:(2004)
3305:(2003)
3297:(2002)
3289:(2001)
3270:(2000)
3262:(1999)
3254:(1998)
3246:(1997)
3238:(1996)
3230:(1995)
3222:(1994)
3214:(1993)
3206:(1992)
3198:(1991)
3190:(1990)
3182:(1989)
3174:(1988)
3166:(1987)
3163:Fences
3158:(1986)
3150:(1985)
3142:(1984)
3134:(1983)
3126:(1982)
3118:(1981)
3110:(1980)
3102:(1979)
3094:(1978)
3086:(1977)
3078:(1976)
3059:(1975)
3051:(1974)
3043:(1973)
3035:(1972)
3027:(1971)
3024:Sleuth
3019:(1970)
3011:(1969)
3003:(1968)
2995:(1967)
2987:(1966)
2979:(1965)
2971:(1964)
2968:Luther
2963:(1963)
2955:(1962)
2947:(1961)
2944:Becket
2939:(1960)
2931:(1959)
2923:(1958)
2915:(1957)
2907:(1956)
2899:(1955)
2891:(1954)
2883:(1953)
2875:(1952)
2867:(1951)
2859:(1950)
2851:(1949)
2843:(1948)
2784:(2019)
2776:(2018)
2768:(2017)
2760:(2016)
2752:(2015)
2744:(2014)
2736:(2013)
2728:(2012)
2722:(2011)
2714:(2010)
2706:(2009)
2698:(2008)
2690:(2007)
2684:(2006)
2676:(2005)
2668:(2004)
2660:(2003)
2652:(2002)
2644:(2001)
2588:(2024)
2580:(2023)
2572:(2022)
2561:(2020)
2553:(2019)
2545:(2018)
2539:(2017)
2531:(2016)
2523:(2015)
2515:(2014)
2507:(2013)
2499:(2012)
2496:Tribes
2491:(2011)
2483:(2010)
2475:(2009)
2472:Ruined
2467:(2008)
2459:(2007)
2451:(2006)
2443:(2005)
2435:(2004)
2427:(2003)
2419:(2002)
2405:(2001)
2386:(2000)
2378:(1999)
2370:(1998)
2362:(1997)
2354:(1996)
2346:(1995)
2338:(1994)
2330:(1993)
2322:(1992)
2314:(1991)
2306:(1990)
2298:(1989)
2290:(1988)
2282:(1987)
2279:Fences
2274:(1986)
2266:(1985)
2258:(1984)
2250:(1983)
2242:(1982)
2234:(1981)
2226:(1980)
2218:(1979)
2210:(1978)
2202:(1977)
2188:(1976)
2169:(1975)
2152:(1956)
2144:(1955)
1865:
1814:
1348:Medium
1164:, and
486:Skiing
402:Munich
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3286:Proof
3251:'Art'
3056:Equus
2402:Proof
2263:As Is
2166:Equus
1353:9 May
1326:Notes
986:Award
944:Radio
856:with
501:poker
438:Style
215:is a
201:Genre
90:JSTOR
76:books
3414:Oslo
2928:J.B.
2536:Oslo
1979:Time
1895:2012
1863:ISBN
1844:2012
1812:ISBN
1758:2015
1705:2012
1679:2024
1656:2019
1635:2018
1602:2017
1577:2023
1552:2022
1516:2019
1451:2022
1425:2024
1375:help
1355:2021
903:The
852:The
835:the
701:and
558:and
523:Bomb
488:and
331:atom
234:and
217:play
172:1998
62:news
3358:Red
2480:Red
2375:Wit
1976:in
1960:in
1944:in
1788:doi
969:as
957:as
907:in
896:'s
824:in
601:in
387:or
298:BBC
292:by
219:by
45:by
3487::
3091:Da
2413:/
2207:Da
2196:/
2163:/
2137:/
2131:/
2125:/
2119:/
1784:58
1782:.
1778:.
1766:^
1737:^
1727:.
1713:^
1593:.
1568:.
1441:.
1415:.
1367::
1365:}}
1361:{{
1346:.
1334:^
1160:,
973:.
961:,
774:,
770:,
697:,
594:.
535:•
528:•
521:•
514:•
495:•
484:•
464:,
455:.
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2810:t
2803:v
2621:e
2614:t
2607:v
2092:e
2085:t
2078:v
1897:.
1871:.
1846:.
1820:.
1794:.
1790::
1760:.
1731:.
1707:.
1681:.
1658:.
1637:.
1604:.
1579:.
1554:.
1532:.
1518:.
1478:.
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