139:
110:
filled with zeros. When the memory is allocated, all the pages returned refer to the page of zeros and are all marked copy-on-write. This way, physical memory is not allocated for the process until data is written, allowing processes to reserve more virtual memory than physical memory and use memory
98:
intercepts the write attempt and allocates a new physical page, initialized with the copy-on-write data, although the allocation can be skipped if there is only one reference. The kernel then updates the page table with the new (writable) page, decrements the number of references, and performs the
268:
programming language, all types except references are implemented as copy-on-write. For example, strings and arrays are passed by reference, but when modified, they are duplicated if they have non-zero reference counts. This allows them to act as value types without the performance problems of
83:. Typically, the new process does not modify any memory and immediately executes a new process, replacing the address space entirely. It would waste processor time and memory to copy all of the old process's memory during the fork only to immediately discard the copy.
508:
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operations to increment or decrement the internal reference counter. Since the copies are cheap, Qt types can often be safely used by
197:
was specifically designed to allow copy-on-write implementations in the initial C++98 standard, but not in the newer C++11 standard:
94:
as read-only and keeping a count of the number of references to the page. When data is written to these pages, the operating-system
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328:. Typically, the snapshots store only the modified data, and are stored close to the original, so they are only a weak form of
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write. The new allocation ensures that a change in the memory of one process is not visible in another's.
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sparsely, at the risk of running out of virtual address space. The combined algorithm is similar to
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framework, many types are copy-on-write ("implicitly shared" in Qt's terms). Qt uses atomic
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2014:
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292:. The benefits of COW are thus valid in both single- and multithreaded systems.
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2009:
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59:(most commonly memory pages, storage sectors, files, and data structures).
717:"Copy-on-Write Based File Systems Performance Analysis and Implementation"
1707:
806:
333:
55:
to efficiently implement a "duplicate" or "copy" operation on modifiable
138:
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259:// Now y uses a different buffer; x still uses the same old buffer.
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The copy-on-write technique can be extended to support efficient
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Silberschatz, Abraham; Galvin, Peter B.; Gagne, Greg (2018).
309:
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1028:
313:
265:
353:– a computer security vulnerability for the Linux kernel
654:
Pauli, Julien; Ferrara, Anthony; Popov, Nikita (2013).
86:
Copy-on-write can be implemented efficiently using the
1361:
491:
Bovet, Daniel Pierre; Cesati, Marco (1 January 2002).
27:
Programming technique for efficiently duplicating data
300:
COW may also be used as the underlying mechanism for
653:
2093:
269:copying on assignment or making them immutable.
62:
791:
563:. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016
625:"Concurrency Modifications to Basic String"
490:
798:
784:
714:
534:(10th ed.). Wiley. pp. 120–123.
441:
118:Copy-on-write pages are also used in the
686:"Threads and Implicitly Shared Classes"
486:
484:
14:
2094:
595:
511:from the original on 15 September 2024
295:
779:
760:from the original on 10 November 2023
666:from the original on 10 November 2023
635:from the original on 10 November 2023
589:
557:"The Kernel Samepage Merging Process"
420:
696:from the original on 3 December 2023
481:
402:from the original on 8 February 2024
133:
67:Copy-on-write finds its main use in
24:
603:. Addison-Wesley. pp. 64–65.
25:
2128:
747:
554:
805:
423:"B-Trees, Shadowing, and Clones"
137:
741:
729:from the original on 5 May 2024
708:
497:. O'Reilly Media. p. 295.
421:Rodeh, Ohad (1 February 2008).
324:, and database servers such as
244:// x and y use the same buffer.
79:, in the implementation of the
678:
647:
617:
548:
523:
494:Understanding the Linux Kernel
414:
384:
129:
75:of computers running multiple
13:
1:
377:
332:and cannot substitute for a
304:, such as those provided by
90:by marking certain pages of
63:In virtual memory management
39:), sometimes referred to as
7:
1971:Filesystem-level encryption
750:"Snapshots Are NOT Backups"
430:ACM Transactions on Storage
339:
184:
10:
2133:
818:Comparison of file systems
715:Kasampalis, Sakis (2010).
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581:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
532:Operating System Concepts
367:Persistent data structure
306:logical volume management
1921:Extended file attributes
1622:Compact Disc File System
199:
2020:Installable File System
452:10.1145/1326542.1326544
308:, file systems such as
106:by keeping one page of
1068:TiVo Media File System
932:Encrypting File System
193:class provided by the
2107:Software optimization
2102:Computer data storage
1063:Macintosh File System
2076:GUID Partition Table
1423:Distributed parallel
1171:Shared File System (
660:PhpInternalsBook.com
326:Microsoft SQL Server
284:without the need of
253:", World!"
195:C++ standard library
169:COW is also used in
53:computer programming
2081:Apple Partition Map
2027:Virtual file system
1966:Access-control list
1080:NetWare File System
656:"Memory management"
296:In computer storage
49:resource-management
2071:Master Boot Record
1896:Data deduplication
1535:Google File System
1451:Google File System
937:Extent File System
899:Byte File System (
392:"Implicit Sharing"
330:incremental backup
286:locking mechanisms
149:. You can help by
81:fork() system call
51:technique used in
2089:
2088:
1996:
1995:
1886:Case preservation
1792:
1791:
1491:
1490:
1417:
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1179:Smart File System
469:on 2 January 2017
362:Memory management
357:Flyweight pattern
346:Allocate-on-flush
217:"Hello"
167:
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124:same-page merging
104:memory allocation
69:operating systems
16:(Redirected from
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1906:Execute in place
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462:. Archived from
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278:compare-and-swap
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73:physical memory
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1159:Reliance Nitro
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1019:Classic Mac OS
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890:Be File System
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722:. p. 19.
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629:Open Standards
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541:978-1119456339
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71:, sharing the
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2045:Cryptographic
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1890:
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1306:Flash memory
1273:Optical disc
1211:soft updates
1191:Soup (Apple)
841:non-rotating
807:File systems
762:. Retrieved
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748:Chien, Tim.
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155:
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1976:Permissions
1591:Specialized
823:distributed
764:10 November
733:10 November
700:10 November
670:10 November
639:10 November
567:10 November
561:alouche.net
515:10 November
473:10 November
406:10 November
334:full backup
175:application
130:In software
2096:Categories
2002:Interfaces
1986:Sticky bit
1866:Versioning
1831:Journaling
1774:Rubberhose
1570:SMB (CIFS)
1362:host-side
756:. Oracle.
754:Oracle.com
690:Qt Project
396:Qt Project
378:References
88:page table
1861:Synthetic
1804:Clustered
1751:Encrypted
1682:OverlayFS
1291:ISO 13490
867:Amiga OFS
862:Amiga FFS
460:207166167
438:CiteSeerX
351:Dirty COW
302:snapshots
126:feature.
77:processes
57:resources
45:shadowing
1946:Symbolic
1875:Features
1851:Semantic
1759:eCryptfs
1703:configfs
1672:SquashFS
1560:POHMELFS
1461:OrangeFS
1286:ISO 9660
1206:UFS/UFS2
1154:Reliance
1142:ReiserFS
988:Files-11
882:bcachefs
839:Disk and
758:Archived
724:Archived
694:Archived
664:Archived
633:Archived
599:(2012).
577:cite web
509:Archived
436:(4): 1.
400:Archived
340:See also
322:Bcachefs
288:such as
185:Examples
2064:Layouts
2050:Default
1713:debugfs
1687:UnionFS
1581:more...
1514:OpenAFS
1482:more...
1147:Reiser4
1117:OpenZFS
1008:HAMMER2
964:ext3cow
944:Episode
290:mutexes
272:In the
264:In the
171:library
47:, is a
1937:Links
1911:Extent
1841:Object
1809:Global
1727:specfs
1723:procfs
1718:kernfs
1696:Pseudo
1677:UMSDOS
1632:Davfs2
1627:cramfs
1565:Hadoop
1545:Lustre
1431:BeeGFS
1397:NILFS2
1132:QNX4FS
1095:NILFS2
1003:HAMMER
993:Fossil
607:
538:
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229:string
208:string
191:string
181:code.
179:system
177:, and
96:kernel
92:memory
2037:Lists
1981:Modes
1826:Flash
1797:Types
1779:SSHFS
1764:EncFS
1741:WinFS
1736:tmpfs
1731:sysfs
1708:devfs
1642:FTPFS
1637:EROFS
1575:SSHFS
1456:OCFS2
1409:UBIFS
1404:YAFFS
1392:NILFS
1387:LogFS
1382:JFFS2
1338:EROFS
1328:exFAT
1233:Xiafs
1216:WAPBL
1201:UBIFS
1112:OneFS
1090:NILFS
1085:Next3
1075:MINIX
981:exFAT
909:Btrfs
877:AthFS
857:AdvFS
727:(PDF)
720:(PDF)
467:(PDF)
456:S2CID
426:(PDF)
310:Btrfs
1941:Hard
1933:Fork
1814:Grid
1667:MVFS
1662:NOVA
1657:LTFS
1652:Lnfs
1647:FUSE
1617:CDfs
1607:AXFS
1602:Aufs
1540:GPFS
1525:Coda
1476:Xsan
1466:PVFS
1446:GFS2
1441:CXFS
1436:Ceph
1377:JFFS
1372:CHFS
1353:NVFS
1343:F2FS
1333:TFAT
1318:APFS
1308:and
1252:z/OS
1243:Xsan
1228:WAFL
1223:VxFS
1196:Tux3
1186:SNFS
1168:SFS
1137:ReFS
1107:NTFS
1059:MFS
1045:HTFS
1040:HPFS
1035:HFS+
998:GPFS
969:ext4
959:ext3
954:ext2
928:EFS
919:CXFS
914:CVFS
901:z/VM
886:BFS
872:APFS
852:ADFS
766:2023
735:2023
702:2023
672:2023
641:2023
605:ISBN
583:link
569:2023
536:ISBN
517:2023
499:ISBN
475:2023
408:2023
320:and
318:ReFS
189:The
1784:ZFS
1769:EFS
1555:NFS
1550:NCP
1530:DFS
1520:AFP
1510:AFS
1497:NAS
1471:QFS
1348:JFS
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1281:HSF
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1258:ZFS
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1122:PFS
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1050:JFS
1029:MVS
1025:HFS
1015:HFS
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949:ext
924:DFS
448:doi
314:ZFS
266:PHP
223:std
202:std
153:.
122:'s
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