383:(D-Vermont), of the intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee, sent letters to the U.S. Copyright Office and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office requesting a study detailing copyright infringements by state governments. The United States Copyright Office gave intellectual property owners suffering infringement by state entities until August 3, 2020 to publicly comment as part of this inquiry. In September 2020 the U.S. Copyright Office began publishing comments where the copyright industry alleged hundreds of copyright violations by state entities across decades, while libraries and state entities denied the significance or intentionality of the alleged infringements. The subsequent report, issued on August 31, 2021 by the U.S. Copyright Office, referenced 132 copyright lawsuits filed against state entities and stated that "The Office..continues to believe that infringement by state entities is an issue worthy of congressional action."
27:
283:", N.C. General Statute §121-25(b), which stated, "All photographs, video recordings, or other documentary materials of a derelict vessel or shipwreck or its contents, relics, artifacts, or historic materials in the custody of any agency of North Carolina government or its subdivisions shall be a public record pursuant to Chapter 132 of the General Statutes." The state government of North Carolina accordingly uploaded videos of the wreck of the
257:, 834 F. Supp. 2d. Based on this evidence, it is clear that the Murray State University Board of Regents and the Commonwealth of Kentucky remain the real parties in interest to this action notwithstanding Plaintiff’s amendments in his Second Amended Complaint. We therefore lack subject matter jurisdiction over this case given that none of the exceptions to the state's sovereign immunity apply here. See
352:. Those briefs proposed various doctrines under which the CRCA could validly abrogate sovereign immunity and variously re-asserted and supported the reasons why Congress examined and enacted CRCA, claiming that Congress was fair in finding that states had abused immunity and that an alternative remedy was needed. The brief by
186:
immunity, from suit in
Federal Court by any person, including any governmental or nongovernmental entity, for a violation of any of the exclusive rights of a copyright owner provided by sections 106 through 122, for importing copies of phonorecords in violation of section 602, or for any other violation under this title.
227:
have qualified), and that the Patent Remedy
Clarification Act did not have a sufficient basis to meet Fourteenth Amendment requirements. Although most courts have refused to enforce the CRCA, one district court upheld the Act in 2017 and the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals should rule on an appeal from
37:
To amend chapters 5 and 9 of title 17, United States Code, to clarify that States, instrumentalities of States, and officers and employees of States acting in their official capacity, are subject to suit in
Federal court by any person for infringement of copyright and infringement of exclusive rights
398:
In a press release
Nautilus noted that, "North Carolina...and state entities can sue others for copyright infringement and damages. However, U.S. citizens and corporations are legally barred from suing states or state entities for those very same copyright infringements or for damages!” Eight years
239:
the majority of lower courts that have addressed the question have assumed state universities to be arms of the state for the purpose of asserting
Eleventh Amendment immunity. Putting aside until later the case of state officials sued in their official capacities, an entity that successfully proves
390:
granted the motion for reconsideration which North
Carolina promptly appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. The 4th Circuit denied the state's motion on October 14, 2022. Nautilus then filed their second amended complaint on February 8, 2023 alleging 5th and 14th
204:
The
Supreme Court decision followed district and appellate courts in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 9th, and 11th Circuits. The 11th Circuit did not strike down the CRCA but did not allow it to be used to avoid sovereign immunity on the facts that were before it. A case in the 9th Circuit settled
185:
In general. Any State, any instrumentality of a State, and any officer or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in his or her official capacity, shall not be immune, under the
Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of the United States or under any other doctrine of sovereign
252:
Here, the evidence is convincing and clear that WKMS is both financially and operationally dependent on the
University and its Board of Regents, which, as we have already established, is considered the Commonwealth of Kentucky for purposes of Eleventh Amendment immunity. See
316:, holding that Congress had no Constitutional authority to abrogate state sovereign immunity via the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act. In other words, the CRCA is unconstitutional. Congress failed to provide evidence to support the need to abrogate sovereign immunity.
3595:
4757:
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have not abused state sovereign immunity; copyright holders have sufficient means of enforcing their rights against state-run libraries and archives; elimination of the sovereign immunity for copyright claims would endanger
2735:
3192:
266:
6163:
535:
5454:
4717:
1539:
3272:
3240:
4693:
1792:
6155:
2702:
1639:
4890:
1979:
1634:
2556:
6147:
391:
Amendment violations of
Nautilus' constitutional rights, additional copyright violations, and claiming that North Carolina's "Blackbeard's Law," N.C. General Statute §121-25(b), represents a
974:
671:"Congress' Latest Attempt to Abrogate States' Sovereign Immunity Defense Against Copyright Infringement Actions: Will IPPRA Help the Music Industry Combat Online Piracy on College Campuses?"
5294:
5887:
5807:
2662:
5246:
3996:
652:
2613:
6131:
5462:
3667:
3216:
2609:
2560:
5814:
2666:
626:"Remedies for the Misappropriation ofIntellectual Property by State and MunicipalGovernments Before and After SeminoleTribe: The Eleventh Amendmentand Other Immunity Doctrines"
4627:
386:
As a result of the ruling Nautilus filed a motion for reconsideration in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina. On August 18, 2021 Judge
6009:
2067:
1850:
6139:
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5574:
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stated the opposite on all counts. 30 states also filed a brief in support of Cooper, denying that the states had ever given up their sovereign immunity by ratifying the
240:
it is an arm of the state presumptively is entitled to absolute immunity from suit in federal court, irrespective of the nature of the cause of action pleaded against it.
1448:
6254:
6171:
3411:
5762:
5262:
4858:
2965:
2377:
1963:
3691:
2973:
906:
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5683:
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5334:
5015:
4725:
3926:
3724:
3040:
2166:
1874:
1827:
1787:
38:
in mask works, and that all the remedies can be obtained in such suit that can be obtained in a suit against a private person or against other public entities.
2788:
952:
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4818:
3144:
2190:
2118:
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1955:
6363:
5558:
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3619:
3515:
3304:
2198:
1534:
218:
1097:
6091:
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5181:
3579:
539:, S.D. Fla. Jan. 5, 2017 (finding plaintiff did not state a complaint under the CRCA sufficient to abrogate state immunity, and noting the 5th Circuit's
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860:
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5708:
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469:(11th Cir. 2011) – says CRCA could be justified by 14th Amendment but the case before it did not present a factually sufficient due process claim.
5406:
4962:
4656:
4371:
4286:
3435:
2126:
2027:
1171:
5638:
5342:
5128:
5048:
4573:
4432:
4294:
2385:
1939:
519:
476:
483:
6123:
5534:
5056:
4898:
4565:
3563:
2542:
1602:
1412:"AN ACT TO MAKE VARIOUS CHANGES TO THE STATUTES GOVERNING THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES, AS RECOMMENDED BY THE DEPARTMENT"
547:
497:
345:
3831:
221:
prohibits Congress from using its Article I powers to abrogate states' sovereign immunity (a holding that later Supreme Court cases such as
5692:
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2917:
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2174:
1947:
223:
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1071:
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5136:
4379:
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5024:
4416:
4262:
4254:
3176:
1460:
349:
5566:
4946:
4557:
4182:
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3312:
3232:
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2019:
1907:
1776:
1226:
213:
807:
721:
555:
5518:
5168:
4597:
3475:
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2441:
2206:
2110:
2094:
2003:
1810:
135:
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6083:
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5422:
5414:
5206:
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4834:
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4709:
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3024:
2409:
2214:
1304:
692:
5088:
5002:
4701:
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4424:
4278:
4270:
3643:
3355:
3184:
3136:
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2401:
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929:
357:
600:
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5646:
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3160:
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1995:
1677:
1608:
656:
5510:
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1971:
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or otherwise. The brief by a law professor stated that there was no copyright infringement in the first place, under
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5064:
3128:
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stations were also dismissed as the radio, funded mostly by the university, was found to enjoy the same immunity.
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3080:
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2483:
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80:
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1596:
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883:
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4647:
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4346:
3819:
3296:
2808:
2342:
2310:
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1747:
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efforts by state-run libraries and archives". Thirteen amici filed briefs in support of Allen, including the
6233:
4906:
3910:
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2449:
2417:
1770:
1758:
320:
60:
5733:
5502:
4826:
4310:
3451:
3224:
2856:
2496:
1931:
907:"Aarrr, matey! Supreme Court justices frown on state's public display of pirate ship's salvage operation"
5786:
5278:
3120:
3032:
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2230:
1481:
1454:
6275:
6267:
5778:
5120:
4525:
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3627:
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3459:
2909:
2478:
2326:
1735:
1472:
207:
1487:
1145:
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5912:
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4448:
4408:
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2800:
2523:
1752:
5374:
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3007:
2941:
2893:
2763:
2731:
1833:
1764:
1627:
1612:
1411:
1333:
231:
Several cases upheld the sovereign immunity of state universities in particular. Legal scholars
6307:
5590:
5390:
5310:
4589:
4509:
4334:
4174:
3956:
3659:
3635:
1622:
793:
6283:
5746:
4801:
4541:
4484:
4190:
4141:
4016:
3856:
3848:
3794:
3756:
3571:
3403:
3168:
3072:
2254:
2102:
1703:
1687:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1119:
205:
before decision. Courts have generally followed the logic applied by the US Supreme Court in
100:
625:
26:
6315:
6212:
5754:
5614:
5350:
5326:
5286:
4246:
4113:
3964:
2957:
2747:
1682:
329:
290:
748:
8:
6032:
5976:
5952:
5222:
4230:
4214:
4198:
4049:
3948:
3555:
3419:
2625:
2516:
2489:
1915:
1045:
280:
2508:
930:"A Supreme Court piracy case involving Blackbeard proves truth is stranger than fiction"
195:
The CRCA has been struck down as unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in
6022:
5936:
5928:
5858:
5446:
4914:
4517:
4318:
4222:
4206:
4089:
4081:
3988:
3972:
3738:
3507:
2949:
2829:
2784:
1987:
1923:
341:
178:
139:
6225:
6075:
5834:
5770:
5318:
5112:
5032:
4781:
4150:
4129:
4025:
3902:
3803:
3683:
3443:
3264:
3016:
2588:
1883:
1617:
1544:
884:"How Blackbeard's ship and a diver with an 'iron hand' ended up at the Supreme Court"
392:
5886:
670:
293:, the company documenting the recovery since 1998, filed suit in federal court over
6051:
5920:
5826:
5542:
5398:
5366:
4850:
4158:
4041:
3864:
3781:
3387:
3347:
3331:
2901:
2841:
2678:
2468:
2142:
1899:
1591:
1467:
How Blackbeard’s ship and a diver with an ‘iron hand’ ended up at the Supreme Court
953:"Supreme Court justices skeptical in Blackbeard pirate ship case from Fayetteville"
245:
1449:
Justices pillage state arguments for sovereign immunity for copyright infringement
835:"Blackbeard's Ship Heads to Supreme Court in a Battle Over Another Sort of Piracy"
6291:
6005:
5582:
5382:
4938:
4166:
4097:
4073:
4033:
3886:
3611:
3363:
3339:
3208:
2994:
2710:
2641:
2369:
2270:
2158:
2011:
1891:
1519:
361:
197:
437:
Marketing Information Masters v. The Trustees of the California State University
6187:
6115:
5968:
5904:
5598:
4581:
4065:
4057:
4004:
3811:
3651:
2686:
2134:
387:
6352:
6107:
5842:
5455:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
5104:
4718:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
4617:
4238:
4105:
3938:
3840:
2572:
2473:
1540:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
1511:
1098:"Senators Ask U.S. Copyright, Patent Offices to Study Infringement by States"
380:
232:
168:
1364:"Fayetteville's Blackbeard shipwreck filmmaker fires back in new court case"
1227:"A North Carolina Filmmaker Continues to Challenge State Sovereign Immunity"
577:"Court Confirms Sovereign Immunity for State Universities in Copyright Suit"
304:
On November 5, 2019 the United States Supreme Court heard oral arguments in
5984:
4773:
4694:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
3241:
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
1021:"NPPA, ASMP asks SCOTUS for protection of copyright infringement by states"
975:"LCA Joins Amicus Brief: Frederick L. Allen, et al., v. Roy A. Cooper, III"
1793:
WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act
1305:"§ 121-25. License to conduct exploration, recovery or salvage operations"
861:"Supreme Court Wrestles With Consequences for Piracy by State Governments"
693:"§ 121-25. License to conduct exploration, recovery or salvage operations"
3748:
2703:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
1640:
Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States
376:
3273:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
1635:
Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States
1172:"Copyright Alliance Survey Reveals Growing Threat of State Infringement"
772:"Pirate ship lawsuit from Fayetteville goes to Supreme Court on Tuesday"
261:, 2015 WL 5037551 (Aug. 25, 2015) (dismissing for lack of jurisdiction).
4676:
3371:
400:
365:
298:
181:
of states for copyright infringement. The CRCA amended 17 USC 511(a):
425:
Hairston v. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
5295:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
4891:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
323:
and others filed an amicus brief siding with the state, saying that "
294:
171:
147:
3596:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
5247:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
3997:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
1506:
Blackbeard Just Broke Copyright Law, and Now States Are the Pirates
467:
National Association of Boards of Pharmacy v. University of Georgia
369:
5806:
2608:
675:
DePaul Journal of Art, Technology & Intellectual Property Law
653:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana
43:
5732:
5463:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
1482:
Sovereign Immunity Study: Notice and Request for Public Comment
1443:
SCOTUS considers ‘Blackbeard’s Law’ in shipwreck copyright suit
1386:"Blackbeard Copyright Case Gets Second Chance in Federal Court"
473:
Reiner v. Saginaw Valley State University et al (Thomas Canale)
399:
after the law's passage, on June 30, 2023, North Carolina Gov.
4758:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
4628:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
2876:
749:"High court will hear copyright dispute involving pirate ship"
217:, 527 U.S. 627 (1999). In these cases the Court held that the
5255:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
1072:"Copyright Cavalry Supports Pirate Ship Photog At High Court"
601:"Are Public Universities Immune from Copyright Infringement?"
5607:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
5575:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
479:(following other circuits in not entertaining a CRCA claim)
3412:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
2730:
2538:
174:
5263:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
4859:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
2378:
Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.
506:
Campinha-Bacote v. Regents of the University of Michigan
6300:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
3692:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
3041:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
2974:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
515:, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96111 (S.D. Cal. July 22, 2016)
4726:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
3927:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
2167:
Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.
1828:
Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act
1788:
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
1574:
1461:
Blackbeard’s Revenge: Sovereign Immunity and Copyright
509:, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5958 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 19, 2016)
6211:
4979:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
4819:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
3895:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
3145:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
2828:
2783:
2191:
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.
2119:
Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.
1956:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
5559:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
5145:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
4686:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
3981:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
3780:
3620:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
3305:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
2555:
2199:
Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.
1535:
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
219:
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
5471:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
5335:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
2993:
265:The CRCA attempt was repeated by Congress with the
5191:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
5041:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
3723:
3201:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
2661:
2183:Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.
498:Philpot v. WUIS/University of Illinois Springfield
259:Philpot v. WUIS/University of Illinois Springfield
5851:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
5495:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
5431:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
5231:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
4734:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
3736:
3516:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
1455:Allen v. Cooper: Suing States for IP Infringement
6350:
6004:
5867:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
5709:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
5663:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
4742:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
4287:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
3289:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
3193:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
2849:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
2263:Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.
449:Jacobs v. Memphis Convention and Visitors Bureau
267:Intellectual Property Protection Restoration Act
6253:
6164:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
5631:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
5407:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
4963:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
3436:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
2127:Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.
2028:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
1494:Holding States Accountable for Copyright Piracy
319:The case had received broad participation. The
6180:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
5639:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
5343:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
5129:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
5049:International News Service v. Associated Press
4574:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
4566:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
4433:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
4295:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
2386:Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.
2223:Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l
1940:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
513:American Shooting Center, Inc. v. Sefcor Int'l
487:, 2. F. Supp. 3d 1014 (E.D. Ky. March 4, 2014)
431:De Romero v. Institute of Puerto Rican Culture
5693:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
5535:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
5057:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
4899:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
3564:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
2524:
1603:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices
1560:
457:, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64481 (W.D. La. 2010)
346:Software and Information Industry Association
4657:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
4502:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
4372:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
536:Nettleman III v. Florida Atlantic University
443:Romero v. California Dept. of Transportation
6364:United States federal copyright legislation
6124:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
5161:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
4971:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
4843:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
4811:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
4606:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
3484:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
3249:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
2303:Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha
1948:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
1720:Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
655:Indianapolis Division 2016-03-30),
624:Heald, Paul; Wells, Michael (1 June 1998).
5479:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
3428:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
3281:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
2531:
2517:
2319:Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.
2175:American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.
1567:
1553:
950:
623:
403:signed a bill repealing Blackbeard's Law.
244:Further, cases for copyright violation by
224:Central Virginia Community College v. Katz
6374:United States Eleventh Amendment case law
5239:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
5137:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
4417:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
4380:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
4364:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
4356:Straus v. American Publishers Association
4263:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
2287:Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.
769:
338:Recording Industry Association of America
5551:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
5271:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
5025:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
4947:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4255:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
3468:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
3177:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
2918:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
2020:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1224:
1197:"Copyright and State Sovereign Immunity"
350:National Press Photographers Association
6156:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
5567:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
4883:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
4598:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
4558:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
4183:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
3313:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
3233:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
3057:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
2926:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
1908:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
1777:Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998
1095:
858:
668:
451:, 710 F. Supp. 2d 663 (W.D. Tenn. 2010)
279:The North Carolina Legislature passed "
214:Florida Prepaid v. College Savings Bank
211:, and applied in the patent context in
6351:
5519:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
5415:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
5169:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
4835:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
3476:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
2442:Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.
2215:A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.
2111:Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates
2095:Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.
2004:Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.
1811:Family Entertainment and Copyright Act
1500:Copyright and State Sovereign Immunity
1361:
1334:"PLAINTIFFS' SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT"
881:
832:
746:
439:, 522 F.Supp. 2d 1088 (S.D. Cal. 2008)
419:Salerno v. City University of New York
297:violations. The Supreme Court granted
190:
6324:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
6252:
6210:
6084:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
6003:
5885:
5805:
5731:
5655:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
5623:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
5423:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
5207:United States v. General Electric Co.
4987:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
4955:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
4790:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
4710:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
3779:
3722:
3500:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
3396:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
3025:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
2992:
2875:
2827:
2782:
2729:
2660:
2610:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
2607:
2554:
2512:
2410:RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.
1548:
927:
559:, (U.S. Supreme Court March 23, 2020)
421:, 191 F. Supp. 2d 352 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)
6148:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
5089:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
5003:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
4702:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
4636:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
4425:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
4279:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
4271:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
3644:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
3356:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
3185:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
3137:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
2426:Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC
2402:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.
2279:Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.
2052:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
1445:, World Intellectual Property Review
1076:Constitutional Accountability Center
951:Woolverton, Paul (5 November 2019).
904:
814:. Supreme Court of the United States
728:. Supreme Court of the United States
543:holding CRCA to be unconstitutional)
5701:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
5647:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
4923:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
4750:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
4457:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
4400:International Copyright Act of 1891
3161:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
2434:Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.
2335:Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
2207:Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.
2068:Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith
1996:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
1678:International Copyright Act of 1891
1169:
770:Wolverton, Paul (2 November 2019).
523:, E.D. Mich. Dec. 5, 2016 (finding
493:, 57 F.Supp. 3d 985 (D. Minn. 2014)
491:Issaenko v. University of Minnesota
433:, 466 F. Supp. 2d 410 (D.P.R. 2006)
228:that decision in mid to late 2018.
13:
5511:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
4875:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
4766:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
3604:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
3588:National League of Cities v. Usery
3153:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
3105:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
2695:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
2634:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
2581:Department of Commerce v. New York
2394:Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena
2239:In re Aimster Copyright Litigation
2151:Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.
2060:Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.
1972:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
1742:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act
1576:Copyright law of the United States
1488:Sovereign Immunity Study: Comments
1225:McKlveen, Gina (28 October 2022).
812:Supreme Court of the United States
726:Supreme Court of the United States
310:Supreme Court of the United States
272:
161:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act
20:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act
14:
6385:
5527:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
5487:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
5359:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
5199:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
4550:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
4534:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
4388:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
3492:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
3380:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
3257:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
2295:Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.
2087:Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.
1436:
1362:Barnes, Greg (14 February 2023).
928:Livni, Ephrat (5 November 2019).
905:Wolf, Richard (5 November 2019).
882:Murphy, Brian (5 November 2019).
859:Gardner, Eriq (5 November 2019).
833:Liptak, Adam (2 September 2019).
445:, 2009 WL 650629 (C.D. Cal. 2009)
427:, 2005 WL 2136923 (M.D.N.C. 2005)
334:United States Chamber of Commerce
6332:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
5439:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
5215:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
5065:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
3129:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
3113:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
3089:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
3049:Swift & Co. v. United States
2044:Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com
2036:Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands
1782:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
1120:"State Sovereign Immunity Study"
1069:
520:Alisa Wolf v. Oakland University
463:, 2011 WL 4368568 (D. Utah 2011)
325:state-run libraries and archives
25:
5945:Garner v. Board of Public Works
5073:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
4931:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
4303:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
3532:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
3081:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
2484:Home Recording Rights Coalition
1496:Regulatory Transparency Project
1404:
1378:
1355:
1326:
1297:
1269:
1241:
1218:
1189:
1163:
1138:
1112:
1096:Gardner, Eriq (29 April 2020).
1089:
1063:
1038:
1013:
988:
967:
944:
921:
898:
875:
852:
826:
800:
786:
747:Gresko, Jessica (3 June 2019).
484:Coyle v. University of Kentucky
375:Following the ruling, Senators
4122:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
3065:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
2934:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
1597:United States Copyright Office
1050:U.S. Chamber Litigation Center
763:
740:
714:
685:
662:
640:
617:
593:
569:
415:, 204 F.3d 601 (5th Cir. 2000)
1:
6132:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
6060:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
4648:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
4441:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
4347:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
3919:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
3820:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
3297:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
3217:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
2809:United States v. Munoz-Flores
2343:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.
2311:Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.
2247:NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute
1748:Copyright Renewal Act of 1992
630:Washington and Lee Law Review
563:
255:Jackson v. Murray State Univ.
235:and Michael Wells wrote that
6369:101st United States Congress
6234:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
4907:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
3911:Schillinger v. United States
3548:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
3097:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
2450:Hachette v. Internet Archive
2418:Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.
1771:Copyright Term Extension Act
1759:Uruguay Round Agreements Act
1229:. Institute of Art & Law
413:Chavez v. Arte Publico Press
321:American Library Association
61:101st United States Congress
7:
5734:Necessary and Proper Clause
5503:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
4827:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
4311:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
3452:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
3225:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
2857:Clinton v. City of New York
1932:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
1528:
406:
177:that attempted to abrogate
16:United States copyright law
10:
6390:
6140:City of El Paso v. Simmons
5787:United States v. Kebodeaux
5279:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
3540:Henderson v. United States
3121:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
3033:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
2878:Taxing and Spending Clause
2231:Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.
1473:Episode 955: Pirate Videos
1146:"Sovereign Immunity Study"
605:Copyright Licensing Office
581:Copyright Licensing Office
548:Bell v. Indiana University
531:to be "highly persuasive")
501:, S.D. Ind. Aug. 25, 2015.
6276:Virginia v. West Virginia
6262:
6248:
6220:
6206:
6043:
6020:
6016:
5999:
5899:
5888:No Bills of Attainder or
5881:
5821:
5801:
5779:United States v. Comstock
5741:
5727:
5681:
5179:
5121:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
5013:
4800:
4675:
4646:
4616:
4526:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
4483:
4473:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
4398:
4345:
4140:
4015:
3937:
3875:
3830:
3793:
3789:
3775:
3732:
3718:
3676:United States v. Morrison
3628:New York v. United States
3524:North American Co. v. SEC
3460:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
3323:
3006:
3002:
2988:
2910:Springer v. United States
2888:
2871:
2837:
2823:
2795:
2778:
2742:
2725:
2673:
2656:
2620:
2603:
2567:
2550:
2464:
2361:
2327:Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc
2078:
1873:
1864:
1843:
1820:
1803:
1736:Visual Artists Rights Act
1728:
1712:
1696:
1655:
1648:
1582:
1249:"Reconsideration Granted"
551:(S.D. Ind. March 9, 2018)
477:E.D. Mich. March 15, 2018
308:. On March 23, 2020, the
208:Seminole Tribe v. Florida
127:
122:
114:
106:
96:
91:
79:
71:
66:
55:
42:
33:
24:
6068:Sturges v. Crowninshield
5961:Barr v. City of Columbia
5913:Sturges v. Crowninshield
5671:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
5303:Graham v. John Deere Co.
5097:KVOS v. Associated Press
4867:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
4665:Dowling v. United States
4449:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
4409:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
4327:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
2801:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
2756:United States v. Johnson
2497:You Wouldn't Steal a Car
1753:Audio Home Recording Act
136:House of Representatives
6172:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
5375:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
5153:Goldstein v. California
5081:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
4494:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
4465:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
3700:Taylor v. United States
3008:Dormant Commerce Clause
2942:United States v. Butler
2894:Hylton v. United States
2764:Gravel v. United States
2732:Speech or Debate Clause
1834:Music Modernization Act
1765:No Electronic Theft Act
1628:Section 108 Study Group
1502:, U.S. Copyright Office
1484:, U.S. Copyright Office
1206:. U.S. Copyright Office
1126:. U.S. Copyright Office
955:. Fayetteville Observer
774:. Fayetteville Observer
722:"Allen v Cooper, et al"
669:Roberts, Alisa (2002).
379:(R-North Carolina) and
115:U.S.C. sections amended
6308:New Jersey v. New York
5763:Sabri v. United States
5591:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
5391:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
5311:United States v. Adams
4590:De Sylva v. Ballentine
4510:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
4335:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
4175:Schreiber v. Sharpless
3957:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
3668:Jones v. United States
3660:United States v. Locke
3636:United States v. Lopez
2966:Sabri v. United States
2479:Don't Copy That Floppy
2234:(9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)
1980:Quality King v. L'anza
1623:Register of Copyrights
1392:. Nautilus Productions
263:
242:
188:
6284:Virginia v. Tennessee
5747:McCulloch v. Maryland
4802:Copyright Act of 1976
4542:Douglas v. Cunningham
4485:Copyright Act of 1909
4191:Thornton v. Schreiber
4142:Copyright Act of 1870
4017:Copyright Act of 1831
3795:Copyright Act of 1790
3757:Juilliard v. Greenman
3572:Katzenbach v. McClung
3404:Hoke v. United States
3169:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
3073:Edwards v. California
2255:BMG Music v. Gonzalez
2103:Eltra Corp. v. Ringer
1704:Copyright Act of 1976
1688:Copyright Act of 1909
1673:Copyright Act of 1870
1668:Copyright Act of 1831
1663:Copyright Act of 1790
1490:U.S. Copyright Office
312:issued an opinion in
301:in the case in 2019.
250:
237:
183:
101:Copyright Act of 1976
87:104 Stat. 2749 (1990)
6359:1990 in American law
6316:Virginia v. Maryland
6213:Import-Export Clause
6100:Stone v. Mississippi
5755:Lambert v. Yellowley
5615:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
5351:Gottschalk v. Benson
5327:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
5287:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
4247:Bolles v. Outing Co.
4114:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2958:South Dakota v. Dole
2748:Kilbourn v. Thompson
1683:Printing Act of 1895
1469:, Charlotte Observer
1284:Nautilus Productions
1256:Nautilus Productions
1100:. Hollywood Reporter
886:. Charlotte Observer
863:. Hollywood Reporter
330:digital preservation
291:Nautilus Productions
285:Queen Anne's Revenge
6033:Hepburn v. Griswold
5977:Kansas v. Hendricks
5953:De Veau v. Braisted
5223:Altvater v. Freeman
4231:Belford v. Scribner
4215:Thompson v. Hubbard
4199:Banks v. Manchester
4050:Stevens v. Gladding
3949:Pennock v. Dialogue
3877:Patent infringement
3556:Boynton v. Virginia
3420:Hammer v. Dagenhart
2626:Powell v. McCormack
2490:Nimmer on Copyright
2373:(C.C.D. Mass. 1841)
1916:Banks v. Manchester
1277:"4th Circuit Recon"
455:Parker v. Dufreshne
191:Unconstitutionality
123:Legislative history
21:
6268:Florida v. Georgia
6023:Legal Tender Cases
5937:Samuels v. McCurdy
5929:Hawker v. New York
5859:Boumediene v. Bush
5447:Dickinson v. Zurko
4915:Eldred v. Ashcroft
4518:Manners v. Morosco
4319:Scribner v. Straus
4223:Higgins v. Keuffel
4207:Callaghan v. Myers
4090:Higgins v. Keuffel
4082:Callaghan v. Myers
3989:Egbert v. Lippmann
3973:Cochrane v. Deener
3832:Patent Act of 1793
3739:Legal Tender Cases
3508:Wickard v. Filburn
2950:Helvering v. Davis
2830:Presentment Clause
2785:Origination Clause
2557:Enumeration Clause
2540:U.S. Supreme Court
1988:Eldred v. Ashcroft
1924:Callaghan v. Myers
1463:, Plagiarism Today
1176:Copyright Alliance
1000:Copyright Alliance
751:. Associated Press
342:Copyright Alliance
201:(March 23, 2020).
179:sovereign immunity
150:) on July 28, 1989
140:Robert Kastenmeier
19:
6346:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6244:
6243:
6226:Brown v. Maryland
6202:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6092:Bronson v. Kinzie
6076:Ogden v. Saunders
5995:
5994:
5877:
5876:
5835:Ex parte Merryman
5811:Suspension Clause
5797:
5796:
5771:Gonzales v. Raich
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5319:Brenner v. Manson
5113:Buck v. Gallagher
5033:Ferris v. Frohman
4782:Iancu v. Brunetti
4151:Perris v. Hexamer
4130:Mifflin v. Dutton
4026:Wheaton v. Peters
3965:O'Reilly v. Morse
3903:Rowell v. Lindsay
3804:Wheaton v. Peters
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3684:Gonzales v. Raich
3580:Maryland v. Wirtz
3444:Gold Clause Cases
3265:Granholm v. Heald
3017:Brown v. Maryland
2984:
2983:
2867:
2866:
2819:
2818:
2774:
2773:
2721:
2720:
2652:
2651:
2599:
2598:
2589:Trump v. New York
2506:
2505:
2460:
2459:
2413:(W.D. Wash. 2000)
1884:Wheaton v. Peters
1860:
1859:
1618:Copyright Catalog
1046:"Allen v. Cooper"
996:"Allen v. Cooper"
794:"Allen v. Cooper"
393:Bill of Attainder
157:
156:
82:Statutes at Large
6381:
6250:
6249:
6208:
6207:
6052:Fletcher v. Peck
6018:
6017:
6001:
6000:
5921:Ex parte Garland
5883:
5882:
5827:Ex parte Bollman
5803:
5802:
5729:
5728:
5543:Bilski v. Kappos
5399:Diamond v. Diehr
5367:Dann v. Johnston
4851:Stewart v. Abend
4159:Trade-Mark Cases
4042:Stephens v. Cady
3865:Evans v. Hettich
3791:
3790:
3782:Copyright Clause
3777:
3776:
3734:
3733:
3720:
3719:
3388:Champion v. Ames
3348:Paul v. Virginia
3332:Gibbons v. Ogden
3004:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2902:Collector v. Day
2873:
2872:
2842:Pocket Veto Case
2825:
2824:
2780:
2779:
2727:
2726:
2679:Ex parte Siebold
2663:Elections Clause
2658:
2657:
2605:
2604:
2552:
2551:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2469:Berne Convention
2445:(C.D. Cal. 2015)
2397:(M.D. Fla. 1993)
2389:(N.D. Cal. 1986)
2351:Naruto v. Slater
2143:Whelan v. Jaslow
1900:Trade-Mark Cases
1871:
1870:
1653:
1652:
1592:Copyright Clause
1569:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1475:, Planet Money,
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1421:. North Carolina
1416:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1314:. North Carolina
1309:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1170:Madigan, Kevin.
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
856:
850:
849:
847:
845:
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
804:
798:
797:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
767:
761:
760:
758:
756:
744:
738:
737:
735:
733:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
702:. North Carolina
697:
689:
683:
682:
666:
660:
650:
644:
638:
637:
621:
615:
614:
612:
611:
597:
591:
590:
588:
587:
573:
287:to its website.
281:Blackbeard's Law
246:university radio
138:as H.R. 3045 by
83:
48:
29:
22:
18:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6338:
6292:Wharton v. Wise
6258:
6240:
6216:
6194:
6039:
6012:
6006:Contract Clause
5991:
5895:
5873:
5817:
5793:
5737:
5736:of Section VIII
5715:
5684:trademark cases
5677:
5583:Kappos v. Hyatt
5383:Parker v. Flook
5175:
5016:copyright cases
5009:
4995:Allen v. Cooper
4939:Golan v. Holder
4796:
4671:
4642:
4612:
4479:
4394:
4341:
4167:Merrell v. Tice
4136:
4098:Holmes v. Hurst
4074:Baker v. Selden
4034:Backus v. Gould
4011:
3933:
3887:Evans v. Jordan
3871:
3826:
3785:
3784:of Section VIII
3763:
3728:
3727:of Section VIII
3706:
3612:EEOC v. Wyoming
3364:Kidd v. Pearson
3340:Passenger Cases
3319:
3209:Maine v. Taylor
2998:
2997:of Section VIII
2995:Commerce Clause
2980:
2884:
2863:
2833:
2815:
2791:
2770:
2738:
2717:
2711:Moore v. Harper
2669:
2648:
2642:Cook v. Gralike
2616:
2595:
2563:
2546:
2537:
2507:
2502:
2456:
2453:(S.D.N.Y. 2023)
2437:(S.D.N.Y. 2013)
2429:(S.D.N.Y. 2010)
2421:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
2405:(S.D.N.Y. 1999)
2381:(E.D.N.Y. 1973)
2370:Folsom v. Marsh
2357:
2354:(9th Cir. 2018)
2346:(9th Cir. 2015)
2330:(9th Cir. 2013)
2314:(9th Cir. 2012)
2298:(9th Cir. 2010)
2290:(2nd Cir. 2008)
2282:(9th Cir. 2006)
2274:(2nd Cir. 2006)
2271:Blanch v. Koons
2266:(2nd Cir. 2006)
2258:(7th Cir. 2005)
2242:(7th Cir. 2003)
2226:(5th Cir. 2002)
2218:(9th Cir. 2001)
2210:(1st Cir. 2000)
2202:(9th Cir. 2000)
2186:(9th Cir. 1997)
2178:(2nd Cir. 1995)
2162:(2nd Cir. 1992)
2159:Rogers v. Koons
2154:(5th Cir. 1988)
2138:(9th Cir. 1986)
2122:(7th Cir. 1983)
2114:(9th Cir. 1978)
2106:(4th Cir. 1978)
2098:(9th Cir. 1970)
2074:
2012:Golan v. Holder
1892:Baker v. Selden
1866:
1856:
1839:
1816:
1799:
1724:
1708:
1692:
1644:
1578:
1573:
1531:
1521:Allen v. Cooper
1513:Allen v. Cooper
1439:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1150:Regulations.gov
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
994:
993:
989:
980:
978:
973:
972:
968:
958:
956:
949:
945:
935:
933:
926:
922:
912:
910:
903:
899:
889:
887:
880:
876:
866:
864:
857:
853:
843:
841:
831:
827:
817:
815:
806:
805:
801:
792:
791:
787:
777:
775:
768:
764:
754:
752:
745:
741:
731:
729:
720:
719:
715:
705:
703:
695:
691:
690:
686:
667:
663:
648:Philpot v. WKMS
646:
645:
641:
622:
618:
609:
607:
599:
598:
594:
585:
583:
575:
574:
570:
566:
556:Allen v. Cooper
461:Whipple v. Utah
409:
362:Progress Clause
314:Allen v. Cooper
306:Allen v. Cooper
277:
274:Allen v. Cooper
198:Allen v. Cooper
193:
153:
110:17 (Copyrights)
81:
75:Pub. L. 101-553
56:Enacted by
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6387:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6328:
6320:
6312:
6304:
6296:
6288:
6280:
6272:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6255:Compact Clause
6246:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6230:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6188:Sveen v. Melin
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6116:Block v. Hirsh
6112:
6104:
6096:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6028:
6026:
6014:
6013:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5981:
5973:
5969:Teague v. Lane
5965:
5957:
5949:
5941:
5933:
5925:
5917:
5909:
5905:Calder v. Bull
5900:
5897:
5896:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5863:
5855:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5783:
5775:
5767:
5759:
5751:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5705:
5697:
5688:
5686:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5667:
5659:
5651:
5643:
5635:
5627:
5619:
5611:
5603:
5599:Gunn v. Minton
5595:
5587:
5579:
5571:
5563:
5555:
5547:
5539:
5531:
5523:
5515:
5507:
5499:
5491:
5483:
5475:
5467:
5459:
5451:
5443:
5435:
5427:
5419:
5411:
5403:
5395:
5387:
5379:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5347:
5339:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5186:
5184:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5157:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5117:
5109:
5101:
5093:
5085:
5077:
5069:
5061:
5053:
5045:
5037:
5029:
5020:
5018:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4632:
4623:
4621:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4582:Mazer v. Stein
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4404:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4066:Paige v. Banks
4062:
4058:Little v. Hall
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:Voss v. Fisher
4001:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3882:
3880:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3857:Evans v. Eaton
3853:
3849:Evans v. Eaton
3845:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3816:
3812:Paige v. Banks
3808:
3799:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3725:Coinage Clause
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3652:Reno v. Condon
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3000:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:of Section VII
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2687:Smiley v. Holm
2683:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2548:
2547:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2338:(2d Cir. 2015)
2331:
2323:
2322:(2d Cir. 2012)
2315:
2307:
2306:(2d Cir. 2011)
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2250:(2d Cir. 2004)
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2194:(2d Cir. 1998)
2187:
2179:
2171:
2170:(2d Cir. 1992)
2163:
2155:
2147:
2146:(3d Cir. 1986)
2139:
2135:Fisher v. Dees
2131:
2130:(3d Cir. 1983)
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2090:(2d Cir. 1964)
2082:
2080:
2079:Appeals courts
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1964:Feist v. Rural
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
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1807:
1805:
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1800:
1798:
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1796:
1795:
1790:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
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1700:
1698:
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1665:
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1657:
1650:
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1637:
1632:
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1620:
1615:
1606:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1508:, The Escapist
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1437:External links
1435:
1433:
1432:
1403:
1377:
1354:
1325:
1296:
1268:
1240:
1217:
1188:
1162:
1137:
1111:
1088:
1062:
1037:
1012:
987:
966:
943:
920:
897:
874:
851:
839:New York Times
825:
799:
785:
762:
739:
713:
684:
661:
639:
616:
592:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
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388:Terrence Boyle
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192:
189:
155:
154:
152:
151:
128:
125:
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112:
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107:Titles amended
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6134:
6133:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6108:Smyth v. Ames
6105:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6077:
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6019:
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5998:
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5986:
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5979:
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5974:
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5970:
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5958:
5955:
5954:
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5931:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5894:of Section IX
5893:
5891:
5890:Ex post facto
5884:
5880:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:Ex parte Endo
5840:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5809:Habeas corpus
5804:
5800:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5765:
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5131:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:Gibbs v. Buck
5102:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5086:
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5078:
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4649:
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4638:
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4629:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:Patent misuse
4615:
4608:
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4268:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:Brady v. Daly
4236:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
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4145:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:Brady v. Daly
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4087:
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4079:
4076:
4075:
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4018:
4014:
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4002:
3999:
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3990:
3986:
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3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
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3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:Patentability
3936:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3900:
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3874:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:Tyler v. Tuel
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3806:
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2611:
2606:
2602:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:Utah v. Evans
2570:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
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2511:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Uruguay Round
2472:
2470:
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2463:
2452:
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2240:
2236:
2233:
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2228:
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2209:
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2201:
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2196:
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2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2177:
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2169:
2168:
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2144:
2140:
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2112:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
2097:
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2049:
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2033:
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2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
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1982:
1981:
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1945:
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1901:
1897:
1894:
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1889:
1886:
1885:
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1878:
1876:
1875:Supreme Court
1872:
1869:
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1616:
1614:
1611: →
1610:
1607:
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1600:
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1598:
1595:
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1590:
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1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:, SCOTUS Blog
1450:
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1205:
1204:copyright.gov
1198:
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1125:
1124:Copyright.gov
1121:
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1016:
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32:
28:
23:
6330:
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6314:
6306:
6298:
6290:
6282:
6274:
6266:
6257:of Section X
6232:
6224:
6215:of Section X
6186:
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6114:
6106:
6098:
6090:
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6031:
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5985:Smith v. Doe
5983:
5975:
5967:
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5943:
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5903:
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4774:Matal v. Tam
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4756:
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4708:
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3079:
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3039:
3031:
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3015:
2972:
2964:
2956:
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2940:
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2924:
2916:
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2900:
2892:
2882:Section VIII
2855:
2847:
2807:
2799:
2762:
2754:
2746:
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2701:
2693:
2685:
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2448:
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2432:
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2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2362:Lower courts
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
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2189:
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2149:
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2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1741:
1601:
1520:
1516:, IPWatchdog
1512:
1476:
1423:. Retrieved
1418:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1343:. IPWatchdog
1340:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1311:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1203:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:
1070:Kass, Dani.
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
999:
990:
979:. Retrieved
977:. 2019-09-27
969:
957:. Retrieved
946:
934:. Retrieved
923:
911:. Retrieved
900:
888:. Retrieved
877:
865:. Retrieved
854:
842:. Retrieved
838:
828:
816:. Retrieved
811:
808:"No. 18-877"
802:
788:
776:. Retrieved
765:
753:. Retrieved
742:
730:. Retrieved
725:
716:
704:. Retrieved
699:
687:
678:
674:
664:
647:
642:
633:
629:
619:
608:. Retrieved
604:
595:
584:. Retrieved
580:
571:
554:
546:
540:
534:
528:
524:
518:
512:
504:
496:
490:
482:
472:
466:
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305:
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289:
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243:
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230:
222:
212:
206:
203:
196:
194:
184:
164:
160:
158:
131:
97:Acts amended
92:Codification
47:(colloquial)
5892:Laws Clause
3749:Knox v. Lee
2789:Section VII
1867:and rulings
1210:1 September
1081:17 November
1055:18 November
1030:18 November
1005:18 November
959:27 December
936:27 December
913:27 December
909:. USA Today
890:16 November
867:16 November
377:Thom Tillis
6353:Categories
5815:Section IX
4677:Lanham Act
3372:In re Debs
2736:Section VI
2667:Section IV
2561:Section II
1865:Precedents
1457:Patently-O
1396:27 October
1366:. CityView
1341:IPWatchdog
1181:15 October
1155:15 October
981:2019-11-17
844:20 October
778:2 November
610:2019-01-22
586:2019-01-22
564:References
401:Roy Cooper
366:de minimis
348:, and the
299:certiorari
132:Introduced
72:Public law
34:Long title
6010:Section X
2543:Article I
1587:17 U.S.C.
1524:, JDSupra
1419:ncleg.gov
1312:ncleg.gov
700:ncleg.gov
636:(3): 849.
295:copyright
269:of 2001.
172:copyright
67:Citations
4620:case law
3941:case law
3879:case law
2545:case law
1851:CASE Act
1656:Pre-1976
1649:Statutes
1529:See also
1370:24 March
1347:24 March
1233:24 March
932:. Quartz
407:Case law
370:fair use
44:Acronyms
1784:(1998)
1425:21 July
1289:5 April
1261:5 April
1130:15 June
1104:15 June
818:25 July
755:22 June
732:22 June
167:) is a
134:in the
6335:(2018)
6327:(2009)
6319:(2003)
6311:(1998)
6303:(1985)
6295:(1894)
6287:(1893)
6279:(1871)
6271:(1855)
6237:(1951)
6229:(1827)
6191:(2018)
6183:(1987)
6175:(1983)
6167:(1983)
6159:(1978)
6151:(1977)
6143:(1965)
6135:(1935)
6127:(1934)
6119:(1921)
6111:(1898)
6103:(1880)
6095:(1843)
6087:(1837)
6079:(1827)
6071:(1819)
6063:(1819)
6055:(1810)
6044:Others
6036:(1870)
5988:(2003)
5980:(1997)
5972:(1989)
5964:(1964)
5956:(1960)
5948:(1951)
5940:(1925)
5932:(1898)
5924:(1866)
5916:(1819)
5908:(1798)
5870:(2020)
5862:(2008)
5854:(2001)
5846:(1944)
5838:(1861)
5830:(1807)
5790:(2013)
5782:(2010)
5774:(2005)
5766:(2004)
5758:(1926)
5750:(1819)
5712:(2020)
5704:(1938)
5696:(1915)
5682:Other
5674:(2019)
5666:(2017)
5658:(2016)
5650:(2015)
5642:(2015)
5634:(2014)
5626:(2014)
5618:(2013)
5610:(2013)
5602:(2013)
5594:(2013)
5586:(2012)
5578:(2012)
5570:(2011)
5562:(2011)
5554:(2011)
5546:(2010)
5538:(2008)
5530:(2007)
5522:(2007)
5514:(2007)
5506:(2006)
5498:(2006)
5490:(2006)
5482:(2005)
5474:(2002)
5466:(2001)
5458:(1999)
5450:(1999)
5442:(1998)
5434:(1997)
5426:(1996)
5418:(1990)
5410:(1989)
5402:(1981)
5394:(1980)
5386:(1978)
5378:(1976)
5370:(1976)
5362:(1973)
5354:(1972)
5346:(1971)
5338:(1969)
5330:(1969)
5322:(1966)
5314:(1966)
5306:(1966)
5298:(1965)
5290:(1964)
5282:(1964)
5274:(1964)
5266:(1961)
5258:(1950)
5250:(1950)
5242:(1948)
5234:(1945)
5226:(1943)
5218:(1942)
5210:(1926)
5202:(1916)
5194:(1908)
5180:Other
5172:(1975)
5164:(1974)
5156:(1973)
5148:(1968)
5140:(1962)
5132:(1960)
5124:(1949)
5116:(1939)
5108:(1939)
5100:(1936)
5092:(1934)
5084:(1932)
5076:(1931)
5068:(1923)
5060:(1919)
5052:(1918)
5044:(1914)
5036:(1912)
5028:(1911)
5014:Other
5006:(2020)
4998:(2020)
4990:(2019)
4982:(2019)
4974:(2017)
4966:(2014)
4958:(2014)
4950:(2013)
4942:(2012)
4934:(2010)
4926:(2005)
4918:(2003)
4910:(2001)
4902:(1998)
4894:(1998)
4886:(1996)
4878:(1994)
4870:(1994)
4862:(1991)
4854:(1990)
4846:(1989)
4838:(1985)
4830:(1985)
4822:(1984)
4814:(1977)
4793:(2020)
4785:(2019)
4777:(2017)
4769:(2014)
4761:(2014)
4753:(2003)
4745:(2003)
4737:(2001)
4729:(2001)
4721:(1999)
4713:(1995)
4705:(1992)
4697:(1987)
4689:(1982)
4668:(1985)
4660:(1941)
4639:(1942)
4631:(1917)
4609:(1973)
4601:(1964)
4593:(1956)
4585:(1954)
4577:(1952)
4569:(1943)
4561:(1940)
4553:(1939)
4545:(1935)
4537:(1931)
4529:(1923)
4521:(1920)
4513:(1917)
4505:(1914)
4497:(1911)
4476:(1911)
4468:(1911)
4460:(1909)
4452:(1909)
4444:(1908)
4436:(1908)
4428:(1907)
4420:(1903)
4412:(1896)
4391:(1979)
4383:(1948)
4375:(1941)
4367:(1939)
4359:(1913)
4338:(1912)
4330:(1909)
4322:(1908)
4314:(1908)
4306:(1908)
4298:(1908)
4290:(1907)
4282:(1907)
4274:(1907)
4266:(1903)
4258:(1903)
4250:(1899)
4242:(1899)
4234:(1892)
4226:(1891)
4218:(1889)
4210:(1888)
4202:(1888)
4194:(1888)
4186:(1884)
4178:(1884)
4170:(1881)
4162:(1879)
4154:(1879)
4133:(1903)
4125:(1903)
4117:(1899)
4109:(1899)
4101:(1899)
4093:(1891)
4085:(1888)
4077:(1879)
4069:(1872)
4061:(1856)
4053:(1854)
4045:(1853)
4037:(1849)
4029:(1834)
4008:(1885)
4000:(1885)
3992:(1881)
3984:(1878)
3976:(1876)
3968:(1853)
3960:(1851)
3952:(1829)
3930:(1938)
3922:(1913)
3914:(1894)
3906:(1885)
3898:(1885)
3890:(1815)
3868:(1822)
3860:(1822)
3852:(1818)
3844:(1810)
3823:(1908)
3815:(1872)
3807:(1834)
3760:(1884)
3752:(1871)
3703:(2016)
3695:(2012)
3687:(2005)
3679:(2000)
3671:(2000)
3663:(2000)
3655:(2000)
3647:(1996)
3639:(1995)
3631:(1992)
3623:(1985)
3615:(1983)
3607:(1981)
3599:(1981)
3591:(1976)
3583:(1968)
3575:(1964)
3567:(1964)
3559:(1960)
3551:(1951)
3543:(1950)
3535:(1949)
3527:(1946)
3519:(1944)
3511:(1942)
3503:(1942)
3495:(1941)
3487:(1940)
3479:(1938)
3471:(1937)
3463:(1936)
3455:(1935)
3447:(1935)
3439:(1935)
3431:(1923)
3423:(1918)
3415:(1914)
3407:(1913)
3399:(1911)
3391:(1903)
3383:(1895)
3375:(1895)
3367:(1888)
3359:(1885)
3351:(1869)
3343:(1849)
3335:(1824)
3324:Others
3316:(2023)
3308:(2019)
3300:(2018)
3292:(2015)
3284:(2008)
3276:(2007)
3268:(2005)
3260:(1994)
3252:(1994)
3244:(1994)
3236:(1992)
3228:(1992)
3220:(1989)
3212:(1986)
3204:(1984)
3196:(1983)
3188:(1982)
3180:(1981)
3172:(1980)
3164:(1978)
3156:(1978)
3148:(1977)
3140:(1977)
3132:(1976)
3124:(1970)
3116:(1967)
3108:(1959)
3100:(1954)
3092:(1951)
3084:(1945)
3076:(1941)
3068:(1935)
3060:(1925)
3052:(1905)
3044:(1886)
3036:(1852)
3028:(1829)
3020:(1827)
2977:(2012)
2969:(2004)
2961:(1987)
2953:(1937)
2945:(1936)
2937:(1922)
2929:(1916)
2921:(1895)
2913:(1881)
2905:(1871)
2897:(1796)
2860:(1998)
2852:(1983)
2844:(1929)
2812:(1990)
2804:(1911)
2767:(1972)
2759:(1966)
2751:(1881)
2714:(2023)
2706:(2015)
2698:(1995)
2690:(1932)
2682:(1879)
2645:(2001)
2637:(1995)
2629:(1969)
2592:(2020)
2584:(2019)
2576:(2002)
2071:(2023)
2063:(2021)
2055:(2020)
2047:(2019)
2039:(2017)
2031:(2014)
2023:(2013)
2015:(2012)
2007:(2010)
1999:(2005)
1991:(2003)
1983:(1998)
1975:(1994)
1967:(1991)
1959:(1984)
1951:(1975)
1943:(1908)
1935:(1908)
1927:(1888)
1919:(1888)
1911:(1884)
1903:(1879)
1895:(1879)
1887:(1834)
1853:(2020)
1836:(2018)
1830:(2014)
1813:(2005)
1773:(1998)
1767:(1994)
1761:(1994)
1755:(1992)
1744:(1990)
1738:(1990)
1318:25 May
706:25 May
651: (
541:Chavez
529:Jacobs
525:Chavez
344:, the
340:, the
336:, the
1844:2020s
1821:2010s
1804:2000s
1729:1990s
1713:1980s
1697:1970s
1415:(PDF)
1390:PRLOG
1337:(PDF)
1308:(PDF)
1280:(PDF)
1252:(PDF)
1200:(PDF)
696:(PDF)
681:(39).
2612:and
1609:CARP
1427:2023
1398:2023
1372:2023
1349:2023
1320:2023
1291:2023
1263:2023
1235:2023
1212:2021
1183:2020
1157:2020
1132:2020
1106:2020
1083:2019
1057:2019
1032:2019
1025:NPPA
1007:2019
961:2019
938:2019
915:2019
892:2019
869:2019
846:2019
820:2019
780:2019
757:2019
734:2019
708:2023
657:Text
527:and
368:and
356:and
354:APLU
165:CRCA
159:The
59:the
51:CRCA
6008:of
5813:of
2880:of
2787:of
2734:of
2665:of
2614:III
2559:of
1613:CRB
1477:NPR
358:AAU
175:law
6355::
1417:.
1388:.
1339:.
1310:.
1282:.
1254:.
1202:.
1174:.
1148:.
1122:.
1074:.
1048:.
1023:.
998:.
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810:.
724:.
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679:12
677:.
673:.
634:55
632:.
628:.
603:.
579:.
475:,
395:.
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