Council of Serdica

338:

controversy.” He and Marcellus were also able to convince the bishop of Rome of their orthodoxy and of Athanasius’ innocence. “Julius (bishop of Rome), in the year 341, summoned a council to Rome, which vindicated the orthodoxy of Marcellus, as well as that of Athanasius.” However, since both Marcellus and Athanasius were Eastern bishops and were deposed by the Eastern Church, their vindication by the Western Church created tension between the East and the West. In the year 341, the bishop of Rome attacked the Eastern Church by means of a letter, using Athanasius’ polemical strategy and accusing the Eastern Church of being ‘Arians’, meaning followers of Arius. “Julius wrote to the east in 341 in a letter which shows the strong influence of the emerging Athanasian account of ‘Arianism’.” This exacerbated the division between East and West. “Once Julius had acted we begin to see divisions between the Church in the eastern and western halves of the empire emerging.” The Eastern Dedication Council of 431 discussed and rejected that letter.

788:: if a bishop is "quick to anger" and excommunicates a priest or deacon hastily, then the priest or deacon has recourse by asking neighboring bishops, as a court of second instance, for a hearing and review of his case. Provision must be made that an innocent man be not condemned or deprived of communion with the Church; nevertheless, the priest or deacon will remain excluded from communion until his case is decided. A hearing should not be denied. The neighboring bishops, as a court of second instance, may either approve or revise the sentence. Since a bishop should not "suffer wrong or insult," if the neighboring bishops, as a court of second instance, "observe arrogance and pride" in the priest or deacon, then they may admonish the priest or deacon to obey "a bishop whose commands are proper and right." A bishop ought to manifest love and charity to his clergy, and ministers ought to obey their bishop. 584:" Therefore, "most significant of all ... is the fact that the writers of this profession of faith have no word for what was later to be called 'Person' in a Trinitarian context, and in fact their thought upon the subject is so confused that one can understand why they gave their opponents the impression that they were Sabellians." "Zeiller and Declercq find the profession of faith gravely embarrassing. both because it appears to commit the Western church to a form of Sabellianism, approved or at least not reproved by the Pope, and by a Council which had also passed canons so congenial to later Ultramontamsm. and also because Athanasius, their paragon, in 362 violently denied that the Council of Serdica had produced any such statement, though he certainly knew that it had." 235:“The majority (of the ‘easterners’) refused to meet with the ‘westerners’ who wished Athanasius and Marcellus to be allowed normal participation in the meeting.” These two bishops “had been tried, condemned and deposed by regularly convened and ordered Eastern councils.” Athanasius had been found guilty of “tyrannical behaviour.” "The Easterners had no intention of allowing the Westerners to review decisions which they were competent to make. … The Easterners had a perfectly good case, and this fact till recently has not been sufficiently realized. Western bishops had no right to review the verdicts of Eastern councils. … Metropolitan jurisdictions were fairly clearly established in the East but were still in an uncertain and unformed state in the West.” 780:: if a bishop is deposed from his office by bishops of his region acting as a court, and if the deposed bishop takes refuge with the bishop of Rome and seeks recourse by asking the bishop of Rome for a retrial, and if the bishop of Rome decides that the case should be retried; then the bishop of Rome may write to those bishops of a neighbouring province to investigate and conduct a retrial. The deposed bishop may ask the bishop of Rome to delegate priests to the retrial; at his discretion, the bishop of Rome can send priests acting as legates with his authority to serve as judges in cases where the bishop of Rome decides that the bishops of a neighbouring province alone are insufficient. 556:(11) We believe in and hand down the Comforter the Holy Spirit which the Lord promised and sent to us. And we believe that he was sent. And he (the Spirit) did not suffer, but the man whom he put on, whom he assumed from the Virgin Mary, the man who was capable of suffering, because man is mortal but God immortal. We believe that he rose again the third day, and God did not rise in the man but the man in God, (the man) whom he also offered to the Father as his gift, whom he had freed. We believe that at a proper and determined time he will judge all men and all causes. 764:: if a bishop is convicted of an offence by a verdict in a case, and if the convicted bishop objects to the verdict and seeks recourse by asking for reconsideration, then the bishops who judged the case – the trial court – should "honour the memory of St. Peter the Apostle" and write to the bishop of Rome about the case; if the bishop of Rome – the court of second instance – decides that the case should be retried, then "let that be done, and let him appoint judges;" if the bishop of Rome decides that the case should not be retried, then he shall confirm the verdict. 146:“In 343 … about 90 bishops from the West and about 80 from the East set off to meet in Serdica. Constans himself, accompanied by Athanasius and several other Eastern bishops who had been deposed during the past twenty years, attended the encounter." “Athanasius, Asclepas and Marcellus were present as Eastern bishops with a grievance.” These Eastern bishops were deposed by Eastern courts. Their attendance under the protection of the Western emperor was a direct challenge and insult by Emperor Constans to the authority of the Eastern church. 545:(9) This is their blasphemous and corrupt interpretation; they contend that he said because of the agreement and harmony. We who are catholics condemn this silly and wretched idea of theirs. Just as mortal men when they begin to differ confront each other in their disputes and then again return to reconciliation, so they say that differences and disputes could exist between God the Father Almighty and the Son, which is altogether absurd either to think or to conjecture. 374:(trusted officials from the Imperial Court) with the Eastern bishops. After the council, he "duly exiled Lucius of Adrianople and some Egyptian clergy who had met with the Easterners' disapproval." We can assume, therefore, that the decision not to meet with the Western bishops was precisely consistent with his instructions for the council. It may, therefore, be said that this entire affair was part of the struggle between the two emperors for supremacy. 133:"The devisers of this meeting were certainly not Eastern bishops. Socrates (HE II.20) expressly says that they did not want to come. It was a small group of Western bishops, influential with Constans, who planned the Council: Maximinus of Trier, Protasius of Milan, Ossius of Cordova, Fortunatianus of Aquileia and Vincent of Capua. Julius of Rome was not a prime mover in the affair; he sent a comparatively minor delegation who kept a low profile.” 3308: 3024: 2878: 2787: 772:: if a bishop is sentenced with deposition in a case by a verdict "of those bishops who have sees in neighbouring places," and if the deposed bishop "announce[s] that his case is to be examined in the city of Rome," then the execution of the sentence is suspended, in that a replacement bishop shall not be ordained to the see of the deposed bishop until after the case has "been determined in the judgment of" the bishop of Rome. 421:"The Western bishops remained at Serdica for some time after the departure of the Eastern bishops and occupied themselves not only in launching anathemas and acquitting the accused but also in producing 'several documents." Ossius was their chairperson. "From the assembly of Western bishops in Serdica, or in connection with them emerged no less than eight documents." "Ossius was generally regarded as the leader of the Westerners." 2609: 2465: 2428: 2391: 1701: 1624: 1547: 1470: 1393: 1320: 1244: 1171: 1098: 1025: 592:"Ossius and Protogenes ... describe the formula with which the Encyclical ends as simply a justification and clarification of the creed of Nicaea. Had this letter come into the hands of an Eastern theologian it would only have confirmed his suspicion that N was of a dangerously Sabellian tendency." This again raises the question whether these Western bishops were representative of the general Western view. 22: 646:(Tyre I) in 335. He was subsequently exiled from Egypt in 339. Thereafter, he appealed the Tyre I sentence to Julius I. Julius I then summoned the Eastern bishops to Rome in 340 to review the Tyre I sentence. Overall, the Eastern bishops rejected the review of the Tyre I sentence and formulated a new creed at the Synod of Antioch in 341. Constans I and Julius I commissioned Bishop 122:"Constans decided to take the initiative ... His brother Constantius … agreed to permit, at the suggestion of Constans, that a grand Ecumenical Council should take place, with the intention of resolving the tension between East and West in the Church, at Serdica, modern Sofia, a city carefully chosen as standing between the Eastern and Western halves of the Roman Empire.” 301:“Athanasius and Marcellus could come together in Rome. The perception that these two trajectories held to very similar beliefs would help to shape widespread eastern antipathy to both in the years after Nicaea.” "The fragments of Eustathius that survive present a doctrine that is close to Marcellus, and to Alexander and Athanasius. Eustathius insists there is only one 628:"if an unjust sentence was imposed" by a provincial synod acting as a court of second instance. Nicaea I canon 5 "implied that" provincial synods "had an acknowledged authority to" judge the acts of individual bishops of their province. Provincial synods' authority "was becoming well established in the East" prior to the council of Serdica. In 341, the 678:, especially about the transfer of bishops and about trials and appeals of bishops. These canons and other conciliar documents were sent to Julius with a letter signed by the majority of the bishops. The canons were originally composed in Greek and both Greek and Latin versions are extant. The canons are "now universally accepted" as genuine. 341:“Early in the year 342 a delegation from the Eastern Church presented itself at the court of the Emperor Constans in Trier. … It carried with it the Fourth Creed of Antioch 341 and asked the Emperor to consider it. As a gesture of reconciliation, this embassy was fruitless, because nobody in the West took any notice of the creed." 239:"Athanasius was deservedly unpopular in the East. Serious attempts were made to overcome the impasse. Ossius more than ten years later said that he had gone so far as to offer to take back Athanasius with him to Spain if the Easterners would join him in discussion, but the distrustful Eastern bishops refused this suggestion." 559:(12) Such is their folly and their mind is blinded by so thick a darkness that they cannot see the light of truth. They do not understand the words of the text . It is clear why "one" (is said), because the apostles have received the Holy Spirit of God, but not however that they themselves were Spirit nor any of them was 350:

these deposed bishops to take part in the Council and the Westerners refused to meet without them. “So ended the Council of Serdica. Intended as a means of healing a dangerous rift which was developing between the Eastern and Western Church, it succeeded only in widening that rift to an apparently unbridgeable extent.”

326:“Athanasius’ engagement with Marcellus in Rome seems to have encouraged Athanasius towards the development of” “an increasingly sophisticated account of his enemies;” “the full flowering of a polemical strategy that was to shape accounts of the fourth century for over 1,500 years;” “a masterpiece of the rhetorical art.” 231:"The unwilling Eastern bishops ... on reaching Serdica were housed in a wing of the imperial palace and carefully kept from informal contact with the Western bishops." They refused to allow Marcellus and Athanasius to participate in the discussions and the Westerners would not allow the meeting to continue without them: 382:"The Eastern bishops only produced one document, that which was composed at Serdica and published at Philippopolis." "This formula is no more or less than the Fourth Creed of Antioch 341, the one sent vainly to Constans, with an addition to the anathemas at the end tacked on to it. The addition runs thus: 243:‘easterners’ … excommunicated all the ‘western’ leaders at Serdica” and “branded all the Westerners as Sabellians." "Intended as a means of healing a dangerous rift which was developing between the Eastern and Western Church, it succeeded only in widening that rift to an apparently unbridgeable extent." 2468: 907:

wrote that according to Athanasius about 300 bishops were present. Andrew Zenos noted in 1890 that Athanasius' figure of 340 included those who attended the council, together with those who did not: bishops who had previously written on behalf of Athanasius to the council and bishops who later signed

797:

Both parties believed they had acted rightly: those of the East, because the Western bishops had insisted that Athanasius and Paul, whom they had deposed, should be accorded seats; and the Western bishops because of the retirement of those who had deposed them before the matter had been examined. The

685:

Canon 1: "corruption must be done away with from its foundation." Bishops must not move from his own city to another more populated place because those men who move "are serving ambition and aiming at the possession of power." Bishops who move from their own city are to be punished sternly and "shall

707:

Canon 10a: a man shall not be ordained a bishop before he has "fulfilled the ministry of a reader and the office of deacon and presbyter." These promotions take considerable time and can test "his faith, his discretion, his gravity and modesty." Let him be ordained a bishop after he is found worthy.

689:

Canon 2: if "it is evident that a few persons could have been" bribed "to raise an uproar in the church, and seem to ask for the said man as bishop," then those, who "allege as an excuse and affirm that" the candidate to the office of bishop "received letters from the people," "must be condemned" as

454:

These events show that participants at Nicaea, “such as Ossius, Athanasius, and Marcellus” were “willing to turn to an alternative statement of faith, just as many of their eastern counterparts had done at Antioch two years before.” “This reflects … a context in which conciliar formulations were not

603:

The question of a new creed containing some additions to that of Nicaea was discussed, but the bishops decided to add nothing to the accepted creed, and thus gave the Arians no pretext for saying that hitherto they had not been explicitly condemned. Though the form of a proposed creed was presented

563:

Wisdom or Power nor was any only-begotten . But the divine utterance carefully distinguished: "they may be one in us”, It says; It did not say "we are one I and the Father"; but the disciples are linked and united among themselves by their confession of faith, so that they could be one in grace and

333:

Constantine was emperor of the entire Roman Empire and was able to limit religious disagreements between factions in the church. However, after he died in 337, his sons divided the empire between them. This created the opportunity for theologies to develop in different directions in the eastern and

362:

Only the emperors could arrange a general council like this one. In fact, these 'ecumenic councils' were the tools through which the emperors governed the church. “The general council was the very invention and creation of the Emperor. General councils, or councils aspiring to be general, were the

358:

It was Emperor Constans who took the initiative. In the fourth century, the emperor was the final arbiter in doctrinal disputes. If we ask the question, what was considered to constitute the ultimate authority in doctrine during the period reviewed in these pages, there can be only one answer. The

137:

Since the "devisers" of the council were a small group of bishops who had Constans' ear, the question arises to what extent they represent the general view of the West. After discussing the evidence, Ayres concludes that it is not accurate to describe it as an East/West or a Latin/Greek divide. He

366:

This council was probably not the emperor's idea. The idea probably originated from one of his trusted bishops. The Council, however, would not have been possible without the approvals of the emperors. Constans brought deposed Eastern bishops under his protection to the council. That was a direct

349:

It was in this context that a small group of bishops convinced Constans to propose an “ecumenical council’ at Serdica. To add insult to injury, the Western delegation included the deposed Eastern bishops. For that reason, the two groups of bishops never met as one. The Easterners refused to allow

657:

desired final judgments in the cases of Athanasius and other bishops who had been alternately condemned and vindicated by councils in the East and the West. They also desired to definitively settle the confusion arising from the many doctrinal formulas in circulation, and suggested that all such

441:

faction." However, nobody at Serdica, not even the Western delegates used the term homoousios. In fact, during this period of history, nobody used the term homoousios. "The Western Council of Serdica of 343 produced a document, written by Protogenes of Serdica and Ossius, which opted clearly for

292:

After Alexander died in 328, Athanasius, who was still underage, became bishop of Alexandria. However, more or less at the same time as Marcellus, Athanasius was found guilty of violence and “tyrannical behaviour” and exiled. Both Marcellus and Athanasius were bishops in the eastern part of the

2431: 264:

temporary alliance for the defeat of Arianism between the tradition of Alexandria led by Alexander and 'Asiatic' circles (i.e. Eustathius, Marcellus) whose thought was at the opposite pole to that of Arius. … Alexander … accepted virtual Sabellianism in order to ensure the defeat of Arianism.”

337:

After the empire was divided, Athanasius was able to convince the bishop of Rome of his polemical strategy. “Athanasius appealed to Julius of Rome in 339–40 by using his strategy of narrating a theological conspiracy of ‘Arians’. His success had a profound impact on the next few years of the

242:

Both sides took the most imprudent measures towards the others: "The Western bishops examined the cases of Athanasius, of Marcellus, of Asclepas and of Lucius all over again and declared them innocent." They "stigmatized all the Easterners as Arians" and excommunicated Eastern leaders. “The

509:(5) None of us denies the term "begotten" ( ... ) but begotten in what circumstances? (do we say), the artificer of archangels and angels and the world and the human race was begotten along with absolutely everything else which is called visible and invisible, because the text runs and ? 281:“Athanasius was certainly present as a deacon accompanying Alexander of Alexandria. … But it is equally certain that he can have taken no prominent nor active part, in spite of later legends to this effect and the conviction of some scholars that he was the moving spirit in the Council.” 478:(2) but that he is not true God, that he is Son, but not true Son; that he is begotten and at the same time has come into existence; for this is the way in which they regularly interpret "begotten", professing, as we have said above, that "begotten" is "having come into existence"; . 1704: 1473: 1396: 1247: 1550: 1174: 1101: 917:

The canons are not organized uniformly but with different numbers in different collections of canons. There are "small divergences in meaning between" Greek and Latin versions of the canons. It is generally accepted that the Latin version is closer to the original, according to

1627: 1323: 1028: 277:“Ossius of Cordoba probably chaired the meeting; Eustathius of Antioch, Marcellus of Ancyra, and Alexander must all have been key players in the discussions.” “Marcellus of Ancyra … had been an important figure at the council and may have significantly influenced its wording.” 526:

is true God and Wisdom and Power. We have handed down that he is true Son, but we do not name him Son as other sons are named, because they are named sons either by adoption or because they have been born again or because they deserve (the name), not because of the single

552:

which is a single one of Father and of Son. This we have always believed, that he reigns without beginning and without end with the Father and that his kingdom has neither term nor decline, because what exists eternally has neither begun to exist nor can decline.

424:

They re-examined the cases of Athanasius, Marcellus, and Asclepas and declared them innocent. In addition to this, they passed censure on the Eastern bishops, and several of them were deposed and excommunicated. Asclepas of Gaza was reinstated as bishop of the

538:

is Only-begotten since he always was and is in the Father, but the term "first-born" applies to his humanity and to the new creation, because he is also first-born from the dead. We confess that there is one God, we confess one Godhead of Father and Son.

412:

The Easterners “reject Arian doctrine equally with Sabellianism.” "Their profession of faith cannot possibly be described as Arian. But neither is intended to be a supplement to N. It is the production of men who were searching for a substitute for N.”

2612: 2394: 172:“At least half of those attending the ‘western’ meeting were from areas to the east of northern Italy and the largest single block of attendees were the Greek and Balkan bishops. The ‘western’ council was as localized as most during this century.” 665:

was expelled from his diocese by the Arians. After spending three years in Rome, Athanasius went to Gaul to confer with Hosius. From there, they went to the Council of Serdica, which began in the summer, or, at latest, in the autumn of 343.

696:

Canon 8: bishops should not go to a court of a Roman Emperor, unless invited or summoned by imperial letters, except to petition for the good of the church, or for succour and pardon of those suffering from an injustice or a sentence of

518:(6) We do not say that the Father is the Son, nor again that the Son is Father. But the Father is Father and the Son (is) Son of the Father. We confess that the Son is the power of the Father. We confess the < h > e is the 138:

says it is an error to assume “that Greek-speaking areas of the east divided clearly in theology from the Latin-speaking west. … ‘East’ vs. ‘West’ is far too clumsy a tool of analysis for almost anything in the fourth century.”

408:

Clearly they wish in this addition to allay Western fears that in maintaining the existence of three hypostases within the Godhead they are falling into tritheism, and to reject Arian doctrine equally with Sabellianism."

228:“The council was a disaster: the two sides, one from the west and the other from the east, never met as one.” “It was in fact a debacle rather than a Council, and it is absurd to reckon it among the General Councils.” 114:, Augustus in the East. It attempted to resolve "the tension between East and West in the Church." “The council was a disaster: the two sides, one from the west and the other from the east, never met as one.” 309:

For that reason, Athanasius and Marcellus, while in Rome, were able to form an alliance against those who taught that the Father, Son, and Spirit are three hypostases (three Centres of Consciousness or three

265:“Marcellus learnt the main lines of his theology from Eustathius.” “Eustathius and Marcellus … certainly met at Nicaea. and no doubt were there able to join forces with Alexander of Alexandria and Ossius.” 690:

frauds and "should not receive" communion even when dying. Aléxios Aristinos commented that this penalty – denying communion as a last rite – is not imposed anywhere else by any canon or for any sin.

542:(8) And nobody denies that the Father is somehow greater than the Son, not because of another hypostasis nor because of any difference but because the name of Father itself is greater than 'Son". 330:

This included the claim that all of his enemies are Arians (followers of Arius), which they were not, and that Athanasius himself was deposed due to an Arian ‘conspiracy’, which is also not true.

168:

Consistent with the principle that a small group of Western bishops were the "devisers" of this council, the Western delegates came from a relatively small part of the Western Empire:

756:: if a bishop is the complainant in a case against another bishop of his province, neither the complainant nor the accused can ask a bishop from another province to judge the case. 600:"It is hard to avoid the impression that the Incarnation consisted of the Spirit taking a body which did the suffering, and that the Son is not distinguishable from the Spirit." 481:(3) And recently two adders have been born from the Arian asp, Valens and Ursacius. who declare and state, without equivocation, though they call themselves Christian, that the 269:

Since Constantine had taken Alexander's part, Alexander’s alliance was able to dominate the council, including to insert in the Creed the term homoousios which, hitherto, was

504:

of the Son?", it is obviously that which is of the sole Father. We confess that neither the Father ever existed without the Son nor the Son without the Spirit nor ever could

3069:

Ohme, Heinz (2012). "Sources of the Greek canon law to the Quinisext Council (691/2): councils and church fathers". In Hartmann, Wilfried; Pennington, Kenneth (eds.).

1756: 1736: 1683: 1663: 1606: 1586: 1529: 1509: 1452: 1432: 1375: 1355: 1299: 1279: 1226: 1206: 1153: 1133: 1080: 1060: 2748: 256:

This dispute that prevented the entire council from meeting already began at Nicaea, where Alexander formed an alliance with Marcellus and some other Sabellians:

217: 314:“They considered themselves allies.” “Athanasius and Marcellus now seem to have made common cause against those who insisted on distinct hypostases in God.” 658:

matters should be referred to an ecumenical council. In order to make the council thoroughly representative, Serdica was chosen as the meeting location.

693:

Canon 6: bishops should be ordained based on necessity and appointed to populous cities and not to small towns or villages where one presbyter suffices.

2888: 289:

After Nicaea, Marcellus was deposed for Sabellianism. “Marcellus of Ancyra had produced a theology … which could quite properly be called Sabellian.”

3321: 3034: 161:

Hesychius, to assist the Eastern bishops in their journey and ordered Philagrius (an official experienced in troublesome ecclesiastical matters, now

3112:. Greek ecclesiastical historians of the first six centuries of the Christian era. Vol. 3. London: Samuel Bagster and Sons. pp. 144–147. 568:

While the Eusebians taught that "the Son suffering as God and not only as man," this document claims that only "the man whom he put on" suffered.

2747: 854:, p. 39 n. 9) dates the council to the autumn of 343 and writes that contemporary scholars generally date it to either 342 or 343. He cites 2991: 2797: 2907: 3014: 176:

Julius I was represented by the priests Archidamus and Philoxenus, and the deacon Leo. Athanasius reported that bishops attended from

3312: 2963: 823:

by the council and the counter-synod of Philippopolis led to the first schism between the Eastern Church and the Western Church.

492:(4) But we have received and have been taught this (tradition), we have this catholic and apostolic tradition: that there is one 747:"provided recourse to assistance by the bishop of Rome for bishops who claimed unfair treatment from judgement by their peers." 149:

At this time, "Constantius was on the Eastern frontier occupied with war against the Persians." He did not attend. "He sent the

3289: 2157:

Williams, Rowan, Arius: Heresy and Tradition (Revised ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. (2002), page 80

809:

Two synodical letters were written: one to the clergy and faithful of Alexandria, the other to the bishops of Egypt and Libya.

798:

council failed entirely to accomplish its purpose. The council did not universally represent the church and is not one of the

3090: 3059: 2735: 3360: 548:(10) But we believe and affirm and so think, that he uttered with his sacred voice because of the unity of the hypostasis 40: 32: 2906: 998:, p. 46), Sardica canon 10a adds considerable time in ministry as a required qualification of episcopal candidates. 604:

to the council, it was inserted in the encyclical addressed by the council to "all the bishops of the Catholic Church".

485:

and the Spirit was pierced and wounded and died and rose again, and (what the heretical rabble likes to claim) that the

2841:. Translated by Quain, Edwin A. (2nd printing, with corrections, of 1st ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. 2820: 2723:

The rudder (Pēdalion) of the metaphorical ship of the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church of the Orthodox Christians

3375: 3370: 3168: 3134: 3078: 2972: 2941: 2846: 2776: 2726:. Translated by Cummings, Denver (from the 5th Greek ed.). Chicago, IL: Orthodox Christian Educational Society. 2308: 58: 2915:. 2. Vol. 14. Translated by Percival, Henry R. (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature – via 908:

the conciliar letter sent to them. Zenos also noted that the figure was about 170 in two other works by Athanasius.

712:

had forbidden it. Men "whose life has been tested and their merit approved by length of time" should be ordained.

876:, p. 67) dates the council to autumn of 342 and notes that scholarly dating of the event is not resolved. 3188:

Ecclesiae occidentalis monumenta iuris antiquissima: canonum et conciliorum Graecorum interpretationes Latinae

319: 3223: 1999: 2756:. 2. Vol. 4. Translated by Atkinson, M. (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature – via 616:(Nicaea I) canon 5 decreed that bishops should convene in biannual synods within every province to act as a 3089: 157: 2106:

Hanson RPC, The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318-381. 1988, page 171

1924:

Hanson RPC, The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318-381. 1988, page 294

1826:

Hanson RPC, The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318-381. 1988, page 293

982: 3073:. History of medieval canon law. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 66–74. 2139:

Ayres, Lewis, Nicaea and its Legacy, An Approach to Fourth-Century Trinitarian Theology, 2004, page 431

1840:

Ayres, Lewis, Nicaea and its Legacy, An Approach to Fourth-Century Trinitarian Theology, 2004, page 123

978: 125:

Traditionally, it had been claimed that the council was convened by the two augusti at the request of

2529: 2130:

Ayres, Lewis, Nicaea and its Legacy, An Approach to Fourth-Century Trinitarian Theology, 2004, page 89

293:

Empire, were deposed by the Eastern Church, and were exiled to Rome. What is less well known, is that

3365: 3174: 3140: 2947: 294: 2983: 620:

and review cases with excommunication sentences pronounced by individual bishops. But, there was no

475:(1) 'We disqualify and extrude from the catholic church those who assert that Christ is indeed God, 3155:. Oxford theology and religion monographs. Oxford : Oxford University Press (published June 2015). 3004: 2813:

Enchiridion symbolorum: a compendium of creeds, definitions and declarations of the Catholic Church

832: 662: 639: 617: 613: 100: 3160: 576:

This statement explicitly says, "we have this catholic and apostolic tradition: that there is one

2717: 625: 189: 958:, pp. 37 38) wrote that the Latin version of canon 2 leaves "no doubt that the services of 2662:"Правило 2 - V-VI Вселенский Собор – Константинопольский, Трулльский (691г.) - Церковное право" 868: 708:

Order and discipline forbids a novice from being ordained bishop, presbyter, or deacon, since

3127:

Calendar and community: a history of the Jewish calendar, second century BCE-tenth century CE

3039: 2902: 2893: 2802: 1741: 1721: 1668: 1648: 1591: 1571: 1514: 1494: 1437: 1417: 1360: 1340: 1284: 1264: 1211: 1191: 1138: 1118: 1065: 1045: 904: 802:. This council has universal authority in Eastern Orthodox Church, according to the rules of 213: 460: 3235: 632:

canons 14 and 15 "were designed both to augment the authority of the provincial synod as a

107: 994:

While Nicaea I canon 2 is an injunction against the ordination of neophytes, according to

8: 799: 643: 270: 209: 201: 3258: 363:

children of imperial policy and the Emperor was expected to dominate and control them.”

943: 429:

and Quintianus, who in the meantime had usurped the episcopal see, was excommunicated.

2661: 500:

of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. And if anyone asks, "What is the

3380: 3281: 3192: 3164: 3130: 3113: 3074: 3055: 2968: 2937: 2865: 2842: 2816: 2772: 2727: 2304: 803: 647: 205: 193: 2835: 3273: 3156: 2929: 935: 820: 629: 489:

of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit are distinct and are separate,

197: 96: 3254: 3186: 3107: 3049: 2830: 2766: 2721: 426: 185: 84: 3277: 3098:. 2. Vol. 2 (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature – via 2933: 681:

In addition to the attempt to resolve the Arian issue, other major points were:

3211: 2958: 709: 165:

in Thrace), to accompany them on their journey from Philippopolis to Serdica."

111: 3250:, xxiii. (1902), pp. 497–5 16; ibid. xxvi. (1905), pp. 1–18, 255-274 3096:

A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church

2913:

A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church

2754:

A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church

564:

worship of God the Father and ill the peace and love of our Lord and Saviour'.

3354: 3336: 3323: 3285: 3196: 3117: 3028: 3009: 2882: 2869: 2791: 2768:

Athanasius and Constantius: theology and politics in the Constantinian Empire

177: 126: 2731: 931: 813: 3003: 515:

of God exists eternally and has no beginning, nor does he undergo an end.

3051:

Episcopal Elections 250-600: Hierarchy and Popular Will in Late Antiquity

633: 3018:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 210. 2982:

Miller, Molly K.; Behnken, Jacob C.; Metzger, Peter S. A. (2013-04-24).

3191:(in Latin). Vol. Tome 1, fasc. 2, pt. 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3099: 2999: 2916: 2757: 438: 103: 650:, who previously presided over Nicaea I, to preside over the council. 675: 3153:

Canon law and episcopal authority: the canons of Antioch and Serdica

2967:. Vol. 1. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 611. 2006: 1337:, pp. 590–591). In Hess (2002, p. 210): canon 10a (Latin) 437:

It is often claimed that the Westerners were "mostly of the Western

385:'Likewise the holy and Catholic Church anathematizes those who say, 305:“ (Eustatius was another important Sabellian in the fourth century.) 3027: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2881: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2790: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 1718:, pp. 594–596). In Hess (2002, p. 210): canon 17 (Latin) 181: 3307: 2608: 2464: 2427: 2390: 1700: 1623: 1546: 1469: 1392: 1319: 1261:, pp. 588–590). In Hess (2002, p. 210): canon 8 (Latin) 1243: 1188:, pp. 587–588). In Hess (2002, p. 210): canon 6 (Latin) 1170: 1115:, pp. 584–585). In Hess (2002, p. 210): canon 2 (Latin) 1097: 1042:, pp. 583–584). In Hess (2002, p. 210): canon 1 (Latin) 1024: 2811:

Denzinger, Heinrich; Hünermann, Peter; et al., eds. (2012).

884: 511:

For he could never have received beginning of existence, for the

395:

that before the ages he was neither Christ nor the Son of God, or

92: 962:

were available" to influence the process of episcopal elections.

534:(7) We confess that he is Only-begotten and First-born; but the 2752:. In Robertson, Archibald; Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.). 959: 654: 621: 3109:

Ecclesiastical history: a history of the church in seven books

1491:, n. 133). In Hess (2002, p. 210): canon 3c (Latin) 1414:, n. 133). In Hess (2002, p. 210): canon 3b (Latin) 404:

that the Father did not beget the Son by his counsel and Will.

3129:. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published November 2003). 2926:

The early development of Canon law and the Council of Serdica

2856:

Elliott, T. G. (1988). "The date of the Council of Serdica".

2638: 2404: 1645:, n. 135). In Hess (2002, p. 210): canon 7 (Latin) 1568:, n. 134). In Hess (2002, p. 210): canon 4 (Latin) 371: 151: 88: 674:

Before separating, the bishops promulgated approximately 20

2928:. Oxford : Oxford University Press (published April 2004). 459:

This council was held during the decades after Nicaea when

2691: 2501: 938:

of the Latin, Greek, and Theodosian versions, furthermore

895:, two early 20th century sources, date the council to 343. 522:

of God the Father, beside whom there is no other, and the

295:

both Athanasius and Marcellus taught one single hypostasis

3071:

The history of Byzantine and Eastern canon law to 1500

2442: 2440: 872:

dates the council to either 342 or the autumn of 343.

3105: 2957: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2012: 1744: 1724: 1671: 1651: 1594: 1574: 1517: 1497: 1440: 1420: 1363: 1343: 1287: 1267: 1214: 1194: 1141: 1121: 1068: 1048: 471:

Hanson quotes the Western statement of faith in full:

2981: 2679: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 2584: 2437: 1860: 1788: 1786: 642:was deposed and excommunicated by Eusebians at the 2961:; Martindale, John R.; Morris, John, eds. (1971). 2897:. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2834: 2572: 2478: 2301:Ancient Christian villages of Judaea and the Negev 1773: 1771: 1769: 1750: 1730: 1677: 1657: 1600: 1580: 1523: 1503: 1446: 1426: 1369: 1349: 1293: 1273: 1220: 1200: 1147: 1127: 1074: 1054: 3043:. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2806:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2517: 1964: 398:that Father, Son and Holy Spirit are the same, or 3352: 3088:Socrates Scholasticus; Zenos, Andrew C. (1890). 2815:(43rd ed.). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1783: 1766: 636:and to ensure the integrity of its operation." 359:will of the Emperor was the final authority." 2990:. Milwaukee, WI: Wisconsin Lutheran College. 370:Constantius sent a military official and two 3247:Historisches Jahrbuch der Gorresgesellschaft 3245: 3239: 3227: 3215: 1309: 1307: 531:which is that of the Father and of the Son. 2771:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 260:“Simonetti estimates the Nicene Council as 898: 353: 3161:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732228.001.0001 3094:. In Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.). 2911:. In Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.). 2864:. Calgary: University of Calgary: 65–72. 1313:Council of Serdica, c. 10a (Latin) ( 1304: 812:The proposed explanatory revision of the 318:While in Rome, Athanasius also developed 117: 59:Learn how and when to remove this message 3259:"The Genuineness of the Sardican Canons" 3150: 2795: 2685: 2303:. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press. 1694:Council of Serdica, c. 17 (Latin) ( 223: 2964:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire 2855: 2829: 2632: 2298: 2292: 1688: 1617:Council of Serdica, c. 7 (Latin) ( 1611: 1457: 1380: 1237:Council of Serdica, c. 8 (Latin) ( 1231: 1164:Council of Serdica, c. 6 (Latin) ( 855: 701: 686:not even be admitted to lay communion." 3353: 3253: 3229:Die Unechtheit der Canones von Sardika 3184: 3047: 2764: 2715: 2644: 2616: 2565:, p. 54; see numbering matrix in 2549:, p. 93, see numbering matrix in 2539: 2276: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2234: 2232: 2183: 2181: 2093: 2091: 1997: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1712: 1635: 1558: 1534: 1481: 1404: 1331: 1255: 1182: 1158: 1109: 1085: 1036: 1012: 995: 971: 955: 939: 927: 877: 859: 3124: 3032: 2998: 2886: 2701: 2697: 2523: 2511: 2507: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2195: 2193: 2126: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2034: 2032: 2030: 1985: 1932: 1930: 1912: 1792: 892: 888: 866:, pp. 75, 79, 124–125) for 343. 863: 344: 246: 3241:Die Echtheit der Canones von Sardica 3151:Stephens, Christopher W. B. (2015). 3068: 2923: 2901: 2628: 2603: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2550: 2546: 2535: 2495: 2472: 2459: 2446: 2414: 2410: 2398: 2385: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1711:, pp. 223, 225, 237, 251, 253; 1708: 1695: 1631: 1618: 1554: 1541: 1477: 1464: 1400: 1387: 1327: 1314: 1251: 1238: 1178: 1165: 1105: 1092: 1032: 1019: 923: 919: 883:, p. 579) follows Socrates and 873: 851: 466: 416: 377: 251: 212:. Constantius II was represented by 15: 3087: 2745: 2422: 2271: 2259: 2229: 2178: 2088: 2013:Jones, Martindale & Morris 1971 1948: 1908: 1891: 1883: 1866: 1854: 1809: 13: 3266:The Journal of Theological Studies 3205: 3048:Norton, Peter (22 February 2007). 2810: 2648: 2562: 2353: 2190: 2121: 2109: 2066: 2050: 2027: 1927: 1777: 1642: 1565: 1488: 1411: 1377:included in T12 (Theodosian). 716: 31:tone or style may not reflect the 14: 3392: 3300: 3185:Turner, Cuthbert H., ed. (1930). 3037:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 2891:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 2800:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 2746:Athanasius of Alexandria (1891). 2720:; Cummings, Denver, eds. (1957). 1829: 1815: 862:, p. 71 n. 2 at p. 259) and 571: 3306: 3295:from the original on 2012-05-20. 3022: 2994:from the original on 2015-12-26. 2876: 2785: 2741:from the original on 2008-07-23. 2607: 2463: 2426: 2389: 2000:"Synodical Letter to Alexandria" 1699: 1622: 1545: 1468: 1391: 1318: 1242: 1169: 1096: 1023: 271:preferred only by the Sabellians 41:guide to writing better articles 20: 2837:Byzantium and the Roman primacy 2654: 2622: 2596: 2556: 2452: 2378: 2369: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2283: 2250: 2241: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2169: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2100: 2041: 2018: 1991: 1939: 1918: 1897: 1634:, pp. 215, 217, 229, 245; 1480:, pp. 213, 227, 229, 243; 1035:, pp. 213, 227, 241, 243; 988: 965: 949: 942:, pp. 452–487) contains a 911: 858:, pp. 65–72) for 342, and 587: 580:which the heretics (also) call 496:which the heretics (also) call 284: 3106:Socrates Scholasticus (1844). 2908:"The Council of Sardica" 2417:, p. 72, see Athanasius, 1872: 1843: 1798: 1181:, pp. 215, 231, 245–246; 845: 595: 401:that the Son is ingenerate, or 367:attack on the Eastern Church. 155:Strategius Musonianus and the 1: 2984:"Council of Serdica (AD 343)" 2796:Clifford, Cornelius (1907). " 2458:Synod of Antioch, cc. 14–15 ( 1005: 887:who date the council to 347. 816:was rejected by the council. 744: 732: 728: 607: 432: 389:that there are three Gods, or 334:western parts of the empire. 2858:The Ancient History Bulletin 2299:Bagatti, Bellarmino (2002). 922:, p. 70). According to 740: 736: 141: 129:. However, RPC Hanson wrote: 7: 3361:4th-century church councils 3005:"Sardica, Council of" 2934:10.1093/0198269757.001.0001 2765:Barnes, Timothy D. (1993). 2602:Council of Nicaea I, c. 2 ( 2384:Council of Nicaea I, c. 5 ( 1463:Council of Serdica, c. 3c ( 1386:Council of Serdica, c. 3b ( 826: 392:that Christ is not God, and 10: 3397: 3217:Hist. ancienne de l'Eglise 1557:, pp. 215, 229, 245; 1540:Council of Serdica, c. 4 ( 1403:, pp. 213, 227, 243; 1330:, pp. 219, 233, 247; 1254:, pp. 217, 231, 247; 1108:, pp. 213, 227, 243; 1091:Council of Serdica, c. 2 ( 1018:Council of Serdica, c. 1 ( 461:nobody mentions homoousios 3278:10.1093/jts/os-III.11.370 3175:Oxford Scholarship Online 3141:Oxford Scholarship Online 2948:Oxford Scholarship Online 2350:Hanson RPC, pages 300-302 792: 669: 3376:4th-century Christianity 3371:340s in the Roman Empire 2887:Healy, Patrick (1912). " 2208:Ayres, Lewis, page 106-7 838: 833:Council of Philippopolis 663:Athanasius of Alexandria 640:Athanasius of Alexandria 618:court of second instance 614:first ecumenical council 3272:(11). London: 370–397. 3180:(subscription required) 3146:(subscription required) 3104:Translation taken from 3033:Myers, Edward (1910). " 3015:Encyclopædia Britannica 2953:(subscription required) 2924:Hess, Hamilton (2002). 2718:Nicodemus the Hagiorite 2419:Apologia contra Arianos 1936:Hanson RPC, pages 293-4 1903:Socrates Scholasticus, 1880:Apologia contra Arianos 1849:Socrates Scholasticus, 1804:Socrates Scholasticus, 1751:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1731:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1678:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1658:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1601:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1581:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1524:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1511:IIIc (Greek) 1504:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1447:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1434:IIIb (Greek) 1427:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1370:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1350:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1294:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1274:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1221:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1201:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1148:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1128:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1075:{\displaystyle \equiv } 1055:{\displaystyle \equiv } 626:court of final instance 463:, not even Athanasius. 354:The Role of the Emperor 3246: 3240: 3228: 3216: 2903:Hefele, Karl Josef von 2341:Ayres, Lewis, page 126 2238:Ayres, Lewis, page 109 2217:Ayres, Lewis, page 108 2199:Ayres, Lewis, page 106 2063:Ayres, Lewis, page 124 2024:Ayres, Lewis, page 123 1905:Historia ecclesiastica 1888:Epistola ad solitarios 1851:Historia ecclesiastica 1806:Historia ecclesiastica 1758:T18 (Theodosian). 1752: 1732: 1679: 1659: 1602: 1582: 1525: 1505: 1448: 1428: 1371: 1351: 1301:T10 (Theodosian). 1295: 1275: 1222: 1202: 1149: 1129: 1076: 1056: 869:Enchiridion symbolorum 566: 457: 328: 320:his polemical strategy 316: 307: 279: 267: 237: 174: 135: 118:Calling of the Council 83:located in modern-day 3125:Stern, Sacha (2001). 3040:Catholic Encyclopedia 2894:Catholic Encyclopedia 2803:Catholic Encyclopedia 2401:, pp. 101, 181). 2366:Hanson, RPC, page 303 2187:Ayres, Lewis, page 69 1961:Hanson, RPC, page 294 1886:, pp. 126–127), 1753: 1733: 1685:T7 (Theodosian). 1680: 1660: 1608:T6 (Theodosian). 1603: 1588:IV (Greek) 1583: 1531:T5 (Theodosian). 1526: 1506: 1454:T4 (Theodosian). 1449: 1429: 1372: 1352: 1296: 1276: 1228:T9 (Theodosian). 1223: 1203: 1155:T2 (Theodosian). 1150: 1130: 1082:T1 (Theodosian). 1077: 1057: 977:, p. 592) cites 946:of the Latin version. 930:, pp. 490–531) ( 905:Socrates Scholasticus 473: 452: 324: 312: 299: 275: 258: 233: 224:The Council Never Met 214:Strategius Musonianus 170: 131: 3236:Franz Xaver von Funk 2545:, pp. 583–600; 2538:, pp. 415–433; 2375:Hanson RPC, page 305 2332:Hanson RPC, page 201 2323:Hanson RPC, page 436 2289:Hanson RPC, page 334 2280:Hanson RPC, page 299 2268:Hanson RPC, page 298 2256:Hanson RPC, page 855 2247:Hanson RPC, page 849 2226:Hanson RPC, page 218 2175:Hanson RPC, page 175 2148:Hanson RPC, page 157 2118:Hanson RPC, page 234 2097:Hanson RPC, page 306 2085:Hanson RPC, page 296 2038:Hanson RPC, page 295 1945:Hanson RPC, page 294 1742: 1722: 1669: 1665:V (Greek) 1649: 1641:, pp. 586–587; 1592: 1572: 1515: 1495: 1487:, pp. 585–586; 1438: 1418: 1410:, pp. 585–586; 1361: 1341: 1285: 1265: 1212: 1192: 1139: 1119: 1066: 1046: 702:Episcopal candidates 218:Hesychius of Antioch 3333: / 2959:Jones, Arnold H. M. 2631:, p. 179; see 2166:Hanson RPC, page ix 1911:, pp. 46–47); 800:ecumenical councils 644:first Synod of Tyre 450:." Ayres concludes: 91:convened in 343 at 3313:Council of Serdica 3091:"Chapter 20" 2889:Council of Sardica 2716:Agapios the Monk; 1890:, n. 15, cited in 1857:, pp. 46–47). 1812:, pp. 46–47). 1748: 1728: 1675: 1655: 1598: 1578: 1521: 1501: 1444: 1424: 1367: 1347: 1291: 1271: 1218: 1198: 1145: 1125: 1072: 1052: 944:critical apparatus 345:Council of Serdica 247:Historical Context 73:Council of Serdica 3337:42.000°N 25.000°E 3311:Works related to 3061:978-0-19-152587-2 3035:Hosius of Cordova 2988:fourthcentury.com 2749:"Chapter 3" 1869:, pp. 46–47. 1738:XIV (Greek) 1357:IXb (Greek) 1281:VII (Greek) 1208:VIb (Greek) 936:critical editions 821:anathematizations 804:Quinisext Council 653:Hosius and other 648:Hosius of Cordova 467:Western Statement 417:Western Documents 378:Eastern Documents 252:Council of Nicaea 110:in the West, and 69: 68: 61: 35:used on Knowledge 33:encyclopedic tone 3388: 3366:History of Sofia 3348: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3310: 3296: 3294: 3263: 3255:Turner, Cuthbert 3249: 3243: 3231: 3224:Johann Friedrich 3219: 3200: 3181: 3178: 3147: 3144: 3121: 3103: 3093: 3084: 3065: 3044: 3026: 3025: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2978: 2954: 2951: 2920: 2910: 2898: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2852: 2840: 2831:Dvornik, Francis 2826: 2807: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2761: 2751: 2742: 2740: 2705: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2658: 2652: 2642: 2636: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2560: 2554: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2476: 2467: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2435: 2430: 2408: 2402: 2393: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2269: 2266: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2188: 2185: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2119: 2116: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2086: 2083: 2064: 2061: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1962: 1959: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1901: 1895: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1827: 1824: 1813: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1781: 1775: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1703: 1692: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1626: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1564:, pp. 586; 1549: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1510: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1472: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1395: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1322: 1311: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1246: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1173: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1135:II (Greek) 1134: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1100: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1027: 1016: 999: 992: 986: 969: 963: 953: 947: 933: 926:, p. 211), 915: 909: 902: 896: 849: 787: 786: 779: 778: 771: 770: 763: 762: 755: 754: 726: 725: 630:Synod of Antioch 97:diocese of Dacia 77:Synod of Serdica 64: 57: 53: 50: 44: 43:for suggestions. 39:See Knowledge's 24: 23: 16: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3351: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3303: 3292: 3261: 3208: 3206:Further reading 3203: 3179: 3171: 3145: 3137: 3081: 3062: 3023: 2975: 2952: 2944: 2877: 2849: 2823: 2786: 2779: 2738: 2708: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2647:, p. 371; 2643: 2639: 2627: 2623: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2569:, p. 210). 2561: 2557: 2553:, p. 210). 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2479: 2475:, p. 181). 2457: 2453: 2445: 2438: 2413:, p. 101; 2409: 2405: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2089: 2084: 2067: 2062: 2051: 2047:Hanson RPC, 295 2046: 2042: 2037: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1965: 1960: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1902: 1898: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1830: 1825: 1816: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1784: 1776: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1693: 1689: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1616: 1612: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1539: 1535: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1462: 1458: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1385: 1381: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1312: 1305: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1236: 1232: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1163: 1159: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1090: 1086: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062:I (Greek) 1047: 1044: 1043: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1002: 993: 989: 970: 966: 954: 950: 916: 912: 903: 899: 850: 846: 841: 829: 795: 784: 783: 776: 775: 768: 767: 760: 759: 752: 751: 723: 722: 719: 717:Right of appeal 704: 672: 610: 598: 590: 574: 469: 455:seen as fixed.” 435: 427:diocese of Gaza 419: 380: 356: 347: 287: 254: 249: 226: 144: 120: 85:Sofia, Bulgaria 65: 54: 48: 45: 38: 29:This article's 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 3394: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3342:42.000; 25.000 3317: 3316: 3302: 3301:External links 3299: 3298: 3297: 3257:(April 1902). 3251: 3233: 3232:(Vienna, 1902) 3221: 3212:Louis Duchesne 3207: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3182: 3169: 3148: 3135: 3122: 3085: 3079: 3066: 3060: 3054:. OUP Oxford. 3045: 3020: 3010:Chisholm, Hugh 3000:Mirbt, Carl T. 2996: 2979: 2973: 2955: 2942: 2921: 2899: 2874: 2853: 2847: 2827: 2822:978-0898707465 2821: 2808: 2798:St. Athanasius 2783: 2777: 2762: 2743: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2690: 2678: 2653: 2637: 2621: 2619:, p. 46). 2595: 2593:, p. 179. 2583: 2571: 2555: 2528: 2516: 2500: 2477: 2451: 2449:, p. 181. 2436: 2403: 2377: 2368: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2309: 2291: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2099: 2087: 2065: 2049: 2040: 2026: 2017: 2015:, p. 611. 2005: 1990: 1963: 1947: 1938: 1926: 1917: 1896: 1871: 1859: 1842: 1828: 1814: 1797: 1782: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1747: 1727: 1687: 1674: 1654: 1610: 1597: 1577: 1533: 1520: 1500: 1456: 1443: 1423: 1379: 1366: 1346: 1303: 1290: 1270: 1230: 1217: 1197: 1157: 1144: 1124: 1084: 1071: 1051: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1001: 1000: 987: 964: 948: 910: 897: 843: 842: 840: 837: 836: 835: 828: 825: 794: 791: 790: 789: 781: 773: 765: 757: 718: 715: 714: 713: 710:Paul of Tarsus 703: 700: 699: 698: 694: 691: 687: 671: 668: 609: 606: 597: 594: 589: 586: 573: 572:One hypostasis 570: 468: 465: 444:Una substantia 434: 431: 418: 415: 406: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 379: 376: 355: 352: 346: 343: 286: 283: 253: 250: 248: 245: 225: 222: 143: 140: 119: 116: 112:Constantius II 67: 66: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3393: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3349: 3346: 3315:at Wikisource 3314: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3172: 3170:9780198732228 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3138: 3136:9780198270348 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3086: 3082: 3080:9780813216799 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3029:public domain 3021: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2974:9780521072335 2970: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2945: 2943:9780198269755 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2884: 2883:public domain 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2848:9780823207015 2844: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2793: 2792:public domain 2784: 2780: 2778:9780674050679 2774: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2686:Clifford 1907 2682: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2651:, p. 54. 2650: 2646: 2641: 2635:, p. 43. 2634: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2581:, p. 93. 2580: 2575: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2525: 2520: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2498:, p. 67. 2497: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2312: 2310:9789655160468 2306: 2302: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2253: 2244: 2235: 2233: 2223: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2044: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2001: 1994: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1942: 1933: 1931: 1921: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1894:, p. 47. 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1780:, p. 54. 1779: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1745: 1725: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1691: 1672: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1595: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1518: 1498: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1460: 1441: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1364: 1344: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1288: 1268: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1234: 1215: 1195: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1142: 1122: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1069: 1049: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1015: 1011: 997: 991: 984: 980: 979:1 Timothy 3:6 976: 974: 968: 961: 957: 952: 945: 941: 937: 929: 925: 921: 914: 906: 901: 894: 890: 886: 882: 880: 875: 871: 870: 865: 861: 857: 856:Elliott (1988 853: 848: 844: 834: 831: 830: 824: 822: 817: 815: 810: 807: 805: 801: 782: 774: 766: 758: 750: 749: 748: 746: 743:– along with 742: 738: 734: 730: 724:appeal canons 711: 706: 705: 695: 692: 688: 684: 683: 682: 679: 677: 667: 664: 659: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 605: 601: 593: 585: 583: 579: 569: 565: 562: 557: 554: 551: 546: 543: 540: 537: 532: 530: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 479: 476: 472: 464: 462: 456: 451: 449: 445: 440: 430: 428: 422: 414: 410: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 387: 386: 383: 375: 373: 368: 364: 360: 351: 342: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 321: 315: 311: 306: 304: 298: 296: 290: 282: 278: 274: 272: 266: 263: 257: 244: 240: 236: 232: 229: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 178:Roman diocese 173: 169: 166: 164: 160: 159: 154: 153: 147: 139: 134: 130: 128: 127:Pope Julius I 123: 115: 113: 109: 105: 102: 98: 95:in the civil 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 63: 60: 52: 49:February 2024 42: 36: 34: 27: 18: 17: 3318: 3269: 3265: 3187: 3173:– via 3152: 3139:– via 3126: 3108: 3095: 3070: 3050: 3038: 3013: 2987: 2962: 2946:– via 2925: 2912: 2892: 2861: 2857: 2836: 2812: 2801: 2767: 2753: 2722: 2710:Works cited 2709: 2693: 2681: 2670:. Retrieved 2668:(in Russian) 2665: 2656: 2640: 2633:Dvornik 1979 2624: 2617:Norton (2007 2615:), cited in 2598: 2586: 2574: 2558: 2540: 2531: 2519: 2503: 2471:), cited in 2454: 2418: 2406: 2397:), cited in 2380: 2371: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2300: 2294: 2285: 2252: 2243: 2222: 2213: 2204: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2102: 2043: 2020: 2008: 1998:Athanasius. 1993: 1941: 1920: 1904: 1899: 1887: 1882:, n. 49–50 ( 1879: 1878:Athanasius, 1874: 1862: 1850: 1845: 1805: 1800: 1713: 1690: 1636: 1613: 1559: 1536: 1482: 1459: 1405: 1382: 1332: 1256: 1233: 1183: 1160: 1110: 1087: 1037: 1014: 996:Norton (2007 990: 972: 967: 956:Norton (2007 951: 940:Turner (1930 928:Turner (1930 913: 900: 893:Healy (1912) 889:Myers (1910) 878: 867: 860:Barnes (1993 847: 818: 814:Nicene Creed 811: 808: 796: 720: 697:deportation. 680: 673: 660: 652: 638: 611: 602: 599: 591: 588:Nicene Creed 581: 577: 575: 567: 560: 558: 555: 549: 547: 544: 541: 535: 533: 528: 523: 519: 517: 512: 508: 505: 501: 497: 493: 491: 486: 482: 480: 477: 474: 470: 458: 453: 447: 446:meaning one 443: 436: 423: 420: 411: 407: 384: 381: 369: 365: 361: 357: 348: 340: 336: 332: 329: 325: 317: 313: 308: 302: 300: 291: 288: 285:After Nicaea 280: 276: 268: 261: 259: 255: 241: 238: 234: 230: 227: 175: 171: 167: 162: 156: 150: 148: 145: 136: 132: 124: 121: 80: 76: 72: 70: 55: 46: 30: 3340: / 2645:Turner 1902 2606:, pp. 2462:, pp. 2421:, n. 22.6 ( 1698:, pp. 1317:, pp. 1241:, pp. 1095:, pp. 934:) contains 864:Stern (2001 819:The mutual 806:(canon 2). 634:trial court 596:Incarnation 578:hypostasis, 529:hypostasis, 494:hypostasis, 303:hypostasis. 3355:Categories 3100:Wikisource 2917:Wikisource 2758:Wikisource 2702:Mirbt 1911 2698:Myers 1910 2672:2023-10-03 2567:Hess (2002 2551:Hess (2002 2524:Myers 1910 2512:Healy 1912 2508:Myers 1910 2473:Hess (2002 2425:, p. 2399:Hess (2002 2388:, p. 1986:Healy 1912 1913:Healy 1912 1793:Mirbt 1911 1707:as c. 14; 1621:, p. 1544:, p. 1467:, p. 1390:, p. 1177:as c. 6b; 1168:, p. 1022:, p. 1006:References 924:Hess (2002 920:Ohme (2012 874:Ohme (2012 852:Hess (2002 608:Background 502:hypostasis 487:hypostases 448:hypostasis 439:Homoousian 433:Homoousios 158:castrensis 104:Constans I 3286:0022-5185 3220:, II, 215 3197:491256393 3118:152444970 2870:0835-3638 2833:(1979) . 2666:azbyka.ru 2629:Hess 2002 2591:Hess 2002 2579:Hess 2002 2547:Hess 2002 2496:Ohme 2012 2447:Hess 2002 2415:Ohme 2012 2411:Hess 2002 1746:≡ 1726:≡ 1709:Hess 2002 1673:≡ 1653:≡ 1632:Hess 2002 1630:as c. 5; 1596:≡ 1576:≡ 1555:Hess 2002 1519:≡ 1499:≡ 1478:Hess 2002 1442:≡ 1422:≡ 1401:Hess 2002 1365:≡ 1345:≡ 1328:Hess 2002 1289:≡ 1269:≡ 1252:Hess 2002 1250:as c. 7; 1216:≡ 1196:≡ 1179:Hess 2002 1143:≡ 1123:≡ 1106:Hess 2002 1070:≡ 1050:≡ 1033:Hess 2002 192:, Italy, 142:Delegates 87:), was a 3381:Arianism 3290:Archived 3002:(1911). 2992:Archived 2905:(1899). 2736:Archived 2732:26490803 2604:NPNF2 14 2536:NPNF2 14 2460:NPNF2 14 2386:NPNF2 14 1907:, 2.20 ( 1853:, 2.20 ( 1808:, 2.20 ( 1696:NPNF2 14 1619:NPNF2 14 1542:NPNF2 14 1465:NPNF2 14 1388:NPNF2 14 1315:NPNF2 14 1239:NPNF2 14 1166:NPNF2 14 1093:NPNF2 14 1020:NPNF2 14 827:See also 785:Canon 17 761:Canon 3c 753:Canon 3b 745:canon 17 561:Logos or 210:Pannonia 182:Hispania 108:Augustus 101:Emperors 3328:25°00′E 3325:42°00′N 3031:: 3012:(ed.). 2885:: 2794:: 2649:DH 2012 2563:DH 2012 2469:115–116 2423:NPNF2 4 1909:NPNF2 2 1892:NPNF2 2 1884:NPNF2 4 1867:NPNF2 2 1855:NPNF2 2 1810:NPNF2 2 1778:DH 2012 1705:428–429 1643:DH 2012 1566:DH 2012 1489:DH 2012 1412:DH 2012 1324:424–425 1248:421–422 1102:415–416 960:claques 885:Sozomen 777:Canon 7 769:Canon 4 661:In 340 655:bishops 310:Minds): 190:Britain 93:Serdica 81:Sardica 3284: 3195: 3167: 3133: 3116: 3077: 3058: 2971: 2940: 2868: 2845: 2819: 2775: 2730: 2541:Rudder 2307: 1714:Rudder 1637:Rudder 1560:Rudder 1483:Rudder 1406:Rudder 1333:Rudder 1257:Rudder 1184:Rudder 1111:Rudder 1038:Rudder 973:Rudder 879:Rudder 793:Legacy 676:canons 670:Canons 622:appeal 582:ousia. 506:and . 498:ousia, 206:Thrace 194:Africa 79:(also 3293:(PDF) 3262:(PDF) 3008:. In 2739:(PDF) 2613:10–11 975:(1957 932:EOMIA 881:(1957 839:Notes 624:to a 536:Logos 524:Logos 520:Logos 513:Logos 483:Logos 372:comes 202:Syria 198:Egypt 163:comes 152:comes 99:, by 89:synod 75:, or 3282:ISSN 3270:os-3 3193:OCLC 3165:ISBN 3131:ISBN 3114:OCLC 3075:ISBN 3056:ISBN 2969:ISBN 2938:ISBN 2866:ISSN 2843:ISBN 2817:ISBN 2773:ISBN 2728:OCLC 2543:1957 2305:ISBN 1716:1957 1639:1957 1562:1957 1485:1957 1408:1957 1335:1957 1259:1957 1186:1957 1113:1957 1040:1957 983:5:22 981:and 891:and 721:The 612:The 216:and 208:and 186:Gaul 71:The 3274:doi 3244:," 3238:, " 3157:doi 2930:doi 2432:111 1628:419 1551:418 1474:417 1397:417 1175:420 1029:415 180:of 3357:: 3288:. 3280:. 3268:. 3264:. 3226:, 3214:, 3163:. 2986:. 2936:. 2860:. 2734:. 2700:; 2664:. 2510:; 2480:^ 2439:^ 2434:). 2395:13 2355:^ 2273:^ 2261:^ 2231:^ 2192:^ 2180:^ 2123:^ 2111:^ 2090:^ 2068:^ 2052:^ 2029:^ 1966:^ 1950:^ 1929:^ 1831:^ 1817:^ 1785:^ 1768:^ 1553:; 1476:; 1399:; 1326:; 1306:^ 1104:; 1031:; 739:, 735:, 733:3c 731:, 729:3b 727:– 297:. 220:. 204:, 200:, 196:, 188:, 184:, 106:, 3276:: 3199:. 3177:. 3159:: 3143:. 3120:. 3102:. 3083:. 3064:. 2977:. 2950:. 2932:: 2919:. 2872:. 2862:2 2851:. 2825:. 2781:. 2760:. 2704:. 2688:. 2675:. 2526:. 2514:. 2313:. 2002:. 1988:. 1915:. 1795:. 985:. 741:7 737:4 550:, 322:: 273:. 262:a 62:) 56:( 51:) 47:( 37:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index