1456:. Regional differences exist in the rate, the Kabul province has a rate of 38.2% while Bamayan is higher at 51.2%. First cousin marriages (27.8%) were the most common type of consanguineous marriages, followed by double first cousin (6.9%), second cousin (5.8%), beyond second cousin (3.9%) and first cousin once removed (1.8%). The pattern of inheritance of genetic abnormalities in Afghanistan has a significant impact on prevalence. Autosomal recessive genetic abnormalities were observed at most and 75.4% of the total reported cases, followed by autosomal dominant 19.7%. The main reason behind the high percentage of autosomal recessive conditions is the union between groups of people known to share genetic traits inherited from one or more common ancestors. Hereditary disorder might be one of the fundamental causes of the high death rate in Afghanistan. Based on this study, infants under the age of 2 years are mostly experiencing metabolic disorders and its frequency is up to 38.9%, followed by children in the age group 3–11 years (22.2%). Adolescents have comparatively less percentage (12.5%), but with diverse genetic anomalies, and adults have a high percentage (25.0%) of various genetic disorders, while older people (1.4%) are only affected by neurological disorders.
1584:. Stated pragmatic reasons for cousin marriage might be stated in terms of advantages for the husband such as warmer relations with his father-in-law, quicker entertainment of the husband's family by the wife in the case of a visit due to them being her relations, greater loyalty and devotion of the wife, and the ease of regaining a wife after a serious quarrel where she has withdrawn to the house of her own family. Stated pragmatic reasons for the parents included gaining access to the labor of a daughter's children by marrying her to a kinsman and thereby keeping her family close by, increased attentiveness on the part of a wife to her aging in-laws if she is related to them, and the ease of marital negotiations if the parents are brothers, or in the next best case, if the mother of one child is the sister of the father of the other child.
1509:
relations, responsibility for a married woman rests with both her husband's family and her own. In the Middle East the situation is different in that primary responsibility continues to rest with the woman's own family even after she is married. Her agnates therefore cannot release her from control upon marriage due to the risk to their honor. They and not the husband may be responsible for killing her, or sometimes her lover, if she commits adultery. Similar rules may apply in case of the payment if she is killed and for the inheritance of her property if she has no male heirs. Her natal family may continue supporting her even against her husband. This is an idealized system: some Middle
Eastern societies do mix it with other systems that assign more responsibility to the husband's family.
1588:
such reasons protected the symbolic but vitally important honor of the stakeholders involved. One reason was that in Berti (and Middle
Eastern) culture one's honor is affected if a cousin becomes pregnant out of wedlock. The responsibility to see her married is directly proportional to the responsibility for her chastity and one's genealogical distance from her. One can eliminate this directly by becoming her husband. Another reason is the relationship between cousin marriage and agnatic solidarity. HolĂ˝ argues from the case of the Palestinians that FBD marriage should not be viewed as simply "adding" affinal ties to previous agnatic ones. Instead they
1217:, the first-cousin marriage rate was measured in a 1955–7 study at 1.4% and other cousin marriages at 1.06% of all marriages. But among non-Ashkenazim the first-cousin marriage rate was 8.8% and an additional 6.0% of marriages were between more distant cousins. Thus a total 14.6% of marriages between non-Ashkenazim were consanguineous compared with only 2.5% for Ashkenazim. The highest frequencies of cousin marriages were found among Jews from Iraq (28.7%) and Iran (26.3%). High rates were also found among couples from Yemen (18.3%), Aden (17.8%), Tunisia (13.4%), and among
182:
1474:, consanguineous marriage is seen mostly among first-cousins, and mostly practiced in the southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka except Kerala. The overall prevalence of consanguineous marriage was 9.9%; the South region (23%) and North-East region (3.1%) showed the highest and lowest prevalence, respectively. Muslims had a higher prevalence (15%) than Hindus (9%). The prevalence of first cousin marriage (8.7%) was more than that of second cousin (0.7%) and of uncle-niece marriages (0.6%).
1303:
while for a few the rate was as high as 70%. Cousin marriage rates were higher among women, merchant families, and older well-established families. Meriwether cites one case of cousin marriage increasing in a prominent family as it consolidated its position and forging new alliances became less critical. Marriage patterns among the elite were, however, always diverse and cousin marriage was only one option of many. Rates were probably lower among the general population.
889:
man who grows up with a cousin in the intimate setting of one extended family knows her and so may develop his own liking or love for her. There is also the benefit of knowing the qualities of the spouse: a Syrian proverb reads, "Ill luck which you know is better than good luck with which you get acquainted." Keeping property in the family is a final reason for cousin marriage. One of the earliest examples of this is the five daughters of
Zelophehad from ancient Israel (
4205:
126:
1149:
24:
194:
1463:, cousin marriage is legal and common for economic, religious and cultural reasons. Consanguineous marriage in Pakistan was reported to be higher than 60% of the population in 2014. In some areas, higher proportion of first-cousin marriages in Pakistan has been noted to be the cause of an increased rate of blood disorders in the population. According to a 2005 BBC report on Pakistani marriage in the United Kingdom, 55% of
1523:
1101:
the proportion of cousin marriage among urban families stayed constant: it was only rural families that drove the increase. For all periods the proportion of cousin marriage among highly educated women was somewhat lower than among uneducated women. It is hypothesized that decreases in infant mortality during the period may have created a larger pool of eligible cousins to marry.
1614:, gives the different reason that "the woman should not be a near relative of the husband, because near relationship diminishes the sensuous desire." Finally the ancient Arabic poet 'Amr b. Kulthum states, "Do not marry in your own family, for domestic enmity arises therefrom." Similar sentiments are expressed by certain Moroccan and Syrian proverbs.
1071:
the husband and wife would continue to call each other "cousin" because the tie of blood was seen as indissoluble while the marriage was not. In the upper and middle classes, the young man was seldom allowed to see the face of his female cousin after she reached puberty. Cousin marriage is not only practiced by
Muslims, but also by Egyptian
1626:
culture, with groups on the outskirts of the Middle East likely to fall into the "incomplete" category, in terms of the cultural marginality of the group, with groups adhering tightly to older traditions more resistant to the "complete" form, in terms of modernization and
Westernization, with this tending to discourage cousin marriage. The
1291:
class. Among the upper classes it appeared to be again more common, as certain leading families protected their wealth and status by reserving daughters for their cousins, though sons had more freedom of choice. This situation was also loosening at the time of Patai's work. This holds also among the Syrian Turks and Kurds. But the Syrian
1019:
Jews of Yemen this rule was also followed albeit not as rigidly. In northern Arabia the custom is very strong and any outsider wishing to marry a woman must first come to the paternal male cousin, ask his permission, and pay him what he wants, and a man who marries off his daughter without the consent of the paternal male cousin
1886:
869:
Prior to the origins of Islam, cousin marriage was an acceptable practice in the Middle East according to writings in the Bible. Abraham sent his servant back to his brother to get a wife for his son Isaac. Isaac eventually married his first cousin once removed
Rebekah (daughter of Bethuel the son of
1658:
Marrying a close relative significantly increases the chance that both parents carry recessive genes, which can carry defects and diseases. While babies of
Pakistani heritage accounted for roughly 3.4% of all births in the UK (2005), "they had 30% of all British children with recessive disorders and
1587:
HolĂ˝ states that despite all this, creating a general theory of the existence of a preference for FBD marriage in terms of pragmatic reasons is not possible. Instead any realistic theory must take into account the symbolic reasons that both are created by and help to create Berti culture. Frequently
1504:
relatives. In fact cousin marriage in general can be seen as trading off one socially valuable outcome, namely marital alliances with outsiders and the resulting integration of society, with the alternative outcome of greater group solidarity. But for demographic reasons the ideal of in-marriage can
1302:
during the
Ottoman Empire, Meriwether finds a rate of cousin marriage among the elite of 24%. Father's brother's daughter was most common but still only represented 38% of all cousin marriages, while 62% were with first or second cousins. But most families had either no cousin marriages or only one,
966:
said that the Quran does not forbid cousin marriage but quotes Dr. Ahmed Sakr as saying that there is a hadith of
Muhammad that says: "Do not marry generation after generation among first cousins". The fatwa center at IslamWeb.net was unable to find "any scholar who mentioned" this hadith, and lists
1643:
in Islam. Patai states that bride price to a cousin is usually about half as high as to a nonrelative. Due to the poverty of many families this outlay often requires exceptional effort, and especially because the decision traditionally is in the hands of the groom's father, these considerations may
1491:
explains that it is not an independent phenomenon but merely one expression of a wider preference for agnatic solidarity, or solidarity with one's father's lineage. Due to placing emphasis on the male line, the daughter of the father's brother is seen as the closest marriageable relation. According
1100:
era fewer
Iranians have practised cousin marriages. There is a strong preference for marrying a first cousin, but no specific preference for the father's brother's daughter. For the quarter of women married after age 21 it was found that the incidence of consanguinity declined to 28%. Additionally,
1070:
In Egypt cousin marriage may have been even more prevalent than in Arabia in past periods, with one source from the 1830s observing that it was common among Egyptian Arabs and native Egyptian Muslims, but less so in Cairo, where first cousin marriage accounts for 35 percent of marriages. Reportedly
888:
similarly features the story of Qays ibn Dharih, who was not allowed by his father to marry a beautiful maiden from another tribe because, in the words of the father felt that as a rich and wealthy man he did not want his son to take the side of a stranger. There is the related consideration that a
1508:
The notion of honor is another social characteristic HolĂ˝ identifies as being related to Middle Eastern cousin marriage. The honor of the males surrounding a woman is sullied in many societies when she misbehaves or when she is attacked. In societies like Europe that place greater value on affinal
1401:
influence, one group of which prefers the MBD type and shuns the FBD type, and another group of which have a preference for both. The third ethnic group of Timbuctoo are the Bela, who are Tuareg slaves, and among whom marriage between cross cousins is preferred in principle, though in practice FBD
1290:
In Syria the right belongs to the paternal male cousin alone and the maternal male cousin has no special rights. The custom is however less frequent in big cities such as Damascus and Aleppo. Patai reports that in the decades preceding 1962 the right was often ignored among the Syrian urban middle
1018:
no relaxation of a man's right to the father's brother's daughter (FBD, or paternal female cousin) seems to have taken place in the past hundred years before his 1962 work. Here the girl is not forced to marry her paternal male cousin but she cannot marry another unless he gives consent. Among the
909:
and remained in the Islamic world, i.e. North Africa and Middle East. Korotayev argues that while there is some functional connection between Islam and FBD marriage, the permission to marry a FBD does not appear to be sufficient to persuade people to actually marry FBD, even if the marriage brings
1113:
with marriage of a man to his father's brother's daughter being preferred. The uncle of the girl – or father of the boy – assigns or reserves his niece to his son at an early age, the parents from both families arrange for the marriage usually early. This is usually done to preserve wealth in the
926:
gives a fairly detailed list of what sort of marriages are prohibited in Islam, (including "your fathers' sisters, and your mothers' sisters, and brother's daughters, and sister's daughters, and your foster-mothers") but does not include first cousins, and ends by saying: "Lawful to you are all
1625:
exists in only some of these. The cousin right is the "complete" form of the institution of the cousin marriage and preference without right the "incomplete" form. Patai explains the differences between cultures exhibiting these two forms in terms of the geographic centrality to Middle Eastern
881:
advised his lawyers, secretaries, officers, and husbandmen to "marry near relatives for the sympathy of kinship is kept alive thereby." The same motivation is given in ancient Arabic sources referring to the practice of marriage between paternal cousins prevalent in pre-Islamic Arabia. The
1075:
in the past century, although at a lesser rate (approximately 7-12% of all Coptic marriages). This rate has decreased to a very small percentage where Copts choose to marry cousins. Estimates from the late 19th and early 20th century state variously that either 80 percent of the Egyptian
1031:
it can happen that a paternal male cousin can lodge a complaint after the marriage has taken place, compelling the father to reimburse the bride price or have the marriage annulled. If the paternal male cousin cannot marry his paternal female cousin immediately due to financial or other
1221:
from the USSR (6.9%). Jews from Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey saw rates of 7–10.7%. A later 1969–70 study rated the first-cousin marriage rate among Ashkenazim at 0.3% and other cousin marriages at 1.0%, while for non-Askhenazim the respective figures were 6.2% and 8.1%. Among the
1084:, where a girl is sometimes reserved by her cousin with money long before puberty, and among Bedouins in the desert between the Nile and the Red Sea. Cousin marriage was practiced in Medina during Muhammad's time, but out of 113 recorded marriages in one sample only 15 were between
1032:
considerations, the paternal male cousin can also "reserve" her by making a public and formal statement of his intentions to marry her at a future date. A more distant relative acquires priority to marry a girl over her paternal male cousin by reserving her soon after her birth.
1604:
makes the following exhortation: "Marry the distant, but not the near." The reason given for the inadvisability of cousin marriages is most frequently the belief that the offspring of such marriages will be feeble. An early Arab author, Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi, states in his work
910:
with it economic advantages. According to Korotayev, a systematic acceptance and practice of parallel-cousin marriage took place when Islamized non-Arab groups adopted Arab norms and practices even if they had no direct connection with Islam to raise their social standing.
1397:, a field investigator found that among the Arabs one third of marriages are with first cousins. Half of these are with the father's brother's daughter and slightly fewer with the mother's brother's daughter. It is possible that the high MBD marriage rate is the result of
961:
The Quranic law dictating that daughters receive a portion of the inheritance appears to have provided a financial incentive to cousin marriage, as the inheritance would remain in the extended family. Answering a 2012 audience question, the Islamic preacher
1055:. Further research in Qatar showed that the more education and workforce participation a woman has, the less likely it becomes that she will enter into a consanguineous marriage. Other research has estimated the consanguinity rate is 40% in Saudi Arabia.
843:
while others note that overall rates of cousin marriage have varied sharply between different Middle Eastern communities. In pre-modern times rates of cousin marriage were seldom recorded. In recent times, geneticists have warned that the tradition of
1311:
In Turkey the rate of consanguineous marriages based on previous studies is around 1 in 5 marriages, where most cases of consanguineous marriage are found commonly in rural Turkey and Eastern Anatolia regions of Turkey where the population is mainly
1118:
tribe the paternal male cousin must give his consent for the marriage to take place, though in the southern Kurdish regions the cousin right is not as strongly emphasized. Among Arabs in Iraq the cousin right has also traditionally prevailed.
1278:
In Lebanon first-cousin marriage rates differ among religious affiliation as it is found to be 17% for Christians and 30% for Muslims throughout the past century, however first-cousin marriage is declining among all marriages in Lebanon.
1317:
828:(marriages among couples who are related as second cousins or closer). While consanguinity is not unique to the Arab or Islamic world, Arab countries have had "some of the highest rates of consanguineous marriages in the world". The
1002:
in the Middle East have a history of cousin marriage. In addition, some Muslim groups living outside the Middle East, such as Bangladeshi Muslims or expatriate Pakistanis living in England, also practice consanguineous marriage.
1571:
HolĂ˝'s field experience among the Berti people of Pakistan allowed him to undertake an extensive study of cousin marriage in their culture. HolĂ˝ believed that many of his findings from field experience among the Berti people of
1609:
of a hero that "He is a hero not borne by the cousin (of his father), he is not weakly; for the seed of relations brings forth feeble fruit." Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1059–1111) in his principal ethical work, the
1644:
weigh heavily on the outcome. The bride's family moreover is expected to spend much of the bride price on the bride herself, so there is a reduced incentive to gain a higher price by avoiding cousin marriage.
1630:
of Egypt who chose to marry a cousin is considered not ideal among Copts due to cultural traditions although not common among Copts in comparison to other ethnic groups and those of different beliefs.
1246:, 42% among Muslim Arabs, and 22% among Christian Arabs. In the South Palestinian village of Artas in the 1920s, 13.3% of marriages, were paternal male cousin marriages; 26.1%, were cousin marriages.
1114:
family and is more common in rural areas. Among the Jews of Iraq, if the cousin cannot be persuaded to forgo his rights, then he is paid a sum of money by the girl's father. Among the Kurdish
2696:
Frequencies of consanguineous marriages and mean inbreeding coefficients ( F ) in the populations of indigenous Daghestan ethnic groups and in ethnic groups of the main regions of the world
1275:. A 1983-84 study of cousin marriage among 2,752 households in the capital, Beirut, found a 7.9% rate of marriage between first cousins among Christians, and a 17.3% rate among Muslims.
1500:
that prevents the loss of a man's loyalties to the higher ranking relatives of his wife, FBD marriage more closely binds the agnatic group by ensuring that wives are agnatic as well as
1492:
to HolĂ˝ the oft-quoted reason for cousin marriage of keeping property in the family is, in the Middle Eastern case, just one specific manifestation of keeping intact a family's whole "
1425:
are consanguineous according to a 2009 study in Reproductive Health. In the oasis-village of Sidi Khaled, some 170 miles south of Algiers, among the Mzabites further south, among the
2962:
1487:
Of particular significance in the Middle East is marriage to a father's brother's daughter. Many Middle Eastern peoples express a preference for this form of marriage.
2695:
1617:
Patai summarizes the Middle Eastern situation by saying that a preference for paternal male cousin marriage exists in many Middle Eastern ethnic groups but that
836:) is especially common, especially in tribal and traditional Muslim communities, where men and women seldom meet potential spouses outside the extended family.
3122:
2684:
1170:
41:
3549:
988:
1238:
A 1984 study of consanguineous (primarily first cousin) marriages among the Arab population in rural Western Galilee found it occurred among 49% of
88:
2254:
1405:
According to a 2009 study, the percentage of consanguineous marriages in Sudan is between 44.2 and 63.3%. Cousin marriage is common among the
60:
905:
found that parallel-cousin (Father's Brother's Daughter – FBD) marriage is likely to be common in areas that were part of the eighth-century
808:
2054:
According to Sunni Islam, Khadija bore Muhammad four daughters (Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum and Fatima) and two sons ('Abdallah and Qasim).
1924:
Ben-Omran, Tawfeg; Al Ghanim, Kaltham; Yavarna, Tarunashree; El Akoum, Maha; Samara, Muthanna; Chandra, Prem; Al-Dewik, Nader (2019-12-02).
3287:
2986:"Prevalence and determinants of consanguineous marriage and its types in India: evidence from the National Family Health Survey, 2015-2016"
67:
1533:
1377:, while the ethnicities of the rest of the neighboring North Caucasian republics hold similar taboo to these of their counterparts in
74:
4236:
3846:
3076:
2150:
1505:
never be fully realized and hence societies allowing it can always draw on the advantageous aspects of both in- and out-marriage.
3441:
56:
1866:
2619:
839:
Anthropologists have debated the significance of the practice; some view it as the defining feature of the Middle Eastern
2347:
1592:
the strength of the existing ties. Distant agnates can increase their bond and become close agnates via intermarriage.
1122:
Barth finds in his study of southern Kurdistan that in tribal villages 57% of all marriages were cousin marriages (48%
3205:
1362:, It is considered a social taboo to marry up to seventh generation cousin, however, the practice is common among the
3187:
3159:
2087:
2047:
1558:
1230:
also had very high rates of inbreeding, with 43% of marriages between first cousins and 33.3% between other cousins.
1196:
801:
168:
107:
1178:
3280:
3177:
890:
3429:
1764:
1126:
marriages) while in a nontribal village made up of recent immigrant families only 17% were cousin marriages (13%
135:
2571:
1576:
could generalize to other Middle Eastern groups. He noted that stated reasons for cousin marriage could be both
81:
4185:
3777:
2253:
Tadmouri, Ghazi O; Al Ali, Mahmoud T; Al Khaja, Najib; Hamamy, Hanan A; Obeid, Tasneem; Nair, Pratibha (2009).
1790:
Tadmouri, Ghazi O; Al Ali, Mahmoud T; Al Khaja, Najib; Hamamy, Hanan A; Obeid, Tasneem; Nair, Pratibha (2009).
1174:
45:
146:
3794:
3772:
3463:
1601:
1213:
that the percentage of cousin marriage among Jews varies extensively with geographic location. Among Israeli
534:
3225:"Consanguinity related prenatal and postnatal mortality of the populations of seven Pakistani Punjab cities"
2430:
1540:
1754:
794:
2866:"Civil Unrest and the Current Profile of Consanguineous Marriage in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan"
2255:"Consanguinity rates in Arab populations. Minimum and maximum reported rates are indicated when available"
3889:
3424:
3273:
1669:
1242:, 40% Muslims, and 29% of Christians. A 1990–92 study of all of Israel found similar results: 47% among
4209:
3939:
397:
347:
198:
1080:
marry first cousins or two-thirds marry them if they exist. Cousin marriage was also practiced in the
4246:
4241:
4041:
2266:
1704:
775:
2079:
2068:
1653:
4231:
3509:
3419:
1159:
725:
204:
3866:
3841:
2125:
2075:
1163:
541:
34:
4061:
3782:
3597:
2290:"Prevalence of Consanguineous Marriage among Saudi Citizens of Albaha, a Cross-Sectional Study"
1744:
939:
139:
1858:
1259:
28.5-63.7% of marriages in Jordan are consanguineous according to a 2009 study in the journal
938:
was the daughter of Muhammad's aunt. However, Muhammad had no children with Zaynab, only with
4013:
3514:
1719:
1343:
1271:
12.8-42% of marriages in Lebanon are consanguineous according to a 2009 study in the journal
720:
633:
424:
387:
2865:
4066:
4056:
4051:
4018:
3989:
3529:
1714:
628:
623:
410:
2117:
2013:
1926:"Effects of consanguinity in a cohort of subjects with certain genetic disorders in Qatar"
150:
8:
4076:
4071:
4023:
3994:
3966:
3884:
3767:
3725:
3556:
2504:"Consanguinity in a population sample of Israeli Muslim Arabs, Christian Arabs and Druze"
1109:
47-60% of marriages in Iraq are consanguineous, according to a 2009 study in the journal
1067:) puts the figure at 20.9-32.8% for marriages between blood related partners as of 2009.
1020:
770:
406:
2118:"Why are first cousin marriages allowed in Islam? Dr. Zakir Naik (3 minutes 55 seconds)"
1326:
Consanguineous marriage are also notably high in several places nearby the Middle East.
3894:
3735:
3584:
3563:
3519:
3446:
3434:
3374:
3369:
3296:
3249:
3224:
3021:
2893:
2829:
2804:
2780:
2755:
2736:
2588:
2531:
2324:
2289:
2202:
2177:
1958:
1925:
1831:
1818:
1791:
1759:
1734:
1464:
1295:
hold cousin marriage absolutely forbidden, similar to the Circassians of the Caucasus.
658:
588:
1039:, 22.5-64.3% of marriages are consanguineous according to a 2009 study in the journal
3958:
3944:
3912:
3874:
3799:
3789:
3647:
3592:
3577:
3490:
3468:
3458:
3396:
3391:
3364:
3315:
3254:
3183:
3155:
3025:
3013:
3005:
2928:
2920:
2885:
2834:
2785:
2740:
2728:
2685:
Yazidi Women Finally Go To School, Defying Former ISIS Rulers — And Their Own Parents
2642:
2638:
2593:
2523:
2477:
2329:
2311:
2207:
2178:"Consanguineous marriages Preconception consultation in primary health care settings"
2083:
2043:
1963:
1945:
1862:
1851:
1823:
1749:
1699:
1382:
1370:
1335:
943:
935:
906:
760:
730:
665:
392:
367:
222:
181:
2897:
2535:
1835:
1600:
Advice on cousin marriage in the Middle East has not always been positive, however.
4190:
4180:
4149:
3670:
3627:
3504:
3244:
3236:
2997:
2877:
2824:
2816:
2775:
2767:
2720:
2634:
2583:
2515:
2319:
2301:
2197:
2189:
1953:
1937:
1813:
1803:
1694:
1493:
1429:, and among the Moors of the extreme western Sahara, cousin marriage is preferred.
902:
893:) who upon inheriting from their father all married their father's brother's sons.
849:
584:
487:
1488:
1063:
As of 2016, about 40% of marriages in Egypt were between cousins. Another source (
4117:
3999:
3826:
3694:
3665:
3655:
3535:
3478:
3473:
3379:
3347:
3149:
1679:
1097:
1081:
884:
878:
845:
821:
755:
670:
453:
2984:
Sharma, Santosh Kumar; Kalam, Mir Azad; Ghosh, Saswata; Roy, Subho (July 2021).
4105:
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3632:
3610:
3602:
3570:
3542:
3483:
3451:
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3310:
1501:
1398:
1214:
999:
840:
551:
428:
340:
3001:
2881:
2724:
2519:
2193:
4225:
4158:
4112:
3929:
3879:
3637:
3524:
3401:
3320:
3009:
2924:
2889:
2315:
2188:(3). US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health: 185–192.
2109:
1949:
1674:
1351:
1347:
1011:
825:
703:
653:
556:
514:
309:
2985:
2708:
2503:
4175:
3207:
Golden River to Golden Road Society, Culture, and Change in the Middle East
3017:
2932:
2864:
Zahid, Muhammad; Bittles, Alan H.; Sthanadar, Aftab Alam (September 2014).
2838:
2789:
2732:
2646:
2620:"Consanguinity and family clustering of male factor infertility in Lebanon"
2527:
2465:
2333:
2306:
2211:
1967:
1827:
1808:
1729:
1659:
a higher rate of infant mortality," according to research done by the BBC.
1223:
1218:
972:
463:
448:
382:
3258:
2597:
2481:
4095:
3917:
3720:
3240:
1769:
1453:
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and early Muslims as examples to be followed." One of Muhammad's wives –
765:
750:
688:
546:
477:
414:
262:
2911:
Hakim, A. (1994). "Comments on "Consanguineous Marriages in Pakistan"".
3851:
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968:
963:
874:
853:
715:
529:
438:
402:
377:
3971:
3330:
2820:
2771:
1941:
983:
Prevalence of marriages up to and including distance of second-degree
4132:
4046:
3836:
3715:
3265:
1359:
1355:
1227:
710:
643:
593:
519:
482:
458:
372:
323:
1981:
1148:
23:
4137:
4127:
4087:
3981:
3934:
3384:
3354:
3342:
3151:
Kinship, Honour, and Solidarity: Cousin Marriage in the Middle East
1684:
1573:
1497:
1460:
1406:
1394:
1374:
1115:
1077:
951:
931:
780:
638:
472:
443:
328:
318:
282:
226:
2944:
2942:
193:
4033:
3730:
2502:
Vardi-Saliternik, R.; Friedlander, Y.; Cohen, T. (Jul–Aug 2002).
2294:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1923:
1689:
1441:
1426:
1422:
1378:
1044:
1028:
955:
923:
616:
598:
579:
561:
297:
267:
235:
185:
Global prevalence of consanguinity up to second cousins or closer
2805:"Genetic variants associated with diseases in Afghan population"
2756:"Genetic variants associated with diseases in Afghan population"
2501:
4122:
3805:
3676:
3496:
2939:
2754:
Zadran, Suleman Khan; Ilyas, Muhammad; Dawari, Shamsia (2021).
2070:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set
1982:"Parallel Cousin (FBD) Marriage, Islamization, and Arabization"
1739:
1724:
1452:
The prevalence of cousin marriages is estimated to be 46.2% in
1432:
A 2009 study put the percentage of consanguineous marriages in
1363:
1339:
1299:
1036:
1024:
1015:
995:
984:
524:
292:
272:
255:
250:
245:
240:
3924:
3684:
2572:"Consanguineous Marriage and Reproduction in Beirut, Lebanon"
1627:
1471:
1433:
1410:
1313:
1243:
1239:
1072:
1052:
919:
743:
698:
693:
603:
2252:
1997:
1789:
1287:
30-40% of marriages in Syria are consanguineous as of 2009.
3689:
2399:
Women in Ancient Persia, 559–331 BC By Maria Brosius, p. 68
1640:
1226:
in Israel, 56% of marriages are between first cousins. The
1048:
848:
over centuries has led to increased numbers of people with
648:
302:
1096:
Cousin marriages are decreasing among Iranians. Since the
967:
several scholars (Al-Qaadhi Al-Husayn, Imaam al-Haramayn (
2495:
947:
1373:, cousin marriages only happen among the ethnicities of
1023:. The right of the paternal male cousin is such that a
930:
Pious Muslims look to the life of the Islamic prophet
832:, or marriage with one's father's brother's daughter (
2863:
2466:"Consanguineous marriage among rural Arabs in Israel"
1482:
3222:
2983:
2948:
1792:"Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs"
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3077:"Marriage between close relations debated in Doha"
2431:"Marrying a Cousin Is Way of Life for Many Iraqis"
2145:
2143:
2067:
1880:
1878:
1850:
2802:
2753:
2340:
1887:"Saudi Arabia Awakes to the Perils of Inbreeding"
1027:may not be able to prevail against it. Among the
989:The National Center for Biotechnology Information
4223:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
1783:
896:
3223:Shami, S A; Schmitt, L H; Bittles, A H (1989).
2457:
2140:
2040:Buddha, Jesus and Muhammad: A Comparative Study
1875:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2463:
1639:Cousin marriage normally results in a reduced
3281:
3114:
2618:Inhorn, Marcia C.; et al. (April 2009).
2227:
2007:
2005:
1974:
1848:
978:
975:) who have stated the hadith is inauthentic.
802:
2954:
2014:"Cousin Marriages: A Fair and Balanced View"
2803:Zadran, Sk.; Ilyas, M.; Dawari, S. (2021).
2706:
2549:
2037:
1857:. University of California Press. pp.
1853:The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State
1512:
1177:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
954:caliph, was married to Muhammad's daughter
3288:
3274:
2569:
2563:
2390:Golden River to Golden Road, R. Patai, 136
2287:
2002:
1842:
1440:the study found the rate to be 47.2%; and
1342:and ethnically related minorities such as
1321:
809:
795:
149:. Please do not remove this message until
3248:
3176:Patai, Raphael; Win, Jennifer P. (1989).
3123:"Ban UK Pakistanis from marrying cousins"
3121:Lall, Rashmee Roshan (17 November 2005).
2828:
2779:
2760:Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine
2709:"Consanguineous marriages in Afghanistan"
2587:
2323:
2305:
2201:
1957:
1930:Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine
1817:
1807:
1654:Cousin marriage § Biological aspects
1559:Learn how and when to remove this message
1197:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
3175:
2464:Freundlich, E; Hino, N (November 1984).
2065:
1338:, cousin marriages usually happen among
1043:. The same study found that the rate in
180:
145:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2809:Molecular Genetics and Genomic Medicine
2428:
1884:
1133:
4224:
3295:
2617:
2288:Albanghali, Mohammad A. (2023-02-20).
2175:
2011:
1366:communities living in these counties.
3269:
3203:
2965:. No. 16 November 2005. BBC News
2910:
1530:This section may contain information
1388:
3147:
3120:
2169:
2115:
1919:
1917:
1647:
1516:
1175:adding citations to reliable sources
1142:
1006:
913:
119:
57:"Cousin marriage in the Middle East"
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
2960:
2429:Tierney, John (28 September 2003).
1088:or paternal cousins of any degree.
950:, Muhammad's cousin and the fourth
13:
3074:
2576:American Journal of Human Genetics
1047:was 39-45% of marriages, 56.3% in
14:
4258:
2949:Shami, Schmitt & Bittles 1989
1914:
1849:Halim Barakat (14 October 1993).
1595:
1483:Familial responsibility and honor
1477:
1298:In her discussion of the city of
4204:
4203:
2639:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.008
1521:
1354:, whereas among the neighboring
1147:
192:
124:
22:
4237:Demographics of the Middle East
3154:. Manchester University Press.
3141:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3032:
2977:
2904:
2857:
2845:
2796:
2747:
2700:
2689:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2611:
2448:
2422:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2281:
2218:
2128:from the original on 2021-12-15
2116:Naik, Zakir (7 November 2012).
2096:
2059:
2012:FARHAT, A Q (29 January 2013).
1765:Sexual taboo in the Middle East
1634:
1416:
1209:Patai states in his other book
1021:may be killed by family members
918:In the holy book of Islam, the
33:needs additional citations for
4186:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
2963:"The risks of cousin marriage"
2707:Saify, K.; Saadat, M. (2012).
2066:G. Smith, Bonnie, ed. (2008).
2031:
1991:
1905:
864:
1:
3795:Ghost marriage in South Sudan
3210:(3rd edition, ebook ed.)
2265:(17): Table 1. Archived from
2182:Journal of Community Genetics
1885:Kershaw, Sarah (1 May 2003).
1776:
1496:". Along with an aversion to
1447:
897:Relation with spread of Islam
2990:Journal of Biosocial Science
2870:Journal of Biosocial Science
2713:Journal of Biosocial Science
1755:Prohibited degree of kinship
7:
3229:Journal of Medical Genetics
3179:The Myth of the Jewish Race
2913:Pakistan Development Review
2417:
2151:"Islamweb Fatwas, n.334594"
2038:Paul Gwynne (23 Dec 2013).
1670:Coefficient of relationship
1662:
1329:
1211:The Myth of the Jewish Race
870:Nahor, Abraham's brother.)
850:recessive genetic disorders
151:conditions to do so are met
10:
4263:
2348:"Keeping it in the family"
1651:
1421:5-10% of all marriages in
1266:
987:in the world according to
979:Prevalence in modern times
859:
4199:
4168:
4148:
4085:
4032:
3980:
3957:
3905:
3865:
3819:
3760:
3751:
3708:
3646:
3620:
3412:
3303:
3002:10.1017/S0021932020000383
2882:10.1017/S0021932013000552
2851:
2725:10.1017/S0021932011000253
2520:10.1080/03014460110100928
2194:10.1007/s12687-011-0072-y
2042:. John Wiley & Sons.
1705:Genetic sexual attraction
1536:to the article's subject.
1306:
1254:
1249:
2074:(illustrated ed.).
1911:Holy, also Patai, p. 140
1513:Berti people in Pakistan
1282:
1233:
1058:
1014:reports that in central
3204:Patai, Raphael (2016).
3148:HolĂ˝, Ladislav (1989).
2627:Fertility and Sterility
2570:Khlat', Myriam (1988).
2104:Myth of the Jewish Race
2076:Oxford University Press
1322:Outside the Middle East
1138:
1104:
1091:
3783:Chinese ghost marriage
2307:10.3390/ijerph20043767
1809:10.1186/1742-4755-6-17
1745:Muslim Reform Movement
1607:Kitab al-'iqd al-farid
1467:marry a first cousin.
1402:marriage also occurs.
1393:In the Malian town of
994:Besides Muslims, some
940:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
186:
1988:39/4 (2000): 395–407.
1720:Inbreeding depression
1652:Further information:
1534:important or relevant
617:Emotions and feelings
184:
3241:10.1136/jmg.26.4.267
2437:. The New York Times
1715:Inbreeding avoidance
1541:improve this section
1171:improve this section
1134:Israel and Palestine
1111:Reproductive Health,
42:improve this article
4024:Royal intermarriage
3726:Mystery of Crowning
2919:(4 Pt 2): 675–676.
2259:Reproductive Health
2176:Hamamy, H. (2011).
1796:Reproductive Health
1273:Reproductive Health
1261:Reproductive Health
1065:Reproductive Health
1041:Reproductive Health
771:Narcissistic parent
138:of this article is
3890:Marriage allowance
3520:Widow conservation
3297:Types of marriages
2675:Meriwether, p. 135
2354:. 25 February 2016
1891:The New York Times
1760:Proximity of blood
1735:Legality of incest
1465:British Pakistanis
1389:Sub-Saharan Africa
830:bint 'amm marriage
589:marital separation
187:
4219:
4218:
3953:
3952:
3940:Mixed-orientation
3790:Widow inheritance
3469:Marriage in Islam
3459:Clerical marriage
3075:Safdar, Anealla.
2961:Rowlatt, Justin.
2821:10.1002/mgg3.1608
2772:10.1002/mgg3.1608
2157:. 23 October 2016
1942:10.1002/mgg3.1051
1868:978-0-520-91442-1
1750:Polygyny in Islam
1700:Genetic diversity
1648:Biological impact
1612:Ihya 'ulum al-din
1569:
1568:
1561:
1371:Northern Caucasus
1336:Southern Caucasus
1207:
1206:
1199:
1007:Arabian Peninsula
944:Maria al-Qibtiyya
936:Zaynab bint Jahsh
914:Religious aspects
907:Umayyad Caliphate
873:The Persian king
819:
818:
776:Power and control
500:
499:
496:
495:
368:Significant other
348:Mixed-orientation
208:
179:
178:
171:
118:
117:
110:
92:
4254:
4247:Family in Africa
4242:Marriage in Asia
4207:
4206:
4181:Mail-order bride
3758:
3757:
3628:Marriageable age
3442:Eastern Orthodox
3290:
3283:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3125:. Times of India
3118:
3112:
3109:
3103:
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3094:
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3063:
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2901:
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2800:
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2783:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2704:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2682:
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2624:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2591:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:Sun-Sentinel.com
2426:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2372:Patai, p. 139-40
2370:
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2359:
2344:
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2337:
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2309:
2285:
2279:
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2147:
2138:
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2135:
2133:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2018:The Muslim Times
2009:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1980:Korotayev, A.V.
1978:
1972:
1971:
1961:
1921:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1893:. New York Times
1882:
1873:
1872:
1856:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1821:
1811:
1787:
1695:Genetic distance
1564:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1494:symbolic capital
1202:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1151:
1143:
903:Andrey Korotayev
901:A 2000 study by
891:Numbers 36:10–13
811:
804:
797:
362:
361:
219:
218:
202:
196:
189:
188:
174:
167:
163:
160:
154:
128:
127:
120:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4232:Cousin marriage
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4195:
4164:
4144:
4081:
4028:
3976:
3949:
3901:
3861:
3815:
3753:
3747:
3704:
3656:Sister exchange
3642:
3616:
3408:
3348:Serial monogamy
3304:Legal scenarios
3299:
3294:
3213:
3211:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3182:. Wayne State.
3166:
3164:
3162:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3073:
3069:
3065:Holy, Chapter 3
3064:
3060:
3056:HolĂ˝, Chapter 2
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2940:
2909:
2905:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2801:
2797:
2752:
2748:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2251:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1847:
1843:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1680:Cousin marriage
1665:
1656:
1650:
1637:
1598:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1538:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1485:
1480:
1450:
1419:
1391:
1332:
1324:
1309:
1285:
1269:
1257:
1252:
1236:
1203:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1168:
1152:
1141:
1136:
1107:
1094:
1082:Sinai Peninsula
1061:
1009:
1000:Arab Christians
981:
927:beyond these".
916:
899:
885:Kitab al-Aghani
879:Sasanian Empire
867:
862:
846:cousin marriage
822:Cousin marriage
815:
786:
785:
746:
736:
735:
721:Sexual activity
684:
676:
675:
619:
609:
608:
575:
567:
566:
510:
502:
501:
492:
468:
454:Mutual monogamy
335:
314:
216:
201:
197:
175:
164:
158:
155:
144:
129:
125:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4260:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4005:Middle Eastern
3997:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3951:
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3909:
3907:
3903:
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3897:
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3859:
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3849:
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3834:
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3823:
3821:
3817:
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3814:
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3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3764:
3762:
3755:
3752:Circumstantial
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
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3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3235:(4): 267–271.
3220:
3201:
3188:
3173:
3160:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3040:
3031:
2996:(4): 566–576.
2976:
2953:
2938:
2903:
2876:(5): 698–701.
2856:
2844:
2795:
2746:
2699:
2688:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2633:(4): 141–142.
2610:
2562:
2548:
2494:
2476:(11): 1035–8.
2456:
2447:
2421:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2339:
2280:
2226:
2217:
2168:
2139:
2108:
2095:
2088:
2058:
2048:
2030:
2001:
1990:
1973:
1913:
1904:
1874:
1867:
1841:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1649:
1646:
1636:
1633:
1597:
1596:Discouragement
1594:
1567:
1566:
1529:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Social aspects
1476:
1449:
1446:
1418:
1415:
1390:
1387:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1308:
1305:
1284:
1281:
1268:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1235:
1232:
1215:Ashkenazi Jews
1205:
1204:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1106:
1103:
1093:
1090:
1060:
1057:
1008:
1005:
980:
977:
915:
912:
898:
895:
866:
863:
861:
858:
841:kinship system
817:
816:
814:
813:
806:
799:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
747:
742:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
707:
706:
701:
696:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
668:
663:
662:
661:
656:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
620:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
582:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
538:
537:
535:Bachelor's Day
527:
522:
517:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
498:
497:
494:
493:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
469:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
435:
432:
431:
421:
420:
419:
418:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
358:
357:
353:
352:
351:
350:
345:
344:
343:
341:Group marriage
334:
333:
332:
331:
326:
315:
313:
312:
307:
306:
305:
300:
289:
286:
285:
278:
277:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
259:
258:
253:
243:
238:
230:
229:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
177:
176:
132:
130:
123:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4259:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4212:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4159:Mariage blanc
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:International
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3191:
3189:9780814319482
3185:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3163:
3161:9780719028908
3157:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3124:
3117:
3111:Patai 144–145
3108:
3099:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2681:
2672:
2666:Patai 153–161
2663:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2582:(2): 188–96.
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2514:(4): 422–31.
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:Isr J Med Sci
2467:
2460:
2451:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2408:Patai, p. 139
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2353:
2352:The Economist
2349:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2269:on 2011-10-03
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2224:Patai 145–153
2221:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2091:
2089:9780195148909
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2055:
2051:
2049:9781118465493
2045:
2041:
2034:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1908:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Consanguinity
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1642:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1563:
1560:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1489:Ladislav HolĂ˝
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:at 48.4%. In
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:Mountain Jews
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1219:Oriental Jews
1216:
1212:
1201:
1198:
1190:
1187:February 2020
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1156:This section
1154:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1102:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1051:, and 54% in
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1012:Raphael Patai
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
976:
974:
970:
965:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
925:
921:
911:
908:
904:
894:
892:
887:
886:
880:
876:
871:
857:
855:
851:
847:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
826:consanguinity
824:is a form of
823:
812:
807:
805:
800:
798:
793:
792:
790:
789:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
745:
740:
739:
732:
729:
727:
726:Transgression
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
687:
686:
680:
679:
672:
669:
667:
664:
660:
659:Unconditional
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
618:
613:
612:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
571:
570:
563:
560:
558:
557:Singles event
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
506:
505:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
434:
433:
430:
426:
423:
422:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
399:
398:Queerplatonic
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
360:
359:
355:
354:
349:
346:
342:
339:
338:
337:
336:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
320:
317:
316:
311:
310:Open marriage
308:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
294:
291:
290:
288:
287:
284:
280:
279:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
228:
224:
221:
220:
212:
211:
206:
200:
199:Relationships
195:
191:
190:
183:
173:
170:
162:
152:
148:
142:
141:
137:
131:
122:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4208:
4176:Dishu system
4157:
4042:Human–animal
4014:Same-surname
4004:
3804:
3675:
3609:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3515:Self-uniting
3495:
3479:Nikah mut'ah
3380:Nikah mut'ah
3232:
3228:
3212:. Retrieved
3206:
3193:. Retrieved
3178:
3165:. Retrieved
3150:
3142:Bibliography
3127:. Retrieved
3116:
3107:
3098:
3093:Patai 173-75
3089:
3081:The National
3080:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3038:HolĂ˝, 110-17
3034:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2956:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2847:
2815:(5): e1608.
2812:
2808:
2798:
2766:(5): e1608.
2763:
2759:
2749:
2719:(1): 73–81.
2716:
2712:
2702:
2691:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2630:
2626:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2579:
2575:
2565:
2539:. Retrieved
2511:
2508:Ann Hum Biol
2507:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2473:
2469:
2459:
2450:
2439:. Retrieved
2434:
2424:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2351:
2342:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2271:. Retrieved
2267:the original
2262:
2258:
2220:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2155:Islamweb.net
2154:
2130:. Retrieved
2121:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2039:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1936:(1): e1051.
1933:
1929:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1890:
1852:
1844:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1730:Incest taboo
1657:
1638:
1635:Bride prices
1622:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1555:
1549:October 2023
1546:
1539:Please help
1531:
1507:
1486:
1469:
1458:
1451:
1431:
1420:
1417:North Africa
1404:
1392:
1368:
1333:
1325:
1310:
1297:
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1277:
1272:
1270:
1260:
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1237:
1224:Habbani Jews
1210:
1208:
1193:
1184:
1169:Please help
1157:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1110:
1108:
1095:
1085:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1040:
1034:
1010:
993:
982:
973:Ibn al-Salah
960:
929:
917:
900:
883:
872:
868:
838:
834:bint al-'amm
833:
829:
820:
464:Polyfidelity
449:Non-monogamy
393:Life partner
383:Cohabitation
165:
156:
134:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
4096:Concubinage
4067:Interracial
4057:Interethnic
4052:Inter-caste
3990:Consanguine
3918:Watta satta
3867:Convenience
3721:Handfasting
3510:Scientology
3484:Nikah 'urfi
3326:Nikah 'urfi
3102:Patai 175-6
3047:HolĂ˝, 120-7
2560:Patai 141-3
2418:Givens 1994
2300:(4): 3767.
1770:Watta satta
1454:Afghanistan
1444:at 20–28%.
1293:Circassians
865:Pre-Islamic
689:Bride price
547:Meet market
478:Concubinage
263:Grandparent
159:August 2024
4226:Categories
4088:monogamous
4077:Morganatic
4072:Interfaith
3995:Avunculate
3967:Common-law
3885:Green card
3852:Tongyangxi
3768:Posthumous
3709:Ceremonial
3700:Tongyangxi
3557:Prajapatya
3360:Remarriage
3214:17 October
3195:17 October
3167:17 October
3129:18 October
2969:17 October
2652:20 October
2603:16 October
2541:16 October
2487:16 October
2441:2019-05-28
2358:18 October
2273:21 October
2161:19 October
2132:19 October
2078:. p.
2023:18 October
1897:16 October
1777:References
1710:Inbreeding
1602:Al-Maydani
1448:South Asia
1438:Mauritania
1228:Samaritans
1086:abnaa 'amm
969:Al-Juwayni
964:Zakir Naik
875:Ardashir I
854:inbreeding
731:Repression
716:Infidelity
629:Attachment
530:Engagement
509:Activities
403:Friendship
378:Girlfriend
356:Partner(s)
136:neutrality
98:April 2022
68:newspapers
4133:Polyandry
4047:Hypergamy
3895:Predatory
3837:Hypergamy
3820:Financial
3736:Las Vegas
3716:Betrothal
3671:Abduction
3593:Ayyavazhi
3585:Paishacha
3564:Gandharva
3435:Josephite
3425:Christian
3413:Religious
3375:Hollywood
3370:Temporary
3321:Customary
3026:220438849
3010:1469-7599
2925:0030-9729
2890:1469-7599
2852:Shaw 2001
2741:206228103
2454:Patai 168
2381:Patai 141
2316:1660-4601
1986:Ethnology
1950:2324-9269
1623:bint 'amm
1590:recognize
1578:pragmatic
1409:tribe of
1395:Timbuctoo
1360:Georgians
1356:Armenians
1158:does not
1128:bint 'amm
1124:bint 'amm
991:in 2012.
852:, due to
711:Hypergamy
683:Practices
671:Sexuality
644:Limerence
604:Widowhood
594:Annulment
520:Courtship
483:Courtesan
459:Polyamory
411:cross-sex
373:Boyfriend
324:Polyandry
147:talk page
4210:Category
4138:Polygyny
4128:Polygamy
4019:Homogamy
3982:Endogamy
3959:De facto
3945:Sororate
3935:Sologamy
3913:Exchange
3875:Lavender
3800:Levirate
3648:Arranged
3578:Rakshasa
3491:Levirate
3430:Catholic
3397:Putative
3392:Voidable
3385:Wedlease
3365:Same-sex
3355:Marriage
3343:Monogamy
3316:Covenant
3018:32641190
2933:12346200
2898:72915638
2854:, p. 322
2839:33486863
2790:33486863
2733:21729362
2647:18367181
2536:28335793
2528:12160475
2334:36834460
2212:22109912
2126:Archived
2122:You Tube
2106:, 169-72
1998:Q.4:22-5
1968:31793205
1836:18004631
1828:19811666
1685:Endogamy
1663:See also
1582:symbolic
1574:Pakistan
1498:hypogamy
1461:Pakistan
1407:Kababish
1375:Dagestan
1330:Caucasus
1116:Hamawand
1078:fellahin
952:Rashidun
932:Muhammad
781:Stalking
761:Domestic
654:Platonic
639:Jealousy
634:Intimacy
624:Affinity
488:Mistress
473:Cicisbeo
444:Monogamy
425:Intimate
407:romantic
388:Same-sex
329:Polygyny
319:Polygamy
283:marriage
227:adoptive
140:disputed
4191:Walking
4150:Sexless
4034:Exogamy
3972:Plaçage
3778:Germany
3731:Wedding
3695:Shotgun
3530:Vivaaha
3505:Natural
3464:Islamic
3331:Plaçage
3259:2716036
3250:1017301
2830:8172208
2781:8172208
2598:3400644
2589:1715345
2482:6511329
2325:9966201
2203:3419292
2102:Patai,
1959:6978246
1819:2765422
1690:Exogamy
1621:to the
1502:affinal
1442:Morocco
1427:Chaamba
1423:Algeria
1399:Songhai
1383:Georgia
1379:Armenia
1369:In the
1334:In the
1314:Kurdish
1267:Lebanon
1179:removed
1164:sources
1098:Pahlavi
1045:Bahrain
1029:Bedouin
956:Fatimah
924:An-Nisa
922:, Sura
877:of the
860:History
766:Elderly
704:service
666:Passion
599:Divorce
580:Breakup
574:Endings
562:Wedding
552:Romance
515:Bonding
405: (
298:Husband
268:Sibling
236:Kinship
223:Genetic
205:Outline
82:scholar
4123:Bigamy
4118:Plural
4000:Cousin
3827:Boston
3806:Yibbum
3773:France
3677:Raptio
3666:Forced
3536:Brahma
3497:Yibbum
3474:Misyar
3452:Quaker
3447:Mormon
3420:Jewish
3257:
3247:
3186:
3158:
3024:
3016:
3008:
2931:
2923:
2896:
2888:
2837:
2827:
2788:
2778:
2739:
2731:
2645:
2596:
2586:
2534:
2526:
2480:
2332:
2322:
2314:
2210:
2200:
2086:
2046:
1966:
1956:
1948:
1865:
1834:
1826:
1816:
1802:: 17.
1740:Mahram
1725:Incest
1364:Yazidi
1348:Talysh
1340:Azeris
1307:Turkey
1300:Aleppo
1255:Jordan
1250:Levant
1037:Kuwait
1025:shaykh
1016:Arabia
996:Jewish
985:cousin
942:, and
756:Dating
542:Mating
525:Dating
439:Casual
429:sexual
293:Spouse
273:Cousin
256:mother
251:father
246:Parent
241:Family
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
4169:Other
4101:Group
3925:Heqin
3906:Other
3857:Trial
3842:Naked
3832:Flash
3761:Death
3754:basis
3741:Proxy
3685:Heqin
3661:Flash
3633:Child
3611:Manus
3603:Yogic
3598:Vedic
3571:Asura
3550:Arsha
3543:Daiva
3525:Hindu
3338:Fleet
3311:Civil
3022:S2CID
2894:S2CID
2737:S2CID
2623:(PDF)
2532:S2CID
1832:S2CID
1628:Copts
1619:right
1472:India
1434:Libya
1411:Sudan
1283:Syria
1244:Druze
1240:Druze
1234:Arabs
1073:Copts
1059:Egypt
1053:Qatar
920:Quran
751:Child
744:Abuse
699:dowry
694:dower
585:Legal
215:Types
89:JSTOR
75:books
4113:Open
4106:Line
4086:Non-
3930:Love
3880:Sham
3847:Peer
3690:Miai
3638:Teen
3402:Void
3255:PMID
3216:2020
3197:2020
3184:ISBN
3169:2020
3156:ISBN
3131:2020
3014:PMID
3006:ISSN
2971:2020
2929:PMID
2921:ISSN
2886:ISSN
2835:PMID
2786:PMID
2729:PMID
2654:2020
2643:PMID
2605:2020
2594:PMID
2543:2020
2524:PMID
2489:2020
2478:PMID
2360:2020
2330:PMID
2312:ISSN
2275:2020
2208:PMID
2163:2020
2134:2020
2084:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2025:2020
1964:PMID
1946:ISSN
1899:2020
1863:ISBN
1824:PMID
1641:mahr
1580:and
1532:not
1381:and
1358:and
1350:and
1344:Tats
1162:any
1160:cite
1139:Jews
1105:Iraq
1092:Iran
1049:Oman
998:and
649:Love
427:and
415:zone
303:Wife
133:The
61:news
3621:Age
3245:PMC
3237:doi
2998:doi
2878:doi
2825:PMC
2817:doi
2776:PMC
2768:doi
2721:doi
2635:doi
2584:PMC
2516:doi
2320:PMC
2302:doi
2198:PMC
2190:doi
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1954:PMC
1938:doi
1861:–.
1859:109
1814:PMC
1804:doi
1470:In
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1173:by
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