582:. These criminal activities are primarily used to "provide opportunities for the suspect to engage in the target crime" and to maintain or bolster their cover identity. However, these crimes must be necessary to advance the investigation otherwise they may be prosecutable like any other crime. The FBI requires that such activities must be sanctioned and necessary for the investigation; they also stipulate that agents may not instigate criminal activity (to avoid entrapment) or participate in violence except for self-defense or the defense of others. Most other legislation surrounding authorized criminality is not uniform and is a patchwork of federal and state laws.
656:, to avoid detection or identification as a law enforcement officer. However, plainclothes police officers typically carry normal police equipment and normal identification. Police detectives are assigned to wear plainclothes by not wearing the uniform typically worn by their peers. Police officers in plainclothes must identify themselves when using their police powers; however, they are not always required to identify themselves on demand and may lie about their status as a police officer in some situations (see
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from his counterparts on regular duties, whose main source of stress is the administration and the bureaucracy. As the undercover agents are removed from the bureaucracy, it may result in another problem. The lack of the usual controls of a uniform, badge, constant supervision, a fixed place of work, or (often) a set assignment could, combined with their continual contact with the
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rules. So resettling back into the normal police role requires the shedding of old habits, language and dress. After working such free lifestyles, agents may have discipline problems or exhibit neurotic responses. They may feel uncomfortable, and take a cynical, suspicious or even paranoid world view and feel continually on guard. Other risks include capture, death and
445:. The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. One year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates comprised ex-criminals like himself.
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depression and anxiety. There is no data on the divorce rates of agents, but strain on relationships does occur. This can be a result of a need for secrecy and an inability to share work problems, and the unpredictable work schedule, personality and lifestyle changes and the length of separation can all result in problems for relationships.
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There can be some guilt associated with going undercover due to betraying those who have come to trust the officer. This can cause anxiety or even, in very rare cases, sympathy with those being targeted. This is especially true with the infiltration of political groups, as often the agent will share
720:
Undercover officers infiltrating protest groups, deceived protesters into long-term relationships and in some cases, fathered children with them on false pretences, only to vanish later without explanation. Units disbanded and unreserved apology given as part of settlement, noting that the women had
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as they suffer greater stress than other police, they are isolated, and drugs are often very accessible. Police, in general, have very high alcoholism rates compared to most occupational groups, and stress is cited as a likely factor. The environment that agents work in often involves a very liberal
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can also result from an apparent lack of direction of the investigation or not knowing when it will end. The amount of elaborate planning, risk, and expenditure can pressure an agent to succeed, which can cause considerable stress. The stress that an undercover agent faces is considerably different
593:
Living a double life in a new environment presents many problems. Undercover work is one of the most stressful jobs a special agent can undertake. The largest cause of stress identified is the separation of an agent from friends, family and his normal environment. This simple isolation can lead to
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to the 1991 Intelligence
Authorization Act. These findings are then monitored by the oversight committees in both the US Senate and House of Representatives. As a result of this framework, the CIA "receives more oversight from the Congress than any other agency in the federal government", according
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For most of the Soviet period, the undercover work of the secret police was directed at potential enemies of the state. Particularly in the
Stalinist period, a vast network of informers existed throughout the country . Although approximately one out of ten individuals were acknowledged informers,
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The lifestyle led by undercover agents is very different compared to other areas in law enforcement, and it can be quite difficult to reintegrate back into normal duties. Agents work their own hours, they are removed from direct supervisory monitoring, and they can ignore the dress and etiquette
374:
According to a 2018 study by
University of Chicago political scientist Austin Carson, covert operations may have the beneficial effect of preventing escalation of disputes into full-blown wars. He argues that keeping military operations secret can limit escalation dynamics, as well as insulate
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Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old
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of London. From the start, the force occasionally employed plainclothes undercover detectives, but there was much public anxiety that its powers were being used for the purpose of political repression. In part due to these concerns, the 1845 official
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Government agents enticed targeted victims and incited them to commit crimes of a type and scale calculated to procure specific sentences, for which they would then be prosecuted and jailed, typically for around 15 years.
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leaders from domestic pressures while simultaneously allowing them communicating their interest to the adversary in keeping a war contained. He finds that covert operations are frequently detected by other major powers.
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in 1984. This order defined covert action as "special activities", both political and military, that the US Government could legally deny. The CIA was also designated as the sole authority under the 1991
399:) for the purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization in order to learn or confirm confidential information, or to gain the trust of targeted individuals to gather information or
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established the
Italian Squad in 1906 to combat rampant crime and intimidation in the poor Italian neighborhoods. Various federal agencies began their own undercover programs shortly afterwards –
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There are two principal problems that can affect agents working in undercover roles. The first is the maintenance of identity and the second is the reintegration back into normal duty.
328:(CIA) must lead covert operations unless the president finds that another agency should do so and informs Congress. The CIA's authority to conduct covert action comes from the
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Statutory
Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, 18 January 2006 (HTML)
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similar characteristics with those they are infiltrating like class, age, ethnicity or religion. This could even result in the conversion of some agents.
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Documentary featuring the work of ex-cop Mike
Russell, whose undercover work for the New Jersey State Police led to the arrests of over 41 members of the
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366:, responsible for Covert Action and "Special Activities". These special activities include covert political influence and paramilitary operations.
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Girodo, M. (1991). Personality, job stress, and mental health in undercover agents. Journal of Social
Behaviour and Personality, 6 (7), 375–390.
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This stress may be instrumental in the development of drug or alcohol abuse in some agents. They are more prone to the development of an
1715:"Big Brother is Watching You Part 1 – 902 MI Group TALON Project Summary, Spreadsheet, Rep. Wexler response, and News Coverage collection
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as it had its remit gradually expanded to incorporate a general role in counter terrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating
1082:, Colonel Kathryn Stone, Professor Anthony R. Williams (Project Advisor), United States Army War College (USAWC), 7 April 2003, page 7
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Full
Transcript, House Judiciary Democratic Membership Briefing "Constitution in Crisis: Domestic Surveillance and Executive Power"
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423:(1775–1857) developed the first organized (though informal) undercover program in France in the early 19th century, from the late
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Section 413(e). The CIA must have a "Presidential
Finding" issued by the President in order to conduct these activities under the
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Girodo, M. (1991). Drug corruptions in undercover agents: Measuring the risks. Behavioural
Science and the Law, 9, 361–370.
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exposure to the consumption of alcohol, which in conjunction with the stress and isolation could result in alcoholism.
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to describe this phenomenon, which she restricts primarily to undercover law enforcement officers, excluding
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Law enforcement has carried out undercover work in a variety of ways throughout the course of history, but
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Undercover agents may engage in criminal activities as part of their investigation. Joh defined the term
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All Necessary Means: Employing CIA operatives in a Warfighting Role Alongside Special Operations Forces
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Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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been deceived. Legal action continues as of 2016, and a public inquiry examining officer conduct, the
1519:"Unmarked Police Cars Responding Compilation: Sirens NYPD Police Taxi, Federal Law Enforcement, FDNY"
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Brown, Jennifer; Campbell, Elizabeth (October 1990). "Sources of occupational stress in the police".
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Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press
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most of the population was compromised in some way through their cooperation with the secret police.
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had begun a few years earlier. This pioneering branch became the first to receive training in
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period of 1814 to 1830. At the end of 1811 Vidocq set up an informal plainclothes unit, the
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The Attorney General’S Guidelines on Federal Bureau of Investigation Undercover Operations
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Sometimes, police might drive an unmarked vehicle or a vehicle which looks like a taxi.
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1344:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (published 1995). p. 166.
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required all undercover operations to be specifically authorized by the
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Jeans, Chris (Director and Producer); Russell, Mike (Narrator) (1988).
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Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley:
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Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group
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in London in 1883, initially to combat the bombing campaign that the
411:; those in such roles are commonly referred to as undercover agents.
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1054:, William J. Daugherty, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, page 25.
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1334:(12 October 1995). "Soviet Undercover Work". In Fijnaut, Cyrille;
1717:(includes Shane Harris's "TIA Lives On") via thewall.civiblog.org
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Girodo, M. (1991). Symptomatic reactions to undercover work. The
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The Decoy Man: The Extraordinary Adventures of an Undercover Cop
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The First Detective: The Life and Revolutionary Times of Vidocq
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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forces in the Eastern Bloc also used undercover operatives.
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The third option: covert action and American foreign policy
1012:. Vol. 157. Princeton University Press. pp. 5–6.
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founded the Bureau of Investigation, the forerunner of the
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from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
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Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective
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Undercover Cop: How I Brought Down the Real-Life Sopranos
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In the United States, a similar route was taken when the
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Russell, Mike; Picciarelli, Patrick W. (6 August 2013).
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Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics
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Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics
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established a formal plainclothes detective division.
403:. Undercover operations are traditionally employed by
1635:, and of corrupt prison officials and a state senator
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Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency
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Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency
210:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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316:to conceal the identity of the party responsible.
1705:, 20 January 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
453:. At one point, he even simulated his own death.
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1608:"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop"
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1711:20 January 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
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477:. It was only in 1869 that Police commissioner
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640:Undercover agents should not be confused with
308:is a military or police operation involving a
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1121:. Vol. 157. Princeton University Press.
491:detectives on an undercover operation at the
130:The examples and perspective in this article
1197:Mitchel P. Roth, James Stuart Olson (2001).
710:UK undercover policing relationships scandal
1592:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1535:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1203:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 271.
110:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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605:, increase the likelihood for corruption.
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288:Learn how and when to remove this message
270:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1200:Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement
1157:
538:elsewhere established similar Branches.
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1676:. Playboy Press/Simon & Schuster.
1654:(First ed.). Thomas Dunne Books.
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1723:– Covert Communication Support System
1430:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1303:. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 33–.
1070:, University of Kentucky Press, 2004.
878:Covert policing in the United Kingdom
460:force was established in 1829 by Sir
342:United States Intelligence Activities
1606:Hattenstone, Simon (25 March 2011).
1300:Italian Americans in Law Enforcement
1261:Italian Americans in Law Enforcement
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1297:Anne T. Romano (11 November 2010).
1264:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 33.
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1623:"Confessions of an Undercover Cop"
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868:Counterintelligence Field Activity
351:Title 50 of the United States Code
312:or troops acting under an assumed
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509:Criminal Investigation Department
362:(SAD) is a division of the CIA's
91:This article has multiple issues.
1737:Military intelligence collection
1721:Steath Network Operations Centre
1644:(Oxford University Press, 2022).
1579:Confessions of an Undercover Cop
1556:– Congressional Research Service
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195:needs additional citations for
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1162:. London: Selwyn & Blount.
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395:one's own identity (or use an
347:Intelligence Authorization Act
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814:Raven Forward Air Controllers
507:, formed as a section of the
456:In England, the first modern
330:National Security Act of 1947
1400:{{{first}}} Op. Atty' Gen.,
1158:Hodgetts, Edward A. (1928).
629:Plainclothes law enforcement
517:Irish Republican Brotherhood
57:Proposed since October 2024.
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1762:Law enforcement terminology
1517:Code3Paris (24 July 2017).
952:, undercover police officer
853:Central Intelligence Agency
849:, undercover police officer
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723:Undercover Policing Inquiry
360:Special Activities Division
326:Central Intelligence Agency
144:, discuss the issue on the
40:It has been suggested that
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1237:. Routledge. p. 262.
1177:(in German), Ebury Press,
897:, undercover federal agent
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1486:10.1080/02678379008256993
1160:Vidocq. A Master of Crime
1100:Daugherty, 2004, page 29.
1091:Daugherty, 2004, page 28.
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364:Directorate of Operations
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1600:Mark Kennedy (policeman)
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642:law enforcement officers
633:Not to be confused with
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536:Law enforcement agencies
526:Its name was changed to
405:law enforcement agencies
387:" (that is, to go on an
1560:Joh, Elizabeth (2009).
1258:Anne T. Romano (2010).
1115:Carson, Austin (2018).
1006:Carson, Austin (2018).
652:, instead of wearing a
580:confidential informants
1234:Dictionary of Policing
1173:Morton, James (2004),
1066:William J. Daugherty,
924:operational techniques
799:Operation Wrath of God
749:Creation of Bangladesh
576:authorized criminality
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421:Eugène François Vidocq
1633:Genovese crime family
940:Military intelligence
911:Filibuster (military)
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409:private investigators
355:Hughes-Ryan amendment
338:Executive Order 12333
1747:Covert organizations
1432:, 179 (10), 626–630.
779:Operation Anthropoid
505:Special Irish Branch
443:Prefecture of Police
427:through most of the
389:undercover operation
306:undercover operation
204:improve this article
150:create a new article
142:improve this article
50:into this article. (
1772:Passing (sociology)
1569:Stanford Law Review
1127:10.2307/j.ctv346p45
1018:10.2307/j.ctv346p45
863:Counterintelligence
838:, television series
821:'s clandestine army
794:Operation Storm-333
547:police commissioner
466:Metropolitan Police
429:Bourbon Restoration
358:to one author. The
1697:RAW and Bangladesh
1627:America Undercover
1598:Documentary about
1576:Channel 4 (2011).
930:Manhunt (military)
835:America Undercover
764:Iran–Contra affair
648:—that is, to wear
503:of police was the
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324:Under US law, the
219:"Covert operation"
66:Military operation
1757:Covert operations
1661:978-1-250-00587-8
1640:Johnson, Loch K.
1474:Work & Stress
1310:978-1-4535-5882-9
1271:978-1-4535-5882-9
1244:978-1-134-01155-1
1210:978-0-313-30560-3
1184:978-0-09-190337-4
1136:978-0-691-20412-3
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221: –
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193:This article
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158:December 2009
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769:Lavon Affair
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332:. President
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310:covert agent
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260:January 2012
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202:Please help
197:verification
194:
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93:Please help
90:
71:covert agent
56:
41:
1225:Tim Newburn
1145:j.ctv346p45
1036:j.ctv346p45
971:Spy fiction
920:clandestine
847:Bob Lambert
759:Huston Plan
700:2011 – 2014
684:time period
682:Approximate
676:information
635:Plain dress
560:, in 1908.
462:Robert Peel
1731:Categories
1682:B0006CA0QG
1357:3 December
993:References
804:Palace Dog
754:False flag
744:COINTELPRO
499:The first
385:undercover
230:newspapers
96:improve it
1588:cite book
1316:30 August
901:Espionage
890:Detective
644:who wear
610:addiction
146:talk page
102:talk page
1672:(1973).
1531:cite web
1523:Archived
1417:Joh 2009
1388:Joh 2009
1376:Joh 2009
1338:(eds.).
1231:(2013).
976:Spy film
827:See also
819:Vang Pao
732:Examples
717:? – 2010
687:Details
401:evidence
393:disguise
140:You may
1752:Secrecy
679:Country
674:Further
654:uniform
623:torture
511:of the
464:as the
451:cuckold
434:Brigade
415:History
383:To go "
349:and in
340:titled
336:issued
244:scholar
52:Discuss
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1629:. HBO.
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916:HUMINT
598:Stress
545:under
495:, 1911
458:police
438:Sûreté
436:de la
370:Impact
320:US law
246:
239:
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225:
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48:merged
1565:(PDF)
1141:JSTOR
1032:JSTOR
586:Risks
314:cover
251:JSTOR
237:books
148:, or
1678:ASIN
1656:ISBN
1594:link
1537:link
1359:2020
1346:ISBN
1318:2013
1305:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1022:ISBN
986:Vice
961:SO10
407:and
223:news
1482:doi
1123:doi
1014:doi
935:MI5
697:USA
660:).
513:MPS
304:or
206:by
46:be
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714:UK
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300:A
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