Creosote - Knowledge

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compounds. For oxidation-reduction reactions, see the following section. In this study, it was seen that certain compounds such as benzene were only reduced under sulfate-enriched environments, while toluene was reduced under a variety of bacteria-enriched environments, not just sulfate. The biodegradation of a creosote preservative in an anaerobic enrichment depends not only on the type of bacteria enriching the environment, but also the compound that has been released from the preservative. In aerobic environments, preservative compounds are limited in the biodegradation process by the presence of free oxygen. In an aerobic environment, free oxygen comes from oxygen saturated sediments, sources of precipitation, and plume edges. The free oxygen allows for the compounds to be oxidized and decomposed into new intermediate compounds. Studies have shown that when BTEX and PAH compounds were placed in aerobic environments, the oxidation of the ring structures caused cleavage in the aromatic ring and allowed for other functional groups to attach. When an aromatic hydrocarbon was introduced to the molecular oxygen in experimental conditions, a dihydrodiol intermediate was formed, and then oxidation occurred transforming the aromatic into a catechol compound. Catechol allows for cleavage of the aromatic ring to occur, where functional groups can then add in an ortho- or meta- position.

1959:(PAH), which are low molecular hydrocarbons found in some creosote-based preservatives. In a study conducted from Pensacola, Florida, a group of native mollusks were kept in a controlled environment, and a different group of native mollusks were kept in an environment contaminated with creosote preservatives. The mollusks in the contaminated environment were shown to have a bioaccumulation of up to ten times the concentration of PAH than the control species. The intake of organisms is dependent on whether the compound is in an ionized or an un-ionized form. To determine whether the compound is ionized or un-ionized, the pH of the surrounding environment must be compared to the pKa or acidity constant of the compound. If the pH of the environment is lower than the pKa, then the compound is un-ionized which means that the compound will behave as if it is non-polar. Bioaccumulation for un-ionized compounds comes from partitioning equilibrium between the aqueous phase and the lipids in the organism. If the pH is higher than the pKa, then the compound is considered to be in the ionized form. The un-ionized form is favored because the bioaccumulation is easier for the organism to intake through partitioning equilibrium. The table below shows a list of pKas from compounds found in creosote preservatives and compares them to the average pH of seawater (reported to be 8.1). 2152:(1,3,4- and 1,3,5-) all are acute aquatic hazards prior to going through chemical reactions with the sediments. Alkylation reactions allows for the compounds to transition into more toxic compounds with the addition of R-groups to the major compounds found in creosote preservatives. Compounds formed through alkylation include: 3,4-dimethylphenol, 2,3-dimethylphenol, and 2,5-dimethylphenol, which are all listed as acute environmental hazards. Biodegradation controls the rate at which the sediment holds the chemicals, and the number of reactions that are able to take place. The biodegradation process can take place under many different conditions, and vary depending on the compounds that are released. Oxidation-reduction reactions allow for the compounds to be broken down into new forms of more toxic molecules. Studies have shown oxidation-reduction reactions of creosote preservative compounds included compounds that are listed as environmental hazards, such as p-benzoquinone in the oxidation of phenol. Not only are the initial compounds in creosote hazardous to the environment, but the byproducts of the chemical reactions are environmental hazardous as well. 1477:. Creosotes from vertical-retort and low temperature tars contain, in addition, some paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons. The tar-acid content also depends on the source of the tar—it may be less than 3% in creosote from coke-oven tar and as high as 32% in creosote from vertical retort tar. All of these have antiseptic properties. The tar acids are the strongest antiseptics but have the highest degree of solubility in water and are the most volatile; so, like with wood-tar creosote, phenols are not the most valued component, as by themselves they would lend to being poor preservatives. In addition, creosote contains several products naturally occurring in coal—nitrogen-containing heterocycles, such as acridines, carbazoles, and quinolines, referred to as the " 963: 1583:, because they involve compressing the air inside the wood so that the preservative can only coat the inner cell walls rather than saturating the interior cell voids. This is a less effective, though usually satisfactory, method of treating the wood, but is used because it requires less of the creosoting material. The first method, the "Rüping process" was patented in 1902, and the second, the "Lowry process" was patented in 1906. Later in 1906, the "Allardyce process" and "Card process" were patented to treat wood with a combination of both creosote and zinc chloride. In 1912, it was estimated that a total of 150,000,000 gallons were produced in the US per year. 29: 2161:

creosote. Other issues with ecosystems include bioaccumulation. Bioaccumulation occurs when high levels of chemicals are passed to aquatic life near the creosote pilings. Mollusks and other smaller crustaceans are at higher risk because they are directly attached to the surface of wood pilings that are filled with creosote preservative. Studies show that mollusks in these environments take on high concentrations of chemical compounds which will then be transferred through the ecosystem's food chain. Bioaccumulation contributes to the higher concentrations of chemicals within the organisms in the aquatic ecosystems.

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condition and formed four different intermediates. After the formation of the intermediates, the study reported further degradation of the intermediates leading to the production of carbon dioxide and methane. The p-hydroxylbenzyl alcohol, p-hydroxylbenzaldehye, p-hyrdoxylbenzoate, and benzoate intermediates all are produced from this oxidation and released into the sediments. Similar results were also produced by different studies using other forms of oxidation such as: iron-reducing organisms, Copper/Manganese Oxide catalyst, and nitrate- reducing conditions.

2111: 1661: 1691:. The tar is a by-product resulting from enrichment of water gas with gases produced by thermal decomposition of petroleum. Of the creosotes derived from oil, it is practically the only one used for wood preservation. It has the same degree of solubility as coal-tar creosote and is easy to infuse into wood. Like standard oil-tar creosote, it has a low amount of tar acids and tar bases, and has less antiseptic qualities. Petri dish tests have shown that water-gas-tar creosote is one-sixth as anti-septically effective as that of coal-tar. 1796:

creosote wood-treating plants or exposure to creosote-based preservatives was associated with any significant mortality increase from either site-specific cancers or non-malignant diseases. The study consisted of 2,179 employees at eleven plants in the United States where wood was treated with creosote preservatives. Some workers began work in the 1940s to 1950s. The observation period of the study covered 1979–2001. The average length of employment was 12.5 years. One third of the study subjects were employed for over 15 years.

840: 2095: 1912: 1427: 1569: 1933: 1827:, because the creosote deposits reduce the draft (airflow through the chimney) which increases the probability that the wood fire is not getting enough air for complete combustion. Since creosote is highly combustible, a thick accumulation creates a fire hazard. If a hot fire is built in the stove or fireplace, and the air control left wide open, this may allow hot oxygen into the chimney where it comes in contact with the creosote which then ignites—causing a 903:

over with them, and within one hour the meat would have the same quality of that of traditionally smoked preparations. Sometimes the creosote was diluted in vinegar rather than water, as vinegar was also used as a preservative. Another was to place the meat in a closed box, and place with it a few drops of creosote in a small bottle. Because of the volatility of the creosote, the atmosphere was filled with a vapour containing it, and it would cover the flesh.

6764: 1831:. Chimney fires often spread to the main building because the chimney gets so hot that it ignites any combustible material in direct contact with it, such as wood. The fire can also spread to the main building from sparks emitting from the chimney and landing on combustible roof surfaces. In order to properly maintain chimneys and heaters that burn wood or carbon-based fuels, the creosote buildup must be removed. 6774: 1530:

using compressed air, removing the drawback of the smoke. Creosote was also processed into gas and used for lighting that way. As a fuel, it was used to power ships at sea and blast furnaces for different industrial needs, once it was discovered to be more efficient than unrefined coal or wood. It was also used industrially for the softening of hard pitch, and burned to produce

1407:", which when cold is mostly solid and greasy, of a buttery consistence. Creosote refers to the portion of coal tar which distills as "heavy oil", typically between 230 and 270 °C, also called "dead oil"; it sinks into water but still is fairly liquid. Carbolic acid is produced in the second fraction of distillation and is often distilled into what is referred to as " 1675:

percentage of cyclic hydrocarbons, a very low amount of tar acids and tar bases, and no true anthracenes have been identified. Historically, this has mainly been produced in the United States on the Pacific coast, where petroleum has been more abundant than coal. Limited quantities have been used industrially, either alone, mixed with coal-tar creosote, or fortified with

1844: 223:, timbers, and utility poles—are manufactured using this type of wood preservative. The manufacturing process can only be a pressure process under the supervision of a licensed applicator certified by the State Departments of Agriculture. No brush-on, spray, or non-pressure uses of creosote are allowed, as specified by the EPA-approved label for the use of creosote. 1860:

debris, or are completely washed away during these storms. When the pilings are washed away, they come to settle on the bottom of the body of water where they reside, and then they leach chemicals into the water slowly over a long period of time. This long-term secretion is not normally noticed because the piling is submerged beneath the surface, hidden from sight.

1399:, with some amount of bases and acids and other neutral oils. The flash point is 70–75 °C and burning point is 90–100 °C, and when burned it releases a greenish smoke. The smell largely depends on the naphtha content in the creosote. If there is a high amount, it will have a naphtha-like smell, otherwise it will smell more of tar. 1522:—involves placing wood to be treated in a sealed chamber and applying a vacuum to remove air and moisture from wood "cells". The wood is then pressure-treated to imbue it with creosote or other preservative chemicals, after which vacuum is reapplied to separate the excess treatment chemicals from the timber. Alongside the zinc chloride-based 1788:(OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 0.2 milligrams of coal-tar creosote per cubic meter of air (0.2 mg/m3) in the workplace during an 8-hour day, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of one pound (0.454 kg) or more of creosote be reported to them. 291:

formed salts. Nonetheless, Reichenbach argued that creosote was also the active element, as it was in pyroligneous acid. Despite evidence to the contrary, his view held sway with most chemists, and it became commonly accepted wisdom that creosote, carbolic acid, and phenylhydrate were identical substances, with different degrees of purity.

1150:", marketed to add a smoked flavour to meat and aid as a preservative, consist primarily of creosote and other constituents of smoke. Creosote is the ingredient that gives liquid smoke its function; guaicol lends to the taste and the creosote oils help act as the preservative. Creosote can be destroyed by treatment with chlorine, either 2059:

8-13 centimeters. A form an anaerobic biodegradation of m-cresol was seen in a study using sulfate-reducing and nitrate-reducing enriched environments. The reduction of m-cresol in this study was seen in under 144 hours, while additional chemical intermediates were being formed. The chemical intermediates were formed in the presence of

1902:, can provide alkyl groups for alkylation. Methanol is found naturally in the environment in small concentrations, and has been linked to the release from biological decomposition of waste and even a byproduct of vegetation. The following reactions are alkylations of soluble compounds found in creosote preservatives with methanol. 1704:

coal-tar creosote or petroleum. Its effectiveness when used alone has not been established. In an experiment with southern yellow pine fence posts in Mississippi, straight lignite-tar creosote was giving good results after about 27 years exposure, although not as good as the standard coal-tar creosote used in the same situation.

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oily layer, boiled in contact with air to reduce impurities, and decomposed by diluted sulfuric acid. This produces a crude creosote, which is purified by re-solution in alkali, re-precipitation with acid, then redistilled with the fraction passing over between 200° and 225° constituting the purified creosote.

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species of aquatic organisms are affected differently from the chemicals released from creosote preservatives. One of the more studied organisms is a mollusk. Mollusks attach to the wooden, marine pilings and are in direct contact with the creosote preservatives. Many studies have been conducted using

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occur naturally and allow for chemicals to go through processes such as biodegradation, outlined above. Oxidation is defined as the loss of an electron to another species, while reduction is the gaining of an electron from another species. As compounds go through oxidation and reduction in sediments,

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Oil-tar creosote is derived from the tar that forms when using petroleum or shale oil in the manufacturing of gas. The distillation of the tar from the oil occurs at very high temperatures; around 980 °C. The tar forms at the same time as the gas, and once processed for creosotes contains a high

299:, after realizing that two samples of substances labelled as creosote were different, started a series of investigations to determine the chemical nature of carbolic acid, leading to a conclusion that it more resembled chlorinated quinones and must have been a different, entirely unrelated substance. 1529:

Besides treating wood, it was also used for lighting and fuel. In the beginning, it was only used for lighting needed in harbour and outdoor work, where the smoke that was produced from burning it was of little inconvenience. By 1879, lamps had been created that ensured a more complete combustion by

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was the pitch and resin of the cedar tree, being equivalent to the oil of tar and pyroligneous acid which are used in the first stage of distilling creosote. He recommends cedria to ease the pain in a toothache, as an injection in the ear in case of hardness of hearing, to kill parasitic worms, as a

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rather than other woods, since it distills with a higher proportion of those chemicals to other phenolics. The creosote can be obtained by distilling the wood tar and treating the fraction heavier than water with a sodium hydroxide solution. The alkaline solution is then separated from the insoluble

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is a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, that was studied in the presence of four different anaerobic-enriched sediments. Though the compound, BTEX, is not found in creosote preservatives, the products of creosote preservatives' oxidation-reduction reactions include some of these

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It can be seen in some studies that biodegradation accounts for the absence of creosote preservatives on the initial surface of the sediment. In a study from Pensacola, Florida, PAHs were not detected on the surface on the aquatic sediment, but the highest concentrations were detected at a depth of

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Each of the compounds in the table above is found in creosote preservatives; all are in the favored un-ionized form. In another study, various species of small fish were tested to see how the exposure time to PAH chemicals affected the fish. This study showed that an exposure time of 24–96 hours on

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Commercially used creosote is often treated to extract the carbolic acid, naphthalene, or anthracene content. The carbolic acid or naphthalene is generally extracted to be used in other commercial products. American produced creosote oils typically have low amounts of anthracene and high amounts of

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Coal-tar creosote is greenish-brown liquid, with different degrees of darkness, viscosity, and fluorescence depending on how it is made. When freshly made, the creosote is a yellow oil with a greenish cast and highly fluorescent, and the fluorescence is increased by exposure to air and light. After

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The application of wood tar to seagoing vessels was practiced through the 18th century and early 19th century, before the creosote was isolated as a compound. Wood-tar creosote was found not to be as effective in wood treatments, because it was harder to infuse the creosote into the wood cells, but

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Soon after it was discovered and recognized as the principle of meat smoking, wood-tar creosote became used as a replacement for the process. Several methods were used to apply the creosote. One was to dip the meat in pyroligneous acid or a water of diluted creosote, as Reichenbach did, or brush it

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When ferric chloride is added to a dilute solution, it will turn green: a characteristic of ortho-oxy derivatives of benzene. It dissolves in sulfuric acid to a red liquid, which slowly changes to purple-violet. Shaken with hydrochloric acid in the absence of air, it becomes red, the color changing

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The diagram above depicts a reaction between m-cresol and methanol where a c-alkylation product is produced. The c-alkylation reaction means that instead of replacing the hydrogen atom on the -OH group, the methyl group (from the methanol) replaces the hydrogen on a carbon in the benzene ring. The

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The creosote is mostly insoluble in water, but the lower-molecular-weight compounds will become soluble the longer the broken wood is exposed to the water. In this case, some of the chemicals become water-soluble and further leach into the aquatic sediment while the rest of the insoluble chemicals

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A 2005 mortality study of creosote workers found no evidence supporting an increased risk of cancer death, as a result of exposure to creosote. Based on the findings of the largest mortality study to date of workers employed in creosote wood treating plants, there is no evidence that employment at

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or stove), causes incomplete combustion of the oils in the wood, which are off-gassed as volatiles in the smoke. As the smoke rises through the chimney it cools, causing water, carbon, and volatiles to condense on the interior surfaces of the chimney flue. The black oily residue that builds up is

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rather than bituminous coal, and varies considerably from coal-tar creosote. Also called "lignite oil", it has a very high content of tar acids, and has been used to increase the tar acids in normal creosote when necessary. When it has been produced, it has generally been applied in mixtures with

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Historically, coal-tar creosote has been distinguished from what was thought of as creosote proper—the original substance of Reichenbach's discovery—and it has been referred to specifically as "creosote oil". But, because creosote from coal-tar and wood-tar are obtained from a similar process and

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This reagent is used to oxidize phenol groups by the use of a radical hydroxide group produced from the peroxide in the p-benzoquinone. This product of phenol's oxidation is now leached into the environment while other products include iron(II) and water. P-benzoquinone is listed as being a very

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is the process by which an organism takes in chemicals through ingestion, exposure, and inhalation. Bioaccumulation is broken down into bioconcentration (uptake of chemicals from the environment) and biomagnification (increasing concentration of chemicals as they move up the food chain). Certain

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obtained it from "phenylhydrate", which was soon determined to be the same compound. There was no clear view on the relationship between carbolic acid and creosote; Runge described it as having similar caustic and antiseptic properties, but noted that it was different, in that it was an acid and

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The information that follows describing the other various types of creosote materials and its uses should be considered as primarily being of only historical value. This history is important, because it traces the origin of these different materials used during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Once the soluble compounds from the creosote preservative leach into the water, the compounds begin reacting with the external environment or are consumed by organisms. The reactions vary depending on the concentration of each compound that is released from the creosote, but major reactions are

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and water flow which slowly opens the oily outer coating and exposes the smaller internal pores to more water flow. Frequent weathering occurs daily, but more severe weather, such as hurricanes, can cause damage or loosening of the wooden pilings. Many pilings are either broken into pieces from

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Coal-tar creosote is the most widely used wood treatment today; both industrially, processed into wood using pressure methods such as "full-cell process" or "empty-cell process", and more commonly applied to wood through brushing. In addition to toxicity to fungi, insects, and marine borers, it

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was responsible for the disease, sought to rehabilitate creosote for its use as an antiseptic to treat it. He began a series of trials with Gimbert to convince the scientific community, and claimed a promising cure rate. A number of publications in Germany confirmed his results in the following

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From the contamination of the sediment, more of the ecosystem is affected. Organisms in the sediment are now exposed to the new chemicals. Organisms are then ingested by fish and other aquatic animals. These animals now contain concentrations of hazardous chemicals which were secreted from the

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According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), eating food or drinking water contaminated with high levels of coal-tar creosote may cause a burning in the mouth and throat, and stomach pains. ATSDR also states that brief direct contact with large amounts of coal-tar

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nature, which distill above 255 °C. The quantity of each varies based on the quality of tar and temperatures used, but generally, the tar acids won't exceed 5%, the naphthalenes make up 15 to 50%, and the anthracenes make up 45% to 70%. The hydrocarbons are mainly aromatic; derivatives of

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This reaction shows the oxidation of p-cresol in a sulfate-enriched environment. P-cresol was seen to be the easiest to degrade through the sulfate-enriched environment, while m-cresol and o-cresol where inhibited. In the chart above, p-cresol was oxidized under an anaerobic sulfate reducing

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The use of creosote according to the AWPA Standards does not allow for mixing with other types of "creosote type" materials—such as lignite-tar creosote, oil-tar creosote, peat-tar creosote, water-gas-tar creosote, or wood-tar creosote. The AWPA Standard P3 does however, allow blending of a

1621:, pilings, telephone poles, power line poles, marine pilings, and fence posts. Although suitable for use in preserving the structural timbers of buildings, it is not generally used that way because it is difficult to apply. There are also concerns about the environmental impact of the 1009:, as suggested by the previous use of pyroligneous acid. It was prescribed to quell the irritability of the stomach and bowels and detoxify, treat ulcers and abscesses, neutralize bad odors, and stimulate the mucous tissues of the mouth and throat. Creosote in general was listed as an 234:

For some part of their history, coal-tar creosote and wood-tar creosote were thought to have been equivalent substances—albeit of distinct origins—accounting for their common name; the two were determined only later to be chemically different. All types of creosote are composed of

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and had attained a smoky flavor. This led him to reason that creosote was the antiseptic component contained in smoke, and he further argued that the creosote he had found in wood tar was also in coal tar, as well as amber tar and animal tar, in the same abundance as in wood tar.

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There is no unique exposure pathway of children to creosote. Children exposed to creosote probably experience the same health effects seen in adults exposed to creosote. It is unknown whether children differ from adults in their susceptibility to health effects from creosote.

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Furthermore, it must be considered that these other types of creosotes – lignite-tar, wood-tar, water-gas-tar, etc. – are not currently being manufactured and have either been replaced with more-economical materials, or replaced by products that are more efficacious or safer.

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Medical Lexicon: A Dictionary of Medical Science: Containing a Concise Explanation of the Various Subjects and Terms, with the French and Other Synonymes, Notices of Climate, and of Celebrated Mineral Waters, Formulae for Various Officinal and Empirical Preparations,

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medicine in Japan, used as an anti-diarrheal, and has 133 mg wood creosote from beech, pine, maple or oak wood per adult dose as its primary ingredient. Seirogan was first used as a gastrointestinal medication by the Imperial Japanese Army in Russia during the

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of 1.037 to 1.087, retains fluidity at a very low temperature, and boils at 205-225 °C. In its purest form, it is transparent. Dissolution in water requires up to 200 times the amount of water as the base creosote. This creosote is a combination of natural

2063:. The products included 4-hydroxy-2-methylbenzoic acid and acetate compounds. Although the conditions were enriched with the reducing anaerobic compounds, sulfate and nitrate reducing bacteria are commonly found in the environment. For further information, see 1938:

This diagram shows an o-alkylation between phenol and methanol. Unlike the c-alkylation, the o-alkylation replaces the hydrogen atom on the -OH group with the methyl group (from the methanol). The product of the o-alkylation is methoxybenzene, better-known as

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naphthalene, because when forcing the distillate at a temperature that produces anthracene the soft pitch will be ruined and only the hard pitch will remain; this ruins it for use in roofing purposes, and only leaves a product which isn't commercially useful.

40:, in March 1943. This U.S. wartime governmental photo reports that "The steaming black ties in the ... have just come from the retort where they have been infused with creosote for eight hours." Ties are "made of pine and fir... seasoned for eight months" . 1080:

Later, a period of experimentation with different techniques and chemicals using creosote in treating tuberculosis lasted until about 1910, when radiation therapy seemed more promising. Guaiacol, instead of a full creosote solution, was suggested by

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In the process of coal-tar distillation, the distillate is collected into four fractions; the "light oil", which remains lighter than water, the "middle oil" which passes over when the light oil is removed; the "heavy oil", which sinks; and the

982:, published in 1778, says that cedar tree oil is believed to cure vomiting and help medicate tumors and ulcers. Physicians contemporary to the discovery of creosote recommended ointments and pills made from tar or pitch to treat skin diseases. 1085:

in 1887. He argued it had the active chemical of creosote and had the advantage of being of definite composition and having a less unpleasant taste and odor. A number of solutions of both creosote and guaiacol appeared on the market, such as

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In aquatic sediments, several reactions can transform the chemicals released by the creosote preservatives into more dangerous chemicals. Most creosote preservative compounds have hazards associated with them before they are transformed.

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of pyrocatechin. Methyl ethers differ from simple phenols in being less hydrophilic, caustic, and poisonous. This allows meat to be successfully preserved without tissue denaturation, and allows creosote to be used as a medical ointment.

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nucleus. The high level of methyl derivates created from the action of heat on wood (also apparent in the methyl alcohol produced through distillation) make wood-tar creosote substantially different from coal-tar creosote. Guaiacol is a

78:, where the coal or wood burns under variable conditions, producing soot and tarry smoke. Creosotes are the principal chemicals responsible for the stability, scent, and flavor characteristic of smoked meat; the name is derived from 2116:

This reaction shows the oxidation of phenol by iron and peroxide. This combination of iron, which comes from iron oxide in the sediment, and the peroxide, commonly released by animals and plants into the environment, is known as the

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A treatise on the chemical, medicinal, and physiological properties of creosote: illustrated by experiments on the lower animals: with some considerations on the embalment of the Egyptians. Being the Harveian prize dissertation for

1526:, use of creosoted wood prepared by the Bethell process became a principal way of preserving railway timbers (most notably railway sleepers) to increase the lifespan of the timbers, and avoiding having to regularly replace them. 207:

for use as a wood preservative meeting the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) Standards P1/P13 and P2. The AWPA Standards require that creosote "shall be a pure coal tar product derived entirely from tar produced by the

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Bolognini M, Cavani F, Scagliarini D, Flego C, Perego C, Sabo M (July 2002). "Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts as Alternative to Homogeneous Catalysts:Reactivity of Mg/Al mixed Oxides in the Alkylation of m-Cresol with Methanol".

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Carbolic acid was soon commonly sold under the name "creosote", and the scarcity of wood-tar creosote in some places led chemists to believe that it was the same substance as that described by Reichenbach. In the 1840s,

1118:, tannates of creosote. Creosote and eucalyptus oil were also a remedy used together, administered through a vaporizor and inhaler. Since then, more effective and safer treatments for tuberculosis have been developed. 1874:. Though creosote is used as a pesticide preservative, studies have shown that Limnoria is resistant to wood preservative pesticides and can cause small holes in the wood, through which creosote can then be released. 1922:

of the dimethylphenol (DMP) compound are the products of the para- and ortho-c-alkylation. Dimethylphenol (DMP) compound is listed as an aquatic hazard by characteristic, and is toxic with long lasting effects.

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settling, the oil is dark green by reflected light and dark red by transmitted light. To the naked eye, it generally appears brown. The creosote (often called "creosote oil") consists almost wholly of

2067:. The type of anaerobic bacteria ultimately determines the reduction of the creosote preservative compounds, while each individual compound may only go through reduction under certain conditions. 1576:

Creosoted wood blocks were a common road-paving material in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but ultimately fell out of favor because they did not generally hold up well enough over time.

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identified a substance common to guaiacum and creosote that he called creosol, and he determined that creosote contained a mixture of creosol and guaiacol. Later investigations by Gorup-Besanez,

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The largest health effect of creosote is deaths caused by residential chimney fires due to chimney tar (creosote) build-up. This is entirely unconnected with its industrial production or use.

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derivatives and share some quantity of monosubstituted phenols, but these are not the only active element of creosote. For their useful effects, coal-tar creosote relies on the presence of

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On food: its varieties, chemical composition, nutritive value, comparative digestibility, physiological functions and uses, preparation, culinary treatment, preservation, adulteration, etc

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occurs when a molecule replaces a hydrogen atom with an alkyl group that generally comes from an organic molecule. Alkyl groups that are found naturally occurring in the environment are

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Given this history, and the antiseptic properties known to creosote, it became popular among physicians in the 19th century. A dilution of creosote in water was sold in pharmacies as

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Tsiamis, Costas; Sgantzou, Ioanna; Popoti, Panagiota; Papavramidou, Niki; Sgantzos, Markos (March 6, 2020). "Dimitrios Mavrokordatos Disproving the Hemostatic Myth of Aqua Binelli".

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to humans, based on adequate animal evidence and limited human evidence. The animal testing relied upon by IARC involved the continuous application of creosote to the shaved skin of

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Wong O, Harris F (July 2005). "Retrospective cohort mortality study and nested case-control study of workers exposed to creosote at 11 wood-treating plants in the United States".

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compounds. Organometallic compounds generally contain a methyl, ethyl, or butyl derivative which is the alkyl group that replaces the hydrogen. Other organic compounds, such as

1716:-tar, although mostly unsuccessful due to the problems with winning and drying peat on an industrial scale. Peat tar by itself has in the past been used as a wood preservative. 462:

Wood-tar creosote is a colourless to yellowish greasy liquid with a smoky odor, produces a sooty flame when burned, and has a burned taste. It is non-buoyant in water, with a

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Wang F, Yang G, Zhang W, Wu W, Xu J (June 2004). "Oxidation of p-Cresol to p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde with Molecular Oxygen in the Presence of CuMn-Oxide Heterogeneous Catalyst".

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agent used to treat ulcers and malignancies, cauterize wounds, and prevent infection and decay. It was particularly used in dentistry to destroy tissues and arrest necrosis.

1174:, sold over the counter, and usually taken by mouth to assist the bringing up of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections. Guaifenesin is a component of 2085:

the preservative compounds are altered to form new chemicals, leading to decomposition. An example of the oxidation of p-cresol and phenol can be seen in the figures below:

1497:. The tar bases are often extracted by washing the creosote with aqueous mineral acid, although they're also suggested to have antiseptic ability similar to the tar acids. 1565:. External parasites would be killed in a creosote diluted dip, and drenching tubes would be used to administer doses to the animals' stomachs to kill internal parasites. 5311: 4043:

Siris: a Chain of Philosophical Reflexions and Inquiries Concerning the Virtues of Tar Water: And Divers Other Subjects Connected Together and Arising One from Another

992:

Siris: a chain of philosophical reflexions and inquiries concerning the virtues of tar water, and divers other subjects connected together and arising one from another

303: 113:. The coal-tar variety, having stronger and more toxic properties, has chiefly been used as a preservative for wood; coal-tar creosote was also formerly used as an 4391:"Accumulation and bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a nearshore estuarine environment near a Pensacola (Florida) creosote contamination site" 1632:

character, the European Union has regulated the quality of creosote for the EU market and requires that the sale of creosote be limited to professional users. The

1223:

is a cough medicine in the United States, introduced in 1925, that is still sold and contains beechwood creosote. Beechwood creosote is also found under the name

1550: 1129:)—on animals. His data showed that both drugs were effective in increasing secretions into the airways in laboratory animals, when high-enough doses were given. 4497:

Hartnik T, Norli HR, Eggen T, Breedveld GD (January 2007). "Bioassay-directed identification of toxic organic compounds in creosote-contaminated groundwater".

1440:

Commercial creosote contains substances from six groups. The two groups occur in the greatest amounts and are the products of the distillation process—the "

1060:, who suggested it be applied locally by spray to the bronchial mucous membrane. This was followed up in 1877 when it was argued for in a clinical paper by 915:

Even before creosote as a chemical compound was discovered, it was the chief active component of medicinal remedies in different cultures around the world.

788:, which is a water-soluble protein found in meat, so they serve as a preserving agent, but also cause denaturation. Most of the phenols in the creosote are 326:

have some common uses, they have also been placed in the same class of substances, with the terms "creosote" or "creosote oil" referring to either product.

5681: 1580: 1514:

The use of coal-tar creosote on a commercial scale began in 1838, when a patent covering the use of creosote oil to treat timber was taken out by inventor

1637: 1057: 319: 5617:

Zazo JA, Casas JA, Mohedano AF, Gilarranz MA, Rodríguez JJ (October 26, 2005). "Chemical Pathway and Kinetics of Phenol Oxidation by Fenton's Reagent".

3150: 1056:. The idea of using it for tuberculosis failed to be accepted. Use for this purpose was dropped, until the idea was revived in 1876 by British doctor 70:

Some creosote types were used historically as a treatment for components of seagoing and outdoor wood structures to prevent rot (e.g., bridgework and

1918:

products of this c-alkylation can be in either a para- or ortho- orientation on the molecule, as seen in the diagram, and water, which is not shown.

270:, Reichenbach conducted experiments by dipping meat in a dilute solution of distilled creosote. He found that the meat was dried without undergoing 1404: 5545: 1065: 315: 5292: 4700: 1408: 2050:

various shrimp and fish species affected the growth, reproduction, and survival functions of the organisms for most of the compounds tested.

1785: 1777: 1687:

Water-gas-tar creosote is also derived from petroleum oil or shale oil, but by a different process; it is distilled during the production of

1633: 1220: 687: 3180: 1745:. Longer direct skin contact with low levels of creosote mixtures or their vapours can result in increased light sensitivity, damage to the 5103:

Engineering chemistry: a practical treatise for the use of analytical chemists, engineers, ironmasters, iron founders, students, and others

4008:

Balsama S, Beltrame P, Beltrame PL, Carniti P, Forni L, Zuretti G (December 14, 1984). "Alkylation of Phenol with Methanol over Zeolites".

3997: 1122: 6778: 1761: 1478: 1441: 1313: 1294: 959:

was a tar water that was made by boiling cedria, spreading wool fleeces over the vessels to catch the steam, and then wringing them out.

3201: 1558: 1040:

Creosote was suggested as a treatment for tuberculosis by Reichenbach as early as 1833. Following Reichenbach, it was argued for by

247:, while wood-tar creosote relies on the presence of methyl ethers of phenol. Otherwise, either type of tar would dissolve in water. 5674: 4322: 1816:

referred to as creosote, which is similar in composition to the commercial products by the same name, but with a higher content of

125:

properties became known. The wood-tar variety has been used for meat preservation, ship treatment, and such medical purposes as an

5146:"Anaerobic degradation of m-cresol in anoxic aquifer slurries: carboxylation reactions in a sulfate-reducing bacterial enrichment" 1146:, but it is generally mixed with coal-tar creosote, since the former is not as effective. Commercially available preparations of " 3437: 1158:

solutions. The phenol ring is essentially opened, and the molecule is then subject to normal digestion and normal respiration.

4535: 1943:, and water, which is not shown in the diagram. Anisole is listed as an acute hazard to aquatic life with long-term effects. 1052:, suggested its use for tuberculosis through inhalation. He also suggested it for epilepsy, neuralgia, diabetes, and chronic 32:

Wood railroad ties before (right) and after (left) infusion with creosote, being transported by railcar at a facility of the

5315: 192:

The term creosote has a broad range of definitions depending on the origin of the coal tar oil and end-use of the material.

3275: 6815: 6767: 5667: 4441:"Wood Preserving Creosotes: Methods of Production, Properties, Quality, Price and Quantity Consumed in the United States" 3957:"Wood Preserving Creosotes: Methods of Production, Properties, Quality, Price and Quantity Consumed in the United States" 5513: 4695: 3257: 955:

both on the skin and in the lungs. He further speaks of cedria being used as the embalming agent for preparing mummies.

6810: 3403: 5412: 5223: 5008: 4944: 4923: 4580: 4250: 4171: 1444:", which distill below 205 °C and consist mainly of phenols, cresols, and xylenols, including carbolic acid—and 3881: 3409: 1561:

parasites from cattle pasturing on a sewage farm. This later led to widespread use of creosote as a cattle wash and

5063:

Phelps CD, Young LY (February 1999). "Anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX and gasoline in various aquatic sediments".

994:, and a poem where he praised its virtues. Pyroligneous acid was also used at the time in a medicinal water called 296: 4863:"Action of a Fluoranthene-Utilizing Bacterial Community on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Components of Creosote" 907:

still experiments were done, including by many governments, because it proved to be less expensive on the market.

4856:(Report). United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organization, and World Health Organization. 2262: 1956: 1261: 1037:. It was used to treat ulcers, and as a way to sterilize the tooth and deaden the pain in case of a tooth-ache. 6191: 2303: 2237: 1640:. Creosote is considered a restricted-use pesticide and is only available to licensed pesticide applicators. 962: 1489:

produced by the other substances during the distillation process and likely resulting from a combination of

322:

showed that wood-tar creosote also contained phenols, giving it a feature in common with coal-tar creosote.

4378: 3991:

Aerobic Biodegradation of Organic Chemicals in Environment Media: A Summary of Field and Laboratory Studies

4753:"Anaerobic Oxidation of Toluene, Phenol, and p-Cresol by the Dissimilatory Iron-Reducing Organism, GS-15" 3717: 1864:

remain together in a tar-like substance. Another source of damage comes from wood-boring fauna, such as

1855:– occurs due to many different events: During the lifetime of the marine piling, weathering occurs from 28: 6800: 6578: 5552: 990:

wrote several works on the medical virtues of tar water, including a philosophical work in 1744 titled

5873: 1725:

creosote may result in a rash or severe irritation of the skin, chemical burns of the surfaces of the

5690: 2064: 853:

Because wood-tar creosote is used for its guaiacol and creosol content, it is generally derived from

279: 20: 1579:

Two later methods for creosoting wood were introduced after the turn of the century, referred to as

1895: 5279: 6298: 5846: 4694:

Lee, Kwang-Guen; Lee, Sung-Eun; Takeoka, Gary R.; Kim, Jeong-Han; Park, Byeoung-Soo (July 2005).

1832: 1812: 1515: 1061: 37: 1485:—and oxygen-containing heterocycles, dibenzofurans. Lastly, creosote contains a small number of 6724: 6181: 4458:"On the comparative value of sulphuric acid and creosote in the treatment of alveolar cavities" 3939: 3580: 3398: 1851:

Even though creosote is pressurized into the wood, the release of the chemical – and resulting

5440: 5423: 5262: 5047: 5030: 4972: 4934: 4833: 4670: 4653: 4636: 4619: 4570: 4457: 4440: 4361: 4330: 4240: 4182: 4136: 3973: 3956: 3922: 2622: 1823:

Over the course of a season creosote deposits can become several inches thick. This creates a

998:(Binelli's water), a compound which its inventor, the Italian Fedele Binelli, claimed to have 6805: 6669: 6335: 6233: 5816: 5564: 5428:

Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Railway, Bridge and Building Association

5234: 4850: 3961:

Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Railway, Bridge and Building Association

2286:

Communication between United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Creosote Council.

1337: 1255: 5324: 5196: 4474: 2607: 2592: 6405: 6263: 6253: 6238: 6033: 6028: 6023: 5796: 5626: 5363: 5157: 4874: 4764: 4709: 4506: 4097: 3856: 1481:" and generally make up about 3% of the creosote—sulfur-containing heterocycles, generally 1445: 1396: 1155: 781:

The simple phenols are not the only active element in wood-tar creosote. In solution, they

4696:"Antioxidant activity and characterization of volatile constituents of beechwood creosote" 4210: 1636:

regulates the use of coal-tar creosote as a wood preservative under the provisions of the

302:

Independently, there were investigations into the chemical nature of creosote. A study by

8: 6048: 6018: 6008: 4936:

Bioaccumulation in Marine Organisms: Effect of Contamination from Oil Well Produced Water

4346: 2110: 1596: 1542: 1523: 1151: 986:

had been used as a folk remedy since the Middle Ages to treat affections like dyspepsia.

479:(4-methylguaiacol), which typically constitutes 50% of the oil; second in prevalence are 339:

Constituency of distillations of creosote from different woods at different temperatures

5630: 5367: 5161: 5112: 4878: 4768: 4713: 4510: 4310: 4268:"The Clinician, Germs and Infectious Diseases: The Example of Charles Bouchard in Paris" 4101: 4052: 216: 6345: 5997: 5605: 5593: 5489: 5088: 4292: 4267: 1660: 1546: 1214: 311: 5384: 5351: 5178: 5145: 5021:

The London Medical Dictionary, including under distinct heads every branch of medecine

4895: 4862: 4785: 4752: 4518: 4339: 4152: 4118: 4085: 4076: 4021: 3448: 1048:. Elliotson, inspired by the use of creosote to arrest vomiting during an outbreak of 1002:

properties in his research published in 1797. These claims have since been disproven.

6268: 6248: 5992: 5937: 5642: 5597: 5493: 5481: 5473: 5408: 5389: 5335: 5219: 5183: 5134: 5080: 5004: 4986: 4940: 4919: 4900: 4886: 4790: 4576: 4522: 4410: 4406: 4297: 4246: 4167: 4123: 3911: 3129: 2175: 1754: 1676: 1143: 1125:

experimented with guaiacol and a recent synthetic modification—glycerol guaiacolate (

1045: 820: 744: 421: 255: 196: 33: 5239:

A Treatise on Chemistry: The Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives or Organic Chemistry

5169: 5092: 4776: 4109: 3619: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2080:

Even though many studies conduct testing under experimental or enriched conditions,

1557:

derived from creosote. McDougall, in 1864, experimented with his solution to remove

59:

of plant-derived material, such as wood, or fossil fuel. They are typically used as

6739: 6729: 6714: 6340: 6161: 5977: 5947: 5927: 5883: 5761: 5634: 5609: 5589: 5532: 5465: 5379: 5371: 5173: 5165: 5072: 4890: 4882: 4803: 4780: 4772: 4717: 4682: 4543: 4536:"Revocation of approvals for amateur creosote/coal tar creosote wood preservatives" 4514: 4402: 4287: 4279: 4231:

The Newer Remedies ...: A Reference Manual for Physicians, Pharmacists and Students

4148: 4137:"Increase in the use of wood preservatives indicates progress in wood preservation" 4113: 4105: 4072: 4017: 2094: 1852: 1734: 463: 259: 251: 5375: 4809:(Report). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Handbook No. 40 3996:(Report). Environment Science Center Syracuse Research Corporation. Archived from 3989:

Aronson, D.; Citra, M.; Shuler, K.; Printup, H.; Howard, P.H. (January 27, 1999).

1911: 1452:, which distill approximately between 205 and 255 °C, and constituents of an 1426: 839: 6679: 6600: 6365: 6277: 6117: 5959: 5878: 5504:

Pharmacopée de Lyon, ou exposition méthodique des médicaments simples et composés

5502: 5402: 5251: 5213: 5123: 5101: 5019: 4998: 4961: 4913: 4822: 4608: 4597: 4559: 4487: 4429: 4229: 4199: 4161: 4041: 4030: 2289: 2118: 2068: 1951: 1738: 1614: 1183: 987: 967: 919: 287: 4686: 4572:

Handbook of Environmental Fate and exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Volume 2

4390: 4340:"At the Santa Fe R.R. tie plant, Albuquerque, N[ew] Mex[ico]..." 4211:

Assessing Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Organisms Exposed to Contaminated Sediments

3954: 3014: 2673: 2671: 1932: 6744: 6710: 6583: 6542: 6310: 6213: 6038: 5982: 5942: 5932: 5922: 5836: 5723: 5698: 3507: 1535: 1486: 1482: 1370: 1342: 1191: 1179: 1041: 866: 79: 5912: 5895: 5076: 4725: 4283: 6794: 6719: 6500: 6475: 6420: 6176: 6145: 5972: 5967: 5868: 5811: 5659: 5477: 5469: 2668: 1494: 1376: 1187: 1082: 1069: 948: 793: 597: 209: 199:, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers the term 3944:

Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association at the Annual Meeting

1568: 1323:

Pyridines, quinolines, benzoquinolines, acridines, indolines, and carbazoles

922:

mentions a variety of tar-like substances being used as medicine, including

6749: 6734: 6573: 6495: 6385: 6330: 6325: 6293: 6283: 6228: 6203: 6186: 6092: 5987: 5646: 5601: 5536: 5485: 5084: 4904: 4794: 4526: 4414: 4301: 1828: 1817: 1776:

developed cancerous skin lesions and in one test, lesions of the lung. The

1765: 1618: 1470: 1466: 1273: 1147: 971: 816: 809: 271: 267: 220: 71: 60: 48: 5393: 5187: 4127: 940: 6684: 6625: 6515: 6510: 6485: 6468: 6458: 6449: 6315: 6166: 6061: 5801: 3181:"The Creosoted Wood Block: One Step in the Evolution of St. Louis Paving" 2060: 1808: 1490: 1458: 1449: 1171: 1167: 1126: 1034: 936: 782: 488: 379: 240: 138: 126: 4741: 6595: 6590: 6547: 6530: 6520: 6490: 6480: 6430: 6320: 6208: 6097: 5917: 5863: 5826: 5781: 5776: 5766: 5740: 5716: 5336:"Environmental Issues Related to the Use of Creosote Wood Preservative" 5052:

Pharmaceutical Journal: A Weekly Record of Pharmacy and Allied Sciences

5045: 2456: 1891: 1781: 1750: 1730: 1629: 1592: 1531: 1462: 1453: 1018: 1010: 999: 878: 854: 492: 263: 244: 134: 130: 122: 114: 64: 6620: 5638: 4721: 6674: 6525: 6395: 6370: 6258: 6243: 6223: 6082: 6013: 6003: 5900: 5890: 5821: 5806: 5771: 1726: 1688: 1591:

Coal-tar creosote, despite its toxicity, was used as a stimulant and

1562: 983: 204: 165: 153: 149: 56: 3408:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 7, 1988. 1379:, aminofluorenes, and aminophenanthrenes, cyano-PAHs, benz acridines 6415: 6288: 6273: 6171: 6127: 6112: 6102: 6087: 6077: 5831: 5756: 5518:(Masters). Oregon State University – via ScholarsArchive@OSU. 4475:"Pulpless teeth; abscess; treatment, especially surgical treatment" 3937: 2405: 2309:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 25, 2008 2145: 1899: 1870: 1865: 1824: 1474: 1317: 1205: 1073: 1053: 1030: 1026: 1022: 944: 882: 870: 819:, while creosol is a methyl ether of methyl-pyrocatechin, the next 628: 570: 566: 539: 472: 398: 307: 142: 118: 101: 918:

In antiquity, pitches and resins were used commonly as medicines.

6657: 6652: 6642: 6615: 6535: 6435: 6400: 6390: 6375: 6132: 6043: 5907: 5786: 5455: 2677: 2170: 2149: 1940: 1877: 1784:

based on both human and animal studies. As a result, the Federal

1749:, and skin damage. Longer exposure to creosote vapours can cause 1700: 1269: 1265: 1199: 1195: 1175: 1049: 1014: 804: 789: 785: 740: 656: 484: 476: 468: 417: 169: 145:, though these have mostly been replaced by modern formulations. 3888:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 2019 6700: 6662: 6647: 6610: 6568: 6563: 6463: 6218: 6122: 5791: 5751: 4861:

Mueller, J.G.; Chapman, P.J.; Pritchard, P.H. (December 1989).

4671:"New outlooks in the prophylaxis and treatment of tuberculosis" 4620:"New outlooks in the prophylaxis and treatment of tuberculosis" 2141: 2137: 1919: 1773: 1769: 1746: 1554: 1354: 1333: 1298: 1277: 516: 480: 306:

revealed that the smell of purified creosote resembled that of

283: 250:

Creosote was first discovered in its wood-tar form in 1832, by

236: 168:. Creosote also has been made from pre-coal formations such as 4849:

Melber, Christine; Kielhorn, Janet; Mangelsdorf, Inge (2004).

3183:. St. Louis, Missouri: Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Inc 2304:"Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Creosote (Case 0139)" 117:, to burn malignant skin tissue, and in dentistry, to prevent 6630: 6505: 6425: 6410: 6357: 6107: 6066: 5858: 5736: 5711: 4086:"Anaerobic oxidation of p-cresol by a denitrifying bacterium" 2081: 1742: 1653:

Derivation and general composition of water-gas-tar creosote

1209: 952: 886: 874: 812: 346: 215:

Currently, all creosote-treated wood products—foundation and

4824:

Industrial and manufacturing chemistry: a practical treatise

4431:

Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge

6637: 6605: 5850: 5546:

Creosote Release from Cut/broken Piles, Asarco Smelter Site

4652:

King, John; Felter, Harvey Wickes; Lloyd, John Uri (1905).

4533: 4438: 3292: 2987: 1856: 1811:

in the absence of adequate airflow (such as in an enclosed

1713: 1281: 1170:

developed by Eldon Boyd is still commonly used today as an

356: 177: 75: 74:, see image). Samples may be found commonly inside chimney 3913:

The preservation of food: From the "Aus der natur" of Abel

2695: 2244:. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 6445: 6150: 5706: 5293:"Causes and Control of Wood Decay, Degradation and Stain" 4848: 3955:

American Railway Bridge and Building Association (1914).

2856: 1843: 1764:(IARC) has determined that coal-tar creosote is probably 1518:. The "Bethell process"—or as it later became known, the 351: 227:

high-boiling petroleum oil meeting the AWPA Standard P4.

108: 52: 1419:

Derivation and general composition of coal-tar creosote

262:

of beechwood. Because pyroligneous acid was known as an

4860: 4637:"The seasoning and preservative treatment of wood ties" 4427: 3974:"The seasoning and preservative treatment of wood ties" 3385: 1712:

There have also been attempts to distill creosote from

5569:

Transactions of the Association of American Physicians

4596:

Hunt, George McMonies; Garratt, George Alfred (1967).

3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 1780:

has stated that coal-tar creosote is a probable human

47:

is a category of carbonaceous chemicals formed by the

5352:"Biodegradation of Cresol Isomers in Anoxic Aquifers" 4963:

Nelson's encyclopaedia: everybody's book of reference

3603: 3601: 3015:

American Railway Bridge and Building Association 1914

5291:

Shupe, Todd; Lebow, Stan; Ring, Dennis (June 2008).

5253:

Relationship of bovine tuberculosis to public health

5133:

Price, Overton W.; Kellogg, R.S.; Cox, W.T. (1909).

4180: 4163:

William Crookes and the commercialization of science

3202:"Historic Wood Paver from Galveston's Market Street" 2662: 832:

Derivation of wood-tar creosote from resinous woods

148:

Varieties of creosote have also been made from both

16:

Tar distillation byproduct used as wood preservative

5424:"Report of the committee XVII on wood preservation" 4915:

Petroleum products: instability and incompatibility

4479:

Transactions of the New York Ondontological Society

4209:Clarke, Joan U.; McFarland, Victor A. (July 1991). 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3756: 1638:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

1538:totaled approximately 29,900,000 gallons per year. 5551:(Report). Bellevue, WA: Parametrix. Archived from 4985: 4804:Preservative Treatment of Wood by Pressure Methods 3598: 5263:"The history of creosote, cedriret, and pittacal" 5233:Roscoe, Henry Enfield; Schorlemmer, Carl (1888). 5232: 3264:. October 27, 2001 – via eur-lex.europa.eu. 2683: 2366: 2354: 1617:. It is commonly used to preserve and waterproof 885:, is the main chemical responsible for the smoky 6792: 5349: 5046:Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (1898). 4693: 4320: 3831: 3793: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3303: 3282:. October 3, 2007 – via eur-lex.europa.eu. 2441: 2220: 2218: 2216: 1029:, and in small doses when taken internally as a 5543: 5143: 5132: 4911: 4651: 4561:Rules and Regulations for the Grading of Lumber 4208: 4061: 4046:. Dublin; London: W. Innys, C. Hitch, C. Davis. 3863:. National Center for Biotechnology Information 3735: 3657: 3646: 3626:. National Center for Biotechnology Information 3587:. National Center for Biotechnology Information 3556: 3529: 3527: 3297: 3077: 2972: 2720: 2483: 2207: 1110:, phosphate and tannophospate of creosote; and 862:in the presence of air to dark brown or black. 5689: 5290: 4750: 4701:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 3910:Abel, Ambrose; Smith, Elizur Goodrich (1857). 3804: 3467: 2779: 2777: 2372: 1878:Chemical reactions with sediment and organisms 99:The two main kinds recognized in industry are 5675: 5326:De aquae Binelli et Kreosoti virtute styptica 4496: 4007: 3988: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3773: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3651: 3607: 3539: 3491: 3489: 3477: 3475: 3355: 2998: 2996: 2903: 2901: 2789: 2213: 1786:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1778:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1634:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1622: 1553:as a sewer deodorant; it mainly consisted of 1534:. By 1890, the production of creosote in the 1457:benzene and related cyclic compounds such as 1142:Wood-tar creosote is to some extent used for 4607:Ibach, Rebecca E.; Miller, Regis B. (2007). 4388: 4083: 3938:American Pharmaceutical Association (1895). 3826: 3820: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3675: 3524: 3280:Official Journal of the European Communities 3262:Official Journal of the European Communities 3204:. Galveston, Texas: Rosenberg Library Museum 3088: 3086: 3061: 3059: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2824: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2557: 2555: 2457:Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 1898 2325: 2323: 1847:Broken creosote piling exposed by weathering 1623:leaching of creosote into aquatic ecosystems 935:preventive for infusion, as a treatment for 503:Composition of a typical beech-tar creosote 5544:Weitkamp, Don; Bennett, Jesse (June 2011). 5267:Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 5260: 5062: 4912:Mushrush, George C.; Speight, J.G. (1995). 4606: 4595: 3798: 3751: 3373: 3337: 3314: 3071: 2852: 2850: 2801: 2774: 2738: 2540: 2467: 2465: 2389: 2387: 2378: 2269:. National Cancer Institute. March 20, 2015 2224: 1838: 1772:. After weeks of creosote application, the 1762:International Agency for Research on Cancer 1244:Composition of a typical coal-tar creosote 5682: 5668: 5616: 5579: 5522: 5211: 4265: 3844: 3815: 3778: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3680: 3642: 3640: 3486: 3472: 3422: 3361: 3343: 2993: 2913: 2898: 2862: 2795: 2762: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2516: 2452: 2450: 2423: 2337: 2203: 2201: 2109: 2093: 1931: 1910: 1659: 1425: 838: 254:, when he found it both in the tar and in 5562: 5383: 5314:. LSU Agricultural Center. Archived from 5177: 4894: 4784: 4668: 4376: 4291: 4242:Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry 4197: 4117: 4054:La Tuberculose et la médication créosotée 3909: 3809: 3724: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3561: 3215: 3083: 3056: 3032: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2886: 2830: 2807: 2783: 2744: 2726: 2701: 2627: 2597: 2584: 2582: 2552: 2528: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2477: 2320: 1682: 1303:Phenols, cresols, xylenols, and naphthols 5511: 5277: 4996: 4485: 4434:. Vol. 21. Encyclopædia Britannica. 4227: 4134: 4050: 4039: 3463: 3461: 3438:"Heating Fires in Residential Buildings" 3326: 3320: 3308: 3050: 3026: 3008: 3002: 2983: 2981: 2874: 2847: 2842: 2836: 2819: 2813: 2750: 2644: 2612: 2603: 2546: 2489: 2462: 2406:American Pharmaceutical Association 1895 2384: 2360: 2348: 2125: 1842: 1567: 1549:developed and patented a product called 961: 27: 5421: 5400: 5350:Smolenski WJ, Suflita JM (April 1987). 5136:Forests of the United States: Their Use 5099: 4997:Orr, Wilson L.; White, Curt M. (1990). 4970: 4801: 4739: 4366:Annual Reports on Diseases of the Chest 4359: 4343:Prints & Photographs Online Catalog 4308: 4238: 4028: 3740: 3637: 3533: 3416: 3349: 3286: 3268: 3250: 3227: 3110: 3098: 3065: 3038: 2919: 2907: 2892: 2868: 2857:Melber, Kielhorn & Mangelsdorf 2004 2768: 2707: 2638: 2567: 2561: 2522: 2447: 2435: 2429: 2399: 2343: 2333:. American Wood Protection Association. 2198: 1802: 1694: 1202:Mucous Control, Meltus, and Bidex 400. 1102:, valerinates of creosote and guaicol; 1094:, phosphites of creosote and guaiacol; 943:, as an antidote for the poison of the 6793: 6380: 5619:Environmental Science & Technology 5515:Oil tar creosote for wood preservation 5438: 5356:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 5249: 5194: 5150:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 5000:Geochemistry of sulfur in fossil fuels 4983: 4959: 4867:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 4831: 4820: 4757:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 4634: 4568: 4557: 4472: 4455: 4337: 4090:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 4084:Bossert ID, Young LY (November 1986). 3971: 3916:. Press of Case, Lockwood and company. 3662: 3567: 3432: 3430: 3367: 3331: 3233: 3221: 3116: 3092: 3044: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2732: 2579: 2534: 2501: 2417: 2411: 2193: 2075: 1699:Lignite-tar creosote is produced from 1072:in 1860, and Bouchard, arguing that a 1068:. Germ theory had been established by 5663: 5500: 5333: 5329:(Thesis) (in Latin). Berlin: Nietack. 5322: 5309: 5121: 5110: 5028: 4617: 4569:Howard, Phillip (February 28, 1990). 4159: 3920: 3716:. National Geographic. Archived from 3495: 3481: 3458: 3379: 3245: 3239: 3104: 3020: 2978: 2880: 2756: 2689: 2656: 2650: 2618: 2588: 2495: 2471: 2393: 2187: 345: 6773: 5404:The chemistry and technology of coal 5144:Ramanand K, Suflita JM (June 1991). 5017: 4932: 4751:Lovley DR, Lonergan DJ (June 1990). 4534:Health and Safety Executive (2011). 4439:Engineering and Contracting (1912). 4216:(Report). US Army Corps of Engineers 4032:Coal-tar and water-gas tar creosotes 3697: 2573: 1707: 1504: 1234: 329: 5565:"Creosote in Tuberculosis Pulmonum" 5323:Simon, Carl Gustav Theodor (1833). 4675:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 3927:Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis 3427: 3391: 2122:toxic, acute environmental hazard. 1643: 13: 5594:10.1097/01.jom.0000165016.71465.7a 5310:Shupe, Todd (September 27, 2012). 5031:"Arsenic, its application and use" 4975:. In Thorpe, Thomas Edward (ed.). 4198:Chenoweth, Walter Winfred (1945). 3404:Integrated Risk Information System 1946: 1260:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( 892: 487:; the rest being a combination of 160:when derived from oil tar, and as 14: 6827: 5655: 5125:Pliny's Natural History, Volume 5 5114:Pliny's Natural History, Volume 3 5035:British Journal of Dental Science 4977:A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry 4838:British Journal of Dental Science 4519:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.031 4141:Journal of the Franklin Institute 3276:"Commission Directive 76/769/EEC" 3258:"Commission Directive 2001/90/EC" 3132:. Ames, Iowa: Ames History Museum 2053: 1719: 1602: 6772: 6763: 6762: 5525:Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis 4979:. Vol. 1. pp. 614–620. 4887:10.1128/AEM.55.12.3085-3090.1989 4428:Encyclopædia Britannica (1949). 3874: 3849: 3702: 3412:from the original on 2000-08-23. 3293:Health and Safety Executive 2011 3178: 3161:(32). Seattle: 7. August 7, 1915 2988:Engineering and Contracting 1912 1957:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1835:perform this service for a fee. 873:contributes mainly to the smoky 297:Eugen Freiherr von Gorup-Besanez 187: 5334:Smith, Stephen (May 31, 2002). 5201:Journal of the Chemical Society 5170:10.1128/AEM.57.6.1689-1695.1991 4802:MacLean, J.D. (December 1952). 4777:10.1128/AEM.56.6.1858-1864.1990 4309:Cormack, Sir John Rose (1836). 4110:10.1128/AEM.52.5.1117-1122.1986 3612: 3573: 3500: 3194: 3172: 3143: 3122: 1607: 1572:Wooden street pavers in Chicago 1509: 1137: 1132: 4988:Chemistry of organic compounds 4669:Kinnicutt, Francis P. (1892). 4635:Joerin, A.E. (December 1909). 4492:. Vol. 30. Tothill Press. 4239:Connell, Des (July 14, 2005). 4160:Brock, William Hodson (2008). 3886:Marine Life Education Resource 2280: 2255: 2230: 951:, and as an ointment to treat 877:, while the dimethyl ether of 792:derivatives: they contain the 1: 5512:Voorhies, Glenn (June 1940). 5376:10.1128/AEM.53.4.710-716.1987 5256:. Government printing office. 5212:Richardson, Barry A. (1993). 5139:. Government printing office. 5003:. American Chemical Society. 4966:. Vol. 3. Thomas Nelson. 4624:The Medical Times and Gazette 4564:. Government printing office. 4462:Annals of Anatomy and Surgery 4389:Elder JF, Dresler PV (1988). 4181:Chemist and Druggist (1889). 4153:10.1016/s0016-0032(09)90070-9 4077:10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00050-0 4022:10.1016/S0166-9834(00)83334-5 3902: 2973:Price, Kellogg & Cox 1909 2721:King, Felter & Lloyd 1905 2484:Price, Kellogg & Cox 1909 2367:Roscoe & Schorlemmer 1888 2355:Roscoe & Schorlemmer 1888 2263:"Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitch" 2208:Price, Kellogg & Cox 1909 2082:oxidation-reduction reactions 1974:Form (Ionized or Un-Ionized) 1886: 1121:In the 1940s, Canadian-based 897: 164:when derived from the tar of 5235:"Creosote and Creosote oils" 4984:Noller, Carl Robert (1965). 4658:King's American Dispensatory 4407:10.1016/0269-7491(88)90244-8 4362:"Carbolic acid and creosote" 4135:Bradbury, Robert H. (1909). 3940:"Creosote and Creosote oils" 3923:"Creosote and Creosote oils" 3921:Allen, Alfred Henry (1910). 3794:Smolenski & Suflita 1987 3468:Shupe, Lebow & Ring 2008 3399:"Creosote (CASRN 8001-58-9)" 3386:Encyclopædia Britannica 1949 1737:, kidney or liver problems, 1586: 1375:Aniline, aminonaphthalenes, 1161: 7: 5100:Philips, H. Joshua (1891). 4687:10.1056/nejm189205261262101 4618:Imlay, G. Anderson (1876). 4445:Engineering and Contracting 4338:Delnao, Jack (March 1943). 4245:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. 4204:. Houghton Mifflin company. 4166:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 3736:Ramanand & Suflita 1991 3658:Weitkamp & Bennett 2011 3647:Clarke & McFarland 1991 3078:Mushrush & Speight 1995 2331:2013 AWPA Book of Standards 2164: 2130: 2104: 2088: 1905: 10: 6832: 6816:Non-timber forest products 5691:Non-timber forest products 5507:. Chez les Freres Perisse. 5029:Pease, William A. (1862). 5024:. Vol. 1. J. Johnson. 5018:Parr, Bartholemew (1809). 4971:Nickels, Benjamin (1890). 4832:Martin, Stanlisas (1862). 4613:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. 4377:Dunglison, Robley (1846). 4266:Contrepois, Alain (2002). 3805:Lovley & Lonergan 1990 3151:"(untitled advertisement)" 910: 865:In preparation of food by 282:discovered carbolic acid ( 18: 6811:IARC Group 2A carcinogens 6758: 6693: 6556: 6444: 6356: 6141: 6057: 5958: 5845: 5732: 5697: 5345:– via ResearchGate. 5298:. LSU Agricultural Center 4821:Martin, Geoffrey (1913). 4321:Creosote Council (2011). 4284:10.1017/S0025727300069088 4228:Coblentz, Virgil (1908). 4051:Bernheim, Samuel (1901). 4040:Berkeley, George (1744). 2663:Chemist and Druggist 1889 2065:sulfate-reducing bacteria 1984: 1926: 1357:-containing heterocycles 1320:-containing heterocycles 439: 416: 397: 378: 373: 370: 367: 364: 362: 355: 350: 343: 280:Friedrich Ferdinand Runge 278:Soon afterward, in 1834, 89: 'meat' and 21:Creosote (disambiguation) 5563:Whittaker, J.T. (1893). 5470:10.1177/1553350620907428 5280:"A Gift from the Forest" 5261:Schorlemmer, C. (1885). 5218:. Taylor & Francis. 5195:Renard, Adolphe (1895). 5106:. C. Lockwood & son. 4827:. Vol. 1. Appleton. 4610:The Encyclopedia of Wood 4360:Dobbell, Horace (1878). 4234:. Apothecary Publishing. 4029:Bateman, Ernest (1922). 3827:Bossert & Young 1986 3676:Elder & Dresler 1988 2181: 2155: 1839:Release into environment 5077:10.1023/a:1008303729431 4960:Nelson, Thomas (1907). 4740:Letheby, Henry (1870). 4486:Greenhow, E.J. (1965). 4395:Environmental Pollution 4316:. J. Carfrae & Son. 3752:Phelps & Young 1999 3374:Hunt & Garratt 1967 3338:Hunt & Garratt 1967 3315:Ibach & Miller 2007 2242:Toxic Substances Portal 310:, and later studies by 38:Albuquerque, New Mexico 6705:(Iberian agroforestry) 5943:Pacific mountain onion 5582:J. Occup. Environ. Med 5537:10.1002/adsc.200303226 5422:Stimson, Earl (1914). 5401:Speight, J.G. (1994). 3447:. 2006. Archived from 3423:Wong & Harris 2005 2238:"ToxFAQs for Creosote" 1848: 1683:Water-gas-tar creosote 1573: 975: 374:200–210 °C 371:200–210 °C 368:200–210 °C 365:200–220 °C 162:water-gas-tar creosote 41: 6725:Indian forest produce 6196:Hydnocarpus wightiana 5501:Vitet, Louis (1778). 5439:Taylor, C.F. (1902). 5250:Salmon, D.E. (1901). 4834:"Solidified Creosote" 4558:Hodson, E.R. (1906). 4473:Farrar, J.N. (1893). 4456:Farrar, J.N. (1880). 3972:Angier, F.J. (1910). 3710:"Ocean Acidification" 3304:Creosote Council 2011 2511:Abel & Smith 1857 2126:Environmental hazards 1846: 1571: 1446:aromatic hydrocarbons 1397:aromatic hydrocarbons 1256:Aromatic hydrocarbons 965: 212:of bituminous coal." 31: 5968:Bare-toothed russula 5312:"Marine Wood Borers" 4384:. Lea and Blanchard. 4327:creosotecouncil.org/ 4201:How to preserve food 4187:Chemist and Druggist 3581:"2,3-Dimethylphenol" 3557:Bolognini et al 2002 3130:"Ames Street Paving" 3051:Orr & White 1990 3027:Orr & White 1990 1803:Build-up in chimneys 1695:Lignite-tar creosote 1613:serves as a natural 1581:empty-cell processes 1448:, which divide into 1156:calcium hypochlorite 947:, as a liniment for 174:lignite-tar creosote 19:For other uses, see 6579:musical instruments 5837:Woodland strawberry 5631:2005EnST...39.9295Z 5458:Surgical Innovation 5368:1987ApEnM..53..710S 5162:1991ApEnM..57.1689R 4933:Neff, J.M. (2002). 4879:1989ApEnM..55.3085M 4769:1990ApEnM..56.1858L 4714:2005JSFA...85.1580L 4511:2007Chmsp..66..435H 4347:Library of Congress 4102:1986ApEnM..52.1117B 4035:. Govt. print. off. 3978:Railway Age Gazette 3882:"Aquatic Food Webs" 2678:Tsiamis et al. 2020 2076:Oxidation-reduction 1825:compounding problem 1654: 1543:Alexander McDougall 1420: 1264:), alkylated PAHs, 1245: 1152:sodium hypochlorite 980:Pharmacopée de Lyon 833: 504: 340: 286:) in coal-tar, and 156:, and are known as 96: 'preserver'. 4746:. Longmans, Green. 3774:Aronson et al 1999 3608:Balsama et al 1984 3536:, pp. 376–379 3224:, pp. 412–417 2934:, pp. 416–419 2525:, pp. 225–226 2140:(m-, p-, and o-), 1849: 1652: 1574: 1551:McDougall's Powder 1547:Robert Angus Smith 1418: 1243: 1215:Russo-Japanese War 976: 831: 502: 338: 312:Heinrich Hlasiwetz 256:pyroligneous acids 197:wood preservatives 42: 6801:Chemical mixtures 6788: 6787: 5639:10.1021/es050452h 5625:(23): 9295–9302. 5445:The Medical World 5278:Seirogan (2011). 5215:Wood preservation 4851:Coal Tar Creosote 4722:10.1002/jsfa.2156 4641:Popular Mechanics 4599:Wood preservation 4057:. Paris: Maloine. 4010:Applied Catalysis 3317:, 14-1–14-9 2704:, pp. 64–65. 2176:Pentachlorophenol 2047: 2046: 1807:Burning wood and 1755:respiratory tract 1708:Peat-tar creosote 1677:pentachlorophenol 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1524:"Burnett process" 1520:full-cell process 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1235:Coal-tar creosote 1217:of 1904 to 1905. 1144:wood preservation 1058:G. Anderson Imlay 1046:John Rose Cormack 851: 850: 847: 846: 779: 778: 775: 774: 460: 459: 456: 455: 330:Wood-tar creosote 320:Siegfried Marasse 219:, lumber, posts, 182:peat-tar creosote 34:Santa Fe Railroad 6823: 6776: 6775: 6766: 6765: 6740:Resin extraction 6730:Mushroom hunting 6706: 6452: / etc. 6306: 6199: 6034:Saffron milk cap 6024:Parasol mushroom 5864:Fiddlehead ferns 5684: 5677: 5670: 5661: 5660: 5650: 5613: 5576: 5559: 5557: 5550: 5540: 5519: 5508: 5497: 5452: 5435: 5418: 5397: 5387: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5330: 5319: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5297: 5287: 5274: 5257: 5246: 5229: 5208: 5191: 5181: 5140: 5129: 5118: 5107: 5096: 5059: 5042: 5025: 5014: 4993: 4991: 4980: 4967: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4929: 4908: 4898: 4857: 4855: 4845: 4828: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4808: 4798: 4788: 4763:(6): 1858–1864. 4747: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4724:. Archived from 4708:(9): 1580–1586. 4690: 4665: 4648: 4631: 4614: 4603: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4565: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4542:. Archived from 4530: 4493: 4482: 4469: 4452: 4435: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4385: 4373: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4334: 4329:. Archived from 4317: 4305: 4295: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4235: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4215: 4205: 4194: 4177: 4156: 4131: 4121: 4080: 4058: 4047: 4036: 4025: 4004: 4002: 3995: 3985: 3968: 3951: 3934: 3917: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3861:PubChem Database 3853: 3847: 3842: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3802: 3796: 3791: 3776: 3771: 3754: 3749: 3738: 3733: 3722: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3695: 3678: 3673: 3660: 3655: 3649: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3624:PubChem Database 3616: 3610: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3585:PubChem Database 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3554: 3537: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3504: 3498: 3493: 3484: 3479: 3470: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3442: 3434: 3425: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3301: 3295: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3254: 3248: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2991: 2985: 2976: 2970: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2625: 2616: 2610: 2601: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2460: 2454: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2379:Schorlemmer 1885 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2314: 2308: 2300: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2234: 2228: 2225:Schorlemmer 1885 2222: 2211: 2205: 2196: 2191: 2113: 2097: 1962: 1961: 1935: 1914: 1883:outlined below: 1853:marine pollution 1735:mental confusion 1663: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1644:Oil-tar creosote 1429: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1380: 1361: 1345: 1324: 1304: 1285: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1062:Charles Bouchard 842: 834: 830: 827: 826: 802: 767: 731: 718:Various phenols 710: 679: 647: 620: 589: 558: 531: 505: 501: 498: 497: 464:specific gravity 341: 337: 334: 333: 260:dry distillation 252:Carl Reichenbach 195:With respect to 158:oil-tar creosote 6831: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6754: 6704: 6689: 6680:Vegetable ivory 6552: 6440: 6352: 6300: 6193: 6155: 6137: 6071: 6053: 6019:Oyster mushroom 6009:Meadow mushroom 5954: 5938:Twincrest onion 5841: 5745: 5728: 5699:Animal products 5693: 5688: 5658: 5653: 5555: 5548: 5415: 5341: 5339: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5284:seirogan.co.jp/ 5226: 5011: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4926: 4873:(12): 3085–90. 4853: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4731: 4729: 4681:(21): 513–518. 4587: 4585: 4583: 4549: 4547: 4419: 4417: 4351: 4349: 4272:Medical History 4257: 4255: 4253: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4174: 4065:Catalysis Today 4000: 3993: 3905: 3900: 3891: 3889: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3866: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3845:Zazo et al 2005 3843: 3832: 3825: 3821: 3816:Wang et al 2004 3814: 3810: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3779: 3772: 3757: 3750: 3741: 3734: 3725: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3681: 3674: 3663: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3629: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3540: 3532: 3525: 3516: 3514: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3451: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3417: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3362:Richardson 1993 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3287: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3240: 3236:, pp. 1–25 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3207: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3184: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3119:, pp. 7–14 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2994: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2796:Contrepois 2002 2794: 2790: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2628: 2617: 2613: 2602: 2598: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2448: 2442:Lee et al. 2005 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2328: 2321: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2270: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2247: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2214: 2206: 2199: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2167: 2158: 2133: 2128: 2119:Fenton Reagent. 2107: 2091: 2078: 2056: 1971:pH of Seawater 1952:Bioaccumulation 1949: 1947:Bioaccumulation 1929: 1908: 1889: 1880: 1841: 1805: 1739:unconsciousness 1722: 1710: 1697: 1685: 1646: 1615:water repellent 1610: 1605: 1589: 1512: 1507: 1505:Historical uses 1487:aromatic amines 1483:benzothiophenes 1374: 1371:Aromatic amines 1359: 1343:Benzothiophenes 1341: 1322: 1302: 1259: 1237: 1184:Cheratussin DAC 1164: 1140: 1135: 988:Bishop Berkeley 968:Bishop Berkeley 913: 900: 895: 893:Historical uses 800: 796: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 729: 725: 721: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 645: 641: 637: 633: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 587: 583: 579: 575: 556: 552: 548: 544: 529: 525: 521: 332: 288:Auguste Laurent 190: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6829: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6770: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6745:Rubber tapping 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6711:Forest farming 6708: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6347:Vateria indica 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303:Shorea robusta 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993:Honey mushroom 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5876: 5874:Mahuwa flowers 5871: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5687: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5657: 5656:External links 5654: 5652: 5651: 5614: 5577: 5560: 5558:on 2016-08-12. 5541: 5531:(6): 633–638. 5520: 5509: 5498: 5464:(3): 307–310. 5453: 5436: 5419: 5413: 5398: 5362:(4): 710–716. 5347: 5331: 5320: 5318:on 2016-09-05. 5307: 5288: 5275: 5258: 5247: 5230: 5224: 5209: 5192: 5156:(6): 1689–95. 5141: 5130: 5122:Pliny (1856). 5119: 5111:Pliny (1855). 5108: 5097: 5065:Biodegradation 5060: 5043: 5026: 5015: 5009: 4994: 4981: 4968: 4957: 4945: 4930: 4924: 4909: 4858: 4846: 4829: 4818: 4799: 4748: 4737: 4691: 4666: 4649: 4632: 4615: 4604: 4602:. McGraw-Hill. 4593: 4581: 4566: 4555: 4531: 4505:(3): 435–443. 4494: 4483: 4470: 4453: 4451:(13): 350–353. 4436: 4425: 4401:(2): 117–132. 4386: 4374: 4357: 4335: 4333:on 2011-05-04. 4318: 4306: 4278:(2): 197–220. 4263: 4251: 4236: 4225: 4206: 4195: 4178: 4172: 4157: 4132: 4096:(5): 1117–22. 4081: 4071:(1): 103–111. 4059: 4048: 4037: 4026: 4016:(1): 161–170. 4005: 4003:on 2016-12-20. 3986: 3969: 3952: 3935: 3918: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3873: 3848: 3830: 3819: 3808: 3797: 3777: 3755: 3739: 3723: 3720:on 2015-08-29. 3701: 3679: 3661: 3650: 3636: 3611: 3597: 3572: 3560: 3538: 3523: 3512:Dictionary.com 3499: 3485: 3471: 3457: 3454:on 2010-05-27. 3426: 3415: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3319: 3307: 3296: 3285: 3267: 3249: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3193: 3179:Reed, Ryan J. 3171: 3155:The Town Crier 3142: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3082: 3070: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2992: 2977: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2846: 2835: 2831:Chenoweth 1945 2823: 2812: 2808:Kinnicutt 1892 2800: 2788: 2784:Kinnicutt 1892 2773: 2761: 2749: 2745:Whittaker 1893 2737: 2725: 2706: 2702:Dunglison 1846 2694: 2682: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2626: 2611: 2596: 2578: 2566: 2551: 2539: 2527: 2515: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2461: 2446: 2444:, p. 1483 2434: 2422: 2410: 2408:, p. 1073 2398: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2347: 2336: 2319: 2288: 2279: 2254: 2229: 2212: 2197: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2106: 2103: 2090: 2087: 2077: 2074: 2055: 2054:Biodegradation 2052: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2015:2-ethylphenol 2012: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1948: 1945: 1928: 1925: 1907: 1904: 1896:organometallic 1888: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1840: 1837: 1833:Chimney sweeps 1804: 1801: 1721: 1720:Health effects 1718: 1709: 1706: 1696: 1693: 1684: 1681: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1645: 1642: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1588: 1585: 1536:United Kingdom 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1405:anthracene oil 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1377:diphenylamines 1367: 1366: 1363: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1236: 1233: 1192:Cheratussin AC 1180:Robitussin DAC 1163: 1160: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1092:guaicophosphal 1042:John Elliotson 912: 909: 899: 896: 894: 891: 849: 848: 845: 844: 803:linked to the 798: 777: 776: 773: 772: 769: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 737: 736: 733: 727: 723: 719: 715: 714: 711: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 684: 683: 680: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 652: 651: 648: 643: 639: 635: 631: 625: 624: 621: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 594: 593: 590: 585: 581: 577: 573: 563: 562: 559: 554: 550: 546: 542: 536: 535: 532: 527: 523: 519: 513: 512: 510: 508: 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 437: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 414: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 395: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 376: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 359: 354: 349: 344: 331: 328: 258:obtained by a 217:marine pilings 189: 186: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6828: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6781: 6780: 6771: 6769: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720:Honey hunting 6718: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6476:Coconut sugar 6474: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6050: 6049:Yellow knight 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6039:Slippery jack 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5869:Heart of palm 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5847:Edible plants 5844: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5812:Juniper berry 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5671: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5588:(7): 683–97. 5587: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5414:9780824792008 5410: 5407:. CRC Press. 5406: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5225:9780419174905 5221: 5217: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5131: 5128:. H. G. Bohn. 5127: 5126: 5120: 5117:. H. G. Bohn. 5116: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5010:9780841218048 5006: 5002: 5001: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4958: 4948: 4946:9780080527840 4942: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4925:9781560322979 4921: 4918:. CRC Press. 4917: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4819: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4738: 4728:on 2012-03-28 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4594: 4584: 4582:9780873712040 4578: 4575:. CRC Press. 4574: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4556: 4546:on 2010-11-11 4545: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4254: 4252:9780203025383 4248: 4244: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4226: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4173:9780754663225 4169: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3719: 3715: 3714:Pristine Seas 3711: 3705: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3570:, p. 311 3569: 3564: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3450: 3446: 3445:usfa.dhs.gov/ 3439: 3433: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3388:, p. 821 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3364:, p. 103 3363: 3358: 3352:, p. 626 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3327:Voorhies 1940 3323: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3300: 3294: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3203: 3197: 3182: 3175: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3131: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3095:, p. 408 3094: 3089: 3087: 3080:, p. 115 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3053:, p. 255 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3017:, p. 287 3016: 3011: 3004: 3003:Greenhow 1965 2999: 2997: 2990:, p. 531 2989: 2984: 2982: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2958:, p. 185 2957: 2952: 2946:, p. 204 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2922:, p. 255 2921: 2916: 2910:, p. 615 2909: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2889: 2883:, p. 366 2882: 2877: 2871:, p. 456 2870: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2844: 2843:Seirogan 2011 2839: 2833:, p. 206 2832: 2827: 2821: 2820:Coblentz 1908 2816: 2810:, p. 515 2809: 2804: 2798:, p. 211 2797: 2792: 2786:, p. 514 2785: 2780: 2778: 2771:, p. 315 2770: 2765: 2759:, p. 514 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2735:, p. 207 2734: 2729: 2723:, p. 617 2722: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2665:, p. 300 2664: 2659: 2653:, p. 427 2652: 2647: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2604:Berkeley 1744 2600: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2576:, p. 383 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2549:, p. 107 2548: 2547:Bradbury 1909 2543: 2537:, p. 767 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2498:, p. 347 2497: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2474:, p. 348 2473: 2468: 2466: 2459:, p. 468 2458: 2453: 2451: 2443: 2438: 2432:, p. 614 2431: 2426: 2420:, p. 294 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2396:, p. 353 2395: 2390: 2388: 2381:, p. 153 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2345: 2340: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2305: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2283: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2227:, p. 152 2226: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2086: 2083: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2051: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1944: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1717: 1715: 1705: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619:railroad ties 1616: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:carbolic acid 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1495:hydrogenation 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1360:Dibenzofurans 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:ethylbenzenes 1271: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1216: 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Retrieved 2241: 2232: 2189: 2159: 2134: 2115: 2108: 2099: 2092: 2079: 2057: 2048: 1950: 1937: 1930: 1916: 1909: 1890: 1881: 1869: 1862: 1850: 1829:chimney fire 1822: 1818:carbon black 1809:fossil fuels 1806: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1766:carcinogenic 1759: 1723: 1711: 1698: 1686: 1673: 1658: 1630:carcinogenic 1627: 1611: 1603:Current uses 1590: 1578: 1575: 1540: 1528: 1516:John Bethell 1513: 1499: 1471:acenaphthene 1467:phenanthrene 1450:naphthalenes 1439: 1424: 1409:carbolic oil 1401: 1393: 1373: 1358: 1340: 1338:heterocycles 1336:-containing 1321: 1301: 1258: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1204: 1165: 1148:liquid smoke 1141: 1133:Current uses 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1079: 1039: 1006: 1004: 996:Aqua Binelli 995: 991: 979: 977: 972:John Smybert 966:Portrait of 956: 931: 927: 923: 917: 914: 905: 901: 864: 860: 852: 837: 817:pyrocatechin 780: 471:: primarily 461: 324: 301: 293: 277: 272:putrefaction 268:preservative 249: 241:naphthalenes 233: 229: 225: 214: 200: 194: 191: 181: 173: 161: 157: 147: 123:carcinogenic 107: 100: 98: 93: 90: 86: 83: 69: 49:distillation 44: 43: 25: 6685:Willow bark 6516:Maple syrup 6511:Maple sugar 6486:Fruit syrup 6469:chewing gum 6459:Birch syrup 6316:Shea butter 5988:Chanterelle 5933:Crow garlic 5923:Bear garlic 5918:Wild onions 5896:filé powder 5817:Lingonberry 5802:Huckleberry 5245:(4): 32–37. 5048:"Creosotum" 4992:. Saunders. 4540:hse.gov.uk/ 4499:Chemosphere 4183:"Tar Water" 3568:Howard 1990 3234:Farrar 1893 3222:Farrar 1880 3117:Salmon 1901 3093:Angier 1910 2956:Noller 1965 2944:Nelson 1907 2932:Martin 1913 2733:Taylor 1902 2535:Joerin 1909 2418:Renard 1895 2210:, p. 7 2194:Delnao 1943 2061:bicarbonate 2043:Un-ionized 2032:Un-ionized 2021:Un-ionized 2010:Un-ionized 1999:Un-ionized 1988:Un-ionized 1741:, and even 1731:convulsions 1628:Due to its 1491:thermolysis 1459:naphthalene 1289:75.0–90.0% 1221:Creomulsion 1172:expectorant 1168:guaifenesin 1127:guaifenesin 1035:anaesthetic 937:phthiriasis 688:3,5-Xylenol 493:polyphenols 489:monophenols 409:14.0 % 406:26.5 % 403:19.7 % 390:55.0 % 387:39.0 % 384:39.0 % 380:Monophenols 304:F.K. Völkel 245:anthracenes 180:, yielding 172:, yielding 139:expectorant 127:anaesthetic 65:antiseptics 51:of various 6795:Categories 6596:Birch beer 6591:Birch bark 6548:Spruce gum 6531:akpeteshie 6521:Palm sugar 6491:Gum arabic 6481:Date sugar 6431:Turpentine 6311:Sandalwood 6214:Eucalyptus 6209:Eucalyptol 6098:Brazil nut 5973:Bay bolete 5827:Strawberry 5782:Cocoa bean 5777:Breadfruit 5767:Blackberry 5741:tree fruit 5441:"Creosote" 5434:: 625–633. 5342:2016-10-28 5338:. AquAeTer 5302:2016-10-28 5273:: 152–157. 5197:"Pine Tar" 5041:: 417–426. 4973:"Creosote" 4952:2016-10-29 4813:2019-04-07 4732:2011-07-25 4664:: 616–617. 4654:"Creosote" 4588:2016-10-28 4550:2009-07-04 4468:: 412–418. 4420:2016-10-29 4352:2015-02-16 4258:2019-04-07 4220:2016-10-29 4147:(2): 107. 3984:: 408–411. 3967:: 287–288. 3933:: 346–391. 3903:References 3892:2019-04-08 3867:2019-04-07 3630:2019-04-07 3591:2019-04-07 3517:2016-10-29 3496:Shupe 2012 3482:Smith 2002 3246:Pease 1862 3208:2023-01-05 3187:2023-01-25 3165:2023-01-25 3136:2023-01-25 3105:Brock 2008 2881:Allen 1910 2757:Imlay 1876 2690:Simon 1833 2651:Vitet 1778 2621:, p. 2619:Pliny 1855 2606:, p. 2591:, p. 2589:Pliny 1856 2496:Allen 1910 2472:Allen 1910 2394:Allen 1910 2313:2016-10-29 2273:2020-11-24 2267:cancer.gov 2248:2023-04-07 1892:Alkylation 1887:Alkylation 1782:carcinogen 1751:irritation 1608:Industrial 1593:escharotic 1532:lamp black 1510:Industrial 1463:anthracene 1454:anthracene 1308:5.0–17.0% 1138:Industrial 1123:Eldon Boyd 1088:phosphotal 1019:antiseptic 1000:hemostatic 898:Industrial 879:pyrogallol 264:antiseptic 203:to mean a 135:astringent 131:antiseptic 115:escharotic 6715:gardening 6675:Thatching 6526:Palm wine 6371:Birch tar 6299:Sal-seed 6224:Japan wax 6177:Candlenut 6118:Malva nut 6083:Areca nut 6004:Matsutake 5960:Mushrooms 5901:root beer 5891:Sassafras 5879:Sago palm 5822:Raspberry 5807:Jackfruit 5772:Blueberry 5724:Wild game 5494:212567440 5478:1553-3506 5207:(1): 294. 3857:"Quinone" 3698:Neff 2002 3620:"Anisole" 2574:Parr 1809 2026:guaiacol 2004:p-cresol 1993:o-cresol 1979:m-cresol 1965:Compound 1866:shipworms 1689:water gas 1563:sheep dip 1541:In 1854, 1479:tar bases 1442:tar acids 1384:0.1–1.0% 1365:1.0–3.0% 1349:1.0–3.0% 1328:3.0–8.0% 1314:Tar bases 1299:phenolics 1295:Tar acids 1225:kreosotum 1112:creosotal 984:Tar water 855:beechwood 783:coagulate 762:)(OH)(OCH 266:and meat 205:pesticide 166:water gas 154:petroleum 150:oil shale 57:pyrolysis 6768:Category 6584:textiles 6416:Pine tar 6381:Creosote 6331:Tea-tree 6326:Tea-seed 6294:Pongamia 6284:Phulwara 6269:Nagkesar 6264:Murumuru 6239:Kpangnan 6187:Carnauba 6128:Pine nut 6113:Hazelnut 6103:Cinnamon 6088:Bay leaf 6078:Allspice 6000:(reishi) 5832:Tamarind 5797:Gambooge 5757:Bilberry 5647:16382955 5602:16010195 5575:: 77–90. 5486:32141402 5093:23687943 5085:10423837 4905:16348069 4795:16348226 4527:16872665 4415:15092667 4302:12024808 3410:Archived 2165:See also 2146:guaiacol 2131:Sediment 2089:p-Cresol 1906:m-Cresol 1900:methanol 1871:Limnoria 1475:fluorene 1318:nitrogen 1270:toluenes 1266:benzenes 1229:kreosote 1206:Seirogan 1108:taphosot 1074:bacillus 1054:glanders 1044:and Sir 1031:sedative 1027:diuretic 1023:narcotic 1011:irritant 957:Pissinum 945:sea hare 928:pissinum 883:syringol 871:guaiacol 768:— 745:homologs 732:— 642:(OH)(OCH 629:Guaiacol 571:p-cresol 567:m-Cresol 540:o-Cresol 473:guaiacol 422:homologs 399:Guaiacol 308:guaiacol 201:creosote 143:laxative 119:necrosis 111:creosote 109:wood-tar 104:creosote 102:coal-tar 45:Creosote 6779:Commons 6694:Related 6658:Tanbark 6653:Shellac 6643:Quinine 6616:Gambier 6536:ogogoro 6436:Varnish 6401:Lacquer 6391:Gamboge 6376:Camphor 6366:Benzoin 6276: ( 6182:Capuacu 6167:Babassu 6133:Vanilla 6044:Truffle 6029:Red cap 5998:Lingzhi 5787:Coconut 5762:Binukaw 5737:Berries 5627:Bibcode 5610:6571472 5394:3579279 5364:Bibcode 5188:1872602 5158:Bibcode 4875:Bibcode 4765:Bibcode 4710:Bibcode 4507:Bibcode 4481:: 1–25. 4293:1044495 4128:3789714 4098:Bibcode 3950:: 1073. 2171:Creolin 2150:xylenol 2037:phenol 1941:anisole 1920:Isomers 1813:furnace 1774:animals 1770:rodents 1753:of the 1701:lignite 1597:caustic 1595:, as a 1587:Medical 1559:entozoa 1278:xylenes 1200:DayQuil 1196:Benylin 1176:Mucinex 1162:Medical 1116:tanosal 1077:years. 1070:Pasteur 1050:cholera 1015:styptic 941:porrigo 911:Medical 867:smoking 821:homolog 805:benzene 790:methoxy 786:albumin 741:Creosol 657:Xylenol 485:xylenol 477:creosol 469:phenols 418:Creosol 170:lignite 94:(sōtēr) 87:(kreas) 6702:Dehesa 6663:tannin 6648:Rattan 6611:Forage 6574:edible 6569:Bamboo 6564:Amadou 6543:Rubber 6464:Chicle 6406:Mastic 6358:Resins 6341:Ucuuba 6336:Tucuma 6321:Tamanu 6278:kernel 6249:Mafura 6219:Illipe 6172:Bacuri 6123:Nutmeg 6067:spices 5792:Durian 5752:Banana 5645: 5608: 5600: 5492: 5484: 5476: 5451:: 207. 5411: 5392: 5385:203742 5382: 5222: 5186: 5179:183453 5176: 5091: 5083: 5058:: 468. 5007: 4943: 4922: 4903: 4896:203227 4893: 4844:: 290. 4793: 4786:184522 4783: 4647:: 767. 4630:: 514. 4579: 4525: 4413: 4372:: 315. 4300: 4290: 4249: 4193:: 300. 4170: 4126: 4119:239183 4116: 3406:(IRIS) 2148:, and 2142:phenol 2138:Cresol 2105:Phenol 2018:10.20 2007:10.30 1996:10.29 1982:10.09 1927:Phenol 1747:cornea 1473:, and 1355:Oxygen 1334:Sulfur 1276:, and 1104:phosot 1100:geosot 1025:, and 974:, 1727 953:ulcers 932:Cedria 924:cedria 810:methyl 797:(−O−CH 771:35.0% 650:25.0% 592:11.6% 561:10.4% 517:Phenol 481:cresol 435:37.5% 412:20.3% 393:40.0% 318:, and 284:phenol 237:phenol 176:, and 141:, and 6631:henna 6606:Ferns 6557:Other 6506:Latex 6426:Rosin 6421:Pitch 6411:Myrrh 6396:Kauri 6254:Mahua 6244:Kusum 6234:Kombo 6229:Kokum 6151:waxes 6108:Clove 6014:Morel 5948:Ramps 5884:queen 5859:Betel 5851:roots 5712:Honey 5606:S2CID 5556:(PDF) 5549:(PDF) 5490:S2CID 5296:(PDF) 5089:S2CID 4854:(PDF) 4807:(PDF) 4214:(PDF) 4001:(PDF) 3994:(PDF) 3452:(PDF) 3441:(PDF) 2307:(PDF) 2182:Notes 2156:Other 2040:9.99 2029:9.98 1857:tides 1743:death 1210:Kampo 1154:, or 1096:eosot 920:Pliny 887:aroma 875:taste 813:ether 735:6.2% 713:1.0% 682:2.0% 623:3.6% 534:5.2% 452:2.2% 449:. . . 440:Loss 432:31.0% 429:32.1% 426:40.0% 347:Beech 92:σωτήρ 85:κρέας 82: 80:Greek 76:flues 36:, in 6638:Peat 6621:Moss 6601:Cork 6501:Kino 6289:Pilu 6274:Palm 6062:Nuts 5717:pine 5707:Furs 5643:PMID 5598:PMID 5482:PMID 5474:ISSN 5409:ISBN 5390:PMID 5220:ISBN 5184:PMID 5081:PMID 5005:ISBN 4941:ISBN 4920:ISBN 4901:PMID 4791:PMID 4577:ISBN 4523:PMID 4489:Wood 4411:PMID 4313:1836 4298:PMID 4247:ISBN 4168:ISBN 4124:PMID 2069:BTEX 1985:8.1 1968:pKa 1868:and 1760:The 1733:and 1727:eyes 1714:peat 1545:and 1493:and 1282:BTEX 1262:PAHs 1166:The 1114:and 1106:and 1098:and 1090:and 1064:and 1033:and 978:The 939:and 926:and 743:and 655:3,4- 588:(OH) 569:and 557:(OH) 491:and 483:and 475:and 446:2.4% 443:1.3% 420:and 357:Pine 243:and 178:peat 152:and 106:and 55:and 53:tars 6450:gum 6446:Sap 6146:Oil 5983:Cep 5635:doi 5590:doi 5533:doi 5529:346 5466:doi 5380:PMC 5372:doi 5174:PMC 5166:doi 5073:doi 4891:PMC 4883:doi 4781:PMC 4773:doi 4718:doi 4683:doi 4679:126 4515:doi 4403:doi 4381:Etc 4288:PMC 4280:doi 4149:doi 4145:168 4114:PMC 4106:doi 4073:doi 4018:doi 2623:290 1411:". 1227:or 970:by 815:of 758:(CH 701:(CH 670:(CH 619:)OH 576:(CH 545:(CH 352:Oak 63:or 6797:: 5641:. 5633:. 5623:39 5621:. 5604:. 5596:. 5586:47 5584:. 5571:. 5567:. 5527:. 5488:. 5480:. 5472:. 5462:27 5460:. 5449:20 5447:. 5443:. 5432:15 5430:. 5426:. 5388:. 5378:. 5370:. 5360:53 5358:. 5354:. 5282:. 5269:. 5265:. 5241:. 5237:. 5205:68 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