63:). If the suspect was identified with certainty during this hearing, they were ordered to appear in court and were suspended from their occupational duties. Due to the poor state of detention facilities, trials were often conducted with great haste to avoid prisoners escaping. In similar fashion, there was a risk of having charges dropped so interrogations under oath with the accused were conducted within 24 hours. A transcript of the interrogation was recorded by a clerk and forwarded to the attorney-general who offered recommendations on how the case be dealt with.
142:. Few judges in New France had formal training and only the attorney-general of the Sovereign Council was legally required to be a member of the Paris bar. Even though most judges were not professionally trained, they still read and observed the laws carefully and very few people questioned their competence or merit. Many French immigrants with law degrees were recruited as judges; however, a large number of judges were also trained by high-ranking judicial officials in
1844:
399:, were generally dealt with more harshly. The court and/or the attorney-general was tasked with devising an appropriate punishment for an offender. The severity of the punishment hinged on the social status of the accused, the severity of the crime, the probability of being guilty and the amount of contrition shown. For most matters, the
440:
The execution rate of those who were convicted of a capital offense was relatively low. Out of 78 convicted offenders, only 41 of them (53%) were eventually put to death. The job of the public executioner was loathed, and often convicted offenders could escape the death penalty if they agreed to take
112:
Depending on the result of the "extraordinary procedure" the attorney-general could order for the accused to be tortured. In the hopes of either extracting a confession or learning about potential accomplices, the accused was brought to the court and was tortured under the supervision (theoretically)
91:
before seven magistrates. Any further appeals were directed to the king's court in Paris where the French monarchy was capable of acquitting even the most serious crimes. Though this was possible, in practice, few cases reached this stage and only seven monarchical pardons were granted prior to 1760.
338:
The sale of alcohol to Native peoples was prohibited as it was deemed detrimental to the missionary effort. These laws were later amended in 1710 so that a select few establishments could sell
Natives alcohol under certain conditions: they could not get drunk and must have been supplied with a place
321:
mostly due to the harsh climate and geography, as well as the various native settlements, all of which made it very difficult to cross into foreign territory. Punishment for desertion varied depending on the year as the King altered legal policy as he saw fit. Military members convicted of desertion
316:
Desertion was seen as the most serious offense a member of the military could commit. It was considered to be most dishonourable as it was seen as not only cowardly but also a refusal to fight for king and country. Despite it being a more prevalent problem in Europe, desertion was not very common in
208:
Crime was disproportionately committed by men (80% of accusations). Montreal and Quebec were home to many young, unmarried men, particularly soldiers, and this demographic which accounted for a quarter to a half of the total crime in the Saint-Laurence Valley. The majority of crimes that took place
421:
was a severe form of punishment in France and New France which required the offender to be stripped naked and led around town by a group of soldiers. The offender would then be adorned with a sign detailing the nature of his crime(s) and was forced to repent to God and the King of France in public.
347:
if caught. The sale of alcohol to Native
Americans was always a contested issue due to various incidents where drunk Natives caused strife including insulting a priest, disturbing the peace and even murder. In most cases no charges were laid, but in the rare incidents in which Native Americans were
158:
Court records indicate that natives were, for the most part, excluded from French laws and were seldom subject to standard criminal procedure. While they were theoretically under the jurisdiction of French law, they enjoyed a fair deal of independence and for the most part rejected French law as a
172:
in 1703. Lieutenant Goutin ordered the arrest of the soldiers allegedly involved in the embezzlement, but then decided to release them. A similar incident happened again soon after; the
Lieutenant ordered the arrest of the alleged thieves again, and this time, he also ordered a burning wick to be
204:
between 1670 and 1760. Of these, 332 (84%) were tried in
Montreal. The large majority of these trials took place after 1700 with various spikes occurring due to a variety of factors such as a series of fires in 1713, 1721, and 1734 which resulted in political pressure that resulted in a harsher
125:
had sanctioned the use of torture were the courts allowed to proceed. Confessions obtained through torture were insufficient to warrant the death penalty and were otherwise invalid unless repeated by the accused following their recovery. Despite its potential appeal to prosecutors, torture as a
66:
Minor crimes were often delegated to seigneurial courts where fines of up to 500 livres could be handed down. The seigneurial courts, would often then take the liberty of modifying their legislation to reflect trends in crime and would adopt measures for more effective punishments. More serious
270:
Military members who committed crime in New France were in most cases subject to a separate branch of criminal legislation. Military personnel accounted for a roughly a third of the reported crime and were accused of a variety of crimes ranging from property crimes to violent crimes as well as
291:
from a fellow soldier, the convicted man was forced to "run the gauntlet" which entailed running between two rows of soldiers who would proceed to strike the soldier in the back with the butt-end of their muskets before he was forced to renew his oath to the French flag in front of his fellow
286:
Punishment for military members varied depending on the crime that was committed. Minor crimes were investigated by senior officers and disciplined with military sanctions if found guilty. Punishment was often eight to fifteen days in the dungeon. In more severe cases of minor crimes, such as
167:
Not many records can be found about criminal procedures in Acadia as its judicial archives were burnt down entirely in 1708. That being said, there were surviving records of
Mathieu de Goutin, then Civil and Criminal Lieutenant (le lieutenant civil et criminel) of Acadia, trying soldiers who
334:
Although technically under the jurisdiction of the French, upon being accused of a crime, most Native
Americans were not punished under French law but were instead handed over to their tribes to be dealt with through Aboriginal justice. In regards to Native American crime in New France, the
295:
Military officers were also subject to both military and civilian courts if necessary but were given more privileges than others. They were permitted to wear their swords in court and were given more favourable and honourable sentences if convicted. They were also not to be subjected to the
282:
Despite having separate tribunals for members of the military, if one were to commit a serious crime, they would be subject to the same proceedings as civilians. Once accused, a member of the military had to appear before a court that was presided by a judge who was assisted by a "special
52:. Accusations could be made by citizens or by the attorney-general in the event that a crime had become public knowledge. To discourage false accusations, citizens suing for redress were often obligated to cover the expenses of the proceedings and could be prosecuted for
322:
were either sentenced to death (with being shot the most common form of execution) or sentenced to the galley where their heads would be shaved and faced having both their cheeks branded and their ears and nose slit. Those who succeeded in deserting were tried
117:
made use of "torture boots" which were wooden planks fastened between the knee and ankle. The torturer would then drive wooden wedges between the planks and the shin, which tightened the planks and significantly increased the level of pain.
95:
After opportunities for appeals had been exhausted and the accused was deemed guilty, a sentence was handed down by the judge. Prescribed punishments varied widely and, depending on the offense, could range from a light reprimand
31:
began to be charged for crimes such as blasphemy, drunkenness and failing to attend Mass. As New France progressed, its legal institutions became more advanced. Promulgated across the France and the French Empire in 1670, the
82:
which allowed them to be released but stipulated that they may be tried again in light of new evidence. If the accused was found guilty, they were brought to court to hear their sentence. All sentences more severe than an
186:
accounted for approximately 64% of the total crime in the colony. This is partly due to its proximity to Native settlements as well as housing a population that was more conducive to crime. This population included the
181:
Overall, crime rates in New France were low. Despite only 20% of the population living in an urban setting, cities accounted for over 60% of reported crime. Out of the three jurisdictions in the Saint-Laurence Valley,
444:
An execution was in theory, intended to take place at the same location that the crime was committed. Given the impracticality of this and the reluctance of boatmen to transport a hangman, most executions occurred in
213:
with another 90 cases accounting for the illegal sale of alcohol to natives, as well as 49 cases of illegal sale to the
English colonies. This is contrasted to a relatively low number of violent crimes such as
75:, and most cases were debated between the accused and the witnesses. In similar fashion to the preliminary hearing, a transcript of these proceedings was sent to the attorney-general for a final verdict.
205:
treatment of criminals. These issues in combination with a 50% increase in population between 1670 and 1760 gave rise to a substantial increase in criminal proceedings in the Saint-Laurence Valley.
71:
also provided for the use of torture as one way of extracting confessions in serious cases; torture was also used to induce the accused to name accomplices. Lawyers were not allowed to practice in
453:'s lone hangman. An individual's status would also influence their method of execution. Nobles were beheaded while the average citizen of New France was sentenced to the gallows. The
1482:
461:, a slave accused and convicted of arson, the Sovereign Council had ordered that she be hanged prior to being burned at the stake as a way of affording her a more humane end.
351:
In cases where French citizens committed crimes against
Aboriginal peoples, they were punished under the French legal code and the victim was compensated accordingly.
173:
placed between the arrested soldiers' fingers. It was recorded that when the
Governor of Acadia visited Versailles, the King said he was "horrified by such cruelty".
441:
on that role. In 1665, Jacques Daigre was sentenced to death for theft and managed to avoid being executed by agreeing to testify against and execute his associate.
67:
crimes automatically necessitated "recollement," a procedure which allowed the accused to challenge witnesses and for the latter to confirm their testimonies. The
422:
In addition to the humiliation, the offender was often berated by the crowd and soldiers alike and may have indeed been flogged and branded. In some cases, the
335:
Aboriginal peoples were often the targets of crime. When they were the perpetrators, it was mostly due to an infraction related to illegally buying alcohol.
395:. Crimes such as rape, abortion and counterfeiting were some of the most heavily punished offenses and crimes that were committed at night, especially
426:
was incorporated into a larger ceremony for corporal punishment, whereby the offender would be executed upon the completion of their public penance.
138:
As opposed to France which required its judges to be university law graduates, there was no requirement for judges to have formal legal training in
1154:
1159:
59:
Once the local judge was convinced that a criminal offense had occurred, he summoned any potential witnesses and held a preliminary hearing (
302:. All military offenses were liable to be reviewed by the Minister or King and subsequent punishments were handed out if deemed necessary.
169:
1169:
1164:
283:
lieutenant." The accused represented himself and was forced to defend himself against the accusations brought forth by the prosecutor.
1262:
150:, an 18th-century attorney-general, lectured many students and sons of officers who wished to pursue a career in criminal justice.
1746:
1492:
84:
1408:
1457:
297:
68:
1358:
1084:
1023:
981:
1452:
1340:
1116:
1139:
1673:
1600:
1065:
1046:
480:
1878:
1767:
1726:
1515:
1038:
963:
Dickinson, John A. (1996). "New France: law, courts, and the
Coutume de Paris, 1608–1760". In DeLloyd Guth (ed.).
1530:
1447:
1191:
454:
400:
122:
88:
1437:
1149:
1510:
348:
convicted of drunken conduct, they faced a reduced fine of a few livres or a few days in prison to sober up.
1868:
1710:
1418:
1472:
23:
was no stranger to criminal activity from its very roots. In 1608, shortly after the founding of Quebec,
1615:
1320:
49:
33:
1809:
1636:
193:, voyageurs, and soldiers - all of which were less concentrated in both Quebec City and rural areas.
458:
1703:
1631:
1583:
1219:
1109:
100:) to execution. All executions were performed by the public executioner and most were performed in
1814:
1442:
1413:
1186:
147:
1033:
Vachon, Claude (1974). "Louis-Guillaume Verrier". In Francess G. Halpenny; André Vachon (eds.).
279:) which was an internal tribunal that was made up of officers of the same corps as the accused.
1777:
1762:
1403:
1330:
1310:
1285:
1225:
1176:
1144:
993:
475:
209:
were related to property and sales. Nearly a quarter (96 out of 396) of documented crimes were
27:
executed Jean Duvel for allegedly leading a conspiracy against him. By 1636, the citizens of
1782:
1693:
1678:
326:
and had their sentences both read out to the members of the army as well as posted publicly.
457:
was also capable of altering the sentence of one who was sentenced to death. In the case of
1824:
1792:
1688:
1545:
1462:
1368:
403:
was less severe than lower-level jurisdictions and few crimes received the death sentence.
19:
was integral to the successful establishment of a French colonial system in North America.
8:
1873:
1847:
1797:
1787:
1653:
1610:
1325:
1295:
1275:
1213:
1102:
470:
363:
placed a large emphasis on deterring crimes and did so in part by implementing exemplary
259:
24:
130:
and records only indicate eight instances of criminal trials which resulted in torture.
1300:
1231:
1002:
435:
368:
364:
1829:
1772:
1556:
1247:
1181:
1080:
1061:
1042:
1019:
991:
Grabowski, Jan (1996). "French criminal justice and Indians in Montreal, 1670–1760".
977:
275:. After committing a crime, members of the military were subject to the War Council (
1290:
1819:
1698:
1648:
1588:
1388:
1378:
1237:
1060:. Collection Mouvange. Vol. 9. Moncton, New Brunswick: Université de Moncton.
412:
189:
1058:
Le lieutenant civil et criminel: Mathieu de Goutin en Acadie Française (1688–1710)
1540:
1535:
78:
If the attorney general was still undecided, the accused was given a sentence of
1363:
1663:
1605:
1252:
384:
1862:
1578:
1398:
1373:
921:
855:
840:
825:
810:
795:
196:
The historian Eric Wenzel analyzed the records of 396 trials from courts in
36:
provided a foundation for New France's criminal procedures and punishments.
1383:
1242:
380:
1077:
La justice criminelle en Nouvelle-France (1670–1760): Le Grand Arrangement
1804:
446:
239:
231:
201:
101:
1731:
1393:
1125:
485:
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392:
360:
318:
143:
139:
127:
114:
72:
45:
20:
1683:
1006:
1741:
1736:
1643:
1593:
1562:
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311:
272:
255:
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1658:
976:(3rd ed.). East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
197:
183:
1668:
1550:
243:
219:
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of a doctor and two surgeons. The conventional torture method in
1207:
376:
372:
343:
if they broke these rules. Unauthorized vendors were fined 500
215:
28:
1094:
396:
388:
288:
251:
235:
210:
53:
1016:
In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas (1670–1730)
227:
223:
958:. Canadian Military History Gateway. Government of Canada.
967:. Rosenort, Manitoba: The Canadian Legal History Project.
168:
allegedly embezzled money from the reserves of Governor
1041:. Vol. III. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
48:
followed the inquisitorial procedure detailed by the
176:
1079:. Dijon, France: Éditions Universitaires de Dijon.
704:
702:
700:
698:
339:to sleep for the night. The cabarets were fined 50
1860:
695:
673:
671:
933:
931:
929:
646:
644:
642:
640:
391:became the most popular forms of punishment in
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556:
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550:
537:
535:
533:
531:
506:
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500:
104:—where New France's sole hangman was located.
1110:
1018:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
668:
1055:
926:
865:
863:
708:
689:
637:
787:
785:
783:
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779:
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610:
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528:
497:
234:(5 counts). Other crimes reported include;
153:
126:method of interrogation was seldom used in
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1103:
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990:
962:
953:
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860:
851:
836:
821:
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791:
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677:
650:
631:
587:
560:
541:
510:
170:Jacques-François de Monbeton de Brouillan
774:
593:
974:The French in North America (1500–1783)
1861:
1074:
1032:
971:
905:
893:
881:
869:
768:
744:
732:
720:
662:
604:
522:
1359:List of French forts in North America
1098:
39:
1140:French colonization of the Americas
406:
13:
956:Daily Life in New France: Soldiers
14:
1890:
481:The Custom of Paris in New France
265:
177:Prevalence of crime in New France
107:
1843:
1842:
1768:Military history of the Acadians
1516:Seigneurial system of New France
1039:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
429:
1192:History of the French-Americans
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911:
899:
887:
875:
845:
830:
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800:
762:
750:
738:
726:
714:
683:
371:, and sending criminals to the
359:The criminal justice system of
329:
89:Sovereign Council of New France
1521:Criminal justice in New France
1150:Timeline of New France history
1124:
1056:Vanderlinden, Jacques (2004).
656:
516:
56:if the accused was acquitted.
17:Criminal justice in New France
1:
1511:Custom of Paris in New France
972:Eccles, William John (1998).
491:
354:
305:
7:
965:Canada's Legal Inheritances
464:
159:means to punish their own.
10:
1895:
1458:Governor of Trois-Rivières
476:Legal issues of New France
433:
410:
309:
50:Criminal Ordinance of 1670
34:Criminal Ordinance of 1670
1838:
1810:Expulsion of the Acadians
1755:
1719:
1624:
1601:Company of 100 Associates
1571:
1503:
1427:
1414:Fort St. Louis (Illinois)
1351:
1261:
1200:
1132:
1014:Pritchard, James (2004).
299:Extraordinary Questioning
162:
133:
87:could be appealed to the
69:"extraordinary procedure"
1805:French and Iroquois Wars
154:Trials involving natives
1879:Legal history of Canada
1815:Great Peace of Montreal
1616:Compagnie de l'Occident
1187:History of the Acadians
148:Louis-Guillaume Verrier
1763:Military of New France
1689:Gens de couleur libres
1419:Fort St. Louis (Texas)
1404:Fortress of Louisbourg
1228:(1682–1763, 1801–1803)
1145:French colonial empire
459:Marie-Joseph Angélique
1075:Wenzel, Eric (2012).
1463:Governor of Montreal
1369:Fort Michilimackinac
1177:1763 Treaty of Paris
260:disturbing the peace
1869:French criminal law
1611:Mississippi Company
709:Vanderlinden (2004)
690:Vanderlinden (2004)
471:French criminal law
292:military brethren.
44:Criminal trials in
25:Samuel de Champlain
1783:King William's War
1778:Intercolonial Wars
954:Anonymous (2011).
436:Capital punishment
365:public punishments
80:plus ample informé
40:Criminal procedure
1856:
1855:
1793:King George's War
1773:Acadian Civil War
1720:Missionary groups
1711:Intellectual life
1448:Sovereign Council
1182:History of Quebec
1086:978-2-36441-018-3
1025:978-0-521-82742-3
983:978-0-8701-3484-5
455:Sovereign Council
401:Sovereign Council
277:Conseil de Guerre
123:Sovereign Council
1886:
1846:
1845:
1825:Schenectady Raid
1798:Seven Years' War
1788:Queen Anne's War
1654:King's Daughters
1606:Crozat's Company
1589:Coureur des bois
1531:Superior Council
1453:Bishop of Quebec
1438:Governor General
1379:Fort de Chartres
1238:Illinois Country
1119:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1071:
1052:
1029:
1010:
987:
968:
959:
941:
938:Dickinson (1996)
935:
924:
918:Anonymous (2011)
915:
909:
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891:
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873:
867:
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852:Anonymous (2011)
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843:
837:Anonymous (2011)
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822:Anonymous (2011)
819:
813:
807:Anonymous (2011)
804:
798:
792:Anonymous (2011)
789:
772:
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760:
757:Dickinson (1996)
754:
748:
747:, pp. 40–41
742:
736:
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718:
712:
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693:
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678:Grabowski (1996)
675:
666:
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651:Pritchard (2004)
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632:Dickinson (1996)
629:
608:
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588:Dickinson (1996)
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561:Dickinson (1996)
558:
545:
542:Dickinson (1996)
539:
526:
520:
514:
511:Dickinson (1996)
508:
424:amende honorable
419:amende honorable
413:Amende honorable
407:Amende honorable
230:(8 counts), and
190:coureurs de bois
85:amende honorable
1894:
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1888:
1887:
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1859:
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1727:Jesuit missions
1715:
1664:Casquette girls
1620:
1567:
1536:Admiralty court
1499:
1423:
1347:
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1257:
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1155:Beginnings–1533
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1830:Deerfield Raid
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1291:Trois-Rivières
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1256:
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1253:Domaine du roy
1250:
1248:Pays d'en Haut
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1072:
1066:
1053:
1047:
1030:
1024:
1011:
1001:(3): 405–429.
988:
982:
969:
960:
950:
948:
945:
943:
942:
925:
910:
898:
886:
874:
859:
844:
829:
814:
799:
773:
761:
749:
737:
725:
713:
694:
682:
667:
655:
636:
609:
592:
565:
546:
527:
515:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
466:
463:
449:- the site of
434:Main article:
431:
428:
411:Main article:
408:
405:
369:public shaming
356:
353:
331:
328:
310:Main article:
307:
304:
267:
266:Military crime
264:
226:(3 accounts),
178:
175:
164:
161:
155:
152:
135:
132:
121:Only once the
109:
108:Use of torture
106:
41:
38:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1891:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
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1602:
1599:
1595:
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1587:
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1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Chemin du Roy
1577:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1549:
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1436:
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1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:Fort Duquesne
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Fort Carillon
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:Fort de Buade
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1339:
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1332:
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1324:
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1302:
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1268:
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1233:
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1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
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1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
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1152:
1151:
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1146:
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1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1067:9780919241169
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1048:0-8020-3314-8
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
989:
985:
979:
975:
970:
966:
961:
957:
952:
951:
939:
934:
932:
930:
923:
919:
914:
907:
906:Wenzel (2012)
902:
895:
894:Wenzel (2012)
890:
883:
882:Wenzel (2012)
878:
871:
870:Wenzel (2012)
866:
864:
857:
853:
848:
842:
838:
833:
827:
823:
818:
812:
808:
803:
797:
793:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
770:
769:Wenzel (2012)
765:
758:
753:
746:
745:Wenzel (2012)
741:
734:
733:Wenzel (2012)
729:
722:
721:Wenzel (2012)
717:
711:, p. 202
710:
705:
703:
701:
699:
691:
686:
680:, p. 405
679:
674:
672:
665:, p. 647
664:
663:Vachon (1974)
659:
653:, p. 253
652:
647:
645:
643:
641:
633:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
606:
605:Eccles (1998)
601:
599:
597:
589:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
562:
557:
555:
553:
551:
543:
538:
536:
534:
532:
524:
523:Eccles (1998)
519:
512:
507:
505:
503:
501:
496:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
442:
437:
430:Death penalty
427:
425:
420:
414:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:. Apart from
366:
362:
352:
349:
346:
342:
336:
327:
325:
320:
313:
303:
301:
300:
293:
290:
284:
280:
278:
274:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:(24 counts),
221:
218:(23 counts),
217:
212:
206:
203:
199:
194:
192:
191:
185:
174:
171:
160:
151:
149:
145:
141:
131:
129:
124:
119:
116:
105:
103:
99:
93:
90:
86:
81:
76:
74:
70:
64:
62:
61:l'information
57:
55:
51:
47:
37:
35:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1820:Lachine Raid
1557:Maréchaussée
1555:
1520:
1479:Terre-Neuve
1384:Fort Detroit
1364:Fort Rouillé
1337:Terre-Neuve
1243:Ohio Country
1076:
1057:
1035:1741 to 1770
1034:
1015:
998:
994:Ethnohistory
992:
973:
964:
955:
947:Bibliography
940:, p. 54
913:
908:, p. 61
901:
896:, p. 54
889:
884:, p. 53
877:
872:, p. 51
847:
832:
817:
802:
771:, p. 42
764:
759:, p. 52
752:
740:
735:, p. 40
728:
723:, p. 39
716:
692:, p. 69
685:
658:
634:, p. 50
607:, p. 80
590:, p. 49
563:, p. 48
544:, p. 47
525:, p. 44
518:
513:, p. 51
443:
439:
423:
418:
416:
358:
350:
344:
340:
337:
333:
330:Native crime
323:
315:
298:
294:
285:
281:
276:
269:
207:
195:
188:
180:
166:
157:
137:
120:
111:
97:
94:
79:
77:
65:
60:
58:
43:
16:
15:
1674:Amerindians
1637:1666 census
1546:Officiality
1541:Provostship
1428:Governments
1409:Castle Hill
1331:New Orleans
1307:ĂŽle Royale
1286:Quebec City
1234:(1713–1763)
1222:(1662–1713)
1220:Terre-Neuve
1216:(1608–1763)
1210:(1604–1713)
447:Québec City
387:, and even
324:in absentia
240:vagabondage
232:infanticide
102:Quebec City
1874:New France
1863:Categories
1747:Sulpicians
1704:card money
1632:Population
1526:Intendancy
1489:Louisiane
1394:Fort Condé
1317:Louisiane
1311:Louisbourg
1276:Port Royal
1232:ĂŽle Royale
1126:New France
492:References
486:New France
451:New France
393:New France
389:banishment
361:New France
355:Punishment
319:New France
144:New France
140:New France
128:New France
115:New France
73:New France
46:New France
21:New France
1742:Ursulines
1737:Grey Nuns
1732:RĂ©collets
1649:Canadiens
1644:Habitants
1594:Voyageurs
1584:Fur trade
1563:Code Noir
1443:Intendant
1341:Plaisance
1263:Towns and
1226:Louisiana
1170:1663–1759
1165:1608–1662
1160:1534–1607
312:Desertion
306:Desertion
273:desertion
256:sacrilege
248:desertion
1848:Category
1699:Currency
1659:Acadians
1493:Governor
1483:Governor
1473:Governor
1296:Montreal
1265:villages
1201:Colonies
465:See also
385:branding
381:flogging
289:stealing
198:Montréal
184:Montréal
1694:Alcohol
1684:Plaçage
1679:Slavery
1625:Society
1572:Economy
1551:Bailiff
1469:Acadie
1434:Canada
1301:DĂ©troit
1282:Canada
1272:Acadie
1133:History
244:suicide
220:assault
1326:Biloxi
1321:Mobile
1214:Canada
1208:Acadia
1083:
1064:
1045:
1022:
1007:483451
1005:
980:
922:p. 182
856:p. 187
841:p. 186
826:p. 209
811:p. 185
796:p. 183
397:thefts
377:caning
373:stocks
345:livres
341:livres
258:, and
216:murder
202:Québec
163:Acadia
134:Judges
29:Québec
1669:MĂ©tis
1352:Forts
1003:JSTOR
252:fraud
236:arson
228:duels
211:theft
98:blâme
54:libel
1756:Wars
1504:Laws
1081:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1020:ISBN
978:ISBN
417:The
224:rape
200:and
1865::
1037:.
999:43
997:.
928:^
920:,
862:^
854:,
839:,
824:,
809:,
794:,
776:^
697:^
670:^
639:^
612:^
595:^
568:^
549:^
530:^
499:^
383:,
379:,
375:;
262:.
254:,
250:,
246:,
242:,
238:,
146:.
1118:e
1111:t
1104:v
1089:.
1070:.
1051:.
1028:.
1009:.
986:.
96:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.