337:—a "common good", using Oliver et al.'s terminology. One proposition states that such media's existence is all or nothing, wherein if universal access is not achieved, then, eventually, use will discontinue. Another proposition suggests that a media's ease of use and inexpensiveness, as well as its utilization of an "active notification capability" will help it achieve universal access. The third proposition states that the heterogeneity, as discussed by Oliver et al., is beneficial, especially if users are dispersed over a larger area, thus necessitating interactivity via media. Fourth, it is very helpful to have highly sought-after individuals to act as early adopters, as their use acts as incentive for later users. Finally, Markus posits that interventions, both monetarily and otherwise, by governments, businesses, or groups of individuals will help a media reach its critical mass and achieve universal access.
288:". "Collective Action" is beneficial to all, regardless of individual contribution. By their definition, then, "critical mass" is the small segment of a societal system that does the work or action required to achieve the common good. The "Production Function" is the correlation between resources, or what individuals give in an effort to achieve public good, and the achievement of that good. Such function can be decelerating, where there is less utility per unit of resource, and in such a case, resource can taper off. On the other hand, the function can be accelerating, where the more resources that are used the bigger the payback. "Heterogeneity" is also important to the achievement of a common good. Variations (heterogeneity) in the value individuals put on a common good or the effort and resources people give is beneficial, because if certain people stand to gain more, they are willing to give or pay more.
147:" is borrowed from nuclear physics, where it refers to the amount of a substance needed to sustain a chain reaction. Within social sciences, critical mass has its roots in sociology and is often used to explain the conditions under which reciprocal behavior is started within collective groups, and how reciprocal behavior becomes self-sustaining. Recent technology research in platform ecosystems shows that apart from the quantitative notion of a “sufficient number”, critical mass is also influenced by qualitative properties such as reputation, interests, commitments, capabilities, goals, consensuses, and decisions, all of which are crucial in determining whether reciprocal behavior can be started to achieve sustainability to a commitment such as an idea, new technology, or innovation.
316:, wherein the value and utility of a good or service increases the more users it has. Thus, the increase of adopters and quickness to reach critical mass can therefore be faster and more intense with interactive media, as can the rate at which previous users discontinue their use. The more people that use it, the more beneficial it will be, thus creating a type of snowball effect, and conversely, if users begin to stop using the innovation, the innovation loses utility, thus pushing more users to discontinue their use.
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politics. However, other research suggests lower numbers of women working together in legislature can also affect political change. Kathleen
Bratton goes so far as to say that women, in legislatures where they make up less than 15% of the membership, may actually be encouraged to develop legislative agendas that are distinct from those of their male colleagues. Others argue that we should look more closely at parliamentary and electoral systems instead of critical mass.
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signed up, continuing to when
Facebook opened the platform to high-school and university students worldwide in 2005, before eventually launching to the public in 2006. By obtaining critical mass in each relative population before advancing to the next audience, Facebook developed enough saturation to become self-sustaining. Being self-sustained helps to grow and maintain network size, whilst also enhancing the perceived critical mass of those yet to adopt.
361:, which had been around for almost 150 years before it became popular and widely used. It had existed in various forms and for various uses, but with more advancements in the technology of faxes, including the use of existing phone lines to transmit information, coupled with falling prices in both machines and cost per fax, the fax machine reached a critical mass in 1987, when "Americans began to assume that 'everybody else' had a fax machine".
27:
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to explain the actions and behaviors of a wide range of people and phenomenon. The concept was first established (although not explicitly named) in
Schelling's essay about racial segregation in neighborhoods, "Dynamic models of segregation", published in 1971 in the Journal of Mathematical Sociology,
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While critical mass can be applied to many different aspects of sociodynamics, it becomes increasingly applicable to innovations in interactive media such as the telephone, fax, or email. With other non-interactive innovations, the dependence on other users was generally sequential, meaning that the
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Critical mass theory in gender politics and collective political action is defined as the critical number of personnel needed to affect policy and make a change not as the token but as an influential body. This number has been placed at 30%, before women are able to make a substantial difference in
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Facebook promoted the innovation to groups that were likely to adopt en masse. Between 2003–2004 Facebook was exclusive to universities such as
Harvard, Yale and 34 other schools. Perceived critical mass grew amongst the student population, and by the end of 2004 more than a million students had
380:
provides a good illustration of critical mass. In its initial stages, Facebook had limited value to users due to the lack of network effects and critical mass. The principle behind the strategy is that at each time
Facebook enlarged the size of the community, the saturation never drops below the
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Other social factors that are important include the size of; and inter-dependencies and level of communication in a society or one of its subcultures. Another is social stigma, or the possibility of public advocacy due to such a factor. Critical mass is a concept used in a variety of contexts,
266:, work to help us understand why humans do or adopt certain things which are beneficial to them, or, more importantly, why they do not. Much of this reasoning has to do with individual interests trumping that which is best for the collective whole, which may not be obvious at the time.
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is a sufficient number of adopters of a new idea, technology or innovation in a social system so that the rate of adoption becomes self-sustaining and creates further growth. The point at which critical mass is achieved is sometimes referred to as a threshold within the
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Critical mass is fundamental for social media sites to maintain a significant userbase. Reaching a sustainable population is dependent on the collective rather than individual use of the technology. The adoption of the platform creates the effects of
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early adopters influenced the later adopters to use the innovation. However, with interactive media, the interdependence was reciprocal, meaning both users influenced each other. This is due to the fact that interactive media have high
192:, published in 1978. Schelling did use the term "critical density" with regard to pollution in his "On the Ecology of Micromotives". Granovetter, in his essay "Threshold models of collective behavior", published in the
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David, R., Aubert, B.A., Bernard, J-G., & Luczak-Roesch, M. (2020). Critical Mass in Inter-Organizational
Platforms. Americas Conference of Information Systems (AMCIS), Salt Lake City, UT. 10-12 August, 2020.
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entitled "Toward a 'Critical Mass' Theory of
Interactive Media", several propositions are made that attempt to predict under what circumstances interactive media is most likely to achieve critical mass and reach
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Critical mass and the theories behind it help us to understand aspects of humans as they act and interact in a larger social setting. Certain theories, such as
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Tremblay, Manon (December 2006). "The substantive representation of women and PR: some reflections on the role of surrogate representation and critical mass".
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Oliver, P.; Marwell, G.; Teixeira, R. (1985). "A Theory of
Critical Mass: I. Interdependence, Group Heterogeneity, and the Production of Collective Action".
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Evans, D. S., & Schmalensee, R. (2010). “Failure to launch: Critical mass in platform businesses.” Review of
Network Economics, 9(4), 1-33.
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Van Slyke, Craig; Ilie, Virginia; Lou, Hao; Stafford, Thomas (2007). "Perceived critical mass and the adoption of a communication technology".
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Bratton, Kathleen A. (March 2005). "Critical mass theory revisited: the behavior and success of token women in state legislatures".
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Markus, M. Lynne (1987). "Toward a "Critical Mass" Theory of
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Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1971. Print.
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It had also been a present, if not solidified, idea in the study of consumer habits and economics, especially in
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The concept of critical mass had existed before it entered a sociology context. It was an established concept in
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Childs, Sarah; Krook, Mona Lena (October 2008). "Critical mass theory and women's political representation".
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238:'s essay, "Bandwagon and underdog effects and the possibility of election predictions", published in 1954 in
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712:(March 1977). "Some effects of proportions on group life: skewed sex ratios and responses to token women".
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whereby each additional user provides additional perceived benefits to previous and potential adopters.
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Grey, Sandra (December 2006). "Numbers and beyond: the relevance of critical mass in gender research".
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Akerlof, George A. The Market for "lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. 2003. Print.
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1180:"DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS. By Everett M. Rogers. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1962. 367"
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Krauth, Brian. "Notes for a History of the Critical Mass Model." SFU.ca. Web. 29 November 2011.
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Schelling, Thomas C. "On the Ecology of Micromotives," The Public Interest, No. 25, Fall 1971.
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Rogers, Everett M. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003. Print.
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in 1978 worked to solidify the theory. Everett Rogers later cites them both in his work
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tackle this subject in relation to critical theory in a 1985 article published in the
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Schelling, Thomas C. Micromotives and Macrobehavior. New York: Norton, 1978. Print.
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paper written in 1970 by George Akerlof. Similarly, Granovetter cited the
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Granovetter, Mark (1978). "Threshold Models of Collective Behavior".
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The concept of critical mass was originally created by game theorist
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Schelling, Thomas C. (1971). "Dynamic models of segregation".
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Kuran, Timur (1987). "Chameleon Voters and Public Choice".
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