1655:. These crops crowd out weeds through competition. In addition, the sod and compost from cover crops and green manure slows the growth of what weeds are still able to make it through the soil, giving the crops further competitive advantage. By slowing the growth and proliferation of weeds while cover crops are cultivated, farmers greatly reduce the presence of weeds for future crops, including shallow rooted and row crops, which are less resistant to weeds. Cover crops are, therefore, considered conservation crops because they protect otherwise fallow land from becoming overrun with weeds.
1699:
predictable, and unexpected periods of rain and drought may occur, a more flexible approach for soil cover by crop rotation is necessary. An opportunity cropping system promotes adequate soil cover under these erratic climate conditions. In an opportunity cropping system, crops are grown when soil water is adequate and there is a reliable sowing window. This form of cropping system is likely to produce better soil cover than a rigid crop rotation because crops are only sown under optimal conditions, whereas rigid systems are not necessarily sown in the best conditions available.
151:
881:
1703:
erosion in a crop rotation system. Zero tillage is a fundamental management practice that promotes crop stubble retention under longer unplanned fallows when crops cannot be planted. Such management practices that succeed in retaining suitable soil cover in areas under fallow will ultimately reduce soil loss. In a recent study that lasted a decade, it was found that a common winter cover crop after potato harvest such as fall rye can reduce soil run-off by as much as 43%, and this is typically the most nutritional soil.
985:, namely peas, lentils, or beans; and the third field was left fallow. The three fields were rotated in this manner so that every three years, one of the fields would rest and lie fallow. Under the two-field system, only half the land was planted in any year. Under the new three-field rotation system, two thirds of the land was planted, potentially yielding a larger harvest. But the additional crops had a more significant effect than mere quantitative productivity. Since the spring crops were mostly legumes, which
1195:, are row crops (that is, grown in tight rows). While often the most profitable for farmers, these crops are more taxing on the soil. Row crops typically have low biomass and shallow roots: this means the plant contributes low residue to the surrounding soil and has limited effects on structure. With much of the soil around the plant exposed to disruption by rainfall and traffic, fields with row crops experience faster break down of organic matter by microbes, leaving fewer nutrients for future plants.
1472:
to regulate or reinforce this standard. Increasing the biodiversity of crops has beneficial effects on the surrounding ecosystem and can host a greater diversity of fauna, insects, and beneficial microorganisms in the soil as found by McDaniel et al 2014 and Lori et al 2017. Some studies point to increased nutrient availability from crop rotation under organic systems compared to conventional practices as organic practices are less likely to inhibit of beneficial microbes in soil organic matter.
784:
1553:. Carbon, along with hydrogen and oxygen, is a macronutrient for plants. Highly diverse rotations spanning long periods of time have shown to be even more effective in increasing SOC, while soil disturbances (e.g. from tillage) are responsible for exponential decline in SOC levels. In Brazil, conversion to no-till methods combined with intensive crop rotations has been shown an SOC sequestration rate of 0.41 tonnes per hectare per year.
22:
124:
1255:
consider in what condition one crop will leave the soil for the succeeding crop and how one crop can be seeded with another crop. For example, a nitrogen-fixing crop, like a legume, should always precede a nitrogen depleting one; similarly, a low residue crop (i.e. a crop with low biomass) should be offset with a high biomass cover crop, like a mixture of grasses and legumes.
1591:. During a process called nodulation, the rhizobia bacteria use nutrients and water provided by the plant to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is then converted into an organic compound that the plant can use as its nitrogen source. It therefore makes good sense agriculturally to alternate them with cereals (family
1738:
plan crops years in advance. Improper implementation of a crop rotation plan may lead to imbalances in the soil nutrient composition or a buildup of pathogens affecting a critical crop. The consequences of faulty rotation may take years to become apparent even to experienced soil scientists and can take just as long to correct.
1712:
rotation under organic systems compared to conventional practices as organic practices are less likely to inhibit of beneficial microbes in soil organic matter, such as arbuscular mycorrhizae, which increase nutrient uptake in plants. Increasing biodiversity also increases the resilience of agro-ecological systems.
1691:
ability of the water to detach and transport sediment. Soil erosion and seal prevent the disruption and detachment of soil aggregates that cause macropores to block, infiltration to decline, and runoff to increase. This significantly improves the resilience of soils when subjected to periods of erosion and stress.
1662:. Tillage is meant to inhibit growth of weeds by overturning the soil; however, this has a countering effect of exposing weed seeds that may have gotten buried and burying valuable crop seeds. Under crop rotation, the number of viable seeds in the soil is reduced through the reduction of the weed population.
1183:). For example, giving adequate attention to plant family is essential to mitigating pests and pathogens. However, many farmers have success managing rotations by planning sequencing and cover crops around desirable cash crops. The following is a simplified classification based on crop quality and purpose.
1434:, the inter-planting of corn with pole beans and vining squash or pumpkins. In this system, the beans provide nitrogen; the corn provides support for the beans and a "screen" against squash vine borer; the vining squash provides a weed suppressive canopy and a discouragement for corn-hungry raccoons.
1404:
Mixed farming or the practice of crop cultivation with the incorporation of livestock can help manage crops in a rotation and cycle nutrients. Crop residues provide animal feed, while the animals provide manure for replenishing crop nutrients and draft power. These processes promote internal nutrient
1698:
The effect of crop rotation on erosion control varies by climate. In regions under relatively consistent climate conditions, where annual rainfall and temperature levels are assumed, rigid crop rotations can produce sufficient plant growth and soil cover. In regions where climate conditions are less
1254:
There are numerous factors that must be taken into consideration when planning a crop rotation. Planning an effective rotation requires weighing fixed and fluctuating production circumstances: market, farm size, labor supply, climate, soil type, growing practices, etc. Moreover, a crop rotation must
851:
and selects for both a highly competitive pest and weed community. Without balancing nutrient use and diversifying pest and weed communities, the productivity of monocultures is highly dependent on external inputs that may be harmful to the soil's fertility. Conversely, a well-designed crop rotation
1737:
While crop rotation requires a great deal of planning, crop choice must respond to a number of fixed conditions (soil type, topography, climate, and irrigation) in addition to conditions that may change dramatically from year to the next (weather, market, labor supply). In this way, it is unwise to
1711:
Increasing the biodiversity of crops has beneficial effects on the surrounding ecosystem and can host a greater diversity of fauna, insects, and beneficial microorganisms in the soil as found by McDaniel et al 2014 and Lori et al 2017. Some studies point to increased nutrient availability from crop
1694:
When a forage crop breaks down, binding products are formed that act like an adhesive on the soil, which makes particles stick together, and form aggregates. The formation of soil aggregates is important for erosion control, as they are better able to resist raindrop impact, and water erosion. Soil
1471:
In addition to lowering the need for inputs (by controlling for pests and weeds and increasing available nutrients), crop rotation helps organic growers increase the amount of biodiversity their farms. Biodiversity is also a requirement of organic certification, however, there are no rules in place
1437:
Double-cropping is common where two crops, typically of different species, are grown sequentially in the same growing season, or where one crop (e.g. vegetable) is grown continuously with a cover crop (e.g. wheat). This is advantageous for small farms, which often cannot afford to leave cover crops
1508:
The use of different species in rotation allows for increased soil organic matter (SOM), greater soil structure, and improvement of the chemical and biological soil environment for crops. With more SOM, water infiltration and retention improves, providing increased drought tolerance and decreased
1623:
is a serious problem for some plants in warm climates and sandy soils, where it slowly builds up to high levels in the soil, and can severely damage plant productivity by cutting off circulation from the plant roots. Growing a crop that is not a host for root-knot nematode for one season greatly
1499:
Other benefits include reduced production cost. Overall financial risks are more widely distributed over more diverse production of crops and/or livestock. Less reliance is placed on purchased inputs and over time crops can maintain production goals with fewer inputs. This in tandem with greater
1702:
Crop rotations also affect the timing and length of when a field is subject to fallow. This is very important because depending on a particular region's climate, a field could be the most vulnerable to erosion when it is under fallow. Efficient fallow management is an essential part of reducing
1520:
under crop rotation allows biomass aggregation to lead to greater nutrient retention and utilization, decreasing the need for added nutrients. With tillage, disruption and oxidation of soil creates a less conducive environment for diversity and proliferation of microorganisms in the soil. These
1210:
crops with nitrogen-demanding crops. Legumes, like alfalfa and clover, collect available nitrogen from the atmosphere and store it in nodules on their root structure. When the plant is harvested, the biomass of uncollected roots breaks down, making the stored nitrogen available to future crops.
1690:
Protection against soil loss is maximized with rotation methods that leave the greatest mass of crop stubble (plant residue left after harvest) on top of the soil. Stubble cover in contact with the soil minimizes erosion from water by reducing overland flow velocity, stream power, and thus the
1495:
Agronomists describe the benefits to yield in rotated crops as "The
Rotation Effect". There are many benefits of rotation systems. The factors related to the increase are broadly due to alleviation of the negative factors of monoculture cropping systems. Specifically, improved nutrition; pest,
1521:
microorganisms are what make nutrients available to plants. So, where "active" soil organic matter is a key to productive soil, soil with low microbial activity provides significantly fewer nutrients to plants; this is true even though the quantity of biomass left in the soil may be the same.
1462:
Farmers are required to implement a crop rotation that maintains or builds soil organic matter, works to control pests, manages and conserves nutrients, and protects against erosion. Producers of perennial crops that aren’t rotated may utilize other practices, such as cover crops, to maintain
1258:
There is no limit to the number of crops that can be used in a rotation, or the amount of time a rotation takes to complete. Decisions about rotations are made years prior, seasons prior, or even at the last minute when an opportunity to increase profits or soil quality presents itself.
1665:
In addition to their negative impact on crop quality and yield, weeds can slow down the harvesting process. Weeds make farmers less efficient when harvesting, because weeds like bindweeds, and knotgrass, can become tangled in the equipment, resulting in a stop-and-go type of harvest.
1241:
is a crop that is mixed into the soil. Both nitrogen-fixing legumes and nutrient scavengers, like grasses, can be used as green manure. Green manure of legumes is an excellent source of nitrogen, especially for organic systems, however, legume biomass does not contribute to lasting
1174:
in the soil, controlling for erosion, or increasing soil structure and biomass, to name a few. When discussing crop rotations, crops are classified in different ways depending on what quality is being assessed: by family, by nutrient needs/benefits, and/or by profitability (i.e.
1613:
Crop rotation is also used to control pests and diseases that can become established in the soil over time. The changing of crops in a sequence decreases the population level of pests by (1) interrupting pest life cycles and (2) interrupting pest habitat. Plants within the same
1532:
activity through competition. In addition, plants produce root exudates and other chemicals which manipulate their soil environment as well as their weed environment. Thus rotation allows increased yields from nutrient availability but also alleviation of
1618:
tend to have similar pests and pathogens. By regularly changing crops and keeping the soil occupied by cover crops instead of lying fallow, pest cycles can be broken or limited, especially cycles that benefit from overwintering in residue. For example,
1720:
Crop rotation contributes to increased yields through improved soil nutrition. By requiring planting and harvesting of different crops at different times, more land can be farmed with the same amount of machinery and labour.
1678:
by water. In areas that are highly susceptible to erosion, farm management practices such as zero and reduced tillage can be supplemented with specific crop rotation methods to reduce raindrop impact, sediment detachment,
1280:
involves two or more crops growing in the same place at the same time. Crop rotations can be applied to both monocultures and polycultures, resulting in multiple ways of increasing agricultural biodiversity (table).
1405:
cycling and minimize the need for synthetic fertilizers and large-scale machinery. As an additional benefit, the cattle, sheep and/or goat provide milk and can act as a cash crop in the times of economic hardship.
1599:. How much nitrogen made available to the plants depends on factors such as the kind of legume, the effectiveness of rhizobia bacteria, soil conditions, and the availability of elements necessary for plant food.
1438:
to replenish the soil for extended periods of time, as larger farms can. When multiple cropping is implemented on small farms, these systems can maximize benefits of crop rotation on available land resources.
2777:
Carroll, C.; Halpin, M; Burger, P.; Bell, K.; Sallaway, M. M.; Yule, D. F. (1997). "The effect of crop type, crop rotation, and tillage practice on runoff and soil loss on a
Vertisol in central Queensland".
2813:
Littleboy, M.; Silburn, D. M.; Freebairn, D. M.; Woodruff, D. R.; Hammer, G. L. (1989). "PERFECT. A computer simulation model of
Productive Erosion Runoff Functions to Evaluate Conservation Techniques".
3069:
Porter, Paul M.; Lauer, Joseph G.; Lueschen, William E.; Ford, J. Harlan; Hoverstad, Tom R.; Oplinger, Edward S.; Crookston, R. Kent (1997). "Environment
Affects the Corn and Soybean Rotation Effect".
1198:
In short, while these crops may be profitable for the farm, they are nutrient depleting. Crop rotation practices exist to strike a balance between short-term profitability and long-term productivity.
2367:
Mäder, Paul; et al. (2000). "Arbuscular mycorrhizae in a long-term field trial comparing low-input (organic, biological) and high-input (conventional) farming systems in a crop rotation".
2693:
Loch, R. J.; Foley, J. L. (1994). "Measurement of
Aggregate Breakdown under rain: comparison with tests of water stability and relationships with field measurements of infiltration".
2267:
Livestock and
Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa: Proceedings of an International Conference, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA)
2622:
2829:
Huang, Mingbin; Shao, Mingan; Zhang, Lu; Li, Yushan (2003). "Water use efficiency and sustainability of different long-term crop rotation systems in the Loess
Plateau of China".
2560:
2112:
135:. In the front field, the "Norfolk" crop rotation sequence (potatoes, oats, peas, rye) is being applied; in the back field, rye has been grown for 58 years in a row.
2005:
836:. This practice reduces the reliance of crops on one set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, along with the probability of developing resistant pests and weeds.
132:
1272:
Crop rotation systems may be enriched by other practices such as the addition of livestock and manure, and by growing more than one crop at a time in a field. A
2480:
Triberti, Loretta; Anna Nastri; Guido
Baldoni (2016). "Long-term effects of crop rotation, manure fertilization on carbon sequestration and soil fertility".
2284:
2315:
2727:
1516:. Crop rotation, by nature, increases exposure to biomass from sod, green manure, and various other plant debris. The reduced need for intensive
1496:
pathogen, and weed stress reduction; and improved soil structure have been found in some cases to be correlated to beneficial rotation effects.
1401:) are able to distribute the nutrients in these crops throughout the soil rather than removing nutrients from the farm through the sale of hay.
1087:
of the mid-20th century, crop rotation gave way in the developed world to the practice of supplementing the chemical inputs to the soil through
705:
665:
183:
2412:"Long-Term Evidence Shows that Crop-Rotation Diversification Increases Agricultural Resilience to Adverse Growing Conditions in North America"
1745:
from legumes can lead to an invasion of snails or slugs and the decay from green manure can occasionally suppress the growth of other crops.
899:
have long been used in crop rotations. They have bacteria in their root nodules which take nitrogen from the air and fix it into the soil as
1965:
1624:
reduces the level of the nematode in the soil, thus making it possible to grow a susceptible crop the following season without needing soil
2142:
Lamb, John; Sheaffer, Craig; Moncada, Kristine (2010). "Chapter 4 Soil
Fertility". Risk Management Guide for Organic Producers (Report).
2615:
2211:
1969:
1695:
aggregates also reduce wind erosion, because they are larger particles, and are more resistant to abrasion through tillage practices.
1111:. Such practices aimed to increase yields, to prepare soil for specialist crops, and to reduce waste and inefficiency by simplifying
1022:
2101:
1223:
and structure. The dense and far-reaching root systems give ample structure to surrounding soil and provide significant biomass for
965:. This persisted until the 20th century. Available land was divided into three sections. One section was planted in the autumn with
2571:
767:
3114:
2523:
2207:
1916:
2410:
Bowles, Timothy M.; Mooshammer, Maria; Socolar, Yvonne; CalderĂłn, Francisco; Cavigelli, Michel A.; et al. (20 March 2020).
1947:
2890:
2061:
812:
2905:
1556:
In addition to enhancing crop productivity, sequestration of atmospheric carbon has great implications in reducing rates of
86:
2865:
2508:
2956:
58:
2012:
3145:
2683:
Rose CW, Freebairn DM. "A mathematical model of soil erosion and deposition processes with application to field data".
2599:
Moncada, Kristine; Craig
Sheaffer (2010). "Chapter 2 Rotation". Risk Management Guide for Organic Producers (Report).
2668:
105:
65:
3150:
1230:
Grasses and cereals are key in weed management as they compete with undesired plants for soil space and nutrients.
1794:
1050:
747:
732:
727:
233:
2507:
Victoria, Reynaldo (2012). "The Benefits of Soil Carbon". Risk Management Guide for Organic Producers (Report).
3127:
737:
700:
695:
213:
72:
43:
39:
198:
1166:
Crop choice is often related to the goal the farmer is looking to achieve with the rotation, which could be
218:
193:
54:
2244:
2164:
1483:
benefit from many of the same principals as crop rotation, they do not satisfy the requirement under the
1455:
1431:
203:
2720:
3121:
2324:
1002:
524:
243:
178:
911:
in place of grains for human consumption make it possible to restore or to maintain productive soils.
2311:"More Than the Sum of Its Parts: Microbiome Biodiversity as a Driver of Plant Growth and Soil Health"
1017:(in present-day northern Belgium) pioneered a four-field rotation in the early 16th century, and the
805:
499:
2265:
Powell, J. M.; William, T. O. (1993). "An overview of mixed farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa".
2108:
1729:
Different crops in the rotation can reduce the risks of adverse weather for the individual farmer.
1484:
1451:
1061:
762:
596:
509:
494:
432:
358:
2600:
2143:
1973:
1824:
1636:
1608:
660:
655:
546:
514:
32:
1069:
757:
742:
613:
606:
368:
160:
1891:
1500:
short and long term yields makes rotation a powerful tool for improving agricultural systems.
3090:
3040:
Francis, Charles A. (2003). "Advances in the Design of Resource-Efficient Cropping Systems".
2752:
1870:
1764:
1447:
1008:
601:
427:
363:
336:
2904:
Yamoah, Charles F.; Francis, Charles A.; Varvel, Gary E.; Waltman, William J. (April 1998).
2240:
1430:, offer more diversity and complexity within the same season or rotation. An example is the
3078:
3049:
3020:
2968:
2838:
2423:
2376:
912:
798:
551:
504:
173:
79:
2333:
2310:
1219:
Cereal and grasses are frequent cover crops because of the many advantages they supply to
931:
Under a two-field rotation, half the land was planted in a year, while the other half lay
8:
1550:
1243:
1224:
1136:
869:
519:
3082:
3053:
3024:
2972:
2842:
2427:
2380:
150:
2984:
2925:
2534:
2459:
2392:
2346:
1946:
Organic Production: Using NRCS Practice Standards to Support Organic Growers (Report).
1741:
Many challenges exist within the practices associated with crop rotation. For example,
1680:
1620:
1529:
1427:
962:
952:
907:
Farmers have long recognized that suitable rotations such as planting spring crops for
861:
788:
752:
341:
223:
2850:
2812:
2660:
2215:
2056:. Ithaca, New York: National Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Services (NRAES).
3155:
2988:
2795:
2664:
2463:
2451:
2350:
2338:
2057:
1658:
This system has advantages over other common practices for weeds management, such as
1581:
1476:
1207:
1025:(1674–1738) popularised this system in the 18th century. The sequence of four crops (
986:
670:
643:
591:
561:
410:
353:
316:
2929:
1049:
to be bred year-round. The four-field crop rotation became a key development in the
880:
3086:
3057:
3028:
2976:
2917:
2846:
2787:
2702:
2656:
2489:
2441:
2431:
2396:
2384:
2328:
1615:
1131:
A preliminary assessment of crop interrelationships can be found in how each crop:
1096:
1084:
648:
556:
541:
279:
238:
1072:
farmers to rotate soil-depleting crops like cotton with soil-enriching crops like
2436:
2411:
1774:
1632:
1143:
618:
390:
375:
311:
294:
2160:
3160:
2992:
1684:
1557:
1108:
1018:
865:
417:
3120:
3032:
2493:
1446:
Crop rotation is a required practice, in the United States, for farms seeking
3139:
2980:
2799:
2455:
2342:
1513:
1480:
1423:
1065:
690:
623:
405:
306:
299:
1769:
1759:
1742:
1652:
1512:
Soil organic matter is a mix of decaying material from biomass with active
1238:
1220:
1167:
1153:
940:
840:
628:
586:
531:
489:
446:
422:
3061:
2388:
839:
Growing the same crop in the same place for many years in a row, known as
2921:
1754:
1648:
1546:
1534:
1464:
1419:
1414:
1394:
1362:
1330:
1277:
1273:
1088:
1042:
993:, they increased the overall nutrition of the people of Northern Europe.
958:
638:
464:
454:
395:
380:
289:
274:
248:
142:
128:
961:(died 814), farmers in Europe transitioned from a two-field system to a
2446:
1866:
1625:
1206:
A great advantage of crop rotation comes from the interrelationship of
1180:
1120:
1116:
1092:
853:
633:
581:
576:
469:
459:
348:
326:
321:
2906:"Weather and Management Impact on Crop Yield Variability in Rotations"
2706:
2241:"Ecological Theories, Meta-Analysis, and the Benefits of Monocultures"
1802:
864:
from a diverse set of crops. Additionally, crop rotations can improve
2647:
Unger, P. W.; McCalla, T. M. (1980). "Conservation Tillage Systems".
1917:"George Washington Carver's contributions to agriculture in the U.S."
1588:
1584:
1386:
1192:
1176:
1046:
908:
857:
571:
1674:
Crop rotation can significantly reduce the amount of soil lost from
21:
2791:
1573:
1525:
1171:
1112:
1014:
848:
536:
2772:
2770:
2011:(Report). Center for Environmental Farming Systems. Archived from
2309:
Saleem, Muhammad; Hu, Jie; Jousset, Alexandre (2 November 2019).
1675:
1659:
1596:
1592:
1517:
1104:
990:
920:
916:
915:
farmers practiced crop rotation in 6000 BC, alternately planting
900:
888:
385:
331:
2479:
2767:
2598:
2409:
1569:
1398:
1073:
1038:
1034:
1030:
982:
978:
932:
896:
884:
833:
284:
939:
both the two- and three-field systems had been used since the
872:, which reduces erosion and increases farm system resilience.
2816:
Queensland Department of Primary Industries. Bulletin QB89005
1026:
970:
936:
400:
123:
2054:
Crop Rotation on Organic Farms: A Planning Manual, NRAES 177
2243:. Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources,
2188:
Bailey, L. H., ed. (1907). "Chapter 5, "Crop Management"".
1577:
1100:
935:. Then, in the next year, the two fields were reversed. In
892:
844:
829:
566:
266:
2903:
2403:
828:
is the practice of growing a series of different types of
1390:
1159:
Interbreeds with other crops to produce hybrid offspring.
1077:
974:
966:
2822:
2776:
2891:"Crop Rotation – A Vital Component of Organic Farming"
2561:"Nitrogen Fixation and Inoculation of Forage Legumes"
133:
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
2866:"Cover crops have major role to play in soil health"
2726:. Saskatchewan Soil Conservation Association. 2016.
2316:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
2304:
2302:
2141:
1191:Many crops which are critical for the market, like
1162:
Impacts surrounding food webs and field ecosystems.
981:; the second section grew crops such as one of the
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2506:
1966:Tipsheet: Crop Rotation in Organic Farming Systems
1064:(1860s–1943) studied crop-rotation methods in the
2299:
3137:
2957:"Are Some Crops Synergistic to Following Crops?"
2828:
1651:, into crop rotations is of particular value to
1450:. The “Crop Rotation Practice Standard” for the
1267:
2475:
2473:
2308:
2095:
2093:
2052:Johnson, Sue Ellen; Mohler, Charles L. (2009).
1639:must be achieved without synthetic pesticides.
2594:
2592:
2206:Gegner, Lance; Kuepper, George (August 2004).
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
832:in the same area across a sequence of growing
2755:. Natural Resources Conservation Centre. 2011
2559:Adjei, M. B.; et al. (1 December 2016).
2264:
2205:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2051:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1380:
806:
2646:
2500:
2470:
2362:
2360:
1959:
1957:
1858:
1602:
2589:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2070:
2030:
1795:"Jan 1, 6000 BC – Crop Rotation (Timeline)"
2285:"§205.205 Crop rotation practice standard"
2212:National Center for Appropriate Technology
2201:
2199:
2178:
1988:
1970:National Center for Appropriate Technology
1287:monocultures, polycultures, and rotations
813:
799:
2692:
2521:
2445:
2435:
2357:
2332:
1954:
1568:Rotations can add nutrients to the soil.
1560:by removing carbon dioxide from the air.
1389:makes the most efficient use of critical
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
3091:10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900030012x
3011:Bullock, D. G. (1992). "Crop rotation".
2533:. Department of Agrology. Archived from
2130:
1864:
1669:
1276:is a crop grown by itself in a field. A
879:
122:
2570:. University of Florida. Archived from
2196:
2099:
2003:
1849:
1631:This principle is of particular use in
1540:
996:
120:Agricultural practice of changing crops
3138:
2613:
2235:
2233:
2155:
2153:
1963:
1948:Natural Resources Conservation Service
1941:
1939:
1937:
1647:Integrating certain crops, especially
1503:
1249:
1214:
1152:How it contributes to or controls for
1149:Manages deficient or excess nutrients.
1056:
946:
3100:Medieval Technology and Social Change
2955:Anderson, Randy L. (1 January 2005).
2558:
2524:"Nitrogen Fixation by Forage Legumes"
2366:
2334:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062605
1852:Science and Civilization in China 6-2
1291:
1285:Diversity of crops in space and time;
2733:from the original on 2 December 2016
2628:from the original on 19 October 2016
2509:United Nations Environment Programme
1715:
926:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
2695:Australian Journal of Soil Research
2277:
2230:
2150:
2118:from the original on 4 October 2015
1934:
1920:4-H Global & Cultural Education
1867:"No. 26: Three-Field Crop Rotation"
1537:and competitive weed environments.
13:
3013:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
2947:
2863:
2522:Loynachan, Tom (1 December 2016).
2208:"Organic Crop Production Overview"
2190:Cyclopedia of American Agriculture
1724:
1642:
1563:
1524:Soil microorganisms also decrease
1441:
14:
3172:
3108:
2910:Journal of Production Agriculture
2100:Coleman, Pamela (November 2012).
1549:content, the main constituent of
1262:
131:at the Swojec Experimental Farm,
2102:Guide for Organic Crop Producers
1869:. The Engines of Our Ingenuity.
1595:) and other plants that require
1545:Crop rotations greatly increase
1458:, section §205.205, states that
1456:U.S. Code of Federal Regulations
782:
149:
20:
2897:
2883:
2857:
2806:
2745:
2713:
2686:
2677:
2640:
2607:
2552:
2515:
2258:
2006:Crop Rotations on Organic Farms
2004:Baldwin, Keith R. (June 2006).
1706:
1233:
1051:British Agricultural Revolution
768:Agriculture and the environment
234:British Agricultural Revolution
31:needs additional citations for
3128:New International Encyclopedia
2369:Biology and Fertility of Soils
1909:
1884:
1843:
1817:
1787:
1408:
1126:
214:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
1:
3115:Technology in the middle ages
2851:10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00065-5
2661:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60163-7
2287:. CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
1780:
1732:
1268:Relationship to other systems
1045:and a grazing crop, allowing
127:Effects of crop rotation and
2482:European Journal of Agronomy
2437:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.007
1892:"Norfolk four-course system"
1186:
219:Arab Agricultural Revolution
7:
2245:Washington State University
2165:Royal Horticultural Society
1748:
1490:
10:
3177:
3102:. Oxford University Press.
3042:Journal of Crop Production
2621:. British Potato Council.
2616:"Weed Control in Potatoes"
2614:Davies, Ken (March 2007).
1606:
1412:
1381:Incorporation of livestock
1201:
1006:
1003:Norfolk four-course system
1000:
989:needed for plants to make
950:
875:
179:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
3146:Agricultural soil science
3122:"Rotation of Crops"
3033:10.1080/07352689209382349
2831:Soil and Tillage Research
2494:10.1016/j.eja.2015.11.024
1964:Dufour, Rex (July 2015).
1603:Pathogen and pest control
1547:soil organic carbon (SOC)
1314:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1137:soil organic matter (SOM)
1013:Farmers in the region of
843:, gradually depletes the
706:Universities and colleges
666:Universities and colleges
2981:10.2134/agronj2005.0007a
2109:National Organic Program
1850:Needham, Joseph (1984).
1825:"What Is Crop Rotation?"
1576:, have nodules on their
1452:National Organic Program
1357:intermingled in a field
1062:George Washington Carver
852:can reduce the need for
691:Agriculturist profession
510:Agricultural engineering
495:Agricultural cooperative
3151:Sustainable agriculture
2601:University of Minnesota
2144:University of Minnesota
1896:Encyclopædia Britannica
1865:Lienhard, John (2023).
1572:, plants of the family
1325:one species in a field
1170:, increasing available
1095:, adding (for example)
661:Sustainable food system
656:Sustainable agriculture
547:Animal-free agriculture
515:Agricultural technology
1469:
904:
789:Agriculture portal
748:History of agriculture
733:Agriculture by country
728:Agricultural machinery
696:Agricultural machinery
614:Mechanised agriculture
184:Austronesian expansion
136:
3098:White, L. T. (1962).
3062:10.1300/j144v08n01_02
2753:"Aggregate Stability"
2721:"Forages in Rotation"
2531:Iowa State University
2389:10.1007/s003740050638
1871:University of Houston
1765:Convertible husbandry
1670:Reducing soil erosion
1460:
1448:organic certification
1397:; livestock (through
1009:Convertible husbandry
1007:Further information:
973:, followed by spring
883:
854:synthetic fertilizers
738:Agriculture companies
701:Government ministries
500:Agricultural supplies
337:Convertible husbandry
126:
2922:10.2134/jpa1998.0219
2649:Advances in Agronomy
1805:on 23 September 2019
1541:Carbon sequestration
997:Four-field rotations
913:Ancient Near Eastern
552:Cellular agriculture
505:Agricultural science
174:Neolithic Revolution
40:improve this article
3083:1997AgrJ...89..442P
3054:2003JCrIm...8...15F
3025:1992CRvPS..11..309B
2973:2005AgrJ...97....7A
2843:2003STilR..72...95H
2428:2020OEart...2..284B
2381:2000BioFS..31..150M
2218:on 15 November 2011
1609:Plant–soil feedback
1551:soil organic matter
1504:Soil organic matter
1355:two or more species
1288:
1250:Planning a rotation
1244:soil organic matter
1225:soil organic matter
1215:Grasses and cereals
1057:Modern developments
947:Three-field systems
903:that crops can use.
433:Steam sterilization
2577:on 2 December 2016
1922:. 13 February 2019
1681:sediment transport
1621:root-knot nematode
1428:companion planting
1294:Diversity in time
1284:
963:three-field system
957:From the times of
953:Three-field system
905:
862:ecosystem services
342:Rotational grazing
224:Columbian exchange
137:
2707:10.1071/sr9940701
2192:. pp. 85–88.
2063:978-1-933395-21-0
1716:Farm productivity
1687:, and soil loss.
1477:multiple cropping
1422:systems, such as
1378:
1377:
1246:like grasses do.
1023:Charles Townshend
927:Two-field systems
823:
822:
671:Urban agriculture
644:Rice-duck farming
592:Intensive farming
562:Extensive farming
116:
115:
108:
90:
3168:
3132:
3124:
3103:
3094:
3071:Agronomy Journal
3065:
3036:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2998:on 26 March 2023
2997:
2991:. Archived from
2961:Agronomy Journal
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2449:
2439:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2336:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2214:. Archived from
2203:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2106:
2097:
2068:
2067:
2049:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2001:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1976:on 28 April 2016
1972:. Archived from
1961:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1801:. Archived from
1791:
1616:taxonomic family
1289:
1283:
1097:ammonium nitrate
1085:Green Revolution
860:by better using
815:
808:
801:
787:
786:
785:
649:Rice-fish system
557:Contract farming
542:Animal husbandry
280:Animal husbandry
239:Green Revolution
190:Ancient history
153:
139:
138:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3136:
3135:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3097:
3068:
3039:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2954:
2950:
2948:Further reading
2945:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2902:
2898:
2893:. 15 June 2016.
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2862:
2858:
2827:
2823:
2811:
2807:
2775:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2597:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2505:
2501:
2478:
2471:
2408:
2404:
2365:
2358:
2307:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2197:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2161:"Green Manures"
2159:
2158:
2151:
2140:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2104:
2098:
2071:
2064:
2050:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1859:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1831:. 25 April 2017
1823:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1775:Tillage erosion
1751:
1735:
1727:
1725:Risk management
1718:
1709:
1672:
1653:weed management
1645:
1643:Weed management
1633:organic farming
1611:
1605:
1582:nitrogen-fixing
1566:
1564:Nitrogen fixing
1543:
1506:
1493:
1444:
1442:Organic farming
1417:
1411:
1383:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1286:
1270:
1265:
1252:
1236:
1217:
1208:nitrogen-fixing
1204:
1189:
1168:weed management
1144:pest management
1135:Contributes to
1129:
1059:
1011:
1005:
999:
955:
949:
929:
878:
819:
783:
781:
776:
775:
774:
773:
772:
763:Poultry farming
720:
712:
711:
710:
685:
677:
676:
675:
619:Organic farming
484:
476:
475:
474:
449:
439:
438:
437:
269:
259:
258:
257:
256:
255:
230:Modern history
210:Post-classical
163:
121:
112:
101:
95:
92:
55:"Crop rotation"
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3134:
3133:
3117:
3110:
3109:External links
3107:
3105:
3104:
3095:
3077:(3): 442–448.
3066:
3048:(1–2): 15–32.
3037:
3019:(4): 309–326.
3008:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2916:(2): 219–225.
2896:
2882:
2864:Walker, Andy.
2856:
2821:
2805:
2792:10.1071/S96017
2766:
2744:
2712:
2701:(4): 701–720.
2685:
2676:
2669:
2639:
2606:
2588:
2551:
2514:
2499:
2469:
2422:(3): 284–293.
2402:
2375:(2): 150–156.
2356:
2325:Annual Reviews
2298:
2276:
2257:
2229:
2195:
2177:
2149:
2129:
2069:
2062:
2029:
2018:on 13 May 2015
1987:
1953:
1933:
1908:
1883:
1857:
1854:. p. 150.
1842:
1816:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1685:surface runoff
1671:
1668:
1644:
1641:
1607:Main article:
1604:
1601:
1580:which contain
1565:
1562:
1558:climate change
1542:
1539:
1514:microorganisms
1505:
1502:
1492:
1489:
1443:
1440:
1413:Main article:
1410:
1407:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:Implementation
1261:
1251:
1248:
1235:
1232:
1216:
1213:
1203:
1200:
1188:
1185:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1128:
1125:
1103:and restoring
1058:
1055:
1041:), included a
1021:agriculturist
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
951:Main article:
948:
945:
928:
925:
877:
874:
870:organic matter
866:soil structure
821:
820:
818:
817:
810:
803:
795:
792:
791:
778:
777:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
724:
723:
722:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
652:
651:
646:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
610:
609:
604:
599:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
528:
527:
522:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
451:
450:
445:
444:
441:
440:
436:
435:
430:
425:
420:
418:Slash-and-burn
415:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
372:
371:
366:
361:
351:
346:
345:
344:
339:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
277:
271:
270:
265:
264:
261:
260:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
241:
236:
228:
227:
226:
221:
216:
208:
207:
206:
201:
199:Ancient Greece
196:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
167:
166:
165:
164:
159:
158:
155:
154:
146:
145:
119:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3173:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2886:
2871:
2870:peicanada.com
2867:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2837:(1): 95–104.
2836:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:Soil Research
2773:
2771:
2754:
2748:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2672:
2670:9780120007332
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2540:on 3 May 2013
2536:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2286:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1799:time.graphics
1796:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:intercropping
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:Three Sisters
1429:
1425:
1424:intercropping
1421:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1374:polycultures
1371:
1369:polycultures
1366:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:monocultures
1342:
1340:monocultures
1337:
1335:monocropping
1332:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:Provides for
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:United States
1063:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
954:
944:
942:
938:
934:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
826:Crop rotation
816:
811:
809:
804:
802:
797:
796:
794:
793:
790:
780:
779:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:Meat industry
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
743:Biotechnology
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
716:
715:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
681:
680:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
624:Paludiculture
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
526:
525:Biotechnology
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
480:
479:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
443:
442:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
413:
409:
407:
406:Sharecropping
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
350:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
263:
262:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
229:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
209:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
194:Ancient Egypt
192:
191:
189:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
169:
168:
162:
157:
156:
152:
148:
147:
144:
141:
140:
134:
130:
125:
118:
110:
107:
99:
96:December 2023
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
3126:
3099:
3074:
3070:
3045:
3041:
3016:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2993:the original
2964:
2960:
2933:. Retrieved
2913:
2909:
2899:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:
2859:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2815:
2808:
2783:
2779:
2757:. Retrieved
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2715:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2609:
2579:. Retrieved
2572:the original
2567:
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2535:the original
2530:
2517:
2502:
2485:
2481:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2372:
2368:
2320:
2314:
2289:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2250:18 September
2248:. Retrieved
2220:. Retrieved
2216:the original
2189:
2168:. Retrieved
2120:. Retrieved
2053:
2020:. Retrieved
2013:the original
1978:. Retrieved
1974:the original
1950:. July 2009.
1924:. Retrieved
1919:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1860:
1851:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
1809:23 September
1807:. Retrieved
1803:the original
1798:
1789:
1770:Field system
1760:Carbon cycle
1743:green manure
1740:
1736:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1707:Biodiversity
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1673:
1664:
1657:
1646:
1637:pest control
1630:
1612:
1567:
1555:
1544:
1523:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1445:
1436:
1418:
1403:
1385:Introducing
1384:
1353:Polyculture,
1323:Monoculture,
1271:
1257:
1253:
1239:Green manure
1237:
1234:Green manure
1229:
1221:soil quality
1218:
1205:
1197:
1190:
1165:
1154:soil erosion
1130:
1082:
1060:
1012:
987:fix nitrogen
956:
941:Eastern Zhou
930:
906:
841:monocropping
838:
825:
824:
629:Permaculture
587:Horticulture
532:Agroforestry
490:Agribusiness
447:Hydroculture
423:Smallholding
411:
204:Ancient Rome
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2967:(1): 7–10.
2568:Forage Beef
2447:10214/21229
2327:: 145–168.
1876:31 December
1755:Agroecology
1649:cover crops
1535:allelopathy
1465:soil health
1420:Polyculture
1415:Polyculture
1409:Polyculture
1395:cover crops
1372:Sequence of
1367:Rotation of
1363:polyculture
1343:Sequence of
1338:Rotation of
1331:monoculture
1278:polyculture
1274:monoculture
1127:Crop choice
1093:fertilizers
1089:topdressing
1068:, teaching
1043:fodder crop
959:Charlemagne
847:of certain
639:Polyculture
465:Hydroponics
455:Aquaculture
396:Paddy field
381:Monoculture
275:Agrivoltaic
249:Monoculture
170:Prehistory
143:Agriculture
129:monoculture
3140:Categories
2935:9 November
2875:1 December
2786:(4): 925.
2759:1 December
2737:1 December
2632:1 December
2581:1 December
2544:1 December
2107:(Report).
1968:(Report).
1835:25 January
1829:WorldAtlas
1781:References
1733:Challenges
1626:fumigation
1454:under the
1360:Continuous
1328:Continuous
1193:vegetables
1181:cover crop
1121:irrigation
1117:harvesting
969:or winter
858:herbicides
719:Categories
634:Plantation
582:Free range
577:Feed ratio
470:Aeroponics
460:Aquaponics
327:Free-range
322:Fertilizer
66:newspapers
2989:215776836
2800:1838-675X
2488:: 47–55.
2464:212745944
2456:2590-3322
2416:One Earth
2351:199632146
2343:1543-592X
1509:erosion.
1387:livestock
1317:in space
1315:Diversity
1187:Row crops
1177:cash crop
1047:livestock
943:period.
909:livestock
849:nutrients
753:Livestock
572:Farmhouse
354:Intensive
317:Extensive
3156:Agronomy
2930:54785967
2728:Archived
2655:: 2–53.
2623:Archived
2273:: 21–36.
2113:Archived
1926:19 April
1749:See also
1635:, where
1597:nitrates
1589:rhizobia
1585:bacteria
1574:Fabaceae
1526:pathogen
1491:Benefits
1310:Dynamic
1172:nitrogen
1139:content.
1113:planting
1070:southern
1015:Waasland
991:proteins
901:nitrates
887:such as
537:Agronomy
401:Ranching
3131:. 1905.
3079:Bibcode
3050:Bibcode
3021:Bibcode
3002:4 April
2969:Bibcode
2839:Bibcode
2424:Bibcode
2397:6152990
2377:Bibcode
1676:erosion
1660:tillage
1593:Poaceae
1587:called
1570:Legumes
1518:tillage
1350:Higher
1307:Cyclic
1302:Higher
1202:Legumes
1179:versus
1105:soil pH
1083:In the
1074:peanuts
1031:turnips
1019:British
983:legumes
921:cereals
917:legumes
889:alfalfa
885:Legumes
876:History
834:seasons
597:animals
520:Digital
483:Related
428:Terrace
412:Colonia
391:Organic
386:Orchard
376:Natural
359:animals
332:Grazing
312:Dryland
295:poultry
267:On land
244:Organic
161:History
80:scholar
2987:
2928:
2798:
2667:
2462:
2454:
2395:
2349:
2341:
2060:
1901:31 May
1475:While
1399:manure
1119:, and
1039:clover
1035:barley
979:barley
933:fallow
897:clover
895:, and
285:cattle
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
3161:Crops
2996:(PDF)
2985:S2CID
2926:S2CID
2731:(PDF)
2724:(PDF)
2626:(PDF)
2619:(PDF)
2575:(PDF)
2564:(PDF)
2538:(PDF)
2527:(PDF)
2460:S2CID
2393:S2CID
2347:S2CID
2323:(1).
2291:4 May
2222:4 May
2170:4 May
2122:4 May
2116:(PDF)
2105:(PDF)
2022:4 May
2016:(PDF)
2009:(PDF)
1980:4 May
1578:roots
1107:with
1091:with
1027:wheat
971:wheat
937:China
893:beans
830:crops
684:Lists
607:crops
369:crops
349:Hobby
307:Dairy
300:sheep
87:JSTOR
73:books
3004:2020
2937:2022
2877:2016
2796:ISSN
2761:2016
2739:2016
2665:ISBN
2634:2016
2583:2016
2546:2016
2452:ISSN
2339:ISSN
2293:2016
2252:2015
2224:2016
2172:2016
2124:2016
2058:ISBN
2024:2016
1982:2016
1928:2024
1903:2017
1878:2023
1837:2019
1811:2019
1530:pest
1528:and
1479:and
1393:and
1320:Low
1299:Low
1109:lime
1101:urea
1078:peas
1076:and
1037:and
975:oats
919:and
868:and
856:and
845:soil
602:pigs
567:Farm
364:pigs
290:pigs
59:news
3087:doi
3058:doi
3029:doi
2977:doi
2918:doi
2847:doi
2788:doi
2703:doi
2657:doi
2490:doi
2442:hdl
2432:doi
2385:doi
2329:doi
1485:NOP
1426:or
1391:sod
1099:or
977:or
967:rye
42:by
3142::
3125:.
3085:.
3075:89
3073:.
3056:.
3044:.
3027:.
3017:11
3015:.
2983:.
2975:.
2965:97
2963:.
2959:.
2924:.
2914:11
2912:.
2908:.
2868:.
2845:.
2835:72
2833:.
2794:.
2784:35
2782:.
2769:^
2699:32
2697:.
2663:.
2653:33
2651:.
2591:^
2566:.
2529:.
2486:74
2484:.
2472:^
2458:.
2450:.
2440:.
2430:.
2418:.
2414:.
2391:.
2383:.
2373:31
2371:.
2359:^
2345:.
2337:.
2321:50
2319:.
2313:.
2301:^
2269:.
2232:^
2210:.
2198:^
2180:^
2163:.
2152:^
2132:^
2111:.
2072:^
2032:^
1990:^
1956:^
1936:^
1894:.
1827:.
1797:.
1683:,
1628:.
1487:.
1227:.
1123:.
1115:,
1080:.
1053:.
1033:,
1029:,
923:.
891:,
3093:.
3089::
3081::
3064:.
3060::
3052::
3046:8
3035:.
3031::
3023::
3006:.
2979::
2971::
2939:.
2920::
2879:.
2853:.
2849::
2841::
2818:.
2802:.
2790::
2763:.
2741:.
2709:.
2705::
2673:.
2659::
2636:.
2603:.
2585:.
2548:.
2511:.
2496:.
2492::
2466:.
2444::
2434::
2426::
2420:2
2399:.
2387::
2379::
2353:.
2331::
2295:.
2271:2
2254:.
2226:.
2174:.
2146:.
2126:.
2066:.
2026:.
1984:.
1930:.
1905:.
1880:.
1839:.
1813:.
1467:.
1333:,
1156:.
1146:.
814:e
807:t
800:v
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
