1028:
from least to most encompassing system, respectively, behavioral organism, personality system, social system, and cultural system as well. Ritzer and
Goodman (2004) summarize Parsons' view, "Parsons saw these action systems acting at different levels of analysis, starting with the behavioral organism and building to the cultural system. He saw these levels hierarchically, with each of the lower levels providing the impetus for the higher levels, with the higher levels controlling the lower levels." In an article, late in life, Parsons maintained that the term "functionalism" was an inappropriate characterization of his theory.
1091:"logical consistency is a property of the world of ideas; causal consistency is a property of people. The main proposition here is the two are logically and empirically distinct, hence can vary independently of one another. Thus it is perfectly conceivable that any social unit, from a community to a civilization, could be found the principle ideational elements (knowledge, belief, norms, language, mythology, etc.) of which do display considerable logical consistency – that is, the components are consistent, not contradictory – yet the same social unit may be low on causal consensus. " (2004:4)
47:
1087:, suggests that cultural factors can be objectively studied for the degree of compatibility (and that various aspects of cultural systems may be found to contradict each other in meaning and use). And, social or community factors in socialization may be studied in the context of the transmission of cultural factors by studying the social uniformity (or lack thereof) in the transmitted culture. Cultural systems are used (and inform society) both through idea systems and the structuring of social systems. To quote Archer in this regard:
2466:
843:
1201:
892:
2490:
2478:
1105:
in the investigating cultural systems. Burrowes (1996) writes, "If functionalism offers to this cross-fertilization a focus on the normative orders of society, the cultural indicators approach provides a rigorous methodology, and cultural studies caution a greater sensitivity to social hierarchies." Constrained by Merton's
1027:
in the early 20th century, based his sociological theory of action system is built up around a general theory of society, which is codified within a cybernetic model featuring four functional imperatives: adaptation, goal-attainment, integration, and pattern maintenance. The hierarchy of systems is,
1104:
According to
Burrowes (1996), in two recent approaches to the study of culture, in the 1980-1990s, the "cultural studies" and "cultural indicators" approaches, investigators explored the traditionally functionalist concern of "cultural systems integration." These two approaches could be synthesized
1079:
through a dominant culture. Basic to these mistaken conceptions was the idea of culture as a community of meanings, which function independently in motivating social behavior. This combined two independent factors, community and meanings which can be investigated quasi-independently (2004:4)
1095:
Archer notes that the opposite may be the case: low cultural logical consistency and high social consistency. Complex societies can include complex sociocultural systems that mix of cultural and social factors with various levels of contradiction and consistency.
1071:, is a myth. Archer reads this same myth through Pitirim Sorokin's influence and then Talcott Parsons' approach to cultural systems (2004:3). The myth of a unified, integrated cultural system was also advanced by Western Marxists such as by
1012:
A major concern in the social sciences is the problem of order. One way that social order has been theorized is according to the degree of integration of cultural and social factors.
2087:
1109:, the specification of cultural elements and social structures makes possible the investigation of specific cultural and social systems and their interaction.
1084:
2501:
426:
1036:
The
British Sociologist David Lockwood argued for a contrast between social content and social transmission in his work on social
451:
1118:
Archer, Margaret S. 2004. Culture and Agency: The Place of
Culture in Social Theory, Revised Edition. New York and Cambridge:
956:
928:
2077:
873:
470:
1040:. Noting that social systems were distinct in structure and transmission. Lockwood's conceptual distinction influenced
935:
1181:
975:
812:
802:
506:
466:
1148:
Ritzer, George, and
Douglas J. Goodman. 2004. "Structural Functionalism, Neofunctionalism, and Conflict Theory," in
1063:, argues that the grand idea of a unified, integrated culture system, as advocated by early Anthropologists such as
909:
261:
17:
2289:
1125:
Burrowes, Carl
Patrick. 1996. From Functionalism to Cultural Studies: Manifest Ruptures and Latent Continuities,
1106:
942:
561:
346:
97:
1728:
913:
827:
481:
924:
2294:
1533:
1279:
146:
112:
1048:, who made the now famous distinction between system integration and social integration of the lifeworld.
2376:
1141:
David
Lockwood. 1964. “Social Integration and System Integration,” in G. Zollschan and W. Hirsch (eds.),
790:
116:
66:
1819:
1636:
1486:
1119:
807:
305:
2523:
2431:
1864:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1024:
797:
366:
236:
102:
633:
2482:
2391:
2381:
2284:
2082:
1783:
356:
191:
2528:
2202:
1462:
1432:
1366:
1351:
902:
866:
606:
596:
566:
446:
431:
396:
316:
311:
211:
1064:
2137:
1884:
1753:
1601:
1594:
1559:
1346:
1274:
591:
521:
511:
491:
476:
406:
376:
296:
201:
2533:
2406:
2324:
2197:
2021:
1899:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1698:
1554:
1506:
1396:
1361:
1238:
1218:
1174:
949:
822:
647:
576:
551:
456:
381:
341:
301:
286:
251:
224:
151:
2401:
2371:
2279:
2269:
2207:
2187:
2116:
1909:
1894:
1854:
1748:
1381:
1376:
1127:
1037:
1001:
817:
619:
586:
556:
391:
361:
351:
281:
266:
61:
56:
671:
8:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2177:
2067:
2052:
1939:
1929:
1904:
1839:
1814:
1768:
1708:
1616:
1516:
1496:
1412:
1391:
1331:
691:
436:
336:
174:
161:
1829:
2411:
2344:
2192:
2152:
2072:
1934:
1914:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1809:
1738:
1713:
1683:
1663:
1658:
1626:
1528:
1326:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1233:
1223:
1204:
859:
501:
496:
416:
371:
321:
291:
271:
131:
108:
1041:
767:
2494:
2339:
2232:
2222:
2057:
1994:
1989:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1693:
1688:
1673:
1668:
1653:
1648:
1631:
1621:
1606:
1579:
1569:
1481:
1474:
1457:
1076:
719:
663:
643:
601:
581:
411:
401:
331:
181:
126:
683:
2470:
2356:
2309:
2257:
2237:
2212:
2147:
2104:
2062:
2026:
2009:
1999:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1788:
1743:
1733:
1589:
1574:
1511:
1452:
1417:
1356:
1321:
1316:
1243:
1228:
1167:
771:
731:
675:
531:
486:
441:
386:
326:
241:
206:
156:
46:
2446:
2441:
2366:
2227:
2182:
2172:
2099:
2094:
2031:
2004:
1979:
1949:
1944:
1924:
1919:
1678:
1611:
1469:
1072:
1056:
1020:
779:
775:
759:
739:
667:
655:
544:
516:
461:
421:
186:
136:
2242:
2167:
2162:
2132:
2111:
2036:
1969:
1793:
1773:
1336:
1253:
847:
763:
755:
751:
747:
699:
659:
246:
92:
2517:
2451:
2436:
2421:
2396:
2386:
2314:
2274:
2142:
2014:
1778:
1758:
1723:
1643:
1584:
1564:
1549:
1523:
1437:
1386:
1134:
Geertz, Clifford. 1966. "Religion as a
Cultural System," in M. Banton (ed.),
997:
735:
723:
707:
703:
629:
141:
87:
2416:
2361:
2349:
2334:
2304:
2217:
2157:
1763:
1447:
1427:
1422:
1371:
1068:
727:
679:
2426:
2329:
2299:
1984:
1442:
1341:
1248:
1153:
743:
715:
687:
571:
526:
256:
231:
1491:
1269:
276:
196:
121:
2319:
1718:
695:
651:
38:
891:
842:
1190:
993:
82:
1501:
1159:
1051:
1023:, a major figure in sociology and the main originator of
1000:, sometimes both systems together are referred to as the
1136:
Anthropological
Approaches to the Study of Religion
996:. While a cultural system is very different from a
916:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2515:
1059:(2004) in a revised edition of her classic work
1031:
1175:
867:
992:is the interaction of different elements in
27:Interaction of different elements in culture
1182:
1168:
874:
860:
45:
976:Learn how and when to remove this message
1052:Cultural and socio-cultural integration
14:
2516:
1163:
2477:
2078:Role of Christianity in civilization
914:adding citations to reliable sources
885:
2489:
1138:. New York: Praeger, pp. 1–46.
24:
25:
2545:
2488:
2476:
2465:
2464:
1199:
1015:
1007:
890:
841:
2290:Culture and positive psychology
1200:
901:needs additional citations for
427:Peace, war, and social conflict
1729:High- and low-context cultures
13:
1:
1143:Explorations in Social Change
1112:
1032:System and social integration
2295:Culture and social cognition
1280:Cross-cultural communication
1044:' discussion in the classic
7:
2377:Intercultural communication
1189:
1145:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1099:
10:
2550:
1820:Cross cultural sensitivity
1487:Resistance through culture
1120:Cambridge University Press
98:Human environmental impact
2460:
2432:Transformation of culture
2125:
2045:
1865:Cultural environmentalism
1802:
1542:
1405:
1295:Cross-cultural psychology
1290:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1285:Cross-cultural leadership
1262:
1211:
1197:
2392:Living things in culture
2382:Intercultural competence
2285:Culture and menstruation
1784:Trans-cultural diffusion
192:Structural functionalism
2203:Cultural homogenization
1433:Individualistic culture
1367:Popular culture studies
1352:Intercultural relations
1083:Archer, a proponent of
212:Symbolic interactionism
107:Industrial revolutions
2138:Archaeological culture
1885:Cultural globalization
1754:Organizational culture
1602:Cultural communication
1560:Cultural appropriation
1347:Intercultural learning
1275:Cross-cultural studies
1075:through the theory of
202:Social constructionism
2407:Participatory culture
2198:Cultural evolutionism
2022:Multiracial democracy
1900:Cultural intelligence
1845:Cultural conservatism
1835:Cultural backwardness
1825:Cultural assimilation
1699:Cultural reproduction
1555:Cultural appreciation
1507:Far-right subcultures
1397:Transcultural nursing
1362:Philosophy of culture
1239:Cultural neuroscience
1219:Cultural anthropology
577:Conversation analysis
152:Social stratification
2402:Oppositional culture
2372:Emotions and culture
2280:Cultural sensibility
2270:Cultural translation
2208:Cultural institution
2188:Cultural determinism
1910:Cultural nationalism
1895:Cultural imperialism
1855:Cultural deprivation
1749:Non-material culture
1382:Sociology of culture
1377:Semiotics of culture
1128:Communication Theory
1065:Bronisław Malinowski
1038:structure and agency
1002:sociocultural system
910:improve this article
2253:Culture speculation
2248:Cultural relativism
2178:Cultural competence
2068:Cultural Christians
1940:Cultural Revolution
1930:Cultural radicalism
1905:Cultural liberalism
1840:Cultural Bolshevism
1815:Consumer capitalism
1769:Relational mobility
1709:Cultural technology
1617:Cultural dissonance
1534:Culture by location
1497:Alternative culture
1413:Constructed culture
1392:Theology of culture
1332:Cultural psychology
1312:Cultural entomology
1150:Sociological Theory
1107:middle range theory
1046:Legitimation Crises
162:Social cycle theory
33:Part of a series on
2412:Permission culture
2345:Disability culture
2325:Children's culture
2193:Cultural diversity
2153:Circuit of culture
1935:Cultural retention
1915:Cultural pessimism
1870:Cultural exception
1860:Cultural diplomacy
1850:Cultural contracts
1810:Colonial mentality
1739:Manuscript culture
1714:Cultural universal
1684:Cultural pluralism
1664:Cultural landscape
1659:Cultural invention
1627:Cultural framework
1529:Vernacular culture
1327:Cultural mediation
1307:Cultural economics
1302:Cultural analytics
1234:Cultural geography
1224:Cultural astronomy
1061:Culture and Agency
848:Society portal
471:History of science
452:Race and ethnicity
132:Social environment
2511:
2510:
2340:Death and culture
2233:Cultural movement
2223:Cultural literacy
2083:Eastern Orthodoxy
1995:Dominator culture
1990:Deculturalization
1890:Cultural hegemony
1880:Cultural genocide
1875:Cultural feminism
1694:Cultural property
1689:Cultural practice
1674:Cultural leveling
1669:Cultural learning
1654:Cultural industry
1649:Cultural identity
1632:Cultural heritage
1622:Cultural emphasis
1607:Cultural conflict
1580:Cultural behavior
1570:Cultural artifact
1482:Primitive culture
1458:Political culture
1152:, sixth edition.
1077:cultural hegemony
986:
985:
978:
960:
925:"Cultural system"
884:
883:
602:Social experiment
482:Social psychology
127:Social complexity
16:(Redirected from
2541:
2524:Cultural studies
2492:
2491:
2480:
2479:
2468:
2467:
2357:Drinking culture
2310:Culture industry
2258:Cultural tourism
2238:Cultural mulatto
2213:Cultural jet lag
2148:Cannabis culture
2105:Cultural Muslims
2027:Pluriculturalism
2010:Multiculturalism
2000:Interculturalism
1975:Culture minister
1965:Cultural Zionism
1960:Cultural subsidy
1955:Cultural silence
1830:Cultural attaché
1789:Transculturation
1744:Material culture
1734:Interculturality
1590:Cultural capital
1575:Cultural baggage
1512:Youth subculture
1453:Official culture
1418:Dominant culture
1357:Internet culture
1322:Cultural mapping
1317:Cultural history
1244:Cultural studies
1229:Cultural ecology
1203:
1202:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1085:critical realism
981:
974:
970:
967:
961:
959:
918:
894:
886:
876:
869:
862:
846:
845:
597:Network analysis
487:Sociocybernetics
477:Social movements
207:Social darwinism
157:Social structure
49:
30:
29:
21:
18:Cultural systems
2549:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2456:
2447:Western culture
2442:Welfare culture
2367:Eastern culture
2228:Cultural mosaic
2183:Cultural critic
2173:Cultural center
2121:
2095:Cultural Hindus
2041:
2032:Polyculturalism
2005:Monoculturalism
1980:Culture of fear
1950:Cultural safety
1945:Cultural rights
1925:Cultural racism
1920:Cultural policy
1798:
1704:Cultural system
1679:Cultural memory
1612:Cultural cringe
1538:
1470:Popular culture
1401:
1337:Cultural values
1258:
1207:
1193:
1188:
1115:
1102:
1073:Antonio Gramsci
1057:Margaret Archer
1054:
1042:Jürgen Habermas
1034:
1021:Talcott Parsons
1018:
1010:
990:cultural system
982:
971:
965:
962:
919:
917:
907:
895:
880:
840:
833:
832:
793:
783:
782:
710:
636:
622:
620:Major theorists
612:
611:
547:
537:
536:
227:
217:
216:
187:Critical theory
182:Conflict theory
177:
167:
166:
137:Social equality
78:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2529:Social systems
2526:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Cultural probe
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:Cross-cultural
2165:
2163:Coffee culture
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Animal culture
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2037:Transculturism
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Culture change
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1794:Visual culture
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1774:Safety culture
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:Cross-cultural
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1254:Culture theory
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1131:, 6(1):88–103.
1123:
1114:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1053:
1050:
1033:
1030:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1006:
984:
983:
898:
896:
889:
882:
881:
879:
878:
871:
864:
856:
853:
852:
851:
850:
835:
834:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
794:
789:
788:
785:
784:
638:
637:
623:
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
548:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
247:Astrosociology
244:
239:
234:
228:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
178:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
105:
100:
95:
93:Human behavior
90:
85:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2546:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2452:Youth culture
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Urban culture
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Remix culture
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Media culture
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Languaculture
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Culture shock
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Cultural turn
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Bennett scale
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Protestantism
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:Biculturalism
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Technoculture
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Print culture
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Enculturation
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Cultural icon
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Cultural bias
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:Cultural area
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1550:Acculturation
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:Super culture
1522:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Legal culture
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Sound culture
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:and later by
1066:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1026:
1025:action theory
1022:
1016:Action theory
1013:
1008:Social theory
1005:
1003:
999:
998:social system
995:
991:
980:
977:
969:
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
927: –
926:
922:
921:Find sources:
915:
911:
905:
904:
899:This article
897:
893:
888:
887:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
858:
857:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
838:
837:
836:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
813:Organizations
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
787:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
762: ·
761:
758: ·
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718: ·
717:
714:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650: ·
649:
645:
642:
635:
631:
628:
625:
624:
621:
616:
615:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
567:Computational
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
546:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
472:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
312:Environmental
310:
307:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:Consciousness
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
226:
221:
220:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
176:
171:
170:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
142:Social equity
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
88:Globalization
86:
84:
81:
80:
74:
73:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2534:Anthropology
2500:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2417:Rape culture
2362:Drug culture
2350:Deaf culture
2335:Cyberculture
2305:Culture hero
2218:Cultural lag
2158:Civilization
2058:Christianity
1764:Protoculture
1703:
1448:Microculture
1428:High culture
1423:Folk culture
1372:Postcritique
1149:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1103:
1094:
1082:
1069:Mary Douglas
1060:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1019:
1011:
989:
987:
972:
963:
953:
946:
939:
932:
920:
908:Please help
903:verification
900:
798:Bibliography
712:
640:
639:
626:
592:Mathematical
572:Ethnographic
552:Quantitative
237:Architecture
175:Perspectives
147:Social power
2495:WikiProject
2427:Tea culture
2330:Culturalism
2300:Culture gap
2263:Pop-culture
2063:Catholicism
1985:Culture war
1443:Low culture
1342:Culturomics
1249:Culturology
1154:McGraw-Hill
803:Terminology
772:Baudrillard
648:Tocqueville
562:Comparative
557:Qualitative
527:Victimology
357:Immigration
342:Generations
257:Criminology
2518:Categories
1492:Subculture
1270:Bioculture
1113:References
936:newspapers
828:By country
582:Historical
507:Technology
447:Punishment
432:Philosophy
407:Mathematic
397:Literature
362:Industrial
352:Historical
277:Demography
197:Positivism
122:Popularity
77:Key themes
2320:Culturgen
2088:Mormonism
2046:Religions
1719:Cultureme
1637:Destroyed
1263:Subfields
644:Martineau
587:Interview
512:Terrorism
492:Sociology
437:Political
377:Knowledge
297:Education
39:Sociology
2471:Category
2053:Buddhism
1803:Politics
1212:Sciences
1100:Research
966:May 2010
823:Timeline
808:Journals
776:Bourdieu
768:Habermas
764:Luhmann
760:Foucault
704:Mannheim
684:Durkheim
457:Religion
417:Military
382:Language
367:Internet
322:Feminist
306:Jealousy
292:Economic
287:Disaster
282:Deviance
225:Branches
103:Identity
2502:Changes
2483:Commons
2126:Related
2117:Sikhism
2112:Judaism
1543:Aspects
1205:Outline
1191:Culture
994:culture
950:scholar
780:Giddens
778:·
774:·
766:·
754:·
752:Goffman
748:Schoeck
734:·
726:·
702:·
700:Du Bois
698:·
690:·
686:·
678:·
672:Tönnies
670:·
656:Spencer
654:·
632:·
545:Methods
522:Utopian
467:Science
412:Medical
402:Marxist
392:Leisure
302:Emotion
267:Culture
83:Society
62:Outline
57:History
1502:Fandom
952:
945:
938:
931:
923:
818:People
756:Bauman
736:Nisbet
732:Merton
724:Gehlen
720:Adorno
713:1900s:
688:Addams
680:Simmel
676:Veblen
668:Pareto
660:Le Bon
641:1800s:
634:Sieyès
627:1700s:
607:Survey
532:Visual
442:Public
347:Health
337:Gender
327:Fiscal
317:Family
2100:Islam
1475:Urban
1463:Civic
1406:Types
957:JSTOR
943:books
791:Lists
740:Mills
716:Fromm
708:Elias
696:Weber
630:Comte
517:Urban
502:Sport
497:Space
462:Rural
422:Music
372:Jewry
272:Death
232:Aging
67:Index
1517:list
929:news
744:Bell
728:Aron
692:Mead
664:Ward
652:Marx
332:Food
252:Body
912:by
387:Law
242:Art
2520::
1004:.
988:A
770:·
750:·
746:·
742:·
738:·
730:·
722:·
706:·
694:·
682:·
674:·
666:·
662:·
658:·
646:·
115:/
111:/
1183:e
1176:t
1169:v
1156:.
1122:.
979:)
973:(
968:)
964:(
954:·
947:·
940:·
933:·
906:.
875:e
868:t
861:v
473:)
469:(
308:)
304:(
117:5
113:4
109:3
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)