150:
27:
164:
is marked by a long and complex history of human settlement. Geographically, Cumbria is situated near the centrepoint of the
British Isles. The contrasting landscapes between the mountains and the fertile coastal areas and the rich variety of mineral resources available in the county have made it a
2119:. -over-Sands was probably added in the 19th century when the town prospered as a holiday resort overlooking Morecambe Bay. The term 'over-sands' may also refer to the ancient act of traversing Morecambe Bay sands as a means of shortening the travel distance in the area.
387:) would have gradually filtered into Cumbria since the 5th century, but the area retained a distinctly British identity until at least the 8th century. Settlement by the English began in the north, with settlers following the line of
811:
of 1086 lists only a few places in the south of the region, as at this time most of northern and central
Cumbria was part of Scotland, but with several battles over the following centuries the whole area became part of England.
2673:
Jackson, K. H. (1953). 'Language and history in early
Britain: A chronological survey of the Brittonic languages, first to twelfth century A.D'., Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.
2298:, Morecambe Bay named for the chapel built here in the 14th century by monks from nearby Conishead Priory to serve the needs of travellers and fishermen on the sands of Morecambe Bay.
803:
At the time of the Norman conquest in 1066, it is likely that a mixture of Norse and Old
English would have been spoken throughout most of Cumbria, which persisted until the spread of
2166:
815:
The influence of Anglo-Norman is usually confined to manorial names and residences and often include a personal name to distinguish between two places belonging to different lords (
1803:
dollywaggons were sled-like barrows used to transport stone and minerals down the sides of steep mountains when mining was common in the Lake
District. Pike means 'peak' from ON
368:
492:
414:
Surviving place names have been taken to show that the Anglo-Saxons stayed out of the mountainous central region and remained in the lowlands, but after the Celtic kingdom of
233:
733:), but the majority are situated along the Eden Valley and the north coast of the county, suggesting that they might have come across Stainmore around the 9th century AD.
1861:
822:
Although it is often difficult to distinguish between a Middle
English name and an earlier one, some places do seem to contain elements (
2664:
Armstrong, A. M., Mawer, A., Stenton, F. M. and
Dickens, B. (1952) The Place-Names of Cumberland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
186:
Whaley provides a summary of the history of linguistic influences on, plus a dictionary of, the place-names of the area covered by the
542:
It seems they would have arrived around the south west of the county and penetrated into the uplands of the central region where the
91:
1895:- Diana Whaley suggests "'the mountain with the jutting crag'". However, the first element may be a personal name or Old Norse
282:
British influenced place names exist throughout the whole county, but are particularly common around the river valleys of the
63:
2125:
uncertain. The 'hawks-' might either mean 'hawk' or be the ON personal name Haukr and the '-head' may mean 'head' from OE
546:
influence is dominant. Many mountains, rivers and valleys have Norse names, as attested by the abundance of the elements
1235:
70:
422:. As a result, Old English elements can be found throughout the county, but mostly in the names of towns and villages (
44:
110:
503:
of
Cumbria. Originally from Norway, it is generally accepted that they would have come here via their colonies in
77:
2710:
418:
was annexed to
English Northumbria sometime before 730 AD, the Celtic language of Cumbric was slowly replaced by
2586:
853:
48:
59:
2725:
1037:
Estuary. It was subsequently lost then revived in the 19th century as both the name for the bay and the new
1513:'lake of the crooked river', linking the name with the River Cocker which flows through it. Related to Br
2720:
2700:
1833:
187:
399:
before making their way along the north coast. Some time later they would have begun to move into the
203:
2715:
913:
2705:
169:, and various ethnic groups have been drawn to the area, leaving their linguistic mark since the
37:
1972:'Patrick's valley', possibly named after St Patrick or, more likely, a later Norse-Irish settler
499:
The Norse appear to have arrived in
Cumbria in about 925 AD and left a huge impression upon the
1162:
84:
1810:
1127:
1105:
929:
275:. It is likely that most place names with Brythonic influences have survived from this time (
1569:
1288:
1254:
8:
2173:
as it stood at the foot of the River Ellen but was changed in 1756 as the town developed.
1787:
1200:
970:
788:
396:
256:. Evidence of this language is mostly visible in topographical features such as rivers (
1877:, though how he is connected to the mountain is unknown. Crag means 'rock' from the Br
2541:
1452:
962:'land of the Cymry' (the Brythonic name for the British people of the area, related to
917:
161:
131:
2582:
1837:
named after the Roman road which passed along it, a literal translation of the Latin
780:
388:
166:
824:
Tod Ghyll, Brocklebank, Ladyholme, Cam Spout, Monk Coniston, Newlands, Sweden Bridge
267:
In the first millennium AD the Brythonic spoken in north west England and southern
2546:
2536:
2027:
1799:
1731:
272:
249:
241:
227:
199:
143:
139:
135:
2455:, Derwentwater named after the 7th-century saint who was a hermit on this island.
519:, which are commonplace in Cumbria, are also abundant in the southern counties of
1658:
1558:
1550:
925:
909:
726:
253:
1900:
1869:
1509:
1498:
1471:
1340:
963:
921:
804:
392:
245:
1204:
Uncertain. Mills suggests 'water' from a Celtic source, but gives no cognate.
852:- (denoting land belonging to a person, divided from monastic lands after the
149:
2694:
2531:
2491:
1874:
1434:
1404:
1371:
1311:
1094:
808:
784:
670:
660:
634:
599:
588:
283:
2396:
meaning 'fodder island', and the castle was called the 'Pile of Fotherey'.
2288:, ON 'long island', it was renamed in 1781 by its new owner Isabella Curwen
1884:
1528:
1520:
1393:
1382:
1246:
1189:
1173:
1116:
287:
515:, perhaps bringing with them a touch of Gaelic influence. Placenames with
240:
Since at least the Iron Age, the inhabitants of Cumbria would have spoken
2370:
1774:
1759:
1710:
1699:
1611:
1539:
1416:
1138:
1079:
1065:
1026:
944:
901:
792:
775:). Several Gaelic Saints are recalled in Cumbrian place names, including
768:
703:
649:
512:
419:
384:
211:
195:
1865:
after locals used the flat area for fairs in the 18th and 19th centuries
1064:. The name presumably dates from the time when Westmorland was part of
755:
2685:
Rivet, A. L. F. and Smith, C. (1979) 'The Place-names of Roman Britain'
2551:
2326:
Foulney is now a bird sanctuary and site of special scientific interest
2073:' from Br *Luguwalion -> Lat Luguvalium -> OE Luel -> Cumbric
1903:
suggests that "it is possible that a Cumbric solution is to be sought."
1726:
1684:
1669:
1591:
1580:
1487:
1352:
1322:
1300:
1276:
1223:
1150:
1038:
1034:
776:
215:
207:
2514:
meaning hill or mound, is also the name given to Furness in Domesday.
2503:
2443:
1907:
1845:
1821:
1645:
1634:
1623:
1265:
1208:
905:
868:- (referring to land belonging to a monastery, usually Furness Abbey)
543:
520:
2602:
Armstrong, A. M.; Mawer, A.; Stenton, F. M.; Dickens, B. (1950–52).
26:
1780:
1744:
1177:
uncertain. Possibly 'Dudda's valley' from an OE personal name and
1052:
895:
883:
Several places in Cumbria have been renamed in more recent times, (
817:
Egremont, Beaumont, Maulds Meaburn, Crosby Garret, Ponsonby, Grange
532:
524:
500:
380:
268:
170:
1409:
1344:'abounding in elm trees' probably from a Br word related to Welsh
2581:. Nottingham: English Place-Name Society. pp. lx, 311, 423.
2526:
2350:
1891:
1332:
1023:
508:
504:
408:
404:
153:
127:
2416:
1673:'Wasdale Water'. The name literally means 'water water' from ON
2601:
2363:, Derwentwater probably named after the Earls of Derwentwater.
1502:
named after the village, which means 'king's farmstead from ON
536:
426:). Very few rivers or mountains contain Old English elements (
415:
191:
2169:
who developed the town into a port. It was originally called
1688:'Vinandr's lake' from ON personal name 'Vinandr' and OE 'mere'
564:
Keswick, Whitehaven, Ravenglass, Silloth, Ulverston, Ambleside
367:
2070:
539:
proper, and less in use elsewhere (Norwegian: tveit, tvedt).
528:
376:
1791:
named after the town at its foot, the Old Man comes from Br
560:
Mickledore, Scafell, Rothay, Duddon, Langsleddale, Allerdale
491:
232:
1662:
1426:
623:
400:
2621:. Vol. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2606:. Vol. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1483:(there are legends of two brothers drowning in this lake)
562:). Many town and villages also contain Norse elements (
1292:'smooth-flowing river' from a Br word related to Welsh
411:, gradually moving further north along the west coast.
1227:
probably 'cold river' from a Br word related to Welsh
1060:'land of the people living west of the moors' from OE
762:
218:, the northern part of which now lies within Cumbria.
2115:'outlying farm belonging to a monastery' from the ME
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
798:
747:- 'home' (may be Old Norse, but more often Danish)
2406:, Derwentwater probably 'Hrafn's island' from ON
2336:, Windermere 'island of Our Lady'. ME, using ON
1615:named after the valley of Rydal; formerly called
2692:
2098:'farm/settlement of the Friesen people' from OE
1730:'chair-shaped bare hill' or "Devil's Peak" from
896:Abbreviations used in the following descriptions
621:- 'mountain' (usually a large, flat mountain) →
2508:
2474:
2462:the island became a place of pilgrimage by 1374
2430:
2408:
2390:
2338:
2314:
2306:
2282:
1649:uncertain. Possibly named after a Norse chief
1573:'Hafr's lake' or 'he-goat's lake' from the ON
885:Belle Isle, Maryport, Longtown, Sprinkling Tarn
831:Common Anglo-Norman and Middle English elements
134:, and as a result of the spread of the ancient
1554:named after the valley in which it is situated
1692:
1456:'Bastun's clearing' from an OE personal name
846:- 'large' (denoting the larger of two places)
430:), but many of the lakes contain the element
2268:
2242:'farm/settlement of Weorc's people' from OE
371:General distribution of Old English elements
2472:, Irish Sea 'Isle of the British' from ON
2304:, Morecambe Bay 'island of birds' from ON
1562:'lake in pasture' or 'grassy lake' from OE
840:- 'farm' (usually belonging to a monastery)
495:General distribution of Old Norse elements
236:General distribution of Brittonic elements
206:cover the whole of the former counties of
2681:
2679:
2579:A dictionary of Lake District place-names
454:- 'belonging to the sons or people of...'
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2653:Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
1619:, linking the lake with the River Rothay
490:
366:
271:developed into a separate strain called
262:Blencathra, Helvellyn, Coniston Old Man
231:
176:
165:desirable area for habitation since the
148:
16:Study of place names in Cumbria, England
2647:
2645:
2643:
2552:The Brittonic Language in the Old North
2266:, Windermere 'beautiful isle' from Fr
2051:'promontory shaped like a bow' from ON
202:. The five much earlier volumes of the
2693:
2676:
2631:
2576:
2428:, Morecambe Bay 'Red Island' from ON
1763:'ridge with wild cat's path' from ON
953:'bargained land, bought land' from ON
862:- (denoting the smaller of two places)
126:refers to the study of place names in
2651:Based on forms given by A.D Mills in
2616:
2563:
2353:'s hermitage was here, mentioned 1272
1994:
1356:probably meaning 'drizzling' from Br
767:Some names show evidence of Irish or
448:- 'homestead, village, manor, estate'
286:and around the coastal plains of the
2640:
2486:the Old English name for Walney was
2414:or 'wild garlic island' with the OE
1109:'rocky, fast flowing river' from Br
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2138:'valley of the River Kent' from ON
2129:or 'summer farm, shieling' from ON
1873:Saint Sunday is the local name for
1041:seaside resort at Poulton-le-Sands.
763:Goidelic Celtic and Irish influence
731:Allonby, Thursby, Ousby, Milnthorpe
13:
1841:; the summit of this hill is named
479:, often found near Roman roads) →
244:, which is the ancestor of modern
14:
2737:
2490:, 'island of quicksands'. In the
2380:The island was originally called
1532:'little dark one' from a Br word
1491:'lake by dairy pastures' from OE
1181:or an unknown Br name containing
1051:- or from the Celtic tribal name
999:, the oldest form of the name is
475:- 'settlement, farm' (from Latin
469:- 'farmstead, enclosure, village'
2156:'village with a church' from ON
1978:'valley with flat land' from ON
1714:'dark-crested mountain' from OE
1193:'meeting of the rivers' from OE
1142:possibly 'stoney river' from Br
982:'land of the Cymry' from the OE
25:
2227:is also the ON word for 'wolf')
878:
799:Anglo-Norman and Middle English
36:needs additional citations for
2667:
2658:
2636:. Manchester: Chetham Society.
2625:
2619:The place-names of Westmorland
2610:
2595:
2026:'Hay farm on a hill' from the
1748:'den of the wild cat' from OE
1438:'the left-hand river' from ON
1033:, apparently referring to the
854:Dissolution of the Monasteries
795:and Cumbria was considerable.
787:. The influence of the early
362:
1:
2634:The place-names of Lancashire
2604:The place-names of Cumberland
2557:
2369:, Morecambe Bay named after
2188:'village with mills' from OE
1963:'valley with a lake' from ON
1927:'valley with a fort' from ON
1718:, not to be confused with Br
1627:probably 'hill tarn' from ON
1524:named after the River Derwent
1479:or 'brothers' water' from ON
1475:either 'broad water' from ON
1360:(to urinate, to drizzle), ON
1212:simply means 'river' from ON
1047:'Muddy ford estuary' from ON
991:'further promontory' from OE
976:meaning 'fellow countrymen').
807:after the 12th century. The
277:Carlisle, Penrith, Penruddock
2033:'steep faced slope' plus ON
1936:'valley of the River Duddon'
1857:both meaning "speckled hill"
1653:or a local Saxon lord named
1022:. The name was recorded in
486:
221:
144:Southern Uplands of Scotland
7:
2520:
2219:'Ulfr's farmstead' from ON
2089:'farm in a valley' from ON
2083:'mouth of the River Cocker'
1250:named for the Gilpin family
1154:'trickling stream' from Br
1009:'valley with pigs' from ON
890:
753:- 'secondary settlement' →
725:There are also a number of
439:Common Old English elements
188:Lake District National Park
10:
2742:
2257:
2013:'headland island' from Br
1987:'valley of water' from ON
1957:'valley of the River Lune'
1942:'valley of the River Ehen'
1918:
1825:Coates suggests a Cumbric
1693:Mountains, fells and hills
1638:'lake with a gap' from OE
1584:'Eithr's lake' from an ON
773:Kirksanton, Ireleth, Ireby
225:
204:English Place-Name Society
181:
1408:possibly OE, signifying '
1269:possibly 'fresh' from Br
1072:
571:Common Old Norse elements
295:Common Brythonic elements
2442:the area is rich in red
2233:'white harbour' from ON
2201:'thrall's well' from ON
2165:named after the wife of
2042:'huts, shelter' from ON
2003:'Patrick's Ash' from ON
1445:
1326:'healthy, pure' from Br
1315:'foaming river' from ON
1304:'shining river' from ON
1131:'crooked river' from Br
1068:and ruled from the east.
934:
729:influenced place names (
258:Kent, Eden, Ehen, Levens
2632:Ekwall, Eilert (1922).
2509:
2475:
2431:
2417:
2409:
2391:
2339:
2315:
2307:
2283:
2077:(Welsh - Caer Liwelydd)
1911:'stoney moor' from OE
1166:'oaken valley' from Br
2711:Place name etymologies
2577:Whaley, Diana (2006).
2269:
2147:'cheese farm' from OE
1948:'long valley' from ON
1386:'trout river' from ON
1258:'rocky river' from ON
1098:'broad river' from ON
1018:'crooked sea' from Br
738:Common Danish elements
496:
372:
237:
157:
2617:Smith, A. H. (1967).
2007:and the personal name
1703:'birch hill' from ON
1595:'leafy lake' from ON
1120:'cold river' from OE
1083:'dark river' from ON
494:
370:
235:
226:Further information:
177:Linguistic influences
152:
2726:Geography of Cumbria
2502:. Hougun, from the
2453:St. Herbert's Island
2210:'wolf hill' from ON
1899:'dung, filth, shit'
1814:'deer hill' from ON
1543:'swan lake' from ON
1460:, or an NF nickname
1375:'red river' from ON
1348:, 'elm' (cf Derwent)
1284:meaning 'sacred one'
1020:*mori- & *kambo-
45:improve this article
2388:, possibly from ON
1853:or possibly Gaelic
1829:- "Yellow Moorland"
1420:'restless' from OE
190:, plus entries for
138:, further parts of
60:"Cumbrian toponymy"
2721:History of Cumbria
2701:Culture in Cumbria
2542:History of Cumbria
1995:Towns and villages
1453:Bassenthwaite Lake
1397:'gushing' from ON
1062:west mōr inga land
497:
434:, meaning 'lake'.
424:Workington, Millom
395:then settling the
373:
358:) - 'hill', 'head'
238:
162:history of Cumbria
158:
132:North West England
2280:originally named
2167:Humphrey Senhouse
2113:Grange-over-Sands
2087:Dalton-in-Furness
2069:'fort of the God
2011:Barrow-in-Furness
1765:katts stigr kambr
1722:meaning 'valley'.
1280:probably from Br
701:- 'small lake' →
460:- 'pond, lake' →
428:Eamont, Stainmore
260:) and mountains (
167:Upper Paleolithic
124:Cumbrian toponymy
121:
120:
113:
95:
2733:
2716:English toponymy
2686:
2683:
2674:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2649:
2638:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2574:
2547:Welsh placenames
2537:Cumbric language
2512:
2500:island of Hougun
2478:
2434:
2420:
2412:
2394:
2342:
2318:
2310:
2286:
2272:
2179:'mills' from OE
1800:Dollywaggon Pike
1788:Coniston Old Man
1239:'water' from Br
1007:Grizedale Forest
914:Brythonic Celtic
608:- 'waterfall' →
242:Common Brittonic
228:Common Brittonic
214:. Ekwall covers
200:Penrith, Cumbria
140:northern England
136:Cumbric language
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2706:Celtic toponyms
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2630:
2626:
2615:
2611:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2575:
2564:
2560:
2523:
2260:
2060:'rock' from Br
1997:
1921:
1862:Racecourse Hill
1739:*blein *cuthrol
1695:
1607:was added later
1551:Ennerdale Water
1448:
1075:
1049:sol vath fjórðr
937:
918:Goidelic Celtic
898:
893:
881:
801:
765:
712:- 'clearing' →
688:- 'shieling' →
489:
391:and traversing
365:
308:) - 'summit' →
230:
224:
184:
179:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2688:
2687:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2639:
2624:
2609:
2594:
2587:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2481:
2480:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2423:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2302:Foulney Island
2299:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2275:
2274:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2237:
2228:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2183:
2174:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2120:
2110:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2021:
2008:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1901:Richard Coates
1888:
1881:
1870:St Sunday Crag
1866:
1858:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1807:
1796:
1784:
1771:
1769:catt stig camb
1756:
1741:
1735:*blein *cadeir
1723:
1707:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1666:
1657:; or from the
1642:
1631:
1620:
1608:
1588:
1577:
1566:
1555:
1547:
1536:
1525:
1517:
1510:Crummock Water
1506:
1499:Coniston Water
1495:
1484:
1472:Brothers Water
1468:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1413:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1368:
1349:
1337:
1319:
1308:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1262:
1251:
1243:
1232:
1220:
1205:
1197:
1186:
1170:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1124:
1113:
1111:*kaleto *dubro
1102:
1091:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1055:
1042:
1013:
1004:
986:
977:
957:
948:
936:
933:
897:
894:
892:
889:
880:
877:
876:
875:
869:
863:
857:
847:
841:
805:Middle English
800:
797:
764:
761:
760:
759:
748:
723:
722:
716:
707:
696:
683:
674:
664:
653:
642:
627:
616:
603:
592:
581:
488:
485:
484:
483:
470:
464:
455:
449:
393:Stainmore Pass
389:Hadrian's Wall
364:
361:
360:
359:
349:
339:
322:
312:
223:
220:
183:
180:
178:
175:
156:within England
130:, a county in
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2738:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2682:
2680:
2670:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Lake District
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:it is called
2493:
2492:Domesday Book
2489:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2461:
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2427:
2424:
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2413:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:Lord's Island
2359:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:Chapel Island
2294:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2249:
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2241:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
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2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:Blennerhasset
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:Saint Dominic
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:hjartar haugr
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:meaning stone
1794:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
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1736:
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1729:
1728:
1724:
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1708:
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1702:
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1697:
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1687:
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1682:
1680:
1676:
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1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
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1625:
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1614:
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1609:
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1598:
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1582:
1578:
1576:
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1548:
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1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
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1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Morecambe Bay
1014:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
987:
985:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
965:
961:
958:
956:
952:
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:
932:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
888:
886:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
835:
834:
833:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
813:
810:
809:Domesday Book
806:
796:
794:
790:
789:Celtic Church
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
758:
757:
752:
749:
746:
743:
742:
741:
740:
739:
734:
732:
728:
720:
717:
715:
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708:
706:
705:
700:
697:
695:
691:
687:
684:
682:
678:
675:
672:
668:
665:
663:
662:
658:- 'island' →
657:
654:
652:
651:
646:
643:
641:
637:
636:
632:- 'ravine' →
631:
628:
626:
625:
620:
617:
615:
611:
607:
604:
602:
601:
597:- 'valley' →
596:
593:
591:
590:
586:- 'stream' →
585:
582:
579:
576:
575:
574:
573:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
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386:
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378:
369:
357:
353:
350:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:) - 'rock' →
334:
333:craig, carreg
330:
326:
323:
320:
316:
313:
311:
307:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
296:
291:
289:
285:
284:Lake District
280:
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270:
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229:
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115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2669:
2660:
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2429:
2425:
2415:
2410:Hrafns holmr
2407:
2403:
2389:
2385:
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2366:
2360:
2337:
2333:
2313:
2305:
2301:
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2251:
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2239:
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2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1890:
1885:Scafell Pike
1883:
1878:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1815:
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1798:
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1768:
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1596:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1533:
1529:Devoke Water
1527:
1521:Derwentwater
1519:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1481:bróðirs vatn
1480:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1361:
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1351:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1231:, 'icy cold'
1228:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1045:Solway Firth
1044:
1030:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
979:
973:
966:
959:
954:
950:
940:
930:Anglo-Norman
899:
884:
882:
879:Modern names
871:
865:
859:
849:
843:
837:
830:
829:
828:
823:
821:
816:
814:
802:
772:
769:Norse-Gaelic
766:
754:
750:
744:
737:
736:
735:
730:
724:
718:
713:
709:
702:
698:
693:
689:
685:
680:
676:
666:
659:
655:
648:
644:
639:
633:
629:
622:
618:
613:
609:
605:
598:
594:
587:
583:
577:
570:
569:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
541:
516:
498:
481:-wick, -wich
480:
476:
472:
466:
461:
458:mere, mær(e)
457:
451:
445:
438:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
413:
375:Angles from
374:
355:
351:
345:
341:
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:
314:
309:
305:
301:
294:
293:
292:
288:Solway Firth
281:
276:
266:
261:
257:
239:
185:
159:
123:
122:
107:
101:January 2008
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2371:Piel Castle
2367:Piel Island
2081:Cockermouth
1980:sletta dalr
1929:borgar dalr
1834:High Street
1811:Harter Fell
1775:Causey Pike
1760:Catstye Cam
1711:Black Combe
1705:bjirk haugr
1700:Birker Fell
1640:thyrel mere
1629:tjórn haugr
1612:Rydal Water
1540:Elter Water
1493:butere mere
1477:breiðr vatn
1066:Northumbria
1058:Westmorland
1029:c.150AD as
1027:Geographica
1001:Fuþþernessa
984:Cumbra land
945:River Ellen
943:'valley of
902:Old English
793:Northumbria
785:St. Sanctan
771:influence (
679:- 'peak' →
647:- 'hill' →
513:Isle of Man
420:Old English
397:Eden Valley
385:Northumbria
363:Old English
212:Westmorland
196:Cockermouth
2695:Categories
2588:0904889726
2558:References
2426:Roa Island
2404:Rampsholme
2264:Belle Isle
2240:Workington
2231:Whitehaven
2212:ulfr haugr
2203:þrœl kelda
2186:Milnthorpe
2096:Frizington
1989:vatns dalr
1970:Patterdale
1934:Dunnerdale
1925:Borrowdale
1855:maol breac
1851:*moil brïχ
1827:*hal velyn
1727:Blencathra
1685:Windermere
1670:Wast Water
1592:Loweswater
1586:Eiths vatn
1581:Hayeswater
1570:Haweswater
1504:konigs tun
1488:Buttermere
1296:, 'smooth'
1195:ēa (ge)mot
1168:*derwentio
1039:Lancashire
980:Cumberland
955:kaupa land
781:St. Brigid
348:) - 'fort'
321:) - 'fort'
216:Lancashire
208:Cumberland
71:newspapers
2504:Old Norse
2444:haematite
2392:fouder ey
2334:Ladyholme
2284:Langholme
2235:hvit hafn
2221:Ulfrs tun
2217:Ulverston
2199:Threlkeld
2171:Ellenfoot
2140:Kent dalr
2123:Hawkshead
2075:Cair Luel
1965:marr dalr
1950:lang dalr
1940:Ennerdale
1908:Stainmore
1846:Mellbreak
1822:Helvellyn
1745:Cat Bells
1716:blæc camb
1659:Norse god
1646:Ullswater
1635:Thirlmere
1624:Tarn Hows
1617:Routhmere
1597:lauf saer
1575:hafs vatn
1564:græs mere
1545:eltr vatn
1515:*crumbaco
1440:vinstri á
1185:, 'dark'.
1031:Morikambe
1024:Ptolemy's
1011:gris dalr
974:*kombrogi
971:Brittonic
969:, from a
941:Allerdale
906:Old Norse
580:- 'river'
544:Old Norse
521:Hordaland
487:Old Norse
222:Brythonic
2521:See also
2496:Houganai
2476:valna ey
2386:Fotheray
2163:Maryport
2149:cēse wic
2091:dalr tun
2067:Carlisle
2053:bogi nes
2035:haysaetr
2001:Aspatria
1976:Sleddale
1955:Lonsdale
1946:Langdale
1913:stān mōr
1849:Cumbric
1839:via alta
1781:causeway
1559:Grasmere
1458:Beabstan
1412:'s pool'
1341:Lyvennet
1282:*cunetio
1146:'stones'
1100:breiðr á
1085:blaengir
1053:Selgovae
951:Copeland
926:Scottish
891:Examples
874:- 'hill'
856:in 1536)
777:St. Bega
721:- 'farm'
533:Telemark
525:Rogaland
511:and the
501:toponymy
403:Valley,
381:Bernicia
269:Scotland
171:Iron Age
142:and the
2527:Cumbria
2488:Wagneia
2382:Foudrey
2351:St Mary
2312:and ON
2308:fuglena
2258:Islands
2192:and Da
2158:kirk by
2145:Keswick
2049:Bowness
2028:Cumbric
2017:and ON
1985:Wasdale
1961:Mardale
1919:Valleys
1892:Skiddaw
1752:and ME
1732:Cumbric
1677:and OE
1534:*dubaco
1464:and ON
1435:Winster
1405:Wampool
1399:spretta
1388:rauði á
1372:Rawthey
1333:Ialonus
1317:lauðr á
1312:Lowther
1260:grjót á
1163:Derwent
1122:cald ēa
1095:Brathay
1003:(c1150)
995:and ON
989:Furness
960:Cumbria
714:thwaite
517:thwaite
509:Ireland
505:Iceland
409:Furness
405:Cartmel
383:(later
329:*carrek
317:(Welsh
304:(Welsh
273:Cumbric
250:Cornish
182:Sources
154:Cumbria
128:Cumbria
85:scholar
2655:(2003)
2585:
2470:Walney
2418:hramsa
2190:millen
2181:millen
2177:Millom
2154:Kirkby
2136:Kendal
2127:heofod
2117:grange
2062:carreg
2040:Bootle
2031:*blein
1879:carreg
1767:or OE
1655:Ulphus
1603:or OE
1462:Bastun
1394:Sprint
1383:Rothay
1377:rauð á
1364:or OE
1306:ljós á
1247:Gilpin
1216:or OE
1190:Eamont
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1158:'tear'
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452:-inga-
416:Rheged
325:*creic
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252:, and
210:, and
192:Kendal
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2510:haugr
2506:word
2432:rauðr
2340:holmr
2270:belle
2244:Weorc
2208:Ulpha
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1605:wæter
1599:, ON
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1417:Waver
1410:Wōden
1366:migan
1358:meigh
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1328:Alōna
1294:llyfn
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1241:*isca
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935:Areas
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1427:wave
1424:(cf
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1301:Liza
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900:OE
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319:caer
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1271:*ir
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677:pic
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630:gil
552:-ay
535:in
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467:tūn
446:hām
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346:din
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