4188:
1163:
2775:
86:
349:
2691:
2763:
4851:
4594:
43:
1124:(signs with a set symbolic value) are rare. Instead, most writing is done with the syllabic characters, where a single symbol stands for a vowel, or a consonant-vowel pair (either VC or CV). A striking feature is the consistent use of 'full-writing' to indicate long vowels, even at the beginning of words. In this system a long vowel is indicated by writing it twice. For example,
2648:
The decipherment and classification of
Hieroglyphic Luwian was much more difficult. In the 1920s, there were a number of failed attempts. In the 1930s some individual logograms and syllabic signs were correctly identified. At this point the classification of the language was not yet clear and, since
2600:
The surviving corpus of Luwian texts consists principally of cuneiform ritual texts from the 16th and 15th centuries BC and monumental inscriptions in hieroglyphs. There are also some letters and economic documents. The majority of the hieroglyphic inscriptions derive from the 12th to 7th centuries
705:
II, and spread widely in the
Anatolian peninsula. He cited the distribution of a new type of wheel-made pottery, Red Slip Wares, as some of the best evidence for his theory. According to Mellaart, the proto-Luwian migrations to Anatolia came in several distinct waves over many centuries. The recent
1244:
The reconstruction of the Luwian phoneme inventory is based mainly on the written texts and comparisons with the known development of other Indo-European languages. Two series of stops can be identified, one transliterated as geminate in the cuneiform script. These fortis and lenis stops may have
515:
in referring to this broader group as Luwic, whereas others refer to the "Luwian group" (and, in that sense, "Luwian" may mean several distinct languages). Likewise, Proto-Luwian may mean the common ancestor of the whole group, or just the ancestor of Luwian (normally, under
2702:, which triggered a chain reaction resulting in an entirely new system of readings. Since that time, research has concentrated on better understanding the relationship between the two different forms of Luwian, in order to gain a clearer understanding of Luwian as a whole.
511:(also known as Lycian B or Lycian II) – are now usually identified as related to Luwian – and as mutually connected more closely than other constituents of the Anatolian branch. This suggests that these languages formed a sub-branch within Anatolian. Some linguists follow
2737:, which means "exceptionally courageous". "The certainty is growing that Wilusa/Troy belonged to the greater Luwian-speaking community," but it is not entirely clear whether Luwian was primarily the official language or it was in daily colloquial use.
520:, were the branch to be called Luwic, its ancestor should be known as Proto-Luwic or Common Luwic; in practice, such names are seldom used). Luwic or Luwian (in the broad sense of the term), is one of three major sub-branches of Anatolian, alongside
1182:, "Hieroglyphic Hittite" was formerly used to refer to the language of the same inscriptions, but this term is now obsolete. The dialect of Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions appears to be either Empire Luwian or its descendant, Iron Age Luwian.
865:, which was written in a unique native hieroglyphic script. The differences between the dialects are minor, but they affect vocabulary, style, and grammar. The different orthographies of the two writing systems may also hide some differences.
2010:
Adjectives agree with nouns in number and gender. Forms for the nominative and the accusative differ only in the animate gender and even then, only in the singular. For the sake of clarity, the table includes only the endings beginning with
751:
a western
Anatolian kingdom corresponding roughly with Mira and the Seha River Land. Therefore, several scholars shared the view that Luwian was spoken—to varying degrees—across a large portion of western Anatolia, including
2616:. The absence of the syllabic symbols from the seals makes it impossible to determine the pronunciation of names and titles that appear on them, or even to make a certain attribution of the text to a specific language.
1094:
the corpus of
Hittite cuneiform texts with Luwian insertions runs from CTH 757–773, mostly comprising rituals. Cuneiform Luwian texts are written in several dialects, of which the most easily identifiable are
2628:
in 1919. Further progress in the understanding of the language came after the Second World War, with the publication and analysis of a larger number of texts. Important work in this period was produced by
2680:, it became clear that both cuneiform and hieroglyphic texts recorded the same Luwian language. This revision resulted from a discovery outside the area of Luwian settlement, namely the annotations on
627:
need not imply a wheel and so need not have been derived from a PIE word with that meaning. The IE words for a wheel may well have arisen in those other IE languages after the
Anatolian split.
1895:
is added to the nominative/accusative inanimate case ending. In the genitive case, cuneiform and hieroglyphic Luwian differ sharply from each other. In cuneiform Luwian the possessive suffix
1248:
The following table provides a minimal consonant inventory, as can be reconstructed from the script. The existence of other consonants, which were not differentiated in writing, is possible.
643:
in southeastern
Anatolia, as well as a number of locations in central Anatolia. Beginning in the 14th century BC, Luwian-speakers came to constitute the majority in the Hittite capital
3495:
Die
Ausbreitung des Indogermanischen: Thesen aus Sprachwissenschaft, Archäologie und Genetik; Akten der Arbeitstagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Würzburg, 24–26 September 2009
2677:
838:). Therefore, none of the arguments in favour of the Luwian linguistic dominance in Western Asia Minor can be regarded as compelling, although the issue continues to be debated.
2665:. The reading of several syllabic signs was still faulty, however, and as a result it was not realised that the cuneiform and hieroglyphic texts recorded the same language.
3334:
Gander, Max. "Asia, Ionia, Maeonia und Luwiya? Bemerkungen zu den neuen
Toponymen aus Kom el-Hettan (Theben-West) mit Exkursen zu Westkleinasien in der Spätbronzezeit".
2182:
are declined as adjectives. All known forms of the personal pronouns are given, but it is not clear how their meanings differed or how they changed for different cases.
2721:
After the 1995 finding of a Luwian biconvex seal at Troy VII, there has been a heated discussion over the language that was spoken in
Homeric Troy. Frank Starke of the
615:", which in turn would have derived from the common word for "wheel" found in all other Indo-European families. The wheel was invented in the 5th millennium BC and, if
2802:
says, "If anyone steal a slave of a Luwian from the land of Luwia, and lead him here to the land of Hatti, and his master discover him, he shall take his slave only."
4219:
3556:
1202:
3700:
2630:
1245:
been distinguished by either voicing or gemination. The contrast was lost initially and finally, suggesting that any voicing only appeared intervocalically.
4631:
2669:
2608:
Another source of Luwian are the hieroglyphic seals which date from the 16th to the 7th centuries BC. Seals from the time of the
Hittite empire are often
1911:
for the plural are used. The special form of possessive adjectives with a plural possessor is restricted to Kizzuwatna Luwian and probably represents a
5224:
2047:. The case endings are similar those of Hittite, but not all cases are attested for personal pronouns. In the third person, the demonstrative pronoun
5916:
5400:
6346:
6336:
5911:
3397:
Matessi, A. "The Making of Hittite Imperial Landscapes: Territoriality and Balance of Power in South-Central Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age".
2634:
1213:
2439:
with temporal or conditional meaning are used to link clauses. There is no coordinating conjunction, but main clauses can be coordinated with the
6326:
6316:
5906:
5901:
5896:
779:
2642:
1938:. It is, however, possible to account for the Luwian possessive construction as a result of case attraction in the Indo-European noun phrase.
8042:
6331:
3828:
1100:
2461:
The following example sentence demonstrates several common features of Luwian: a final verb, the particle chain headed by the conjunction
5475:
5219:
4019:
3752:
469:
The two varieties of Proto-Luwian or Luwian (in the narrow sense of these names) are known after the scripts in which they were written:
3708:
Yakubovich, I. (2023). "Cuneiform Luwian in the Hattuša Archives". In Giusfredi, Federico; Pisaniello, Valerio; Matessi, Alvise (eds.).
2446:, which is attached to the first word of the following clause. In narratives, clauses are linked by using the prosecutive conjunctions:
4212:
706:
detailed review of Mellaart's claims suggests that his ethnolinguistic conclusions cannot be substantiated on archaeological grounds.
8074:
3006:
Mouton, Alice and Yakubovich, Ilya. "Where did one speak luwili? Geographic and linguistic diversity of Luwian cuneiform texts". In:
1190:
17:
1236:; the lexical borrowings from Greek are limited to proper nouns, although common nouns borrowed in the opposite direction do exist.
5275:
4624:
1642:
and . In loans to Ugaritic, these sounds are transcribed with <ḫ> and <ġ>, while in Egyptian they are transcribed with
4836:
635:
Luwian was among the languages spoken during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC by groups in central and western Anatolia and northern
3769:
2653:. After a break in research due to the Second World War, there was breakthrough in 1947 with the discovery and publication of a
3737:
Simon, Zsolt, "Once Again on the Distribution of Cuneiform Luwian= ša/za", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 76.1, pp. 191-197, 2024
7264:
3476:
1667:, since they were originally distinct signs for two different sounds, but in Luwian, both signs probably represented the same
9144:
5393:
4205:
3725:
3624:
3616:
3512:
3293:
Starke, Frank (1997). "Troia im Kontext des historisch-politischen und sprachlichen Umfeldes Kleinasiens im 2. Jahrtausend".
3244:
709:
Other arguments were advanced for the extensive Luwian presence in western Anatolia in the late second millennium BC. In the
685:, the earliest Indo-Europeans in northwest Anatolia were the horse-riders who came to this region from the north and founded
7713:
4228:
3797:
1759:: singular and plural. Some animate nouns could also take a collective plural in addition to the regular numerical plural.
834:, however, cannot be regarded as the direct descendant of Luwian and probably does not even belong to the Luwic group (see
7150:
5462:
4966:
4617:
371:
5686:
3779:
1607:, which could be short or long. Vowel length is not stable but changes with the stress and word position. For example,
1207:
8912:
8898:
8868:
8007:
4693:
3821:
3525:
Starke, Frank. 'Troia im Kontext des historisch-politischen und sprachlichen Umfeldes Kleinasiens im 2. Jahrtausend.
3431:
3388:
3110:
3082:
1167:
2958:
Although Yakubovich (2010) has argued that a chain of scribal error and revision led to this substitution, and that
9130:
7847:
7244:
5386:
5357:
1639:
5691:
3774:
7570:
6831:
4012:
361:
3234:
1638:
have often been interpreted as pharyngeal fricatives and . However, they may have instead been uvular and or
9137:
7703:
7342:
5270:
5254:
4528:
3670:
846:
Luwian was split into many dialects, which were written in two different writing systems. One of these was the
3033:. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. p. 64. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.005.
1930:, the possessive suffix was sometimes considered evidence of a shared non-Indo-European language or an Aegean
1656:
As both of these languages had pharyngeal consonants, the Luwian sounds are unlikely to have been pharyngeal.
681:
A number of scholars in the past attempted to argue for the Luwian homeland in western Anatolia. According to
654:. 1180 BC, the Hittite king and royal family were fully bilingual in Luwian. Long after the extinction of the
7812:
7337:
6395:
5296:
3598:
1903:
is used for the genitive plural. In hieroglyphic Luwian, as in Hittite, the classical Indo-European suffixes
6674:
3640:
Melchert, H. Craig; Yakubovich, Ilya (2022). "Binding and Smiting: One More Merism in Luvian Incantations".
1050:
320:
305:
9123:
9102:
6390:
6165:
5681:
5457:
5306:
5041:
4548:
3926:
3814:
990:
544:
225:
4187:
2624:
After the decipherment of Hittite, Cuneiform Luwian was recognised as a separate, but related language by
2229:
Like many other Indo-European languages, Luwian distinguishes two numbers (singular and plural) and three
2185:
In addition to the forms given in the table, Luwian also had a demonstrative pronoun formed from the stem
1579:
1573:
1567:
1548:
1524:
1500:
1477:
1451:
1440:
1415:
1404:
1395:
1377:
1366:
1357:
1304:
1294:
61:
9003:
8982:
7662:
7657:
7352:
7254:
5776:
5467:
5362:
5244:
5239:
5174:
4850:
2668:
In the 1970s, as a result of a fundamental revision of the readings of a large number of hieroglyphs by
9070:
7667:
7234:
6647:
5708:
5367:
4976:
4005:
2753:
564:
6400:
5718:
956:
947:
938:
485:). There is no consensus as to whether these were a single language or two closely related languages.
196:
187:
178:
7320:
7042:
6595:
6182:
5051:
4866:
4242:
3789:
2928:
2428:, but they sometimes follow the antecedent. Dependent words and adjectives are normally before their
639:. The earliest Luwian texts in cuneiform transmission are attested in connection with the Kingdom of
3192:
3156:
2722:
9251:
8820:
8806:
8111:
6694:
6497:
5713:
5006:
4648:
3953:
1675:
995:
230:
8425:
5841:
3097:
Melchert, H. Craig (1996), "Anatolian Hieroglyphs", in Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.),
9109:
8137:
7094:
6771:
6750:
6630:
6610:
6442:
6113:
6017:
5494:
5452:
5409:
5316:
5249:
5143:
4996:
4914:
4909:
3963:
3749:"Digital etymological-philological Dictionary of the Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)"
2662:
928:
532:
436:
168:
786:
valley. In a number of recent publications, however, the geographic identity between Luwiya and
7827:
6766:
6756:
6689:
6199:
5632:
5347:
5199:
4958:
2612:, written in both cuneiform and hieroglyphics. However, the seals nearly always are limited to
2036:
1078:
Luwian (or Kizzuwatna Luwian) is the corpus of Luwian texts attested in the tablet archives of
619:
does derive from it, then the Anatolian branch left PIE after its invention (so validating the
2400:. It has a passive sense for transitive verbs and a stative sense for intransitive verbs. The
1162:
9211:
9116:
8905:
8854:
8314:
8236:
8000:
7939:
7924:
7493:
7372:
7114:
7074:
6806:
6482:
5666:
5654:
5627:
5612:
5016:
4543:
3694:
3603:
Proceedings of the 19th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, Los Angeles, November 3–4, 2007
3179:
3143:
2436:
1561:
1175:
253:
7919:
7124:
3136:"The Proto-Anatolian consonant system: An argument in favor of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis?"
690:
8975:
8726:
8403:
7899:
7554:
7518:
6923:
6846:
6679:
6427:
6417:
6256:
6239:
5555:
5234:
5194:
4673:
3671:"Where did one speak luwili? Geographic and linguistic diversity of Luwian cuneiform texts"
2673:
2425:
790:
was rejected or doubted. In the post-Hittite era, the region of Arzawa came to be known as
686:
110:
3419:, ed. R. D. Woodard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 46–55, esp. 46.
2979:
Watkins 1994; id. 1995:144–51; Starke 1997; Melchert 2003; for the geography Hawkins 1998.
8:
7802:
7698:
7420:
6943:
5649:
5321:
5229:
5204:
5011:
4986:
4573:
4464:
3837:
3348:
Hawkins, J. D. "Tarkasnawa King of Mira: 'Tarkendemos', Boğazköy Sealings, and Karabel",
2799:
2746:
2654:
2586:
2417:
2383:
1487:
1427:
1157:
933:
835:
636:
494:
478:
432:
324:
290:
173:
52:
5965:
3866:
3590:
2641:. An important advance came in 1985 with the reorganisation of the whole text-corpus by
9256:
8961:
8938:
8572:
8461:
8451:
8343:
8286:
8272:
8229:
7934:
7817:
7652:
7544:
7503:
7457:
7452:
7347:
7329:
6997:
6928:
6893:
6841:
6654:
6642:
6053:
5975:
5876:
5431:
5311:
5280:
5179:
5026:
4943:
3932:
3657:
3458:
2658:
2429:
2420:, but words can be moved to the front of the sentence for stress or to start a clause.
2254:
2230:
2218:
1891:
is inserted between the stem and the case ending. In hieroglyphic Luwian, the particle
1756:
1752:
1261:
1256:
1174:
Hieroglyphic Luwian is the corpus of Luwian texts written in a native script, known as
8194:
7852:
3260:
1066:
339:
9084:
9077:
8813:
8799:
8711:
8600:
8510:
8489:
8468:
8396:
8328:
8187:
8145:
8097:
7832:
7822:
7467:
7462:
7367:
7362:
7269:
7224:
7047:
7027:
7017:
7007:
7002:
6938:
6933:
6861:
6796:
6781:
6731:
6726:
6669:
6605:
6563:
6405:
6291:
6214:
5730:
5725:
5602:
5301:
5158:
5153:
5138:
5073:
4991:
4948:
4668:
4663:
4578:
4523:
4028:
3986:
3920:
3909:
3721:
3661:
3620:
3612:
3427:
3384:
3240:
3106:
3078:
2685:
2258:
2032:
1798:
1346:
1266:
1233:
1229:
851:
620:
90:
57:
3026:
367:
9218:
9156:
9049:
9010:
8996:
8954:
8829:
8775:
8756:
8690:
8682:
8668:
8661:
8586:
8382:
8357:
8293:
8265:
8180:
8166:
8083:
8056:
7993:
7904:
7807:
7629:
7472:
7099:
7079:
7069:
7064:
6948:
6704:
6637:
6625:
6590:
6585:
6568:
6507:
6472:
6432:
6234:
6229:
6177:
6128:
6012:
5946:
5886:
5836:
5781:
5698:
5676:
5661:
5607:
5597:
5531:
5214:
5209:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5093:
5088:
5078:
4894:
4751:
4736:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4688:
3976:
3904:
3851:
3713:
3682:
3649:
3022:
2767:
2638:
2594:
2234:
2190:
1916:
1763:
1719:
1276:
1225:
1198:
1179:
1087:
1083:
908:
858:
655:
521:
394:
309:
280:
145:
9056:
8251:
7877:
7528:
6898:
3653:
2019:. The forms are largely derived from the forms of the nominal declension, with an
1185:
The first report of a monumental inscription dates to 1850, when an inhabitant of
9042:
8734:
8675:
8621:
8614:
8593:
8579:
8563:
8541:
8496:
8389:
8364:
8336:
8321:
8244:
8222:
8215:
8173:
8133:
8104:
7792:
7762:
7585:
7508:
7274:
7204:
7109:
7057:
7037:
6973:
6963:
6953:
6918:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6786:
6741:
6736:
6620:
6615:
6462:
6452:
6306:
6271:
6266:
6246:
6140:
6098:
6038:
5921:
5891:
5801:
5761:
5703:
5637:
5617:
5565:
5548:
5536:
5148:
5123:
5098:
5046:
5036:
5031:
5021:
5001:
4971:
4923:
4919:
4889:
4434:
4364:
4345:
4177:
3981:
3971:
3914:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3861:
3801:
3609:
Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion between Anatolia and the Aegean
3464:
3378:
3099:
2774:
2711:
2421:
2250:
2242:
1540:
1283:
1271:
951:
942:
920:
831:
799:
722:
552:
504:
439:
191:
182:
160:
31:
7239:
6422:
3794:
1224:. Luwian hieroglyphic texts contain a limited number of lexical borrowings from
611:"circle". It has been argued that this derives from a proto-Anatolian word for "
9179:
9063:
8947:
8927:
8836:
8704:
8635:
8534:
8482:
8475:
8307:
8300:
8279:
8258:
8159:
8152:
7959:
7914:
7842:
7837:
7688:
7672:
7647:
7590:
7580:
7575:
7415:
7289:
7249:
7219:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7129:
7104:
7052:
6992:
6958:
6908:
6856:
6821:
6776:
6746:
6699:
6659:
6558:
6512:
6467:
6385:
6321:
6276:
6261:
6224:
6204:
6172:
6160:
6108:
6103:
6093:
6083:
6078:
5995:
5980:
5970:
5936:
5926:
5871:
5856:
5821:
5671:
5575:
5523:
5413:
5128:
4533:
4330:
4197:
4137:
3454:
3070:
2602:
1220:. The largest known inscription was excavated in 1970 in Yalburt, northwest of
1007:
682:
648:
512:
242:
151:
102:
7389:
3784:
3717:
2454:, can be an independent conjunction at the start of a clause and the enclitic
2432:
word. Enclitic particles are often attached to the first word or conjunction.
531:
As Luwian has numerous archaisms, it is regarded as important to the study of
9245:
9186:
9035:
8968:
8891:
8861:
8719:
8697:
8628:
8524:
8503:
8350:
8208:
8126:
8119:
8090:
8049:
7964:
7954:
7949:
7736:
7430:
7089:
7032:
6684:
6457:
6341:
6296:
6251:
6219:
6068:
5985:
5958:
5931:
5861:
5846:
5831:
5786:
5543:
4928:
4776:
4683:
4598:
4496:
3686:
3605:, ed. K. Jones-Bley et al., Washington: Institute for the Study of Man, 2008.
2262:
1809:
The vocative case occurs rarely in surviving texts and only in the singular.
1043:
775:
675:
298:
6005:
3569:
Troy and the Trojan War. A Symposium held at Bryn Mawr College, October 1984
3345:, M. Weeden and L. Z. Ullmann (eds.). Leiden: Brill, 2017. pp. 262–280.
8642:
8607:
8548:
8035:
7797:
7693:
7606:
7498:
7399:
7209:
7022:
6987:
6968:
6903:
6791:
6553:
6477:
6286:
6281:
6192:
6187:
6123:
6063:
6043:
6000:
5990:
5941:
5826:
5806:
5796:
5644:
5622:
5580:
5378:
4933:
4746:
4678:
3011:
738:
714:
560:
543:
Aegean. These archaisms are often regarded as supporting the view that the
463:
6851:
3759:
2949:
See, e.g., Bryce in Melchert 2003:29–31; Singer 2005:435; Hawkins 2009:74.
1034:
285:
275:
9225:
8989:
8920:
8201:
7892:
7752:
7513:
7357:
7214:
7119:
6888:
6816:
6801:
6709:
6502:
6412:
6311:
6301:
6155:
6118:
6073:
6058:
6033:
5953:
5881:
5866:
5570:
5352:
5342:
5133:
5065:
4938:
4826:
4640:
4568:
4480:
4315:
4272:
4152:
4147:
4142:
3457:(1929–1985): Papers from the Fourth East Coast Indo-European Conference,
2967:
2779:
2625:
2246:
1620:
1113:
771:
710:
659:
3748:
2576:"And I came over glorified from those lands." (Karkamiš A11b+c, line 14)
1186:
85:
7882:
7857:
7425:
6868:
6358:
6353:
6209:
6150:
5791:
4884:
4879:
4472:
4419:
4359:
4354:
4290:
4257:
4117:
4042:
3710:
Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World
2730:
2690:
2401:
2393:
2238:
1931:
1927:
1789:
1770:
1104:
1096:
671:
640:
540:
517:
4609:
4300:
3806:
3493:
Rieken, Elisabeth. "Luwier, Lykier, Lyder—alle vom selben Stamm?", in
3412:, eds. B. J. Collins et al. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2008, pp. 153–7.
3283:
Watkins 1994; Watkins 1995:144–51; Melchert 2003, pp. 265–70 with ref.
9193:
9172:
9165:
7944:
7781:
7477:
7444:
7279:
7170:
6719:
6447:
6363:
6088:
5189:
4874:
4761:
4698:
4553:
4167:
4082:
3498:
2609:
2590:
2266:
1111:
scribes of the 14th–13th centuries BC and is mainly attested through
1075:
1059:
1027:
1014:
854:
737:
was recently shown to be non-existent. In a corrupt late copy of the
348:
332:
266:
249:
7887:
3997:
3763:
2909:
2894:
2585:
The known Luwian vocabulary consists mostly of words inherited from
2450:
before the first word of the following clause means 'and then', and
7909:
7872:
7867:
7747:
7708:
7549:
7308:
7193:
7084:
6826:
6714:
6664:
6535:
6048:
5851:
5811:
5592:
5585:
5436:
5326:
4981:
4904:
4899:
4806:
4791:
4786:
4741:
4538:
4379:
4305:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4092:
4067:
4057:
4052:
3171:
3135:
2762:
2613:
2597:, and were often subsequently passed on through Luwian to Hittite.
2440:
1803:
1794:
1784:
1775:
1121:
891:
783:
730:
443:
379:
120:
7929:
8016:
7523:
7394:
7284:
7259:
7145:
6982:
6836:
6811:
6580:
6487:
6135:
5749:
5560:
5083:
4811:
4801:
4766:
4756:
4563:
4558:
4502:
4484:
4429:
4424:
4393:
4369:
4350:
4325:
4320:
4310:
4294:
4262:
4162:
4157:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4077:
4072:
4062:
4047:
2470:
1108:
1079:
901:
698:
694:
644:
459:
375:
138:
4492:
3545:
Untersuchungen zur Stammbildung des keilschrift-luwischen Nomens
3488:
Zur grammatikalischen und lexikalischen Bestimmung des Luvischen
2710:
Luwian has been deduced as one of the likely candidates for the
2593:
for various technical and religious concepts derive mainly from
607:, which means "make the rounds of" and is probably derived from
9017:
6761:
6573:
6492:
6437:
6145:
5816:
4831:
4781:
4703:
4507:
4488:
4476:
4459:
4439:
4409:
4384:
4252:
4247:
3856:
3468:
2963:
2681:
2649:
it was believed to be a form of Hittite, it was referred to as
1935:
1912:
1780:
1612:
1217:
1194:
787:
758:
747:
556:
525:
508:
500:
124:
106:
7384:
7379:
7229:
7012:
6913:
6600:
5511:
5184:
4821:
4816:
4796:
4468:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4414:
4374:
4340:
4335:
4286:
4172:
3876:
3548:
3537:
3031:
The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective
2988:
Hawkins 2013, p. 5, Gander 2017, p. 263, Matessi 2017, fn. 35
2726:
1592:
1221:
791:
717:, some, if not all, of the Luwian-speaking areas were called
667:
663:
612:
403:
128:
2221:
whose meanings are not entirely clear are also transmitted.
630:
431:, is an ancient language, or group of languages, within the
7862:
7757:
4771:
4388:
3410:
Anatolian Interfaces: Hittites, Greeks and their Neighbours
3355:
Hawkins, J. D. "The Arzawa letters in recent perspective",
3075:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
2715:
1197:
found another inscription built into the south wall of the
1103:
Luwian, and Empire Luwian. The last dialect represents the
753:
702:
412:
409:
2265:, which is used to express future events as well, and the
378:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
30:
For the Sal languages spoken in Burma and Bangladesh, see
2573:
and=QUOT DEM-ABL land-ABL.PL glorified-NOM over come-1.SG
2023:
before the case ending that would be expected for nouns.
3236:
Hieroglyphic Luwian: An Introduction with Original Texts
1926:
place names and words scattered around all sides of the
603:(probably ). Luwian has also been enlisted for its verb
3557:
How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics
2911:
James Mellaart and the Luwians: A Culture-(Pre)history
2896:
James Mellaart and the Luwians: A Culture-(Pre)history
2816:
Morphosyntax of the Noun Phrase in Hieroglyphic Luwian
3567:, ed. L. Oliver et al., vol. 2. 700–717. Innsbruck. =
2751:
647:. It appears that by the time of the collapse of the
539:) in general, the other Anatolian languages, and the
415:
406:
3712:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 284–312.
3574:
Widmer, P. 2006. 'Mykenisch ru-wa-ni-jo, "Luwier".'
3380:
Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery
3362:
Hawkins, J. D. "A New Look at the Luwian Language".
593:
581:
569:
400:
27:
Ancient Indo-European language of the Hittite Empire
3790:
Genitive Case and Possessive Adjective in Anatolian
3563:Watkins, C.1994. 'The Language of the Trojans.' In
3042:
Luwian cuneiform texts are collected in Starke 1985
1674:A noteworthy phonological development in Luwian is
397:
3785:Catalog of Hittite Texts: texts in other languages
3639:
3098:
2178:Possessive pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in
3699:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3357:British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan
2698:was shown to be being used to indicate the sound
697:c. 3000 BC. They were allegedly ancestors of the
674:, as well as in the central Anatolian kingdom of
499:Several other Anatolian languages – particularly
9243:
4227:
3668:
3105:, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2488:𔗷𔗬𔑈𔓯𔐤𔗷𔖶𔔆𔗐𔓱𔑣𔓢𔑈𔓷𔖻𔗔𔑏𔖱𔗷𔖶𔑦𔗬𔓯𔓷
2035:typical of Anatolian languages, Luwian also has
3451:Melchert, H. Craig. "PIE velars in Luvian", in
2688:using the hieroglyphic Luwian script. The sign
2382:The conjugation is very similar to the Hittite
2217:(nominative/accusative plural inanimate). Some
462:lived. Luwiya is attested, for example, in the
3172:"Der phonetische Wert der luwischen Laryngale"
3073:(2004), "Luvian", in Woodard, Roger D. (ed.),
2570:a=wa api-n wattaniy-ati pihammi-s sarra awi-ha
1755:: animate and inanimate/neuter. There are two
1714:in word final position can be dropped, and an
8001:
5394:
4625:
4213:
4013:
3822:
3770:Arzawa, to the west, throws light on Hittites
3760:Luwian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words
3522:62:430–51. (Review article of Melchert 2003).
2923:P. Widmer, "Mykenisch ru-wa-ni-jo 'Luwier'",
2857:Melchert, p.c., reported in Rieken 2012, p. 5
5408:
3534:Die keilschrift-luwischen Texte in Umschrift
3518:Singer, I. 2005. 'On Luwians and Hittites.'
3471:: Walter de Gruyter, 1987, pp. 182–204.
5220:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
8008:
7994:
5401:
5387:
4632:
4618:
4220:
4206:
4020:
4006:
3829:
3815:
3707:
3599:The Origin of Luwian Possessive Adjectives
2966:, but was further east in the area of the
2253:has been attested, but the existence of a
2189:, but not all cases are known, and also a
1630:The characters that are transliterated as
347:
84:
3077:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2458:indicates contrast or a change of theme.
733:, refers to the same area. but the stem *
631:Geographic and chronological distribution
3669:Mouton, Alice; Yakubovich, Ilya (2021).
3642:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3474:
3327:Beekes, R. S. P. "Luwians and Lydians",
3096:
3069:
3012:https://doi.org/10.1515/jlr-2021-191-208
2827:
2810:
2808:
2205:(nominative/accusative plural animate),
2051:occurs instead of the personal pronoun.
1161:
458:) – the name of the region in which the
4639:
3836:
3795:Melchert's homepage on the UCLA website
3591:Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language
3399:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History
2931:: Word study tool of ancient languages,
2580:
2564:
2541:
2476:adding directionality to the main verb
1659:In transcriptions of Luwian cuneiform,
678:that flourished in the 8th century BC.
658:, Luwian continued to be spoken in the
372:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
9244:
3753:Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
3506:Beiträge zur Erforschung des Luvischen
3376:
3311:
3292:
3133:
2733:, is connected to the Luwian compound
2619:
1934:preceding the arrivals of Luwians and
1899:is used for the genitive singular and
1178:. Once thought to be a variety of the
1151:
841:
623:as applicable to Anatolian). However,
9145:American Printing House for the Blind
8921:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
8573:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
7989:
7779:
7734:
7627:
7306:
7191:
6533:
5747:
5509:
5492:
5382:
4613:
4201:
4027:
4001:
3810:
3232:
3010:, vol. 19, no. 1-2, 2021, pp. 25–53.
2805:
2530:
2526:
2515:
2511:
2056:
2015:, but endings can also begin with an
1193:. In 1870, antiquarian travellers in
470:
7628:
3875:
3497:, ed. H. Hettrich & S. Ziegler.
3448:. Chapel Hill: self-published, 1993.
2997:Beekes 2003; cf. Melchert 2008b:154.
2705:
2560:
1663:is traditionally distinguished from
822:-, with regular Lydian sound change
721:. Widmer (2007) has argued that the
36:
8015:
3571:, ed. M. Mellink, 45–62. Bryn Mawr.
3417:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor
3383:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3341:Gander, Max "The West: Philology".
868:
353:Distribution of the Luwian language
24:
7735:
3780:Hieroglyphic Luwian Phonetic Signs
3632:
2729:, king of Troy at the time of the
2694:, which had hitherto been read as
2209:(ablative/instrumental singular),
25:
9268:
3741:
3515:. Leiden / New-York: Brill, 2021.
3415:Melchert, H. Craig. 'Lycian', in
3169:
2501:
1168:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
488:
5358:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
4849:
4592:
4186:
3675:Journal of Language Relationship
3508:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1952.
3490:. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1953.
3008:Journal of Language Relationship
2773:
2761:
2689:
2193:, which was declined regularly:
1979:Nominative/accusative inanimate
1845:Nominative/accusative inanimate
782:kingdom with its core being the
393:
41:
7780:
3585:. Amsterdam: Najade Pres, 1992.
3583:The Language of the Sea Peoples
3513:Anatolian Verbal Stem Formation
3408:as a loanword from Lydian", in
3343:Hittite Landscape and Geography
3305:
3286:
3277:
3253:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3163:
3127:
3118:
3090:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3016:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2917:
2902:
2887:
2201:(accusative singular animate),
2197:(nominative singular animate),
1212:discovered an inscription near
1120:Compared to cuneiform Hittite,
806:has been derived from the name
5474:Languages by writing system /
4915:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
4910:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
3439:Anatolian Historical Phonology
3265:www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2821:
2792:
2725:demonstrated that the name of
2396:can be formed with the suffix
1907:for the genitive singular and
857:that had been adapted for the
13:
1:
8913:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
8869:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
7307:
7192:
6534:
5297:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
4694:Tigris–Euphrates river system
3654:10.7817/jaos.142.2.2022.ar018
3371:Catalogue des textes hittites
2970:; see Yakubovich 2010:107–17.
2818:, Leiden, Brill NV, pp. 9–10.
1922:Because of the prevalence of
1741:
1738:are phonetically identical).
1082:; it is essentially the same
551:) had three distinct sets of
9124:National Braille Association
9103:Braille Institute of America
8821:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
5748:
4229:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
3239:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
2908:Christoph Bachhuber (2013),
2893:Christoph Bachhuber (2013),
2039:, the which are formed from
1941:
1239:
545:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
9004:Refreshable braille display
8983:Optical braille recognition
8580:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
8112:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
7255:New Epoch Notation Painting
5363:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
5245:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
5240:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
3477:"The Position of Anatolian"
3475:Melchert, H. Craig (2012).
3373:. Paris: Klincksieck, 1971.
3124:Yakubovich 2010, pp. 140–57
3101:The World's Writing Systems
2927:45 (2007), 82–84, cited on
2740:
2026:
50:It has been suggested that
10:
9273:
9071:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
5510:
5368:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
3441:. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994.
3404:Melchert H. Craig. "Greek
3320:
3214:Yakubovich 2010, pp. 45–53
3060:Yakubovich 2010, pp. 68–73
2601:BC, after the fall of the
2257:is assumed. There are two
2213:(dative/locative plural),
1887:In the animate gender, an
1201:. In 1884, Polish scholar
1155:
798:, Greek Λυδία), where the
594:
582:
570:
492:
67:Proposed since April 2024.
29:
9203:
9154:
9094:
9027:
8937:
8883:
8846:
8807:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
8786:
8767:
8748:
8653:
8559:
8520:
8447:
8374:
8073:
8066:
8027:
7985:
7788:
7775:
7743:
7730:
7681:
7640:
7636:
7623:
7599:
7563:
7537:
7486:
7443:
7408:
7328:
7321:Chinese family of scripts
7319:
7315:
7302:
7200:
7187:
7138:
6546:
6542:
6529:
6391:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
6378:
6026:
5769:
5760:
5756:
5743:
5518:
5505:
5501:
5493:
5488:
5476:by first written accounts
5445:
5424:
5420:
5335:
5289:
5263:
5167:
5064:
4957:
4865:
4858:
4847:
4729:
4656:
4647:
4587:
4516:
4402:
4235:
4184:
4035:
3962:
3946:
3844:
3718:10.1163/9789004548633_012
2962:was not coterminous with
2884:Melchert 2003, pp. 147–51
2411:
2349:
2318:
2287:
2274:
2145:
2114:
2083:
2058:
2003:
1965:
1880:
1831:
1718:may be added between two
1560:
1539:
1486:
1475:
1449:
1426:
1345:
1282:
1253:
1092:Catalog of Hittite Texts,
1057:
1041:
1025:
1020:
1004:
983:
917:
907:
897:
887:
880:
875:
358:
346:
330:
315:
296:
264:
259:
239:
218:
157:
144:
134:
116:
98:
83:
78:
18:Cuneiform Luwian language
8794:Chinese semi-syllabaries
8057:Unicode braille patterns
8043:International uniformity
6498:Thomas Natural Shorthand
3687:10.1515/jlr-2021-191-208
3446:Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon
3422:Melchert, H. Craig, ed.
3377:Latacz, Joachim (2004).
2786:
2424:are normally before the
2416:The usual word order is
2224:
1746:
1619:('underneath') but as a
1117:words in Hittite texts.
1084:cuneiform writing system
762:), the Seha River Land (
9131:Blindness organizations
9110:Braille Without Borders
8899:Canadian currency marks
8521:Egyptian lineage family
7704:Southwest Paleohispanic
3426:. Boston: Brill, 2003.
2663:Helmuth Theodor Bossert
2465:, the quotative clitic
1189:reported the relief at
850:which used the form of
533:Indo-European languages
518:tree-naming conventions
8448:Russian lineage family
7848:Great Lakes Algonquian
6757:Greco-Iberian alphabet
6690:Gabelsberger shorthand
5633:Inscriptional Parthian
5200:Babylonian mathematics
3689:(inactive 2024-09-12).
3560:. New York and Oxford.
3520:Bibliotheca Orientalis
3504:Rosenkranz, Bernhard.
3233:Payne, Annick (2010).
3187:Cite journal requires
3151:Cite journal requires
3051:Laroche 1971, pp. 35–9
2723:University of Tübingen
2037:demonstrative pronouns
2001:Ablative/instrumental
1878:Ablative/instrumental
1171:
741:the geographical term
423:), sometimes known as
360:This article contains
9212:Accessible publishing
9138:Schools for the blind
9117:Japan Braille Library
8906:Computer Braille Code
8560:Indian lineage family
7940:Old Persian cuneiform
6807:Carolingian minuscule
5613:Ancient North Arabian
3764:Swadesh list appendix
3594:. Leiden: Brill, 2010
3453:Studies in memory of
3338:97/2 (2015): 443–502.
2798:Law number 21 of the
2684:pots, written in the
2657:-Hieroglyphic Luwian
1591:There are only three
1176:Anatolian hieroglyphs
1165:
1128:"he goes" is written
802:was in use. The name
254:Anatolian hieroglyphs
8976:Mountbatten Brailler
8331:(largely reassigned)
8114:(largely reassigned)
7663:Southeastern Iberian
7658:Northeastern Iberian
5556:Egyptian hieroglyphs
5195:Babylonian astronomy
4674:Mesopotamian Marshes
3444:Melchert, H. Craig.
3437:Melchert, H. Craig.
3205:Melchert 2003 p. 171
2848:Melchert 1993, p. 99
2674:Anna Morpurgo Davies
2651:Hieroglyphic Hittite
2581:Vocabulary and texts
2062:Possessive pronouns
1698:('he gets') becomes
1627:('under the feet').
1166:Stele of Sultanhan,
567:. For Melchert, PIE
111:Neo-Hittite kingdoms
60:into this article. (
8928:Nemeth braille code
8714:(reassigned vowels)
8239:(extended to 8-dot)
7813:Canadian Aboriginal
7699:Khitan small script
7421:Khitan large script
6611:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
5276:Destruction by ISIL
5230:Sumerian literature
5205:Akkadian literature
4641:Ancient Mesopotamia
3838:Anatolian languages
3775:Alekseev Manuscript
3762:(from Wiktionary's
3597:Yakubovich, Ilya. "
3511:Sasseville, David.
3369:Laroche, Emmanuel.
3134:Kloekhorst, Alwin.
2875:Yakubovich 2010:307
2800:Code of the Nesilim
2747:Pre-Greek substrate
2631:Bernhard Rosenkranz
2620:History of research
2587:Proto-Indo-European
2418:subject-object-verb
2219:indefinite pronouns
2155:-as, -ata, -an, -du
1971:Accusative animate
1960:Nominative animate
1837:Accusative animate
1826:Nominative animate
1757:grammatical numbers
1753:grammatical genders
1611:occurs alone as an
1158:Hieroglyphic Luwian
1152:Hieroglyphic Luwian
991:Proto-Indo-European
863:Hieroglyphic Luwian
842:Script and dialects
836:Anatolian languages
495:Anatolian languages
479:Hieroglyphic Luwian
325:Hieroglyphic Luwian
291:Hieroglyphic Luwian
226:Proto-Indo-European
53:Hieroglyphic Luwian
8962:Braille translator
8939:Braille technology
8915:(science; GS8/GS6)
8884:Symbols in braille
8814:Taiwanese Mandarin
8329:Taiwanese Mandarin
7935:Nwagu Aneke script
7487:Other logosyllabic
7409:Chinese-influenced
7348:Oracle bone script
7330:Chinese characters
7265:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
6655:Eclectic shorthand
6643:Duployan shorthand
6596:Caucasian Albanian
6396:Canadian syllabics
5432:History of writing
5312:Mesopotamian myths
3800:2019-09-05 at the
3588:Yakubovich, Ilya.
3581:Woudhuizen, Fred.
3554:Watkins, C. 1995.
3459:Cornell University
3366:52/1 (2013): 1–18.
3071:Melchert, H. Craig
2814:Anna Bauer, 2014,
2670:John David Hawkins
2249:. Only the active
2059:Personal pronouns
1710:. Additionally, a
1504:⟨zz⟩
1455:⟨ḫḫ⟩
1444:⟨šš⟩
1381:⟨kk⟩
1370:⟨tt⟩
1361:⟨pp⟩
1309:⟨nn⟩
1299:⟨mm⟩
1172:
770:, i.e., the Greek
691:Eskişehir Province
446:Luwian comes from
9239:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9157:tactile alphabets
9085:William Bell Wait
9078:Sabriye Tenberken
8879:
8878:
8744:
8743:
8729:(Japanese vowels)
8527:-mediated scripts
8454:-mediated scripts
7981:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7833:Ditema tsa Dinoko
7771:
7770:
7726:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7439:
7438:
7298:
7297:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7178:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6374:
6373:
5739:
5738:
5726:Teeline Shorthand
5484:
5483:
5376:
5375:
5327:Ziggurat (Temple)
5302:Sumerian religion
5060:
5059:
5007:Middle Babylonian
4949:Kish civilization
4845:
4844:
4669:Lower Mesopotamia
4664:Upper Mesopotamia
4607:
4606:
4599:Turkey portal
4195:
4194:
4029:Anatolian peoples
3995:
3994:
3987:Phrygian alphabet
3942:
3941:
3727:978-90-04-54863-3
3625:978-90-04-25341-4
3617:978-90-04-25279-0
3565:Selected Writings
3501:: Reichert, 2012.
3486:Otten, Heinrich.
3359:14 (2009): 73–83.
3350:Anatolian Studies
3261:"EDIANA - Corpus"
3246:978-3-447-06109-4
3023:Kloekhorst, Alwin
2706:Trojan hypothesis
2686:Urartian language
2380:
2379:
2176:
2175:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2033:personal pronouns
2008:
2007:
1885:
1884:
1730:('you all eat') (
1720:dental consonants
1678:; in some cases,
1589:
1588:
1528:⟨z⟩
1518:
1494:
1481:⟨ḫ⟩
1470:⟨š⟩
1463:
1434:
1419:⟨k⟩
1408:⟨t⟩
1399:⟨p⟩
1391:
1353:
1334:⟨n⟩
1328:⟨m⟩
1323:
1290:
1234:Northwest Semitic
1203:Marian Sokołowski
1073:
1072:
778:valley), and the
745:is replaced with
621:Kurgan hypothesis
386:
385:
368:rendering support
364:phonetic symbols.
91:Luwian hieroglyph
74:
73:
69:
16:(Redirected from
9264:
9228:
9221:
9219:Braille literacy
9214:
9196:
9189:
9182:
9175:
9168:
9147:
9140:
9133:
9126:
9119:
9112:
9105:
9087:
9080:
9073:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9045:
9038:
9020:
9013:
9011:Slate and stylus
9006:
8999:
8997:Perkins Brailler
8992:
8985:
8978:
8971:
8964:
8957:
8955:Braille embosser
8950:
8930:
8923:
8916:
8908:
8901:
8894:
8872:
8864:
8857:
8839:
8832:
8823:
8816:
8809:
8802:
8795:
8779:
8776:American Braille
8760:
8757:Algerian Braille
8737:
8730:
8722:
8715:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8686:
8678:
8671:
8664:
8646:
8638:
8631:
8624:
8617:
8610:
8603:
8596:
8589:
8582:
8575:
8552:
8544:
8537:
8513:
8506:
8499:
8492:
8485:
8478:
8471:
8464:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8399:
8392:
8385:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8360:
8353:
8346:
8339:
8332:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8268:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8176:
8169:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8141:
8129:
8122:
8115:
8107:
8100:
8093:
8086:
8071:
8070:
8059:
8052:
8045:
8038:
8021:
8010:
8003:
7996:
7987:
7986:
7777:
7776:
7732:
7731:
7638:
7637:
7630:Semi-syllabaries
7625:
7624:
7326:
7325:
7317:
7316:
7304:
7303:
7189:
7188:
6544:
6543:
6531:
6530:
6433:Japanese Braille
6018:Zanabazar square
5887:Nepalese scripts
5777:Bengali–Assamese
5767:
5766:
5758:
5757:
5745:
5744:
5662:Pitman shorthand
5507:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5490:
5489:
5422:
5421:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5380:
5379:
5225:Sumerian cuisine
5215:Warfare in Sumer
5210:Economy of Sumer
4863:
4862:
4853:
4737:Fertile Crescent
4721:Sinjar Mountains
4716:Hamrin Mountains
4711:Zagros Mountains
4689:Taurus Mountains
4654:
4653:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4022:
4015:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3977:Carian alphabets
3873:
3872:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3756:
3731:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3665:
3483:
3481:
3461:, June 6–9, 1985
3394:
3352:48 (1998): 1–31.
3331:42 (2003): 47–9.
3315:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3104:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3020:
3014:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2940:Gander 2015: 474
2938:
2932:
2921:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2812:
2803:
2796:
2778:
2777:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2693:
2639:Emmanuel Laroche
2566:
2562:
2543:
2532:
2528:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2422:Relative clauses
2272:
2271:
2233:. There are two
2191:relative pronoun
2077:
2072:
2067:
2054:
2053:
1990:Dative/locative
1946:
1945:
1867:Dative/locative
1812:
1811:
1706:('die') becomes
1694:. For example, *
1652:
1645:
1640:velar fricatives
1581:
1575:
1569:
1550:
1529:
1526:
1516:
1505:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1479:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1442:
1432:
1420:
1417:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1351:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1251:
1250:
1211:
1199:Al-Qaiqan Mosque
1180:Hittite language
1140:"in" is written
1069:
1053:
1037:
1030:
1010:
965:Cuneiform Luwian
923:
876:Cuneiform Luwian
873:
872:
869:Cuneiform Luwian
861:. The other was
859:Hittite language
848:Cuneiform Luwian
656:Hittite language
597:
596:
585:
584:
573:
572:
553:velar consonants
471:Cuneiform Luwian
433:Anatolian branch
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
351:
342:
323:
310:Cuneiform Luwian
308:
288:
281:Cuneiform Luwian
278:
269:
245:
163:
88:
76:
75:
65:
45:
44:
37:
21:
9272:
9271:
9267:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9252:Luwian language
9242:
9241:
9240:
9231:
9224:
9217:
9210:
9199:
9192:
9185:
9178:
9171:
9164:
9150:
9143:
9136:
9129:
9122:
9115:
9108:
9101:
9090:
9083:
9076:
9069:
9062:
9055:
9048:
9043:Charles Barbier
9041:
9034:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9002:
8995:
8988:
8981:
8974:
8967:
8960:
8953:
8946:
8933:
8926:
8919:
8911:
8904:
8897:
8890:
8875:
8867:
8860:
8853:
8842:
8835:
8828:
8819:
8812:
8805:
8798:
8793:
8782:
8774:
8768:Frequency-based
8763:
8755:
8740:
8733:
8725:
8718:
8710:
8703:
8696:
8689:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8660:
8649:
8641:
8634:
8627:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8599:
8592:
8585:
8578:
8571:
8564:Bharati Braille
8561:
8555:
8547:
8540:
8533:
8522:
8516:
8509:
8502:
8495:
8488:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8460:
8449:
8443:
8436:
8431:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8370:
8363:
8356:
8349:
8342:
8335:
8327:
8320:
8313:
8306:
8299:
8292:
8285:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8235:
8228:
8221:
8214:
8207:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8179:
8172:
8165:
8158:
8151:
8144:
8138:Unified English
8132:
8125:
8118:
8110:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8067:Braille scripts
8062:
8055:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8023:
8019:
8014:
7969:
7784:
7767:
7763:Stokoe notation
7739:
7718:
7677:
7632:
7611:
7595:
7559:
7538:Logoconsonantal
7533:
7482:
7435:
7404:
7311:
7294:
7275:Siglas poveiras
7196:
7175:
7134:
7038:Younger Futhark
6742:Gregg shorthand
6538:
6517:
6370:
6022:
5752:
5735:
5514:
5497:
5480:
5453:Writing systems
5441:
5416:
5414:writing systems
5407:
5377:
5372:
5331:
5285:
5259:
5168:Culture/society
5163:
5056:
5052:Muslim conquest
5022:Fall of Babylon
4953:
4854:
4841:
4725:
4643:
4638:
4608:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4583:
4512:
4398:
4231:
4226:
4196:
4191:
4182:
4031:
4026:
3996:
3991:
3982:Lycian alphabet
3972:Lydian alphabet
3958:
3954:Proto-Anatolian
3947:Reconstructions
3938:
3871:
3840:
3835:
3802:Wayback Machine
3747:
3744:
3734:
3728:
3692:
3691:
3635:
3633:Further reading
3630:
3611:. Brill, 2013.
3543:Starke, Frank.
3532:Starke, Frank.
3479:
3391:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3231:
3227:
3223:Yakubovich 2008
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3021:
3017:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2922:
2918:
2907:
2903:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2752:
2743:
2712:language spoken
2708:
2622:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2553:
2545:
2534:
2519:
2505:
2494:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2414:
2356:-ti(r), -i, -ia
2227:
2031:In addition to
2029:
1944:
1762:Luwian had six
1751:There were two
1749:
1744:
1650:
1643:
1527:
1503:
1480:
1469:
1454:
1443:
1418:
1407:
1398:
1380:
1369:
1360:
1333:
1327:
1308:
1298:
1242:
1205:
1160:
1154:
1090:. In Laroche's
1065:
1049:
1046:
1033:
1026:
1011:
1006:
1000:
996:Proto-Anatolian
986:
979:
924:
921:Language family
919:
871:
844:
832:Lydian language
800:Lydian language
713:version of the
633:
497:
491:
440:language family
396:
392:
366:Without proper
354:
338:
319:
304:
301:
284:
283:
274:
273:
265:
252:
246:
241:
235:
231:Proto-Anatolian
221:
214:
164:
161:Language family
159:
94:
70:
46:
42:
35:
32:Luish languages
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9270:
9260:
9259:
9254:
9237:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9230:
9229:
9222:
9215:
9207:
9205:
9204:Related topics
9201:
9200:
9198:
9197:
9190:
9183:
9180:New York Point
9176:
9169:
9161:
9159:
9152:
9151:
9149:
9148:
9141:
9134:
9127:
9120:
9113:
9106:
9098:
9096:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9088:
9081:
9074:
9067:
9064:Harris Mowbray
9060:
9053:
9046:
9039:
9031:
9029:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9021:
9014:
9007:
9000:
8993:
8986:
8979:
8972:
8965:
8958:
8951:
8948:Braille e-book
8943:
8941:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8924:
8917:
8909:
8902:
8895:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8873:
8865:
8858:
8850:
8848:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8833:
8826:
8825:
8824:
8817:
8810:
8803:
8790:
8788:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8780:
8771:
8769:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8761:
8752:
8750:
8746:
8745:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8738:
8731:
8723:
8716:
8708:
8701:
8694:
8687:
8679:
8672:
8665:
8657:
8655:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8647:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8618:
8611:
8604:
8597:
8590:
8583:
8576:
8568:
8566:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8553:
8545:
8538:
8530:
8528:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8486:
8479:
8472:
8465:
8457:
8455:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8400:
8393:
8386:
8378:
8376:
8369:
8368:
8361:
8354:
8347:
8340:
8333:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8297:
8290:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8262:
8255:
8248:
8241:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8142:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8108:
8101:
8094:
8087:
8079:
8077:
8075:French-ordered
8068:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8039:
8031:
8029:
8025:
8024:
8013:
8012:
8005:
7998:
7990:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7915:Linear Elamite
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7773:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7737:Sign languages
7728:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7714:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7689:Espanca script
7685:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7648:Linear Elamite
7644:
7642:
7634:
7633:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7603:
7601:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7541:
7539:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7529:Yi (Classical)
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7490:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7449:
7447:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7355:
7353:Bronze scripts
7350:
7345:
7340:
7334:
7332:
7323:
7313:
7312:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7185:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7168:
7166:Flag semaphore
7163:
7161:New York Point
7158:
7156:Telegraph code
7153:
7151:Maritime flags
7148:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7105:Visible Speech
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7075:Sorang Sompeng
7072:
7067:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6959:Galik alphabet
6956:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6857:Tironian notes
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6702:
6700:Garay alphabet
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6640:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6548:
6540:
6539:
6527:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6483:Sorang Sompeng
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6406:Déné syllabics
6403:
6393:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5764:
5754:
5753:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5667:Proto-Sinaitic
5664:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5528:
5527:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5499:
5498:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5418:
5417:
5406:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5383:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5348:Assyriologists
5345:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5255:List of rulers
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:Proto-Armenian
5141:
5136:
5131:
5129:Middle Persian
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5017:Neo-Babylonian
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4997:Old Babylonian
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4967:Early Dynastic
4963:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4283:Hurrian States
4280:
4278:Hittite Empire
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Palaic peoples
4135:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3757:
3743:
3742:External links
3740:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3726:
3705:
3681:(1–2): 25–53.
3666:
3648:(2): 371–386.
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3606:
3595:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3561:
3552:
3541:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3491:
3484:
3472:
3455:Warren Cowgill
3449:
3442:
3435:
3420:
3413:
3402:
3395:
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3317:
3316:
3304:
3285:
3276:
3252:
3245:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3198:
3189:|journal=
3170:Simon, Zsolt.
3162:
3153:|journal=
3126:
3117:
3111:
3089:
3083:
3062:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3015:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2916:
2901:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2866:Melchert 2003.
2859:
2850:
2841:
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2804:
2790:
2788:
2785:
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2782:
2770:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2707:
2704:
2678:Günter Neumann
2659:bilingual text
2635:Heinrich Otten
2621:
2618:
2603:Hittite empire
2582:
2579:
2554:
2546:
2535:
2520:
2506:
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2413:
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2128:
2125:
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2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
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2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2028:
2025:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1883:
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1506:
1497:
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1392:
1386:
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1374:
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1340:
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1315:
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1301:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1241:
1238:
1156:Main article:
1153:
1150:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1021:Language codes
1018:
1017:
1012:
1008:Writing system
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
989:
987:
984:
981:
980:
978:
977:
976:
975:
974:
973:
972:
971:
970:
969:
968:
967:
927:
925:
918:
915:
914:
911:
905:
904:
899:
895:
894:
889:
885:
884:
878:
877:
870:
867:
852:Old Babylonian
843:
840:
729:, attested in
701:who inhabited
683:James Mellaart
649:Hittite Empire
632:
629:
605:kalut(t)i(ya)-
513:Craig Melchert
493:Main article:
490:
489:Classification
487:
450:(also spelled
384:
383:
370:, you may see
356:
355:
352:
344:
343:
336:
328:
327:
317:
313:
312:
302:
297:
294:
293:
270:
262:
261:
260:Language codes
257:
256:
247:
243:Writing system
240:
237:
236:
234:
233:
224:
222:
219:
216:
215:
213:
212:
211:
210:
209:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
167:
165:
158:
155:
154:
148:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
118:
114:
113:
103:Hittite Empire
100:
99:Native to
96:
95:
89:
81:
80:
72:
71:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9269:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9247:
9227:
9223:
9220:
9216:
9213:
9209:
9208:
9206:
9202:
9195:
9191:
9188:
9187:Night writing
9184:
9181:
9177:
9174:
9170:
9167:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9158:
9153:
9146:
9142:
9139:
9135:
9132:
9128:
9125:
9121:
9118:
9114:
9111:
9107:
9104:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9095:Organisations
9093:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9075:
9072:
9068:
9065:
9061:
9058:
9057:Valentin Haüy
9054:
9051:
9047:
9044:
9040:
9037:
9036:Louis Braille
9033:
9032:
9030:
9026:
9019:
9015:
9012:
9008:
9005:
9001:
8998:
8994:
8991:
8987:
8984:
8980:
8977:
8973:
8970:
8969:Braille watch
8966:
8963:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8936:
8929:
8925:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8907:
8903:
8900:
8896:
8893:
8892:Braille music
8889:
8888:
8886:
8882:
8870:
8866:
8863:
8859:
8856:
8855:Luxembourgish
8852:
8851:
8849:
8845:
8838:
8834:
8831:
8827:
8822:
8818:
8815:
8811:
8808:
8804:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8777:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8758:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8747:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8721:
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8713:
8709:
8706:
8702:
8699:
8695:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8677:
8673:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8654:Other scripts
8652:
8644:
8640:
8637:
8633:
8630:
8626:
8623:
8619:
8616:
8612:
8609:
8605:
8602:
8598:
8595:
8591:
8588:
8584:
8581:
8577:
8574:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8565:
8558:
8550:
8546:
8543:
8539:
8536:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8519:
8512:
8508:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8480:
8477:
8473:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8446:
8435:
8430:
8427:
8426:Northern Sámi
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8401:
8398:
8394:
8391:
8387:
8384:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8375:Nordic family
8373:
8366:
8362:
8359:
8355:
8352:
8348:
8345:
8341:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8323:
8319:
8316:
8315:South African
8312:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8295:
8291:
8288:
8284:
8281:
8277:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8263:
8260:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8237:Luxembourgish
8234:
8231:
8227:
8224:
8220:
8217:
8213:
8210:
8206:
8203:
8199:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8164:
8161:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8106:
8102:
8099:
8095:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8069:
8065:
8058:
8054:
8051:
8050:ASCII braille
8047:
8044:
8040:
8037:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8026:
8018:
8011:
8006:
8004:
7999:
7997:
7992:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7733:
7729:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7626:
7622:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7598:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7581:Attic (Greek)
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7536:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7519:Proto-Elamite
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7442:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7407:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7190:
7186:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7033:Elder Futhark
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6924:Old Hungarian
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6532:
6528:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6458:Masaram Gondi
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6428:Gunjala Gondi
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6240:Old Sundanese
6238:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6183:Old Maldivian
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6166:Bilang-bilang
6164:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5986:Sylheti Nagri
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5787:Brahmi script
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5742:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5682:South Arabian
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5628:Inscriptional
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5399:
5397:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Syrian Desert
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4600:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:Armenia Minor
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:Classical Age
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Assuwa League
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4189:
4179:
4178:West Pontians
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:Paphlagonians
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4018:
4016:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:Studia Troica
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:90-04-13009-8
3429:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3401:, AoP (2017).
3400:
3396:
3392:
3390:9780199263080
3386:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3314:, p. 116
3313:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3295:Studia Troica
3289:
3280:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3194:
3181:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3114:
3112:0-19-507993-0
3108:
3103:
3102:
3093:
3086:
3084:0-521-56256-2
3080:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2930:
2929:Palaeolexicon
2926:
2920:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2839:Melchert 1987
2836:
2829:
2828:Melchert 2012
2824:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2523:
2518:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:-anzi, -inzi
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1625:annān pātanza
1623:, it becomes
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:, in western
1215:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:Linguist List
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1003:
997:
994:
993:
992:
988:
982:
966:
963:
962:
960:
959:
958:
955:
954:
953:
949:
946:
945:
944:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:Indo-European
926:
922:
916:
913:around 600 BC
912:
910:
906:
903:
900:
896:
893:
890:
886:
883:
879:
874:
866:
864:
860:
856:
853:
849:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:Mira-Kuwaliya
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:
755:
750:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
590:
586:
579:(probably );
578:
574:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
496:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
437:Indo-European
434:
430:
426:
420:
390:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
363:
357:
350:
345:
341:
337:
335:
334:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
300:
299:Linguist List
295:
292:
289: –
287:
282:
279: –
277:
271:
268:
263:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
238:
232:
229:
228:
227:
223:
217:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
194:
193:
189:
186:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:Indo-European
166:
162:
156:
153:
149:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
68:
63:
59:
55:
54:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
8727:Thai and Lao
8404:Scandinavian
8036:1829 braille
8028:Braille cell
7828:Cypro-Minoan
7694:Pahawh Hmong
7607:Sitelen Pona
7571:Hindu-Arabic
6904:Mundari Bani
6478:Pahawh Hmong
6287:Tamil-Brahmi
6193:Eveyla Akuru
6188:Dhives Akuru
5655:Paleo-Hebrew
5522:
5458:undeciphered
5250:Royal titles
5175:Architecture
5118:
5012:Neo-Assyrian
4859:(Pre)history
4679:Persian Gulf
4465:Neo-Hittites
4043:Cappadocians
3884:
3709:
3695:cite journal
3678:
3674:
3645:
3641:
3608:
3602:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3564:
3555:
3544:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3505:
3494:
3487:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3379:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3307:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3279:
3268:. Retrieved
3264:
3255:
3235:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3180:cite journal
3165:
3144:cite journal
3129:
3120:
3100:
3092:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3030:
3018:
3007:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2959:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2924:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2830:, p. 14
2823:
2815:
2794:
2734:
2720:
2709:
2699:
2695:
2667:
2650:
2647:
2643:Frank Starke
2623:
2607:
2599:
2584:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2524:
2522:wattaniy-ati
2521:
2510:
2507:
2499:
2496:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2437:conjunctions
2434:
2415:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2255:mediopassive
2228:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2169:-ata, -manza
2048:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
1923:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1870:-i, -iya, -a
1808:
1799:instrumental
1761:
1750:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1247:
1243:
1184:
1173:
1145:
1144:rather than
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:rather than
1129:
1125:
1119:
1112:
1091:
1074:
1058:
964:
881:
862:
847:
845:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
795:
767:
763:
757:
746:
742:
739:Hittite Code
734:
726:
718:
715:Hittite Code
708:
687:Demircihöyük
680:
651:
634:
624:
616:
608:
604:
600:
592:
588:
580:
576:
568:
561:palatovelars
557:plain velars
548:
536:
530:
498:
482:
474:
468:
464:Hittite laws
455:
451:
447:
428:
424:
388:
387:
359:
331:
201:
127:), Northern
66:
51:
9226:RoboBraille
9050:Róża Czacka
8990:Perforation
8787:Independent
8685:(Bhutanese)
8420:Greenlandic
8091:Azerbaijani
7893:Jindai moji
7782:Syllabaries
7753:SignWriting
7653:Celtiberian
7555:Hieroglyphs
7358:Seal script
7343:Traditional
7215:Blissymbols
7120:Warang Citi
7095:Tolong Siki
7048:Marcomannic
7028:Dalecarlian
7018:Anglo-Saxon
6998:Pau Cin Hau
6889:Medefaidrin
6842:Merovingian
6802:Blackletter
6710:Asomtavruli
6503:Warang Citi
6312:Ulu scripts
6257:New Tai Lue
6200:Mon–Burmese
6054:Bhattiprolu
5882:Nandinagari
5709:ʾEsṭrangēlā
5468:constructed
5353:Hittitology
5343:Assyriology
5264:Archaeology
5134:Old Persian
4944:Jemdet Nasr
4569:Paphlagonia
4273:Hayasa-Azzi
4153:Philistines
4143:Pamphylians
3927:Cappadocian
3619:(Hardback)
3424:The Luwians
3312:Latacz 2004
2968:Konya Plain
2626:Emil Forrer
2387:conjugation
2350:3rd person
2319:2nd person
2288:1st person
2283:Imperative
2247:subjunctive
2146:3rd person
2135:unzas, unza
2115:2nd person
2104:anzas, anza
2084:1st person
2078:independent
2068:independent
1621:preposition
1562:Approximant
1206: [
1114:Glossenkeil
985:Early forms
727:ru-wa-ni-jo
711:Old Hittite
660:Neo-Hittite
609:*kalutta/i-
565:labiovelars
374:instead of
220:Early forms
9246:Categories
8778:(obsolete)
8759:(obsolete)
8551:(Pakistan)
8462:Belarusian
8344:Vietnamese
8287:Portuguese
8273:Philippine
8230:Lithuanian
7883:Hentaigana
7878:Man'yōgana
7338:Simplified
7225:Ersu Shaba
7139:Non-linear
6944:Old Uyghur
6934:Old Permic
6929:Old Italic
6862:Visigothic
6797:Beneventan
6732:Glagolitic
6695:Gadabuursi
6359:Kolezhuthu
6354:Vatteluttu
6292:Tanchangya
6215:Saurashtra
5792:Devanagari
5650:Phoenician
5603:Manichaean
5317:Divination
5027:Achaemenid
4992:Isin-Larsa
4885:Trialetian
4880:Mousterian
4867:Prehistory
4544:Cappadocia
4524:Antigonids
4473:Carchemish
4420:Cimmerians
4360:Purushanda
4355:Sagalassos
4291:Kizzuwatna
4258:Carchemish
4236:Bronze Age
4118:Mariandyni
4093:Lycaonians
4053:Cataonians
3465:C. Watkins
3270:2020-02-14
2731:Trojan War
2655:Phoenician
2591:Loan words
2540:glorified-
2469:, and the
2426:antecedent
2402:infinitive
2394:participle
2325:-si, -tisa
2280:Preterite
2243:imperative
2239:indicative
1932:Sprachbund
1928:Aegean Sea
1790:accusative
1771:nominative
1742:Morphology
1724:*ad-tuwari
1105:vernacular
1097:Kizzuwatna
794:(Assyrian
774:river and
672:Carchemish
666:, such as
662:states of
641:Kizzuwatna
541:Bronze Age
9257:Cuneiform
9194:Vibratese
9173:Moon type
9166:Decapoint
8847:Eight-dot
8800:Cantonese
8749:Reordered
8712:Inuktitut
8601:Malayalam
8511:Ukrainian
8490:Mongolian
8469:Bulgarian
8432:Norwegian
8397:Icelandic
8188:Hungarian
8146:Esperanto
8098:Cantonese
7682:Redundant
7494:Anatolian
7445:Cuneiform
7373:bird-worm
7309:Logograms
7280:Testerian
7194:Ideograms
7171:Moon type
7058:Staveless
6949:Mongolian
6894:Molodtsov
6852:Sütterlin
6720:Mkhedruli
6586:Bassa Vah
6536:Alphabets
6508:Mwangwego
6473:Mwangwego
6448:Kharosthi
6401:Blackfoot
6364:Malayanma
6235:Sundanese
6230:Sukhothai
6178:Malayalam
6129:Khom Thai
6089:Goykanadi
6013:Tocharian
5966:ʼPhags-pa
5837:Khudabadi
5782:Bhaiksuki
5677:Samaritan
5608:Nabataean
5463:inventors
5190:Cuneiform
5066:Languages
4875:Acheulean
4762:Babylonia
4699:Euphrates
4649:Geography
4554:Commagene
4168:Telchines
4158:Pisidians
4112:Maeonians
4083:Leucosyri
4073:Isaurians
4063:Cilicians
3964:Alphabets
3933:Lycaonian
3867:Kalasmaic
3845:Languages
3662:251168565
3578:45:82–84.
3551:30, 1990)
3540:30, 1985)
3529:7:446–87.
3499:Wiesbaden
3301:: 447–87.
3027:Anatolian
2768:Languages
2614:logograms
2610:digraphic
2537:pihammi-s
2392:A single
2353:singular
2322:singular
2291:singular
2267:preterite
2149:singular
2118:singular
2087:singular
1952:Singular
1942:Adjective
1856:Genitive
1851:-a, -aya
1818:Singular
1676:rhotacism
1488:Affricate
1428:Fricative
1240:Phonology
1214:Köylütolu
1170:, Ankara.
1122:logograms
1076:Cuneiform
1060:Glottolog
1028:ISO 639-3
1015:Cuneiform
934:Anatolian
898:Ethnicity
855:cuneiform
810:(Lydian *
723:Mycenaean
575:→ Luwian
333:Glottolog
267:ISO 639-3
250:Cuneiform
174:Anatolian
135:Ethnicity
93:BOS (cow)
8830:Japanese
8691:Georgian
8683:Dzongkha
8669:Armenian
8587:Gujarati
8452:Cyrillic
8383:Estonian
8358:Yugoslav
8294:Romanian
8266:Nigerian
8181:Hawaiian
8167:Ghanaian
8084:Albanian
7945:Sumerian
7910:Linear B
7873:Katakana
7868:Hiragana
7818:Cherokee
7748:ASLwrite
7709:Bopomofo
7564:Numerals
7550:Hieratic
7509:Isthmian
7478:Sumerian
7458:Assyrian
7453:Akkadian
7110:Vithkuqi
7085:Tifinagh
7053:Medieval
7008:Pisidian
7003:Phrygian
6974:Vagindra
6919:Ol Chiki
6827:Interlac
6782:Kayah Li
6772:Jenticha
6727:Veso Bey
6715:Nuskhuri
6705:Georgian
6675:Formosan
6670:Etruscan
6665:Enochian
6621:Cyrillic
6606:Coelbren
6564:Armenian
6463:Meroitic
6453:Mandombe
6443:Jenticha
6307:Tigalari
6272:Tai Viet
6267:Tai Tham
6247:Tagbanwa
6099:Javanese
6049:Baybayin
6039:Balinese
6027:Southern
5922:Pracalit
5917:Pachumol
5892:Bhujimol
5852:Mahajani
5812:Gurmukhi
5802:Gujarati
5770:Northern
5750:Abugidas
5731:Ugaritic
5719:Maḏnḥāyā
5593:Tifinagh
5586:Solitreo
5524:Numerals
5437:Grapheme
5425:Overview
5336:Academia
5290:Religion
5159:Urartian
5154:Sumerian
5139:Parthian
5074:Akkadian
5047:Sasanian
5037:Parthian
5032:Seleucid
4982:Simurrum
4972:Akkadian
4905:Khiamian
4895:Natufian
4807:Simurrum
4792:Kassites
4787:Hittites
4742:Adiabene
4574:Pergamon
4539:Bithynia
4403:Iron Age
4243:Ahhiyawa
4102:Termilae
4068:Hittites
4058:Caucones
3921:Isaurian
3910:Pisidian
3798:Archived
3627:(e-Book)
3406:mólybdos
2914:, p. 284
2741:See also
2735:Priimuua
2682:Urartian
2441:enclitic
2435:Various
2404:ends in
2398:-a(i)mma
2277:Present
2124:-tu, -ti
2093:-mu, -mi
2073:enclitic
2027:Pronouns
1996:-asanza
1966:-asinzi
1901:-assanz-
1840:-n, -an
1804:vocative
1795:ablative
1785:locative
1776:genitive
1728:aztuwari
1726:becomes
1262:Alveolar
1257:Bilabial
1230:Akkadian
1187:Nevşehir
1109:Hattusan
1101:Ištanuwa
1099:Luwian,
1086:used in
1067:cune1239
892:Anatolia
816:luw(i)da
814:- < *
784:Maeander
768:Sēḫariya
731:Linear B
444:ethnonym
380:Help:IPA
340:luvi1235
121:Anatolia
8735:Tibetan
8676:Burmese
8662:Amharic
8645:(India)
8622:Sinhala
8615:Punjabi
8594:Kannada
8542:Persian
8497:Russian
8437:Swedish
8415:Finnish
8390:Faroese
8365:Zambian
8337:Turkish
8322:Spanish
8245:Maltese
8223:Latvian
8216:Italian
8195:Iñupiaq
8174:Guarani
8134:English
8105:Catalan
8022:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
8017:Braille
7900:Kikakui
7838:Eskayan
7823:Cypriot
7673:Dunging
7545:Demotic
7524:Tenevil
7468:Hittite
7463:Elamite
7416:Jurchen
7395:Sawndip
7390:Chữ Nôm
7290:Zapotec
7285:Yerkish
7260:Nsibidi
7245:Miꞌkmaw
7235:Isotype
7205:Adinkra
7146:Braille
7130:Zaghawa
7100:Vellara
7080:Sunuwar
7070:Sidetic
7065:Shavian
6993:Osmanya
6983:Ol Onal
6837:Kurrent
6822:Insular
6812:Fraktur
6787:Klingon
6777:Kaddare
6751:Archaic
6660:Elbasan
6648:Chinook
6638:Deseret
6626:Bosnian
6581:Avoiuli
6569:Avestan
6559:Ariyaka
6488:Tengwar
6386:Bharati
6347:Serawai
6337:Pasemah
6322:Lampung
6277:Lai Tay
6262:Tai Noi
6225:Sinhala
6205:Pallava
6173:Makasar
6161:Lontara
6136:Kulitan
6109:Kannada
6104:Kadamba
6094:Hanunoo
6084:Grantha
6079:Fakkham
5996:Tibetan
5981:Soyombo
5976:Siddhaṃ
5971:Sharada
5947:Litumol
5937:Tirhuta
5927:Ranjana
5912:Kvemmol
5872:Multani
5857:Marchen
5822:Kalinga
5762:Brahmic
5699:Sogdian
5638:Psalter
5618:Pahlavi
5598:Mandaic
5576:Cursive
5561:Elymaic
5532:Aramaic
5322:Prayers
5307:Deities
5271:Looting
5114:Kassite
5109:Hurrian
5104:Hittite
5094:Elamite
5089:Eblaite
5084:Aramaic
5079:Amorite
5002:Kassite
4977:Gutians
4959:History
4924:Samarra
4920:Hassuna
4890:Zarzian
4812:Subartu
4802:Mitanni
4767:Chaldea
4757:Assyria
4730:Ancient
4564:Osroene
4559:Galatia
4549:Cilicia
4529:Armenia
4503:Phrygia
4485:Kammanu
4481:Ḫilakku
4430:Diauehi
4425:Colchis
4394:Zalpuwa
4370:Shupria
4351:Pisidia
4326:Miletus
4311:Kussara
4301:Kalašma
4295:Mitanni
4263:Hapalla
4173:Trojans
4163:Sidians
4133:Mysians
4123:Milyans
4108:Lydians
4098:Lycians
4088:Luwians
4078:Leleges
4048:Carians
4036:Peoples
3905:Sidetic
3852:Hittite
3321:Sources
3029:”. In:
2754:Portals
2716:Trojans
2714:by the
2595:Hurrian
2490:
2471:preverb
2367:plural
2362:-tu(r)
2336:plural
2305:plural
2263:present
2245:but no
2231:persons
2187:za-/zi-
2172:apasa-
2163:plural
2158:apasa-
2132:plural
2101:plural
2090:amu, mu
2045:za-/zi-
2004:-asati
1982:-asanza
1955:Plural
1917:Hurrian
1893:-sa/-za
1859:-s, -si
1821:Plural
1722:and so
1690:become
1671:sound.
1347:Plosive
1267:Palatal
1226:Hittite
1191:Fraktin
1142:a-an-ta
1088:Hittite
1080:Hattusa
909:Extinct
902:Luwians
830:). The
818:- <
699:Luwians
695:Phrygia
645:Hattusa
522:Hittite
483:HLuwian
475:CLuwian
460:Luwians
435:of the
376:Unicode
272:Either:
150:around
146:Extinct
139:Luwians
62:Discuss
9155:Other
9028:People
9018:Braigo
8837:Korean
8705:Hebrew
8636:Telugu
8535:Arabic
8525:Arabic
8483:Kyrgyz
8476:Kazakh
8410:Danish
8308:Slovak
8301:Samoan
8280:Polish
8259:Navajo
8160:German
8153:French
8020:
7965:Yugtun
7955:Woleai
7905:Kpelle
7888:Sōgana
7808:Byblos
7586:Muisca
7504:Cretan
7473:Luwian
7431:Tangut
7250:Mixtec
7220:Dongba
7125:Yezidi
7115:Wancho
7090:Todhri
7043:Gothic
7023:Cipher
6964:Manchu
6954:Evenki
6939:Orkhon
6884:Manchu
6879:Lydian
6874:Lycian
6817:Gaelic
6767:Hanifi
6762:Hangul
6737:Gothic
6685:Fraser
6680:Fox II
6616:Coptic
6591:Carian
6574:Pazend
6547:Linear
6493:Thaana
6438:Sarati
6379:Others
6342:Rejang
6327:Lembak
6317:Incung
6297:Telugu
6252:Tai Le
6146:Langdi
6069:Chakma
5959:Karani
5932:Tamyig
5907:Kummol
5902:Himmol
5897:Golmol
5877:Nagari
5862:Meitei
5847:Lepcha
5832:Khojki
5817:Kaithi
5704:Syriac
5692:Musnad
5571:Ashuri
5566:Hebrew
5549:Elifba
5544:Arabic
5537:Hatran
5512:Abjads
5149:Sutean
5124:Median
5119:Luwian
5099:Gutian
4987:Ur III
4900:Nemrik
4837:Cities
4832:Urartu
4782:Hamazi
4777:Gutium
4752:Armani
4704:Tigris
4657:Modern
4579:Pontus
4508:Urartu
4489:Kummuh
4477:Gurgum
4460:Mushki
4440:Etiuni
4410:Aeolia
4385:Wilusa
4306:Kaskia
4248:Arzawa
4127:Solymi
3915:Trojan
3900:Carian
3895:Milyan
3890:Lycian
3885:Luwian
3862:Lydian
3857:Palaic
3724:
3660:
3623:
3615:
3601:". In
3576:Kadmos
3469:Berlin
3463:, ed.
3430:
3387:
3364:Kadmos
3329:Kadmos
3243:
3109:
3081:
2964:Arzawa
2960:Luwiya
2925:Kadmos
2676:, and
2556:awi-ha
2412:Syntax
2359:-ta(r)
2345:-tanu
2261:: the
2259:tenses
2211:kwanza
2203:kwinzi
2166:(apa-)
2152:(apa-)
2141:unza-
2138:-manza
2127:tuwa-
2121:tu, ti
2110:anza-
1974:-asin
1936:Greeks
1913:calque
1873:-anza
1848:-Ø, -n
1781:dative
1686:, and
1613:adverb
1603:, and
1593:vowels
1493:fortis
1433:fortis
1352:fortis
1289:fortis
1277:Uvular
1232:, and
1218:Turkey
1195:Aleppo
1136:, and
1130:i-i-ti
961:Luwian
952:Palaic
943:Lydian
888:Region
882:luwili
820:luwiya
808:Luwiya
788:Arzawa
776:Kaikos
772:Hermos
759:Wilusa
748:Arzawa
743:Luwiya
735:Luwan-
719:Luwiya
625:kaluti
617:kaluti
591:; and
563:, and
526:Palaic
509:Milyan
507:, and
505:Lycian
501:Carian
477:) and
448:Luwiya
442:. The
425:Luvian
389:Luwian
316:
202:Luwian
192:Palaic
183:Lydian
152:600 BC
125:Turkey
117:Region
107:Arzawa
79:Luwian
58:merged
8871:(GS8)
8862:Kanji
8720:Khmer
8698:Greek
8629:Tamil
8562:i.e.
8523:i.e.
8504:Tatar
8450:i.e.
8351:Welsh
8252:Māori
8209:Irish
8127:Dutch
8120:Czech
7930:Nüshu
7798:Bamum
7793:Afaka
7600:Other
7591:Roman
7576:Abjad
7499:Bagam
7400:Bowen
7385:Kanji
7380:Hanja
7368:small
7363:large
7270:Olmec
7240:Kaidā
7230:Emoji
7210:Aztec
7013:Runic
6988:Osage
6969:Oirat
6914:Ogham
6847:Sigla
6792:Latin
6747:Greek
6631:Early
6601:Cirth
6554:Adlam
6423:Geʽez
6418:Fox I
6282:Tamil
6141:Lanna
6124:Khmer
6114:Karen
6064:Buhid
6044:Batak
6001:Uchen
5991:Takri
5942:Limbu
5842:Laṇḍā
5827:Khema
5807:Gupta
5797:Dogri
5714:Serṭā
5687:Zabur
5672:Punic
5645:Pegon
5581:Rashi
5495:Types
5446:Lists
5410:Types
5235:Music
5185:Akitu
5042:Roman
4934:Ubaid
4929:Halaf
4827:Tukri
4822:Sumer
4817:Suhum
4797:Media
4747:Akkad
4497:Tabal
4469:Atuna
4455:Lydia
4450:Lycia
4445:Ionia
4435:Doris
4415:Caria
4380:Urumu
4375:Urshu
4341:Nairi
4336:Mysia
4321:Luwia
4316:Lukka
4287:Isuwa
4268:Hatti
3877:Luwic
3658:S2CID
3549:StBoT
3538:StBoT
3480:(PDF)
2787:Notes
2727:Priam
2559:come-
2548:sarra
2525:land-
2508:api-n
2478:awiha
2474:sarra
2376:-ntu
2339:-tani
2311:-hana
2308:-mina
2251:voice
2235:moods
2225:Verbs
2215:kwaya
2207:kwati
2107:-anza
2096:ama-
1993:-asan
1985:-asa
1963:-asis
1949:Case
1924:-assa
1915:from
1897:-assa
1881:-ati
1815:Case
1764:cases
1747:Nouns
1708:wara-
1704:wala-
1617:ānnan
1609:annan
1541:Trill
1517:lenis
1462:lenis
1390:lenis
1322:lenis
1284:Nasal
1272:Velar
1222:Konya
1210:]
1146:an-ta
957:Luwic
826:>
804:Lydia
796:Luddu
792:Lydia
725:term
693:) in
676:Tabal
668:Milid
664:Syria
637:Syria
613:wheel
456:Luvia
452:Luwia
429:Luish
197:Luwic
129:Syria
8643:Urdu
8608:Odia
8549:Urdu
7925:Loma
7920:Lisu
7863:Kana
7853:Iban
7843:Geba
7803:Bété
7758:si5s
7668:Khom
7641:Full
7514:Maya
6909:N'Ko
6468:Miao
6413:Dham
6332:Ogan
6302:Thai
6220:Shan
6156:Leke
6119:Kawi
6074:Cham
6059:Buda
6034:Ahom
5954:Odia
5867:Modi
5623:Book
5281:Tell
4939:Uruk
4772:Elam
4493:Quwê
4389:Troy
4365:Seha
4346:Pala
4331:Mira
3722:ISBN
3701:link
3621:ISBN
3613:ISBN
3428:ISBN
3385:ISBN
3336:Klio
3241:ISBN
3193:help
3157:help
3107:ISBN
3079:ISBN
2780:Asia
2637:and
2551:over
2502:QUOT
2500:and=
2497:a=wa
2430:head
2406:-una
2373:-nta
2370:-nti
2342:-tan
2241:and
2199:kwin
2195:kwis
2180:apa-
2049:apa-
2043:and
2041:apa-
2021:-as-
1734:and
1702:and
1649:and
1636:-hh-
1634:and
1138:ānda
1134:i-ti
948:Luwo
939:Luwo
812:lūda
764:Sēḫa
754:Troy
703:Troy
670:and
524:and
188:Luwo
179:Luwo
8202:IPA
7950:Vai
7858:Idu
7426:Sui
6899:Mru
6869:Luo
6832:IPA
6513:Rma
6210:Pyu
6151:Lao
6006:Umê
5412:of
5180:Art
3935:(?)
3929:(?)
3923:(?)
3917:(?)
3714:doi
3683:doi
3650:doi
3646:142
3025:. “
2661:by
2542:NOM
2527:ABL
2516:ABL
2512:DEM
2467:-wa
2456:-pa
2444:-ha
2385:ḫḫi
2328:-ta
2297:-ha
2294:-wi
1909:-an
1905:-as
1889:-i-
1700:īri
1696:īdi
1632:-h-
1615:as
1525:d͡z
1501:t͡s
1478:ɣ~ʁ
1468:*z
1452:x~χ
1332:*n
1326:*m
1126:īdi
1107:of
1051:xlu
1035:xlu
595:*kʷ
571:*ḱ
549:PIE
454:or
427:or
362:IPA
321:hlu
306:xlu
286:hlu
276:xlu
56:be
9248::
7960:Yi
4495:,
4491:,
4487:,
4483:,
4479:,
4475:,
4471:,
4293:,
4289:,
3751:.
3720:.
3697:}}
3693:{{
3679:19
3677:.
3673:.
3656:.
3644:.
3467:.
3297:.
3263:.
3184::
3182:}}
3178:{{
3148::
3146:}}
3142:{{
2807:^
2718:.
2700:za
2672:,
2645:.
2633:,
2605:.
2589:.
2565:SG
2531:PL
2480:.
2463:a-
2452:pā
2448:a-
2408:.
2389:.
2331:Ø
2314:–
2300:–
2269:.
2237::
2017:-i
2013:-a
1919:.
1862:–
1829:-s
1766::
1732:ds
1682:,
1654:g.
1651:𓎼
1644:𓐍
1599:,
1595:,
1307::
1297::
1228:,
1208:pl
1148:.
766:~
652:ca
601:ku
599:→
587:→
583:*k
559:,
555::
537:IE
528:.
503:,
466:.
404:uː
109:,
105:,
8140:)
8136:(
8009:e
8002:t
7995:v
6753:)
6749:(
5402:e
5395:t
5388:v
4922:/
4633:e
4626:t
4619:v
4499:)
4467:(
4387:/
4353:/
4297:)
4285:(
4221:e
4214:t
4207:v
4129:)
4125:(
4114:)
4110:(
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4021:e
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4007:v
3830:e
3823:t
3816:v
3766:)
3755:.
3730:.
3716::
3703:)
3685::
3664:.
3652::
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3536:(
3482:.
3434:.
3393:.
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3273:.
3249:.
3195:)
3191:(
3174:.
3159:)
3155:(
3138:.
2899:,
2756::
2696:ī
2563:.
2561:1
2529:.
2514:-
1797:/
1783:/
1736:z
1716:s
1712:d
1692:r
1688:n
1684:l
1680:d
1669:s
1665:s
1661:š
1647:ḫ
1605:u
1601:i
1597:a
1580:j
1578:*
1574:l
1572:*
1568:w
1566:*
1549:r
1547:*
1523:*
1499:*
1476:*
1450:*
1441:s
1439:*
1416:ɡ
1414:*
1405:d
1403:*
1396:b
1394:*
1378:k
1376:*
1367:t
1365:*
1358:p
1356:*
1305:n
1303:*
1295:m
1293:*
950:-
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828:d
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413:ə
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407:w
401:l
398:ˈ
395:/
391:(
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190:-
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123:(
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