1128:, especially the amygdala. In people with bipolar disorder, decreased ventricular prefrontal cortex activity allows for the dysregulated activity of the amygdala, which likely contributes to labile mood and poor emotional regulation. Consistent with this, pharmacological treatment of mania returns ventricular prefrontal cortex activity to the levels in non-manic people, suggesting that ventricular prefrontal cortex activity is an indicator of mood state. However, while pharmacological treatment of mania reduces amygdala hyperactivity, it remains more active than the amygdala of those without bipolar disorder, suggesting amygdala activity may be a marker of the disorder rather than the current mood state. Manic and depressive episodes tend to be characterized by dysfunction in different regions of the ventricular prefrontal cortex. Manic episodes appear to be associated with decreased activation of the right ventricular prefrontal cortex whereas depressive episodes are associated with decreased activation of the left ventricular prefrontal cortex. These disruptions often occur during development linked with
1612:, however, is a course specifier that may be applied to any bipolar subtype. It is defined as having four or more mood disturbance episodes within a one-year span. Rapid cycling is usually temporary but is common amongst people with bipolar disorder and affects 25.8–45.3% of them at some point in their life. These episodes are separated from each other by a remission (partial or full) for at least two months or a switch in mood polarity (i.e., from a depressive episode to a manic episode or vice versa). The definition of rapid cycling most frequently cited in the literature (including the DSM-V and ICD-11) is that of Dunner and Fieve: at least four major depressive, manic, hypomanic or mixed episodes during a 12-month period. The literature examining the pharmacological treatment of rapid cycling is sparse and there is no clear consensus with respect to its optimal pharmacological management. People with the rapid cycling or ultradian subtypes of bipolar disorder tend to be more difficult to treat and less responsive to medications than other people with bipolar disorder.
1868:
in people with bipolar disorder. Lithium is preferred for long-term mood stabilization. Lithium treatment is also associated with adverse effects and it has been shown to erode kidney and thyroid function over extended periods. Valproate has become a commonly prescribed treatment and effectively treats manic episodes. Carbamazepine is less effective in preventing relapse than lithium or valproate. Lamotrigine has some efficacy in treating depression, and this benefit is greatest in more severe depression. Lamotrigine may have a similar effectiveness to lithium for treating bipolar disorder, however, there is evidence to suggest that lamotrigine is less effective at preventing recurrent mania episodes. Lamotrigine treatment has been shown to be safer compared to lithium treatment, with less adverse effects. Valproate and carbamazepine are teratogenic and should be avoided as a treatment in women of childbearing age, but discontinuation of these medications during pregnancy is associated with a high risk of relapse. The effectiveness of
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471:
552:
2101:
hospitalization for mania. Depressive symptoms during and between episodes, which occur much more frequently for most people than hypomanic or manic symptoms over the course of illness, are associated with lower functional recovery in between episodes, including unemployment or underemployment for both BD-I and BD-II. However, the course of illness (duration, age of onset, number of hospitalizations, and the presence or not of rapid cycling) and cognitive performance are the best predictors of employment outcomes in individuals with bipolar disorder, followed by symptoms of depression and years of education.
1927:) are preferred over antidepressants to augment the effects of mood stabilizers due to the lack of efficacy of antidepressants in bipolar disorder. Treatment of bipolar disorder using antidepressants carries a risk of affective switches; where a person switches from depression to manic or hypomanic phases. The risk of affective switches is higher in bipolar I depression; antidepressants are generally avoided in bipolar I disorder or only used with mood stabilizers when they are deemed necessary. There is also a risk of accelerating cycling between phases when antidepressants are used in bipolar disorder.
594:
2152:
1716:. Clinical features also differ between those with late-onset bipolar disorder and those who developed it early in life; the former group present with milder manic episodes, more prominent cognitive changes and have a background of worse psychosocial functioning, while the latter present more commonly with mixed affective episodes, and have a stronger family history of illness. Older people with bipolar disorder experience cognitive changes, particularly in executive functions such as abstract thinking and switching cognitive sets, as well as concentrating for long periods and decision-making.
414:
life is associated with a worse prognosis. Interest in functioning in the assessment of patients with bipolar disorder is growing, with an emphasis on specific domains such as work, education, social life, family, and cognition. Around one-quarter to one-third of people with bipolar disorder have financial, social or work-related problems due to the illness. Bipolar disorder is among the top 20 causes of disability worldwide and leads to substantial costs for society. Due to lifestyle choices and the side effects of medications, the risk of death from natural causes such as
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disorders. There is no definitive association between race, ethnicity, or
Socioeconomic status (SES). Adults with Bipolar report having a lower quality of life, even outside of a manic or depressive episode. Bipolar can put strain on marriage and other relationships, having a job, and everyday functioning. Bipolar is associated with having higher rates of unemployment. Most have trouble keeping a job, leading to trouble with healthcare access, leading to more decline in their mental health due to not receiving treatment such as medicine and therapy.
2464:
267:. During mania, an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic, happy or irritable, and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for the consequences. There is usually also a reduced need for sleep during manic phases. During periods of depression, the individual may experience crying and have a negative outlook on life and poor eye contact with others. The risk of suicide is high; over a period of 20 years, 6% of those with bipolar disorder died by suicide, while 30–40% engaged in
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economic costs, bipolar disorder is a leading cause of disability and lost productivity worldwide. People with bipolar disorder are generally more disabled, have a lower level of functioning, longer duration of illness, and increased rates of work absenteeism and decreased productivity when compared to people experiencing other mental health disorders. The decrease in the productivity seen in those who care for people with bipolar disorder also significantly contributes to these costs.
1045:
2295:
2026:
surgical. Examples of non-pharmacological include dietary interventions, exercise, behavioral therapies, or combined approaches. Pharmacological approaches include weight-loss medications or changing medications already being prescribed. Some people with bipolar disorder who have obesity may also be eligible for bariatric surgery. The effectiveness of these various approaches to improving or managing obesity in people with bipolar disorder is not clear.
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difficulties, and legal problems. Cognitive deficits typically increase over the course of the illness. Higher degrees of impairment correlate with the number of previous manic episodes and hospitalizations, and with the presence of psychotic symptoms. Early intervention can slow the progression of cognitive impairment, while treatment at later stages can help reduce distress and negative consequences related to cognitive dysfunction.
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998:. Subtypes of abuse, such as sexual and emotional abuse, also contribute to violent behaviors seen in patients with bipolar disorder. The number of reported stressful events in childhood is higher in those with an adult diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder than in those without, particularly events stemming from a harsh environment rather than from the child's own behavior. Acutely, mania can be induced by
1836:
1077:, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and other parts of the prefrontal cortex. The model hypothesizes that bipolar disorder may occur when the ventral system is overactivated and the dorsal system is underactivated. Other models suggest the ability to regulate emotions is disrupted in people with bipolar disorder and that dysfunction of the ventricular prefrontal cortex is crucial to this disruption.
65:
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a clinician, and ideally a medical work-up to rule out other causes. Caregiver-scored rating scales, specifically from the mother, have shown to be more accurate than teacher and youth-scored reports in identifying youths with bipolar disorder. Assessment is usually done on an outpatient basis; admission to an inpatient facility is considered if there is a risk to oneself or others.
639:, problems concentrating, self-loathing or feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death or suicide. Although the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing unipolar and bipolar episodes are the same, some clinical features are more common in the latter, including increased sleep, sudden onset and resolution of symptoms, significant weight gain or loss, and severe episodes after childbirth.
571:, and does not require psychiatric hospitalization. Overall functioning may actually increase during episodes of hypomania and is thought to serve as a defense mechanism against depression by some. Hypomanic episodes rarely progress to full-blown manic episodes. Some people who experience hypomania show increased creativity, while others are irritable or demonstrate poor judgment.
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1563:: At least one manic episode is necessary to make the diagnosis; depressive episodes are common in the vast majority of cases with bipolar disorder I, but are unnecessary for the diagnosis. Specifiers such as "mild, moderate, moderate-severe, severe" and "with psychotic features" should be added as applicable to indicate the presentation and course of the disorder.
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depending on the bipolar disorder episode type or if the person is experiencing unipolar or bipolar depression. Other factors to consider when deciding on an appropriate treatment approach includes if the person has any comorbidities, their response to previous therapies, adverse effects, and the desire of the person to be treated.
1318:(ICD-10). The ICD-10 criteria are used more often in clinical settings outside of the U.S. while the DSM criteria are used within the U.S. and are the prevailing criteria used internationally in research studies. The DSM-5, published in 2013, includes further and more accurate specifiers compared to its predecessor, the
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raising suspicions of overdiagnosis. One meta-analysis of bipolar disorder in young people worldwide estimated that about 1.8% of people between the ages of seven and 21 have bipolar disorder. Similar to adults, bipolar disorder in children and adolescents is thought to occur at a similar frequency in boys and girls.
1573:, do not usually cause severe social or occupational impairment, and are without psychosis), and this can make bipolar II more difficult to diagnose, since the hypomanic episodes may simply appear as periods of successful high productivity and are reported less frequently than a distressing, crippling depression.
450:. Psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations may occur in both manic and depressive episodes; their content and nature are consistent with the person's prevailing mood. In some people with bipolar disorder, depressive symptoms predominate, and the episodes of mania are always the more subdued
1787:. These are sometimes referred to as partial-inpatient programs. Compared to the general population, people with bipolar disorder are less likely to frequently engage in physical exercise. Exercise may have physical and mental benefits for people with bipolar disorder, but there is a lack of research.
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Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, Aronson JK, Barnes T, Cipriani A, Coghill DR, Fazel S, Geddes JR, Grunze H, Holmes EA, Howes O, Hudson S, Hunt N, Jones I, Macmillan IC, McAllister-Williams H, Miklowitz DR, Morriss R, Munafò M, Paton C, Saharkian BJ, Saunders K, Sinclair J, Taylor D, Vieta E, Young
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episode (the diagnostic threshold for bipolar II or cyclothymia). Including sub-threshold diagnostic criteria, such as one or two symptoms over a short time-period, an additional 5.1% of the population, adding up to a total of 6.4%, were classified as having a bipolar spectrum disorder. A more recent
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A large proportion (approximately 68%) of people who seek treatment for bipolar disorder are obese or overweight and managing obesity is important for reducing the risk of other health conditions that are associated with obesity. Management approaches include non-pharmacological, pharmacological, and
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Bipolar disorder is commonly diagnosed during adolescence or early adulthood, but onset can occur throughout life. Its diagnosis is based on the self-reported experiences of the individual, abnormal behavior reported by family members, friends or co-workers, observable signs of illness as assessed by
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causes mania, and decreased sensitivity of these circuits causes depression. According to the "kindling" hypothesis, when people who are genetically predisposed toward bipolar disorder experience stressful events, the stress threshold at which mood changes occur becomes progressively lower, until the
461:
criteria, mania is distinguished from hypomania by the duration: hypomania is present if elevated mood symptoms persist for at least four consecutive days, while mania is present if such symptoms persist for more than a week. Unlike mania, hypomania is not always associated with impaired functioning.
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The United States spent approximately $ 202.1 billion on people diagnosed with bipolar I disorder (excluding other subtypes of bipolar disorder and undiagnosed people) in 2015. One analysis estimated that the United
Kingdom spent approximately £5.2 billion on the disorder in 2007. In addition to the
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found that 1% met lifetime prevalence criteria for bipolar I, 1.1% for bipolar II, and 2.4% for subthreshold symptoms. Estimates vary about how many children and young adults have bipolar disorder. These estimates range from 0.6 to 15% depending on differing settings, methods, and referral settings,
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from the first admission for mania or mixed episode (representing the hospitalized and therefore most severe cases) found that 50% achieved syndromal recovery (no longer meeting criteria for the diagnosis) within six weeks and 98% within two years. Within two years, 72% achieved symptomatic recovery
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or highly conflictual families) which, although not a diagnostically specific causal agent for bipolar, does place genetically and biologically vulnerable individuals at risk for a more severe course of illness. Longitudinal studies have indicated that full-blown manic stages are often preceded by a
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should be used with any subtype. Individuals who have subthreshold symptoms that cause clinically significant distress or impairment, but do not meet full criteria for one of the three subtypes may be diagnosed with other specified or unspecified bipolar disorder. Other specified bipolar disorder is
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Bipolar spectrum disorders include: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder and cases where subthreshold symptoms are found to cause clinically significant impairment or distress. These disorders involve major depressive episodes that alternate with manic or hypomanic episodes,
993:
factors play a significant role in the development and course of bipolar disorder, and individual psychosocial variables may interact with genetic dispositions. Recent life events and interpersonal relationships likely contribute to the onset and recurrence of bipolar mood episodes, just as they do
813:
The cause of bipolar disorders overlaps with major depressive disorder. When defining concordance as the co-twins having either bipolar disorder or major depression, then the concordance rate rises to 67% in identical twins and 19% in fraternal twins. The relatively low concordance between fraternal
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Hypomania may feel good to some individuals who experience it, though most people who experience hypomania state that the stress of the experience is very painful. People with bipolar disorder who experience hypomania tend to forget the effects of their actions on those around them. Even when family
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Bipolar disorder is the sixth leading cause of disability worldwide and has a lifetime prevalence of about 1 to 3% in the general population. However, a reanalysis of data from the
National Epidemiological Catchment Area survey in the United States suggested that 0.8% of the population experience a
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A lifelong condition with periods of partial or full recovery in between recurrent episodes of relapse, bipolar disorder is considered to be a major health problem worldwide because of the increased rates of disability and premature mortality. It is also associated with co-occurring psychiatric and
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are classed as mood stabilizers due to their effect on the mood states in bipolar disorder. Lithium has the best overall evidence and is considered an effective treatment for acute manic episodes, preventing relapses, and bipolar depression. Lithium reduces the risk of suicide, self-harm, and death
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and cognitive-behavioral therapy appear the most effective in regard to residual depressive symptoms. Most studies have been based only on bipolar I, however, and treatment during the acute phase can be a particular challenge. Some clinicians emphasize the need to talk with individuals experiencing
1656:. A thorough longitudinal analysis of symptoms and episodes, assisted if possible by discussions with friends and family members, is crucial to establishing a treatment plan where these comorbidities exist. Children of parents with bipolar disorder more frequently have other mental health problems.
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cofounded the ME/2 Orchestra with his wife
Caroline Whiddon in 2011. Braunstein was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1985 and his concerts with the ME/2 Orchestra were conceived in order to create a welcoming performance environment for his musical colleagues, while also raising public awareness
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There are conceptual and methodological limitations and variations in the findings. Prevalence studies of bipolar disorder are typically carried out by lay interviewers who follow fully structured/fixed interview schemes; responses to single items from such interviews may have limited validity. In
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Risk factors for suicide attempts and death from suicide in people with bipolar disorder include older age, prior suicide attempts, a depressive or mixed index episode (first episode), a manic index episode with psychotic symptoms, hopelessness or psychomotor agitation present during the episodes,
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Bipolar disorder can cause suicidal ideation that leads to suicide attempts. Individuals whose bipolar disorder begins with a depressive or mixed affective episode seem to have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of suicide. One out of two people with bipolar disorder attempt suicide at least
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Bipolar disorder is uncommon in older patients, with a measured lifetime prevalence of 1% in over 60s and a 12-month prevalence of 0.1–0.5% in people over 65. Despite this, it is overrepresented in psychiatric admissions, making up 4–8% of inpatient admission to aged care psychiatry units, and the
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is an episode during which symptoms of both mania and depression occur simultaneously. Individuals experiencing a mixed state may have manic symptoms such as grandiose thoughts while simultaneously experiencing depressive symptoms such as excessive guilt or feeling suicidal. They are considered to
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Although there are no biological tests that are diagnostic of bipolar disorder, blood tests and/or imaging are carried out to investigate whether medical illnesses with clinical presentations similar to that of bipolar disorder are present before making a definitive diagnosis. Neurologic diseases
413:
Bipolar disorder occurs in approximately 2% of the global population. In the United States, about 3% are estimated to be affected at some point in their life; rates appear to be similar in females and males. Symptoms most commonly begin between the ages of 20 and 25 years old; an earlier onset in
318:
if there are hypomanic episodes with periods of depression that do not meet the criteria for major depressive episodes. If these symptoms are due to drugs or medical problems, they are not diagnosed as bipolar disorder. Other conditions that have overlapping symptoms with bipolar disorder include
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found that prevalence and incidence of bipolar disorder are very similar across the world. Age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranged from 421.0 in South Asia to 481.7 in Africa and Europe for men and from 450.3 in Africa and Europe to 491.6 in
Oceania for women. However, severity may differ
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The precise mechanisms that cause bipolar disorder are not well understood. Bipolar disorder is thought to be associated with abnormalities in the structure and function of certain brain areas responsible for cognitive tasks and the processing of emotions. A neurologic model for bipolar disorder
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Early recognition and intervention also improve prognosis as the symptoms in earlier stages are less severe and more responsive to treatment. Onset after adolescence is connected to better prognoses for both genders, and being male is a protective factor against higher levels of depression. For
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In the 1920s, Kraepelin noted that manic episodes are rare before puberty. In general, bipolar disorder in children was not recognized in the first half of the twentieth century. This issue diminished with an increased following of the DSM criteria in the last part of the twentieth century. The
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during manic episodes compared to people without the disorder. Similar studies examining the differences in brain activity between people with bipolar disorder and those without did not find a consistent area in the brain that was more or less active when comparing these two groups. People with
1702:
Bipolar on average, starts during adulthood. Bipolar 1, on average, starts at the age of 18 years old, and
Bipolar 2 starts at age 22 years old on average. However, most delay seeking treatment for an average of 8 years after symptoms start. Bipolar is often misdiagnosed with other psychiatric
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The earlier the age of onset, the more likely the first few episodes are to be depressive. For most people with bipolar types 1 and 2, the depressive episodes are much longer than the manic or hypomanic episodes. Since a diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires a manic or hypomanic episode, many
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of people with bipolar disorder are more likely to be professionally successful, as well as to demonstrate temperamental traits similar to bipolar disorder. Furthermore, while studies of the frequency of bipolar disorder in creative population samples have been conflicting, full-blown bipolar
1938:
and mood stabilizers used together are quicker and more effective at treating mania than either class of drug used alone. Some analyses indicate antipsychotics alone are also more effective at treating acute mania. A first-line treatment for depression in bipolar disorder is a combination of
1843:
Medications are often prescribed to help improve symptoms of bipolar disorder. Medications approved for treating bipolar disorder including mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Sometimes a combination of medications may also be suggested. The choice of medications may differ
2272:
widely across the globe. Disability-adjusted life year rates, for example, appear to be higher in developing countries, where medical coverage may be poorer and medication less available. Within the United States, Asian
Americans have significantly lower rates than their African American and
2096:
When bipolar disorder occurs in children, it severely and adversely affects their psychosocial development. Children and adolescents with bipolar disorder have higher rates of significant difficulties with substance use disorders, psychosis, academic difficulties, behavioral problems, social
579:, the individual will often deny that anything is wrong. If not accompanied by depressive episodes, hypomanic episodes are often not deemed problematic unless the mood changes are uncontrollable or volatile. Most commonly, symptoms continue for time periods from a few weeks to a few months.
2100:
Despite the overly ambitious goals that are frequently part of manic episodes, symptoms of mania undermine the ability to achieve these goals and often interfere with an individual's social and occupational functioning. One-third of people with BD remain unemployed for one year following a
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and suicide. Individuals diagnosed with bipolar who have a family history of bipolar disorder are at a greater risk for more frequent manic/hypomanic episodes. Early onset and psychotic features are also associated with worse outcomes, as well as subtypes that are nonresponsive to lithium.
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Compliance with medications is one of the most significant factors that can decrease the rate and severity of relapse and have a positive impact on overall prognosis. However, the types of medications used in treating BD commonly cause side effects and more than 75% of individuals with BD
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bipolar have increased activation of left hemisphere ventral limbic areas—which mediate emotional experiences and generation of emotional responses—and decreased activation of right hemisphere cortical structures related to cognition—structures associated with the regulation of emotions.
1712:
incidence of mood disorders is increasing overall with the aging population. Depressive episodes more commonly present with sleep disturbance, fatigue, hopelessness about the future, slowed thinking, and poor concentration and memory; the last three symptoms are seen in what is known as
2420:
in 1957 to differentiate between unipolar and bipolar disorder in depression. These subtypes have been regarded as separate conditions since publication of the DSM-III. The subtypes bipolar II and rapid cycling have been included since the DSM-IV, based on work from the 1970s by
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of key system elements and receptors such as lower sensitivity of dopaminergic receptors. This results in decreased dopamine transmission characteristic of the depressive phase. The depressive phase ends with homeostatic upregulation potentially restarting the cycle over again.
805:
similarly produced rates of 42% and 11% (identical and fraternal twins, respectively). The rates of bipolar II combinations without bipolar I are lower—bipolar II at 23 and 17%, and bipolar II combining with cyclothymia at 33 and 14%—which may reflect relatively higher genetic
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once during their lifetime and many attempts are successfully completed. The annual average suicide rate is 0.4%-1.4%, which is 30 to 60 times greater than that of the general population. The number of deaths from suicide in bipolar disorder is between 18 and 25 times higher
780:
The causes of bipolar disorder likely vary between individuals and the exact mechanism underlying the disorder remains unclear. Genetic influences are believed to account for 73–93% of the risk of developing the disorder indicating a strong hereditary component. The overall
2039:), and high rates of initial under- or misdiagnosis, causing a delay in appropriate treatment and contributing to poorer prognoses. When compared to the general population, people with bipolar disorder also have higher rates of other serious medical comorbidities including
2502:, who has written extensively on the topic, noted that Fisher helped to draw attention to the disorder's chronicity, relapsing nature, and that bipolar disorder relapses do not indicate a lack of discipline or moral shortcomings. Since being diagnosed at age 37, actor
2114:(no symptoms at all) and 43% achieved functional recovery (regaining of prior occupational and residential status). However, 40% went on to experience a new episode of mania or depression within 2 years of syndromal recovery, and 19% switched phases without recovery.
1891:
medications are effective for short-term treatment of bipolar manic episodes and appear to be superior to lithium and anticonvulsants for this purpose. Atypical antipsychotics are also indicated for bipolar depression refractory to treatment with mood stabilizers.
1271:
indicated increased noradrenergic activity in manic people. Low plasma GABA levels on both sides of the mood spectrum have been found. One review found no difference in monoamine levels, but found abnormal norepinephrine turnover in people with bipolar disorder.
2707:
also plays himself. In one episode, after being off his medication and having an episode, GaTa tearfully confesses to having bipolar disorder. GaTa has bipolar disorder in real life but, like his character in the show, he is able to manage it with medication.
724:
In April 2021, a meta-analysis of 3 studies comprising 9,142 subjects was presented at the
International Conference on Big Data and Informatization Education that found that problematic internet use is a risk factor for bipolar disorder. In December 2023, the
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went public with her bipolar disorder diagnosis. She became one of the most well-recognized advocates for people with bipolar disorder in the public eye and fiercely advocated to eliminate the stigma surrounding mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder.
8622:
Sá Filho AS, Cheniaux E, de Paula CC, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Teixeira D, Monteiro D, Cid L, Yamamoto T, Telles-Correia D, Imperatori C, Budde H, Machado S (November 1, 2020). "Exercise is medicine: a new perspective for health promotion in bipolar disorder".
2016:
The occurrence of poor response to treatment in has given support to the concept of resistance to treatment in bipolar disorder. Guidelines to the definition of such treatment resistance and evidence-based options for its management were reviewed in 2020.
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1979:
Treating bipolar disorder in children involves medication and psychotherapy. The literature and research on the effects of psychosocial therapy on bipolar spectrum disorders are scarce, making it difficult to determine the efficacy of various therapies.
385:
are additionally given during acute manic episodes as well as in cases where mood stabilizers are poorly tolerated or ineffective. In patients where compliance is of concern, long-acting injectable formulations are available. There is some evidence that
994:
for unipolar depression. In surveys, 30–50% of adults diagnosed with bipolar disorder report traumatic/abusive experiences in childhood, which is associated with earlier onset, a higher rate of suicide attempts, and more co-occurring disorders such as
2085:. People with bipolar disorder often experience a decline in cognitive functioning during (or possibly before) their first episode, after which a certain degree of cognitive dysfunction typically becomes permanent, with more severe impairment during
2751:
Research directions for bipolar disorder in children include optimizing treatments, increasing the knowledge of the genetic and neurobiological basis of the pediatric disorder and improving diagnostic criteria. Some treatment research suggests that
849:
finding for mania was in 1969, linkage studies have been inconsistent. Findings point strongly to heterogeneity, with different genes implicated in different families. Robust and replicable genome-wide significant associations showed several common
1380:. A key difference between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder is the nature of the mood swings; in contrast to the sustained changes to mood over days to weeks or longer, those of the latter condition (more accurately called
8543:
Becker T, Kilian R (2006). "Psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness across western Europe: What can be generalized from current knowledge about differences in provision, costs and outcomes of mental health care?".
10976:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017"
10204:
Serafini G, Pompili M, Borgwardt S, Houenou J, Geoffroy PA, Jardri R, Girardi P, Amore M (November 2014). "Brain changes in early-onset bipolar and unipolar depressive disorders: a systematic review in children and adolescents".
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Currently, medication remains the key to successful practice for most patients in the long term. ... At present the preferred strategy is for continuous rather than intermittent treatment with oral medicines to prevent new mood
2047:
virus infection. After a diagnosis is made, it remains difficult to achieve complete remission of all symptoms with the currently available psychiatric medications and symptoms often become progressively more severe over time.
750:(10–20%) which can add to the burden of illness and worsen the prognosis. Certain medical conditions are also more common in people with bipolar disorder as compared to the general population. This includes increased rates of
11625:
1540:'s original concept of manic depressive illness. Bipolar II disorder was established as a diagnosis in 1994 within DSM IV; though debate continues over whether it is a distinct entity, part of a spectrum, or exists at all.
1592:
used when a clinician chooses to explain why the full criteria were not met (e.g., hypomania without a prior major depressive episode). If the condition is thought to have a non-psychiatric medical cause, the diagnosis of
562:
is the milder form of mania, defined as at least four days of the same criteria as mania, but which does not cause a significant decrease in the individual's ability to socialize or work, lacks psychotic features such as
1694:—that covers children with long-term, persistent irritability that had at times been misdiagnosed as having bipolar disorder, distinct from irritability in bipolar disorder that is restricted to discrete mood episodes.
1682:
diagnosis of childhood bipolar disorder, while formerly controversial, has gained greater acceptance among childhood and adolescent psychiatrists. American children and adolescents diagnosed with bipolar disorder in
1345:. The use of evaluation scales cannot substitute a full clinical interview but they serve to systematize the recollection of symptoms. On the other hand, instruments for screening bipolar disorder tend to have lower
8489:
Faedda GL, Baldessarini RJ, Marangoni C, Bechdolf A, Berk M, Birmaher B, et al. (December 2019). "An
International Society of Bipolar Disorders task force report: Precursors and prodromes of bipolar disorder".
7174:
Baldessarini RJ, Faedda GL, Offidani E, Vázquez GH, Marangoni C, Serra G, Tondo L (May 2013). "Antidepressant-associated mood-switching and transition from unipolar major depression to bipolar disorder: a review".
11336:
1872:
is unknown. Carbamazepine effectively treats manic episodes, with some evidence it has greater benefit in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, or those with more psychotic symptoms or more symptoms similar to that of
12279:
12264:
12245:
721:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found that a weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and impulsivity.
11825:
841:
of those with bipolar disorder than in the general population; similarly, the risk of major depressive disorder is three times higher in relatives of those with bipolar disorder than in the general population.
2052:
inconsistently take their medications for various reasons. Of the various types of the disorder, rapid cycling (four or more episodes in one year) is associated with the worst prognosis due to higher rates of
4127:
Tarr GP, Glue P, Herbison P (November 2011). "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of mood stabilizer and second generation antipsychotic monotherapy for acute mania—a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2138:
in similarly aged people without bipolar disorder. The lifetime risk of suicide is much higher in those with bipolar disorder, with an estimated 34% of people attempting suicide and 15–20% dying by suicide.
524:, or as if they have a special relationship with God, a great mission to accomplish, or other grandiose or delusional ideas. This may lead to violent behavior and, sometimes, hospitalization in an inpatient
1733:
variety of prodromal clinical features, providing support for the occurrence of an at-risk state of the disorder when an early intervention might prevent its further development and/or improve its outcome.
921:, multiple studies have undertaken the approach of analyzing SNPs in biological pathways. Signaling pathways traditionally associated with bipolar disorder that have been supported by these studies include
4999:
Nierenberg AA, Kansky C, Brennan BP, Shelton RC, Perlis R, Iosifescu DV (January 2013). "Mitochondrial modulators for bipolar disorder: a pathophysiologically informed paradigm for new drug development".
57:
Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD), bipolar illness, manic depression, manic depressive disorder, manic–depressive illness (historical), manic–depressive psychosis, circular insanity (historical), bipolar
10478:
Tohen M, Zarate CA, Hennen J, Khalsa HM, Strakowski SM, Gebre-Medhin P, Salvatore P, Baldessarini RJ (2003). "The McLean-Harvard First-Episode Mania Study: Prediction of recovery and first recurrence".
6603:
Michael N, Erfurth A, Ohrmann P, Gössling M, Arolt V, Heindel W, Pfleiderer B (2003). "Acute mania is accompanied by elevated glutamate/glutamine levels within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex".
1151:
Neuroscientists have proposed additional models to try to explain the cause of bipolar disorder. One proposed model for bipolar disorder suggests that hypersensitivity of reward circuits consisting of
3806:
Ferrari AJ, Stockings E, Khoo JP, Erskine HE, Degenhardt L, Vos T, Whiteford HA (August 2016). "The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: findings from the Global Burden of
Disease Study 2013".
7210:
Sood AB, Razdan A, Weller EB, Weller RA (2005). "How to differentiate bipolar disorder from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other common psychiatric disorders: A guide for clinicians".
430:, commonly (but not in every patient) alternating with bouts of depression, with an absence of symptoms in between. During these episodes, people with bipolar disorder exhibit disruptions in normal
1747:
The aim of management is to treat acute episodes safely with medication and work with the patient in long-term maintenance to prevent further episodes and optimise function using a combination of
8241:
Sylvia LG, Montana RE, Deckersbach T, Thase ME, Tohen M, Reilly-Harrington N, McInnis MG, Kocsis JH, Bowden C, Calabrese J, Gao K, Ketter T, Shelton RC, McElroy SL, Friedman ES (March 27, 2017).
10719:
Judd LL, Akiskal HS (January 2003). "The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases".
1798:
aims to assist a person with bipolar disorder in accepting and understanding their diagnosis, coping with various types of stress, improving their interpersonal relationships, and recognizing
13955:
2093:
in between episodes even when their mood symptoms are in full remission. A similar pattern is seen in both BD-I and BD-II, but people with BD-II experience a lesser degree of impairment.
394:
in depressive episodes is controversial: they can be effective but have been implicated in triggering manic episodes. The treatment of depressive episodes, therefore, is often difficult.
11599:
8668:
Goldstein BI, Baune BT, Bond DJ, Chen PH, Eyler L, Fagiolini A, Gomes F, Hajek T, Hatch J, McElroy SL, McIntyre RS, Prieto M, Sylvia LG, Tsai SY, Kcomt A, Fiedorowicz JG (August 2020).
4377:"Overlapping prefrontal systems involved in cognitive and emotional processing in euthymic bipolar disorder and following sleep deprivation: a review of functional neuroimaging studies"
1160:
leading to its overactivation, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Other brain components that have been proposed to play a role in bipolar disorder are the
793:
have been limited by relatively small sample sizes but have indicated a substantial genetic contribution, as well as environmental influence. For bipolar I disorder, the rate at which
513:. To fit the definition of a manic episode, these behaviors must impair the individual's ability to socialize or work. If untreated, a manic episode usually lasts three to six months.
11633:
6560:
Berk M, Dodd S, Kauer-Sant'anna M, Malhi GS, Bourin M, Kapczinski F, Norman T (2007). "Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: implications for a dopamine hypothesis of bipolar disorder".
6087:
Selvaraj S, Arnone D, Job D, Stanfield A, Farrow TF, Nugent AC, Scherk H, Gruber O, Chen X, Sachdev PS, Dickstein DP, Malhi GS, Ha TH, Ha K, Phillips ML, McIntosh AM (March 2012).
717:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5 studies that found evidence for a relationship between problematic smartphone use and impulsivity traits. In October 2020, the
2401:, after noting that periods of acute illness, manic or depressive, were generally punctuated by relatively symptom-free intervals where the patient was able to function normally.
17:
6288:
Houenou J, Frommberger J, Carde S, Glasbrenner M, Diener C, Leboyer M, Wessa M (August 2011). "Neuroimaging-based markers of bipolar disorder: evidence from two meta-analyses".
1053:
proposes that the emotional circuitry of the brain can be divided into two main parts. The ventral system (regulates emotional perception) includes brain structures such as the
3859:
Christie KA, Burke JD, Regier DA, Rae DS, Boyd JH, Locke BZ (1988). "Epidemiologic evidence for early onset of mental disorders and higher risk of drug abuse in young adults".
729:
published a meta-analysis of 24 studies with 18,859 subjects with a mean age of 18.4 years that found significant associations between problematic internet use and impulsivity.
1527:
Since Emil Kraepelin's distinction between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in the 19th century, researchers have defined a spectrum of different types of bipolar disorder.
14278:
2318:, was the first elaboration on what was to become modern depression. The basis of the current conceptualization of bipolar illness can be traced back to the 1850s. In 1850,
2591:
Several dramatic works have portrayed characters with traits suggestive of the diagnosis which have been the subject of discussion by psychiatrists and film experts alike.
11036:
4766:
de Francisco Carvalho L, Sette CP, Ferrari BL (2018). "Problematic smartphone use relationship with pathological personality traits: Systematic review and meta-analysis".
1201:
is significantly increased within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the manic phase of bipolar disorder, and returns to normal levels once the phase is over.
4953:
Messer T, Lammers G, Müller-Siecheneder F, Schmidt RF, Latifi S (July 2017). "Substance abuse in patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
3262:
1256:
of persons with bipolar disorder during both the depressed and manic phases. Increased dopaminergic activity has been hypothesized in manic states due to the ability of
11817:
11292:
Abdul Pari AA, Simon J, Wolstenholme J, Geddes JR, Goodwin GM (September 2014). "Economic evaluations in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and critical appraisal".
9092:
Post RM, Ketter TA, Uhde T, Ballenger JC (2007). "Thirty years of clinical experience with carbamazepine in the treatment of bipolar illness: Principles and practice".
6926:"Multivariate Meta-Analysis of the Discriminative Validity of Caregiver, Youth, and Teacher Rating Scales for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Mother Knows Best About Mania"
4795:"Correlations between mobile phone addiction and anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and poor sleep quality among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
3606:
Nierenberg AA, Agustini B, Köhler-Forsberg O, Cusin C, Katz D, Sylvia LG, Peters A, Berk M (October 10, 2023). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Review".
2143:
co-existing anxiety disorder, a first degree relative with a mood disorder or suicide, interpersonal conflicts, occupational problems, bereavement or social isolation.
1923:
are not recommended for use alone in the treatment of bipolar disorder and do not provide any benefit over mood stabilizers. Atypical antipsychotic medications (e.g.,
2604:) swings from a manic episode into a depressive phase and back again, spending time in a psychiatric hospital and displaying many of the features of the syndrome. In
11364:
Kleine-Budde K, Touil E, Moock J, Bramesfeld A, Kawohl W, Rössler W (June 2014). "Cost of illness for bipolar disorder: a systematic review of the economic burden".
814:
twins brought up together suggests that shared family environmental effects are limited, although the ability to detect them has been limited by small sample sizes.
11041:
at the beginning of the 19th century with Esquirol's 'affective monomanias' (notably 'lypemania', the first elaboration of what was to become our modern depression)
12908:
1189:
responsible for mood cycling, has increased transmission during the manic phase. The dopamine hypothesis states that the increase in dopamine results in secondary
876:
failed to find any locus that exerts a large effect, reinforcing the idea that no single gene is responsible for bipolar disorder in most cases. Polymorphisms in
4731:(January 2013). "Bipolar mixed states: an international society for bipolar disorders task force report of symptom structure, course of illness, and diagnosis".
11877:
11250:
10875:
Ferrari AJ, Baxter AJ, Whiteford HA (November 2011). "A systematic review of the global distribution and availability of prevalence data for bipolar disorder".
8587:
McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Feldman K, Wolfe R, Pascaris A (2007). "Cognitive Training for Supported Employment: 2–3 Year Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial".
2734:. Despite prominence in popular culture, the link between creativity and bipolar has not been rigorously studied. This area of study also is likely affected by
2073:
processes and abilities are seen in mood disorders, with those of bipolar disorder being greater than those in major depressive disorder. These include reduced
1010:
Less commonly, bipolar disorder or a bipolar-like disorder may occur as a result of or in association with a neurological condition or injury including stroke,
6141:
Strakowski SM, Adler CM, Almeida J, Altshuler LL, Blumberg HP, Chang KD, DelBello MP, Frangou S, McIntosh A, Phillips ML, Sussman JE, Townsend JD (June 2012).
4875:
Augner C, Vlasak T, Barth A (2023). "The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis".
1569:: No manic episodes and one or more hypomanic episodes and one or more major depressive episodes. Hypomanic episodes do not go to the full extremes of mania (
434:, psychomotor activity (the level of physical activity that is influenced by mood)—e.g. constant fidgeting during mania or slowed movements during depression—
10812:
1755:
techniques. Hospitalization may be required especially with the manic episodes present in bipolar I. This can be voluntary or (local legislation permitting)
3381:
10613:
2508:
1556:
The DSM and the ICD characterize bipolar disorder as a spectrum of disorders occurring on a continuum. The DSM-5 and ICD-11 lists three specific subtypes:
1048:
Brain imaging studies have revealed differences in the volume of various brain regions between patients with bipolar disorder and healthy control subjects.
7684:
Buoli M, Serati M, Altamura AC (December 2017). "Biological aspects and candidate biomarkers for rapid-cycling in bipolar disorder: A systematic review".
9444:
6647:
Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, Coulston CM, Berk M (February 2013). "Potential mechanisms of action of lithium in bipolar disorder. Current understanding".
5050:
Edvardsen J, Torgersen S, Røysamb E, Lygren S, Skre I, Onstad S, Oien PA (2008). "Heritability of bipolar spectrum disorders. Unity or heterogeneity?".
462:
The biological mechanisms responsible for switching from a manic or hypomanic episode to a depressive episode, or vice versa, remain poorly understood.
12186:"The International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force report on pediatric bipolar disorder: Knowledge to date and directions for future research"
9186:"Lamotrigine for treatment of bipolar depression: Independent meta-analysis and meta-regression of individual patient data from five randomised trials"
4258:
Knowles R, McCarthy-Jones S, Rowse G (June 2011). "Grandiose delusions: a review and theoretical integration of cognitive and affective perspectives".
11554:
10108:"Can Psychological, Social and Demographical Factors Predict Clinical Characteristics Symptomatology of Bipolar Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia?"
4683:
Muzina DJ, Kemp DE, McIntyre RS (October–December 2007). "Differentiating bipolar disorders from major depressive disorders: treatment implications".
14271:
7026:
Carvalho AF, Takwoingi Y, Sales PM, Soczynska JK, Köhler CA, Freitas TH, Quevedo J, Hyphantis TN, McIntyre RS, Vieta E, et al. (February 2015).
11900:
10435:
Tse S, Chan S, Ng KL, Yatham LN (May 2014). "Meta-analysis of predictors of favorable employment outcomes among individuals with bipolar disorder".
3476:"Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: Revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology"
10629:"Sleep disturbance and cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder: toward an integrated examination of disorder maintenance and functional impairment"
6957:
Perugi G, Ghaemi SN, Akiskal H (2006). "Diagnostic and Clinical Management Approaches to Bipolar Depression, Bipolar II and Their Comorbidities".
1156:
episodes eventually start (and recur) spontaneously. There is evidence supporting an association between early-life stress and dysfunction of the
426:
Late adolescence and early adulthood are peak years for the onset of bipolar disorder. The condition is characterized by intermittent episodes of
4522:
Srivastava S, Ketter TA (December 2010). "The link between bipolar disorders and creativity: evidence from personality and temperament studies".
1608:
Most people who meet criteria for bipolar disorder experience a number of episodes, on average 0.4 to 0.7 per year, lasting three to six months.
11267:
9061:
Macritchie K, Geddes JR, Scott J, Haslam D, de Lima M, Goodwin G (2003). Reid K (ed.). "Valproate for acute mood episodes in bipolar disorder".
1690:
it doubled reaching 6%. Studies using DSM criteria show that up to 1% of youth may have bipolar disorder. The DSM-5 has established a diagnosis—
11718:
601:
481:
Also known as a manic episode, mania is a distinct period of at least one week of elevated or irritable mood, which can range from euphoria to
8670:"Call to action regarding the vascular-bipolar link: A report from the Vascular Task Force of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders"
1237:(PKA) expression and sensitivity; typically, PKA activates as part of the intracellular signalling cascade downstream from the detachment of G
11576:
2547:, suffered from some kind of bipolar disorder. Several celebrities have also publicly shared that they have bipolar disorder; in addition to
11992:
Akiskal H, Akiskal K (2010). "The Genius-Insanity Debate: Focus on Bipolarity, Temperament, Creativity and Leadership". In Lakshmi Y (ed.).
11767:
10676:
Moreira AL, Van Meter A, Genzlinger J, Youngstrom EA (2017). "Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies of Adult Bipolar Disorder".
9282:
Vasudev K, Macritchie K, Geddes J, Watson S, Young A (2006). Young AH (ed.). "Topiramate for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder".
5516:"Common genetic variants and gene-expression changes associated with bipolar disorder are over-represented in brain signaling pathway genes"
4587:
2121:), especially those related to mania, can be reliably identified by people with bipolar disorder. There have been intents to teach patients
1322:. This work has influenced the eleventh revision of the ICD, which includes the various diagnoses within the bipolar spectrum of the DSM-V.
14264:
9422:
7903:
4565:
5085:
Kieseppä T, Partonen T, Haukka J, Kaprio J, Lönnqvist J (2004). "High Concordance of Bipolar I Disorder in a Nationwide Sample of Twins".
2267:
The incidence of bipolar disorder is similar in men and women as well as across different cultures and ethnic groups. A 2000 study by the
766:(14%). This contributes to a risk of death that is two times higher in those with bipolar disorder as compared to the general population.
706:
10289:
Cipriani G, Danti S, Carlesi C, Cammisuli DM, Di Fiorino M (October 2017). "Bipolar Disorder and Cognitive Dysfunction: A Complex Link".
10106:
Maciukiewicz M, Pawlak J, Kapelski P, Łabędzka M, Skibinska M, Zaremba D, Leszczynska-Rodziewicz A, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Hauser J (2016).
2876:
2530:
3925:
Chen CH, Suckling J, Lennox BR, Ooi C, Bullmore ET (February 2011). "A quantitative meta-analysis of fMRI studies in bipolar disorder".
2895:
Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by profound unresponsiveness or stupor with abnormal movements in a person who is otherwise awake.
1896:
is effective in preventing relapses, although the supporting evidence is weaker than the evidence for lithium. A 2006 review found that
13380:
13336:
12439:
10922:
1548:
11460:"Social functioning in bipolar patients: the perception and perspective of patients, relatives and advocacy organizations – a review"
8118:
1880:
Mood stabilizers are used for long-term maintenance but have not demonstrated the ability to quickly treat acute bipolar depression.
682:
occur more frequently as a comorbidity in mixed bipolar episodes than in non-mixed bipolar depression or mania. Substance (including
11948:
7142:
6325:"Elevated reward-related neural activation as a unique biological marker of bipolar disorder: assessment and treatment implications"
314:
if there has been at least one hypomanic episode (but no full manic episodes) and one major depressive episode. It is classified as
14492:
13758:
13709:
13195:
12812:
12625:
1637:
1358:
747:
320:
181:
2614:) displays some features including recklessness, grandiosity, increased goal-directed activity and mood lability, as well as some
13831:
12605:
2765:
1955:(ECT) is an effective form of treatment for acute mood disturbances in those with bipolar disorder, especially when psychotic or
1815:
11741:
11024:
5962:
Bora E, Fornito A, Yücel M, Pantelis C (June 2010). "Voxelwise meta-analysis of gray matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder".
3527:
Cheniaux E, Nardi AE (October 2019). "Evaluating the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in patients with bipolar disorder".
2525:
Numerous authors have written about bipolar disorder and many successful people have openly discussed their experience with it.
2061:
women, better social functioning before developing bipolar disorder and being a parent are protective towards suicide attempts.
470:
14062:
12931:
4429:"Bipolar disorder and substance misuse: pathological and therapeutic implications of their comorbidity and cross-sensitisation"
2089:
and moderate impairment during periods of remission. As a result, two-thirds of people with BD continue to experience impaired
1691:
9480:"Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale"
2717:
1204:
Medications used to treat bipolar may exert their effect by modulating intracellular signaling, such as through depleting myo-
505:
activities and impaired judgement, which can lead to exhibition of behaviors characterized as impulsive or high-risk, such as
14622:
12136:
12117:
12098:
12064:
12043:
12009:
11697:
11123:
10958:
9313:
Cipriani A, Rendell JM, Geddes J (January 2009). Cipriani A (ed.). "Olanzapine in long-term treatment for bipolar disorder".
7512:
7348:
6974:
6717:
6423:"Circadian Rhythm Hypotheses of Mixed Features, Antidepressant Treatment Resistance, and Manic Switching in Bipolar Disorder"
6374:"Life stress and kindling in bipolar disorder: review of the evidence and integration with emerging biopsychosocial theories"
6241:"Dysregulation of synaptic pruning as a possible link between intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and neuropsychiatric disorders"
5950:
4859:
3972:
3585:
3274:
3162:
3020:
2995:
2738:. Some evidence suggests that some heritable component of bipolar disorder overlaps with heritable components of creativity.
2458:
2454:
1121:
11198:
686:) use also follows this trend, thereby appearing to depict bipolar symptoms as no more than a consequence of substance use.
294:
factors are thought to play a role. Many genes, each with small effects, may contribute to the development of the disorder.
2821:
2450:
5754:
Brietzke E, Kauer Sant'anna M, Jackowski A, Grassi-Oliveira R, Bucker J, Zugman A, Mansur RB, Bressan RA (December 2012).
1900:
was an effective treatment for acute mania, limited data supported no difference in overall efficacy between haloperidol,
14287:
13874:
13392:
12540:
12318:
6910:
2352:
1763:, although these can still occur. Following (or in lieu of) a hospital admission, support services available can include
1376:, major depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and certain personality disorders, such as
1157:
1111:, and the amygdala). Additionally, these meta-analyses found that people with bipolar disorder have higher rates of deep
11974:
7727:
Bauer M, Beaulieu S, Dunner DL, Lafer B, Kupka R (February 2008). "Rapid cycling bipolar disorder—diagnostic concepts".
7412:
2397:'s concept of cyclothymia, categorized and studied the natural course of untreated bipolar patients. He coined the term
12642:
12617:
12452:
5514:
Pedroso I, Lourdusamy A, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM, Cichon S, McGuffin P, Al-Chalabi A, Barnes MR, Breen G (August 2012).
1780:
11873:
2311:
14649:
14534:
14480:
14198:
13963:
13428:
13248:
13146:
11600:"Stephen Fry discusses mental health and battle with bipolar disorder: 'I'm not going to kid myself that it's cured'"
11247:
6482:
Dallaspezia S, Benedetti F (December 2009). "Melatonin, circadian rhythms, and the clock genes in bipolar disorder".
1625:
1579:: A history of hypomanic episodes with periods of depression that do not meet criteria for major depressive episodes.
1330:
298:
account for about 70–90% of the risk of developing bipolar disorder. Environmental risk factors include a history of
4842:
Pan X, Wang R (2021). "Is Problematic Internet use a risk factor for bipolar disorder—Evidence from Meta-Analysis".
14612:
13520:
12757:
12728:
12669:
1297:
979:
10804:
7294:
Bassett D (2012). "Borderline personality disorder and bipolar affective disorder. Spectra or spectre? A review".
3377:
2722:
A link between mental illness and professional success or creativity has been suggested, including in accounts by
2378:
1959:
features are displayed. ECT is also recommended for use in pregnant women with bipolar disorder. It is unclear if
551:
14381:
12762:
12557:
12482:
12153:
9722:"The CINP Guidelines on the Definition and Evidence-Based Interventions for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Disorder"
2856:
1649:
1488:
1377:
1193:
922:
10601:
7855:"Bipolar disorder and Premenstrual Syndrome or Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder comorbidity: a systematic review"
2651:, has been diagnosed with the disorder. The storyline was developed as part of the BBC's Headroom campaign. The
14396:
13415:
13200:
13171:
12432:
11526:
11161:
Angst J, Marneros A (December 2001). "Bipolarity from ancient to modern times: conception, birth and rebirth".
8117:. Geneva: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions. pp. 1–37.
7125:"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines"
6525:
Lahera G, Freund N, Sáiz-Ruiz J (January–March 2013). "Salience and dysregulation of the dopaminergic system".
5661:"The genetics of bipolar disorder: Genome 'hot regions,' genes, new potential candidates and future directions"
2657:
2277:
2264:
is used. This consideration has led to concerns about the potential for both underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis.
1725:
1212:, and through altering subunits of the dopamine-associated G-protein. Consistent with this, elevated levels of
950:
851:
10756:"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication"
10010:"Diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorders in adults: a review of the evidence on pharmacologic treatments"
1143:
compared to people without bipolar disorder. In contrast, they demonstrate decreased activity in the inferior
14003:
12941:
12659:
12635:
6192:"Brain biomarkers of treatment for multi-domain dysfunction: pharmacological FMRI studies in pediatric mania"
4295:"Hallucinations in bipolar disorder: characteristics and comparison to unipolar depression and schizophrenia"
2684:
2156:
1784:
1772:
1742:
918:
873:
807:
12172:
7255:"The boundary between borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder: Current concepts and challenges"
1686:
increased 4-fold reaching rates of up to 40% in 10 years around the beginning of the 21st century, while in
14637:
14475:
14335:
14173:
14168:
13988:
13763:
13702:
13604:
13141:
12674:
12519:
10565:
Lam D, Wong G (2005). "Prodromes, coping strategies and psychological interventions in bipolar disorders".
2761:
2757:
2135:
2005:
1993:
1803:
1768:
1665:
1452:
1198:
670:
have a higher risk for suicidal behavior as depressive emotions such as hopelessness are often paired with
11687:
8738:
5367:
Seifuddin F, Mahon PB, Judy J, Pirooznia M, Jancic D, Taylor J, Goes FS, Potash JB, Zandi PP (July 2012).
14308:
14212:
13983:
13811:
12849:
12647:
2826:
2289:
2252:
1346:
1334:
1039:
695:
31:
13662:
12184:
Goldstein BI, Birmaher B, Carlson GA, DelBello MP, Findling RL, Fristad M, et al. (November 2017).
7641:
Angst J, Sellaro R (September 2000). "Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder".
4868:
2493:, stereotypes, and prejudice against individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. In 2000, actress
2355:
a biphasic mental illness causing recurrent oscillations between mania and melancholia, which he termed
14712:
14323:
13973:
13599:
12514:
9375:
El-Mallakh RS, Elmaadawi AZ, Loganathan M, Lohano K, Gao Y (July 2010). "Bipolar disorder: an update".
8391:"Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations"
7967:"Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder"
5846:"Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: Theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations"
4294:
2851:
2756:
interventions that involve the family, psychoeducation, and skills building (through therapies such as
2409:
2260:
addition, diagnoses (and therefore estimates of prevalence) vary depending on whether a categorical or
1338:
1245:
1084:
699:
510:
9344:
Cipriani A, Rendell JM, Geddes JR (July 2006). "Haloperidol alone or in combination for acute mania".
1951:
are used in addition to other medications for calming effect until mood stabilizing become effective.
14707:
14507:
14178:
13801:
13609:
13578:
12956:
12839:
12425:
10918:
10754:
Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, Greenberg PE, Hirschfeld RM, Petukhova M, Kessler RC (May 2007).
9022:"Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis"
7477:
7133:
6798:
5561:
Nurnberger JI, Koller DL, Jung J, Edenberg HJ, Foroud T, Guella I, Vawter MP, Kelsoe JR (June 2014).
2606:
2471:'s public revelation of bipolar disorder made her an early celebrity spokesperson for mental illness.
2268:
1952:
1449:
1308:
1088:
1066:
648:
395:
11714:
8145:"Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: a new diagnostic approach to chronic irritability in youth"
5122:"The Heritability of Bipolar Affective Disorder and the Genetic Relationship to Unipolar Depression"
1495:) can also lead to mania. Common medications that can cause manic symptoms include antidepressants,
949:
signaling. Of the 16 genes identified in these pathways, three were found to be dysregulated in the
797:(same genes) will both have bipolar I disorder (concordance) is around 40%, compared to about 5% in
14664:
14654:
14401:
13993:
13968:
13847:
13826:
13657:
13573:
13568:
13265:
13228:
13220:
13038:
13007:
12748:
12733:
12332:
11847:
11572:
10334:"Cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review of meta-analyses"
6007:"Meta-analysis, database, and meta-regression of 98 structural imaging studies in bipolar disorder"
4618:
Muneer A (June 2013). "Treatment of the depressive phase of bipolar affective disorder: a review".
2512:. In an effort to ease the social stigma associated with bipolar disorder, the orchestra conductor
1874:
612:
529:
10250:"Cognitive dysfunction in major depression and bipolar disorder: Assessment and treatment options"
5270:
Segurado R, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Levinson DF, Lewis CM, Gill M, Nurnberger JI, et al. (2003).
3991:
Akiskal H (2017). "13.4 Mood Disorders: Clinical Features". In Sadock B, Sadock V, Ruiz P (eds.).
1260:
agonists to stimulate mania in people with bipolar disorder. Decreased sensitivity of regulatory α
501:
that is difficult to interrupt, decreased need for sleep, disinhibited social behavior, increased
14717:
14485:
14445:
14423:
13879:
13695:
13594:
13101:
12951:
12946:
12903:
12720:
12035:
8873:"Ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators for depression in adults with bipolar disorder"
6089:"Grey matter differences in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies"
4583:
4569:
3341:
Van Meter AR, Youngstrom EA, Findling RL (June 2012). "Cyclothymic disorder: a critical review".
2861:
2036:
1641:
1405:
1381:
106:
35:
10530:
Jackson A, Cavanagh J, Scott J (2003). "A systematic review of manic and depressive prodromes".
9418:
7895:
5941:
Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In:
3577:
3571:
2934:
2918:"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) in Children and Adolescents"
593:
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14391:
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11975:"How a white rapper's sidekick became a breakout sitcom star — and TV's unlikeliest role model"
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Hong JS, Atkinson LZ, Al-Juffali N, Awad A, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM, et al. (March 2022).
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1985:
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Lithium is often used to treat bipolar disorder and has the best evidence for reducing suicide.
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11742:"Selena Gomez opened up about the challenges of being in lockdown after her bipolar diagnosis"
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Carlos A. Zarate Jr., Husseini K. Manji, Springer Science & Business Media, April 16, 2009
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7028:"Screening for bipolar spectrum disorders: A comprehensive meta-analysis of accuracy studies"
5272:"Genome Scan Meta-Analysis of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder, Part III: Bipolar Disorder"
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as a fictionalized version of himself, is an aspiring rapper. Lil Dicky's real-life hype man
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or with mixed episodes that feature symptoms of both mood states. The concept of the bipolar
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in people with bipolar disorder as well as symptoms of mania, implicating dopamine in mania.
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666:
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407:
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Fountoulakis KN, Yatham LN, Grunze H, Vieta E, Young AH, Blier P, et al. (April 2020).
9583:"Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent bipolar spectrum disorders"
9451:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. October 17, 2022.
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Dean RL, Marquardt T, Hurducas C, Spyridi S, Barnes A, Smith R, et al. (October 2021).
8071:
6701:
5945:, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann.
1372:. Mental disorders that can have symptoms similar to those seen in bipolar disorder include
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9445:"Review finds little evidence to support gabapentinoid use in bipolar disorder or insomnia"
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9529:"A Systematic Review of the Clinical Use of Gabapentin and Pregabalin in Bipolar Disorder"
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5797:"Childhood Trauma as an Environmental Determinant of Risk of Violence in Bipolar Disorder"
4293:
Baethge C, Baldessarini RJ, Freudenthal K, Streeruwitz A, Bauer M, Bschor T (April 2005).
4011:
Salvadore G, Quiroz JA, Machado-Vieira R, Henter ID, Manji HK, Zarate CA (November 2010).
2302:
first distinguished between manic–depressive illness and "dementia praecox" (now known as
1963:(a common general dissociative anesthetic used in surgery) is useful in bipolar disorder.
310:
if there has been at least one manic episode, with or without depressive episodes, and as
8:
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9832:"Pharmacological Management of Obesity: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline"
8827:"Existential despair and bipolar disorder: The therapeutic alliance as a mood stabilizer"
8438:
Vieta E, Salagre E, Grande I, Carvalho AF, Fernandes BS, Berk M, et al. (May 2018).
8354:
Vasudev A, Thomas A (July 2010). "'Bipolar disorder' in the elderly: what's in a name?".
8305:"Mood disorders in the elderly: Prevalence, functional impact, and management challenges"
8108:
Diler RS, Birmaher B (2019). "Chapter E2 Bipolar Disorders in Children and Adolescents".
6735:"[Physiopathology of bipolar disorders: what have changed in the last 10 years?]"
6048:"Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: meta-analysis"
2836:
2628:
2544:
2416:'s concept – since 1911 – of unipolar and bipolar affective disorders, which was used by
2412:. Subtyping into "unipolar" depressive disorders and bipolar disorders has its origin in
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2001:
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have been frequently associated with bipolar disorder and were initially associated in a
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People with bipolar disorder often have other co-existing psychiatric conditions such as
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86:
7764:"A systematic review of the evidence on the treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder"
5895:"Investigating the mechanism(s) underlying switching between states in bipolar disorder"
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5796:
4759:
3649:
Diflorio A, Jones I (2010). "Is sex important? Gender differences in bipolar disorder".
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symptoms, where thought content is affected along with mood. They may feel unstoppable,
398:(ECT) is effective in acute manic and depressive episodes, especially with psychosis or
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Manji HK, Quiroz JA, Payne JL, Singh J, Lopes BP, Viegas JS, Zarate CA (October 2003).
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Cassidy F, Ahearn EP, Carroll BJ (August 2001). "Substance abuse in bipolar disorder".
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4846:. Vol. 2021. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. pp. 540–544.
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estimated there were 4.5 million new cases and a total of 45.5 million cases globally.
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and cognition. Mania can present with varying levels of mood disturbance, ranging from
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30:"Bipolar disorders" and "Manic depression" redirect here. For the medical journal, see
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Montgomery P, Richardson AJ (April 2008). "Omega-3 fatty acids for bipolar disorder".
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McKnight RF, de La Motte de Broöns de Vauvert SJ, Chesney E, et al. (June 2019).
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3299:"The Diagnosis and Management of Bipolar I and II Disorders: Clinical Practice Update"
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11555:"Carrie Fisher was a mental health hero. Her advocacy was as important as her acting"
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Arnone D, Cavanagh J, Gerber D, Lawrie SM, Ebmeier KP, McIntosh AM (September 2009).
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Bowden CL (January 2001). "Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of bipolar depression".
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that each last from days to weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with
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Tully A, Smyth S, Conway Y, Geddes J, Devane D, Kelly JP, Jordan F (July 20, 2020).
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2021 2nd International Conference on Big Data and Informatization Education (ICBDIE)
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3756:"Functional outcome assessment in bipolar disorder: A systematic literature review"
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2693:, featured a world-renowned neuroscientist with bipolar disorder. In the TV series
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is a common comorbidity in bipolar disorder; the subject has been widely reviewed.
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of bipolar disorder include persistent feelings of sadness, irritability or anger,
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263:; if it is less severe and does not significantly affect functioning, it is called
72:
Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and hypomania or mania.
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Bipolar Depression: Molecular Neurobiology, Clinical Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy
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11768:"Bipolar disorder: why we need to keep talking about it after the headlines fade"
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10054:"The neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of data"
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of the head may be used to exclude brain lesions. Additionally, disorders of the
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1099:) are smaller in people with bipolar disorder, whereas other regions are larger (
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854:(SNPs) are associated with bipolar disorder, including variants within the genes
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Hashimoto Y, Kotake K, Watanabe N, Fujiwara T, Sakamoto S (September 15, 2021).
5482:
4219:"Characteristics and duration of mania: implications for continuation treatment"
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has bipolar disorder, which she has kept secret since her school days. The 2014
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2408:" appeared in the first version of the DSM in 1952, influenced by the legacy of
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International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
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Berns GS, Nemeroff CB (November 2003). "The neurobiology of bipolar disorder".
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5467:"Pathway analysis of seven common diseases assessed by genome-wide association"
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742:(present in about 71% of people with bipolar disorder), substance abuse (56%),
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3157:(5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 123–154.
1455:. Infectious causes of mania that may appear similar to bipolar mania include
528:. The severity of manic symptoms can be measured by rating scales such as the
27:
Mental disorder that causes periods of depression and abnormally elevated mood
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9776:"Interventions for the management of obesity in people with bipolar disorder"
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binding was found to be increased in one study of people with bipolar mania.
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10805:"Bipolar Disorder: Particle or Wave? DSM Categories or Spectrum Dimensions?"
7896:"Comorbidity in Bipolar Disorder: The Complexity of Diagnosis and Treatment"
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Kempton MJ, Geddes JR, Ettinger U, Williams SC, Grasby PM (September 2008).
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11182:
11080:
11009:
10896:
10861:
10789:
10740:
10697:
10662:
10586:
10551:
10508:
10456:
10418:
10369:
10310:
10275:
10226:
10190:
10141:
10089:
10035:
9991:
9958:"Staging Models in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
9935:
9891:
9857:
9817:
9755:
9706:
9657:
9616:
9564:
9513:
9396:
9361:
9330:
9299:
9268:
9211:
9170:
9113:
9078:
9047:
9006:
8955:
8906:
8852:
8811:
8762:
8723:
8654:
8608:
8565:
8521:
8475:
8424:
8375:
8340:
8286:
8227:
8178:
8079:
7992:
7944:
7880:
7839:
7787:
7748:
7705:
7662:
7627:
7608:
7576:
7463:
7315:
7280:
7231:
7196:
7097:
7051:
6906:
6864:
6815:
6770:
6678:
6625:
6581:
6546:
6503:
6456:
6407:
6358:
6309:
6266:
6225:
6176:
6114:
6073:
6032:
5983:
5928:
5879:
5830:
5781:
5740:
5686:
5645:
5596:
5539:
5500:
5443:
5402:
5345:
5305:
5205:
5147:
5106:
5071:
5021:
4974:
4939:
4896:
4828:
4752:
4704:
4669:
4631:
4543:
4508:
4462:
4410:
4361:
4326:
4279:
4203:
4149:
4110:
4046:
3946:
3837:
3789:
3732:
3670:
3627:
3576:(Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp.
3548:
3509:
3451:
3362:
3324:
3220:
3104:
2961:
2753:
2601:
2576:
2560:
2090:
1924:
1909:
1814:
have the most evidence for efficacy in regard to relapse prevention, while
1326:
1296:
The most widely used criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder are from the
1161:
1112:
990:
946:
790:
782:
644:
447:
378:
336:
295:
9737:
9648:
9631:
7557:
7539:
Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A (February 2014).
7385:
6786:
American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics
5248:
3880:
3872:
3724:
2506:
has pushed to raise awareness of the condition, with his 2006 documentary
1677:
is the only medication approved by the FDA for treating mania in children.
1369:
1329:
for the screening and evaluation of bipolar disorder exist, including the
251:
characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated
14627:
14025:
13918:
13753:
13355:
13086:
12817:
12567:
12378:
10689:
10500:
9848:
9831:
8645:
8621:
7853:
Cirillo PC, Passos RB, Bevilaqua MC, López JR, Nardi AE (December 2012).
6807:
6207:
5434:
5417:
5384:
4292:
3083:
Anderson IM, Haddad PM, Scott J (December 27, 2012). "Bipolar disorder".
2846:
2841:
2619:
2572:
2568:
2552:
2503:
2413:
2044:
1905:
1897:
1860:
1621:
1576:
1190:
1074:
826:
802:
675:
628:
490:
418:
in people with bipolar disorder is twice that of the general population.
344:
315:
159:
9910:"The economic burden of bipolar I disorder in the United States in 2015"
8696:
8512:
7919:"Review of studies of child and adolescent offspring of bipolar parents"
7123:, Henderson A, Strotzka H, Lipowski Z, Yu-cun S, You-xin X, et al.
6669:
5186:
3828:
3430:
Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E (April 2016). "Bipolar disorder".
1552:
Simplified graphical comparison of bipolar I, bipolar II and cyclothymia
1073:. The dorsal system (responsible for emotional regulation) includes the
14560:
14430:
14418:
14371:
14328:
14096:
14086:
13906:
13672:
13365:
13270:
12971:
12696:
12691:
12487:
12400:
11435:
10350:
9545:
8321:
6942:
6925:
6761:
5812:
5795:
Bal NB, Özalp E, Teksin MG, Kotan Z, Karslıoğlu EH, Çayköylü A (2023).
5677:
5660:
5422:
American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics
5373:
American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics
4779:
4727:
Swann AC, Lafer B, Perugi G, Frye MA, Bauer M, Bahk WM, Scott J, Ha K,
2871:
2661:
had earlier featured a story about bipolar disorder when the character
2647:
2641:
featured a character, Silver, who was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
2564:
1968:
1964:
1901:
1893:
1869:
1512:
1496:
1384:) are sudden and often short-lived, and secondary to social stressors.
1209:
975:
576:
374:
211:
82:
12237:
12201:
11818:"Get That Man Some Prozac; If the Dramatic Tension Is All in His Head"
11377:
11305:
10448:
10266:
10249:
9038:
9021:
8686:
8503:
8014:
Anthony J, Scott P (1960). "Manic–depressive Psychosis in Childhood".
7779:
6995:
6257:
6240:
5416:
Gao J, Jia M, Qiao D, Qiu H, Sokolove J, Zhang J, Pan Z (March 2016).
4952:
4178:"Caregiver burden in bipolar hypomania and mania: a systematic review"
4013:"The neurobiology of the switch process in bipolar disorder: a review"
3819:
3771:
3605:
3096:
2294:
1124:
findings suggest that the ventricular prefrontal cortex regulates the
1087:
studies have shown that certain brain regions (e.g., the left rostral
1044:
14230:
14071:
14035:
13930:
13889:
13884:
13806:
13768:
13625:
13557:
13375:
12834:
12572:
12497:
12389:
12354:
10155:
Kennedy KP, Cullen KR, DeYoung CG, Klimes-Dougan B (September 2015).
9673:"Pharmacological Approaches for Treatment-resistant Bipolar Disorder"
3185:"The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders"
2700:
2652:
2315:
2247:
2243:
2118:
2074:
2070:
2053:
1956:
1799:
1460:
1319:
1249:
1176:
1096:
1023:
934:
616:
564:
559:
517:
451:
443:
399:
366:
340:
268:
264:
256:
115:
12056:
Manic–depressive illness: bipolar disorders and recurrent depression
11337:"PAYING THE PRICE The cost of mental health care in England to 2026"
11142:
10675:
8055:
7971:
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
6923:
6239:
Eltokhi A, Janmaat IE, Genedi M, Haarman BC, Sommer IE (July 2020).
6143:"The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a consensus model"
5269:
4568:. U.S. National Institutes of Health. September 1995. Archived from
4235:
4218:
1670:
1620:
The diagnosis of bipolar disorder can be complicated by coexisting (
1600:
is used if a medication is thought to have triggered the condition.
1233:
have been reported in brain and blood samples, along with increased
535:
The onset of a manic or depressive episode is often foreshadowed by
14529:
13923:
13869:
13360:
13030:
12997:
12923:
11932:
10332:
Bortolato B, Miskowiak KW, Köhler CA, Vieta E, Carvalho AF (2015).
10157:"The genetics of early-onset bipolar disorder: A systematic review"
9374:
8488:
5287:
5120:
McGuffin P, Rijsdijk F, Andrew M, Sham P, Katz R, Cardno A (2003).
4010:
2779:
2723:
2615:
2035:
medical problems, higher rates of death from natural causes (e.g.,
1960:
1468:
1421:
1409:
1273:
1257:
1205:
1182:
1062:
1054:
1015:
974:
Bipolar disorder is associated with reduced expression of specific
632:
482:
439:
287:
152:
10105:
8786:"How well do psychosocial interventions work in bipolar disorder?"
8192:
Hilty DM, Leamon MH, Lim RF, Kelly RH, Hales RE (September 2006).
7592:"Bipolar disorders in DSM-5: strengths, problems and perspectives"
6287:
5563:"Identification of pathways for bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis"
5369:"Meta-analysis of genetic association studies on bipolar disorder"
5227:(April 1969). "Family history studies: V. The genetics of mania".
381:, are the mainstay of long-term pharmacologic relapse prevention.
14659:
13861:
12359:
11291:
10154:
8111:
JM Rey's IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health
7173:
5515:
4765:
4340:
Furukawa TA (2010). "Assessment of mood: Guides for clinicians".
2739:
1508:
1425:
955:
856:
759:
739:
636:
532:, though questions remain about the reliability of these scales.
410:
is sometimes necessary if the affected person refuses treatment.
111:
13687:
12326:
12323:
12183:
11712:
11363:
9527:
Ng QX, Han MX, Teoh SE, Yaow CY, Lim YL, Chee KT (August 2021).
6559:
5513:
5324:
Craddock N, Sklar P (May 2013). "Genetics of bipolar disorder".
3569:
3269:(5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 162.
2916:
Gautam S, Jain A, Gautam M, Gautam A, Jagawat T (January 2019).
14497:
13078:
12893:
12268:
12249:
11848:"Child and Adolescent Bipolar Foundation special 90210 website"
10753:
10203:
9224:
9137:"Bipolar disorder and mechanisms of action of mood stabilizers"
7076:
Picardi A (January 2009). "Rating scales in bipolar disorder".
7025:
6924:
Youngstrom EA, Genzlinger JE, Egerton GA, Van Meter AR (2015).
6140:
5418:"TPH2 gene polymorphisms and bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis"
5049:
4768:
Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace
3711:
Carvalho AF, Firth J, Vieta E (July 2020). "Bipolar Disorder".
3152:
2082:
1835:
1523:
1342:
1312:
1165:
406:
may be required if a person is a risk to themselves or others;
11851:
10602:"Bipolar Disorder: Defining Remission and Selecting Treatment"
9908:
Cloutier M, Greene M, Guerin A, Touya M, Wu E (January 2018).
9227:"Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder"
7119:
4998:
3887:
1971:
are not proven to be effective for treating bipolar disorder.
13773:
13515:
12856:
11657:"Conductor with bipolar disorder on music and mental illness"
10950:
Asian American Mental Health: Assessment Theories and Methods
10331:
10288:
9719:
9281:
8240:
7761:
7343:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–84.
6704:
Behavioral neurobiology of bipolar disorder and its treatment
6602:
6004:
2529:, a clinical psychologist and professor of psychiatry at the
1594:
bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition
1301:
1281:
967:
458:
427:
260:
9019:
8870:
7762:
Fountoulakis KN, Kontis D, Gonda X, Yatham LN (March 2013).
5560:
5084:
837:. The risk of bipolar disorder is nearly ten-fold higher in
555:
An 1858 lithograph captioned "Melancholy passing into mania"
64:
13029:
12129:
Reel Psychiatry: Movie Portrayals of Psychiatric Conditions
9060:
7852:
6238:
5366:
3805:
3472:
3340:
2704:
2370:, "madness in double form"). Baillarger's original paper, "
995:
961:
914:
were identified as being associated with bipolar disorder.
910:
896:
884:
878:
868:
862:
11994:
Bipolar Disorder: Clinical and Neurobiological Foundations
11797:
11785:
11335:
McCrone P, Dhanasiri S, Patel A, Knapp M, Lawton-Smith S.
9477:
8437:
8243:"Poor quality of life and functioning in bipolar disorder"
6086:
6045:
5119:
4257:
474:
An 1892 color lithograph depicting a woman diagnosed with
11406:
10599:
9907:
9020:
Cipriani A, Hawton K, Stockton S, Geddes JR (June 2013).
8922:"Lithium: the pharmacodynamic actions of the amazing ion"
4175:
3753:
3183:
Schmitt A, Malchow B, Hasan A, Falkai P (February 2014).
3182:
2389:
These concepts were developed by the German psychiatrist
1598:
substance/medication-induced bipolar and related disorder
1429:
651:
and incorrectly treated with prescribed antidepressants.
9135:
Rapoport SI, Basselin M, Kim HW, Rao JS (October 2009).
8739:"Chapter Seven - Exercise on bipolar disorder in humans"
8586:
7964:
7726:
7409:"Across the Bipolar Spectrum: From Practice to Research"
7364:
Peet M, Peters S (February 1995). "Drug-induced mania".
6463:
5961:
5610:
Raza MU, Tufan T, Wang Y, Hill C, Zhu MY (August 2016).
3993:
Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry
1996:
for children. Psychological treatment combines normally
904:, but this association disappeared after correction for
14286:
13302:
10477:
9670:
9091:
7538:
6646:
4176:
Beentjes TA, Goossens PJ, Poslawsky IE (October 2012).
3429:
2990:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 165–166.
1759:. Long-term inpatient stays are now less common due to
489:. Mania can also present with increased self-esteem or
11334:
11087:
10874:
10712:
10600:
McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Konarski J (October 2006).
9773:
9183:
9134:
8667:
8302:
7340:
Bipolar II Disorder: Modelling, Measuring and Managing
7209:
6732:
3858:
3754:
Chen M, Fitzgerald HM, Madera JJ, Tohen M (May 2019).
3267:
Charney & Nestler's Neurobiology of Mental Illness
3265:. In Charney D, Nestler E, Sklar P, Buxbaum J (eds.).
3015:. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 623.
2915:
2125:
when noticing such symptoms with encouraging results.
707:
Digital media use and mental health § Bipolar disorder
12447:
11527:"Carrie Fisher was a champion for mental health, too"
10828:"Bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder: a review"
9343:
9312:
6959:
Bipolar Psychopharmacotherapy: Caring for the Patient
6836:
6524:
4620:
JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
3963:
Reus V (2022). "Chapter 452: Psychiatric Disorders".
3924:
3573:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
3155:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2718:
Creativity and mental illness § Bipolar disorder
1303:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
543:
developed over years as a form of "self-medication".
12227:
11713:
Michele R. Berman, Mark S. Boguski (July 15, 2020).
11667:
11457:
10912:"Global burden of bipolar disorder in the year 2000"
10529:
10051:
9873:
9836:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
9726:
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
7169:
7167:
6481:
5464:
4917:
4726:
2775:
2509:
Stephen Fry: The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive
1615:
833:
are related to bipolar disorder susceptibility with
10385:"Mania and dysregulation in goal pursuit: a review"
9587:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
8783:
8191:
7683:
6956:
6888:
5794:
5218:
3082:
937:receptor signaling, cardiac hypertrophy signaling,
12465:
11626:"For this orchestra, playing music is therapeutic"
11407:Miller S, Dell'Osso B, Ketter TA (December 2014).
10247:
6733:Kapczinski F, Frey BN, Zannatto V (October 2004).
6322:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5465:Torkamani A, Topol EJ, Schork NJ (November 2008).
4682:
3710:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3563:
2533:, profiled her own bipolar disorder in her memoir
2347:("Hospital Gazette"). Three years later, in 1854,
754:(present in 37% of people with bipolar disorder),
516:In severe manic episodes, a person can experience
11937:. Season 1. Episode 1. October 2, 2011. Showtime.
11548:
11546:
11544:
11409:"The prevalence and burden of bipolar depression"
11257:for the ANCP, Waikoloa, Hawaii, December 13, 2001
9580:
8536:
7755:
7164:
6839:"The underlying neurobiology of bipolar disorder"
6136:
6134:
6132:
5609:
4994:
4992:
4874:
3336:
3334:
617:loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities
390:improves the course of this disorder. The use of
279:, are commonly associated with bipolar disorder.
14699:
12874:
11901:"The Brookie boys who shone at soap awards show"
11689:Potemkin: Catherine the Great's Imperial Partner
11022:
10101:
10099:
10052:Tsitsipa E, Fountoulakis KN (December 1, 2015).
9903:
9901:
9869:
9867:
7960:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7296:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
6323:Nusslock R, Young CB, Damme KS (November 2014).
5658:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
4521:
4126:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3986:
3984:
3263:"Genetics of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder"
1930:
689:
373:, as well as atypical antipsychotics, including
18:Current diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder
11951:. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from
10825:
10434:
7428:"The existential crisis of bipolar II disorder"
7071:
7069:
7021:
7019:
7017:
6996:"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics"
5756:"Impact of childhood stress on psychopathology"
5704:
5693:
5319:
5317:
5315:
4566:"Bipolar Disorder: NIH Publication No. 95-3679"
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
3594:
1002:in around 30% of people with bipolar disorder.
442:, which is associated with "classic mania", to
13647:
12131:. Port Huron, Michigan: Rapid Psychler Press.
12110:Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV-TM and Beyond
12091:An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness
12052:
11991:
11892:
11733:
11541:
11148:
11025:"Which came first, the condition or the drug?"
10826:Farren CK, Hill KP, Weiss RD (December 2012).
9951:
9949:
9947:
9945:
8388:
8298:
8296:
8053:
7916:
6917:
6129:
5843:
4989:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
3893:
3801:
3799:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3331:
2983:
2768:) can benefit in addition to pharmacotherapy.
14272:
13703:
12433:
11715:"Understanding Kanye West's Bipolar Disorder"
11654:
11160:
10593:
10558:
10523:
10282:
10241:
10096:
9898:
9864:
9526:
9275:
9128:
9013:
8353:
8142:
8107:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8089:
7951:
6783:
5415:
5323:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5078:
5036:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4476:
4474:
4472:
3999:
3981:
3648:
3526:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3178:
3176:
3174:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2351:(1809–1890) described to the French Imperial
2339:); the lecture was summarized in 1851 in the
2155:Burden of bipolar disorder around the world:
1276:depletion was found to reduce the effects of
953:portion of the brain in post-mortem studies:
11458:Elgie R. Morselli PL (February–March 2007).
11328:
11248:David L. Dunner interviewed by Thomas A. Ban
11059:Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine
10047:
10045:
9962:Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
9184:Geddes JR, Calabrese JR, Goodwin GM (2008).
8824:
8542:
8347:
8143:Roy AK, Lopes V, Klein RG (September 2014).
8013:
7977:(1). Work Group on Quality Issues: 107–125.
7965:McClellan J, Kowatch R, Findling RL (2007).
7846:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7640:
7534:
7532:
7287:
7066:
7014:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6039:
5747:
5603:
5312:
5113:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4515:
4374:
4156:
3260:
2371:
2356:
2341:
2324:
2242:at least once (the diagnostic threshold for
835:each gene exerting a mild to moderate effect
539:. Manic individuals often have a history of
11874:"EastEnders' Stacey faces bipolar disorder"
11400:
11357:
11214:
11154:
11057:[Circular insanity, 150 years on].
10819:
10718:
10626:
10620:
10248:MacQueen GM, Memedovich KA (January 2017).
9942:
9780:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9671:Hui Poon S, Sim K, Baldessarini RJ (2015).
9576:
9574:
9368:
9346:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9315:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9231:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8877:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8293:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8037:
7893:
7425:
7246:
6699:
6371:
5892:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4368:
4339:
4251:
4122:
4120:
4053:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3796:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3369:
2935:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_570_18
2877:International Society for Bipolar Disorders
2543:, Russian statesman and alleged husband of
2531:Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
1988:are commonly prescribed. Among the former,
1908:, and that it could be less effective than
1412:can mimic features of bipolar disorder. An
654:
14279:
14265:
13710:
13696:
13337:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
12604:
12440:
12426:
12059:(2nd. ed.). Oxford University Press.
12029:
11898:
11685:
11451:
11285:
11055:"150e anniversaire de la Folie Circulaire"
10973:
10325:
10207:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
8926:Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
8919:
8913:
8247:International Journal of Bipolar Disorders
8086:
8016:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
7720:
7677:
7596:International Journal of Bipolar Disorders
7432:International Journal of Bipolar Disorders
7363:
6889:Price AL, Marzani-Nissen GR (March 2012).
6469:
6420:
6365:
5612:"DNA Damage in Major Psychiatric Diseases"
5154:
4676:
4602:
4469:
4216:
3995:(10th ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer.
3965:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3852:
3396:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3171:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3010:
2968:
2699:, the eponymous main character, played by
2104:
2011:
1135:People with bipolar disorder who are in a
978:enzymes and increased levels of oxidative
908:. On the other hand, two polymorphisms in
487:increase in energy of psychomotor activity
335:as well as many other medical conditions.
63:
12209:
11573:"The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive"
11475:
11434:
11424:
11232:
11133:
11105:
11070:
11052:
10999:
10940:
10851:
10779:
10652:
10408:
10359:
10349:
10291:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
10265:
10180:
10131:
10079:
10069:
10042:
10025:
9981:
9925:
9847:
9807:
9745:
9696:
9647:
9606:
9554:
9544:
9503:
9258:
9201:
9160:
9037:
8996:
8986:
8945:
8896:
8842:
8801:
8713:
8695:
8685:
8644:
8511:
8465:
8455:
8414:
8330:
8320:
8303:Forlenza O, Valiengo L, Stella F (2016).
8276:
8258:
8217:
8168:
7982:
7934:
7870:
7802:
7617:
7607:
7566:
7556:
7529:
7453:
7443:
7419:
7293:
7270:
7252:
7203:
6941:
6871:
6854:
6797:
6760:
6750:
6668:
6640:
6446:
6421:Lee HJ, Son GH, Geum D (September 2013).
6397:
6348:
6256:
6215:
6166:
6104:
6063:
6022:
5918:
5869:
5820:
5771:
5730:
5676:
5635:
5586:
5490:
5433:
5392:
5295:
5195:
5185:
5137:
4818:
4792:
4711:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4498:
4452:
4400:
4234:
4193:
4100:
4036:
3827:
3779:
3570:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
3499:
3314:
3210:
3200:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
2951:
2933:
1352:
14493:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
13600:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
13196:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
12126:
11815:
11803:
11791:
11739:
11498:
11108:"Manic–depressive Insanity and Paranoia"
10967:
10946:
10909:
10616:from the original on September 27, 2007.
10003:
10001:
9571:
8844:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2005.59.2.137
8784:Zaretsky AE, Rizvi S, Parikh SV (2007).
8440:"Early Intervention in Bipolar Disorder"
8194:"A Review of Bipolar Disorder in Adults"
8034:
7820:The Psychiatric Clinics of North America
6189:
5705:Geddes JR, Miklowitz DJ (May 11, 2013).
5652:
5167:
4584:"Bipolar II Disorder Symptoms and Signs"
4500:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2013.67.3.215
4483:"Cognitive regulatory control therapies"
4480:
4417:
4117:
4075:Barnett JH, Smoller JW (November 2009).
3967:(21st ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
3899:
3685:
3153:American Psychiatry Association (2013).
2462:
2310:In the early 1800s, French psychiatrist
2293:
2150:
2020:
2008:. Long-term medication is often needed.
1834:
1669:
1638:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1547:
1543:
1522:
1359:International Classification of Diseases
1267:as well as increased cell counts in the
1043:
748:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
592:
550:
485:. The core symptom of mania involves an
469:
321:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
182:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
13832:Depression in childhood and adolescence
12088:
11673:
11655:Strasser F, Botti D (January 7, 2013).
10564:
10430:
10428:
10382:
9284:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9063:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9054:
8072:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141216
7917:DelBello MP, Geller B (December 2001).
7415:from the original on December 14, 2003.
7075:
6414:
4841:
3990:
3283:
3234:Goodwin GM (2012). "Bipolar disorder".
3233:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
2665:was diagnosed with the condition. 2011
1816:interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
1802:symptoms before full-blown recurrence.
1467:. Certain vitamin deficiencies such as
14:
14700:
12107:
11920:
11765:
11579:from the original on November 18, 2006
11524:
11093:
10815:from the original on December 4, 2007.
10802:
10338:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
9955:
9769:
9767:
9765:
9632:"Treatment-resistant bipolar disorder"
9629:
9425:from the original on February 25, 2013
9419:"Benzodiazepines for Bipolar Disorder"
8866:
8864:
8862:
8736:
8389:Miklowitz DJ, Chang KD (Summer 2008).
8309:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
7502:
7002:. April 2019. p. 6A60, 6A61, 6A62
5276:The American Journal of Human Genetics
4638:
4617:
4375:McKenna BS, Eyler LT (November 2012).
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3029:
2743:disorder in creative samples is rare.
2444:
1692:disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
1357:Bipolar disorder is classified by the
1033:
917:Due to the inconsistent findings in a
801:. A combination of bipolar I, II, and
733:
582:
271:. Other mental health issues, such as
14623:Psychological effects of Internet use
14260:
13691:
13646:
13514:
13449:
13301:
13028:
12873:
12783:
12603:
12464:
12421:
11353:from the original on October 9, 2022.
11039:from the original on March 13, 2015.
10928:from the original on January 19, 2013
10627:Boland EM, Alloy LB (February 2013).
10254:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
9998:
7589:
7336:
7148:from the original on October 17, 2004
6990:
6988:
6986:
4590:from the original on December 9, 2010
3958:
3956:
3013:Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing
2987:A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry
2459:Category:Films about bipolar disorder
2455:Category:Books about bipolar disorder
2365:
2334:
2159:per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004
1992:is the only compound approved by the
635:, changes in appetite and/or weight,
546:
421:
12784:
11828:from the original on January 1, 2012
11623:
11597:
11241:
10425:
10007:
9471:
8743:International Review of Neurobiology
8124:from the original on October 9, 2022
8060:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
7906:from the original on April 28, 2009.
7817:
7141:. bluebook.doc. pp. 92, 97–99.
6913:from the original on March 24, 2014.
4223:Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry
3962:
3375:
3296:
2882:
2822:List of people with bipolar disorder
2618:. Psychiatrists have suggested that
2451:List of people with bipolar disorder
1241:subunit from the G protein complex.
14288:Digital media use and mental health
13875:Depression (differential diagnoses)
13303:Physiological and physical behavior
10974:James SL, Abate D (November 2018).
10014:American Health & Drug Benefits
9762:
8859:
7507:. : Cengage Learning. p. 267.
7406:
3119:
2586:
2376:", appeared in the medical journal
2314:'s lypemania, one of his affective
1847:
1624:) psychiatric conditions including
1518:
1158:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
643:affected individuals are initially
98:Periods of depression and elevated
24:
13249:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
12643:Emotional and behavioral disorders
12147:
12032:Focus on Bipolar Disorder Research
11876:. BBC Press Office. May 14, 2009.
10678:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
10481:The American Journal of Psychiatry
9581:Fristad MA, MacPherson HA (2014).
8625:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
8444:The American Journal of Psychiatry
8149:The American Journal of Psychiatry
8028:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1960.tb01979.x
7984:10.1097/01.chi.0000242240.69678.c4
6983:
6700:Manji HK, Zarate CA, eds. (2011).
6372:Bender RE, Alloy LB (April 2011).
5229:The American Journal of Psychiatry
4093:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.080
4077:"The genetics of bipolar disorder"
4017:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
3953:
3861:The American Journal of Psychiatry
3651:International Review of Psychiatry
3384:from the original on July 27, 2016
2251:analysis of data from a second US
1915:
1511:and methamphetamine), and certain
1448:are in the differential as is the
25:
14729:
14650:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
14535:Narcissistic personality disorder
14199:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
13964:Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale
13717:
13429:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
12112:. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
11949:"Catherine Black by Kelly Reilly"
11880:from the original on May 18, 2009
11721:from the original on June 7, 2021
11552:
11501:"Our Leading Lady, Carrie Fisher"
11221:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
11023:Borch-Jacobsen M (October 2010).
9689:10.2174/1570159x13666150630171954
9190:The British Journal of Psychiatry
9153:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.06.003
8831:American Journal of Psychotherapy
7859:Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
7505:Essentials of abnormal psychology
6930:Archives of Scientific Psychology
6739:Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
6052:The British Journal of Psychiatry
4427:Post RM, Kalivas P (March 2013).
4342:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
3380:. National Institutes of Health.
2489:There are widespread issues with
2349:Jules-Gabriel-François Baillarger
2043:, respiratory diseases, HIV, and
1883:
1616:Coexisting psychiatric conditions
1331:Bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale
1095:, ventral prefrontal cortex, and
825:studies have suggested that many
676:difficulties with impulse control
465:
306:. The condition is classified as
286:are not clearly understood, both
14613:Mobile phones and driving safety
14571:2021 Facebook company files leak
12729:X-linked intellectual disability
11985:
11967:
11941:
11866:
11840:
11816:McKinley J (February 28, 1999).
11809:
11759:
11706:
11679:
11648:
11617:
11591:
11565:
11518:
11492:
11477:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00339.x
11260:
11217:"The course of bipolar disorder"
11208:
11189:
11099:
11046:
11016:
10903:
10868:
10796:
10747:
10669:
10471:
10376:
10197:
10148:
9824:
9713:
9664:
9623:
9520:
9437:
9411:
9337:
9306:
9218:
9177:
9106:10.2165/00023210-200721010-00005
9085:
8962:
8920:Brown KM, Tracy DK (June 2013).
8818:
8777:
8737:Lin K, Liu T (January 1, 2019).
8730:
8661:
8615:
8580:
8558:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00711.x
8482:
8431:
8382:
8234:
8185:
8136:
8007:
7936:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2001.30607.x
7910:
7887:
7741:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00560.x
7634:
7583:
7496:
7470:
7400:
7378:10.2165/00002018-199512020-00007
7357:
7337:Paris J (2012). Parker G (ed.).
7330:
6574:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01058.x
6245:Journal of Neuroscience Research
6159:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01022.x
6106:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01000.x
5899:European Journal of Pharmacology
5893:Young JW, Dulcis D (July 2015).
4932:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2001.30403.x
4889:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
4799:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
4793:Li Y, Li G, Liu L, Wu H (2020).
4354:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.05.003
4311:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00175.x
4195:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2012.00328.x
3939:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00893.x
2806:
2792:
2778:
2645:, a character from the BBC soap
2520:
2109:A naturalistic study in 2003 by
1728:have focused on stress (such as
1603:
1298:American Psychiatric Association
985:
719:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
705:This section is an excerpt from
14382:Computer-mediated communication
12558:Intermittent explosive disorder
12483:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
12053:Goodwin FK, Jamison KR (2007).
8395:Development and Psychopathology
8368:10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.02.013
7112:
6950:
6830:
6777:
6752:10.1590/S1516-44462004000700005
6726:
6693:
6596:
6553:
6518:
6475:
6316:
6281:
6232:
6183:
6080:
5998:
5955:
5935:
5886:
5850:Development and Psychopathology
5844:Miklowitz DJ, Chang KD (2008).
5837:
5788:
5707:"Treatment of bipolar disorder"
5659:Serretti A, Mandelli L (2008).
5579:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.176
5554:
5507:
5458:
5409:
5360:
5263:
5212:
4946:
4911:
4877:Journal of Psychiatric Research
4835:
4805:(3). Akadémiai Kiadó: 551–571.
4576:
4558:
4333:
4286:
4210:
3747:
3642:
3520:
3466:
2889:
2857:Borderline personality disorder
2322:described "circular insanity" (
2312:Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol
2146:
1790:
1650:premenstrual dysphoric disorder
1378:borderline personality disorder
1139:show decreased activity in the
1005:
923:corticotropin-releasing hormone
852:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
727:Journal of Psychiatric Research
13201:Dissociative identity disorder
12466:Adult personality and behavior
12022:
11525:Howard J (December 27, 2016).
11499:Stephens S (January 1, 2015).
11413:Journal of Affective Disorders
10877:Journal of Affective Disorders
10760:Archives of General Psychiatry
10721:Journal of Affective Disorders
10532:Journal of Affective Disorders
10161:Journal of Affective Disorders
9914:Journal of Affective Disorders
9884:10.1002/14651858.CD005169.pub2
9792:10.1002/14651858.CD013006.pub2
9354:10.1002/14651858.CD004362.pub2
9323:10.1002/14651858.CD004367.pub2
9292:10.1002/14651858.CD003384.pub2
9243:10.1002/14651858.CD013575.pub2
8988:10.1002/14651858.CD004048.pub4
8889:10.1002/14651858.CD011611.pub3
8790:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
8589:American Journal of Psychiatry
8546:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
8457:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17090972
8161:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101301
8054:Leibenluft E, Rich BA (2008).
7698:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.059
7541:"Bipolar Disorder in Children"
7259:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
7032:Journal of Affective Disorders
6329:Behaviour Research and Therapy
6290:Journal of Affective Disorders
6011:Archives of General Psychiatry
5976:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.020
5943:Neurology in Clinical Practice
5532:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.031
5170:"Genetics of bipolar disorder"
5126:Archives of General Psychiatry
5087:American Journal of Psychiatry
5052:Journal of Affective Disorders
4967:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.067
4852:10.1109/ICBDIE52740.2021.00129
4745:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030301
3254:
3227:
3004:
2909:
2353:Académie Nationale de Médecine
2278:Global Burden of Disease Study
2157:disability-adjusted life years
2117:Symptoms preceding a relapse (
2064:
1942:
1726:prevention of bipolar disorder
1583:When relevant, specifiers for
1175:and regulation of the hormone
996:post-traumatic stress disorder
951:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
872:. The largest and most recent
13:
1:
14481:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
11899:Tinniswood R (May 14, 2003).
11740:Naftulin J (August 7, 2020).
11426:10.1016/S0165-0327(14)70003-5
11175:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00429-3
11072:10.1016/S0001-4079(19)33801-4
10992:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7
10733:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00332-4
10544:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00266-5
8825:Havens LL, Ghaemi SN (2005).
8637:10.1080/14737175.2020.1807329
7655:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00909-4
7078:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
6891:"Bipolar disorders: a review"
6708:. Berlin: Springer. pp.
5723:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60857-0
5338:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60855-7
3541:10.1080/14740338.2019.1651291
3529:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
3480:Journal of Psychopharmacology
3444:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X
2711:
2379:Annales médico-psychologiques
1974:
1931:Combined treatment approaches
1830:
1785:intensive outpatient programs
1773:Assertive Community Treatment
1743:Treatment of bipolar disorder
1736:
1719:
1626:obsessive–compulsive disorder
919:genome-wide association study
874:genome-wide association study
690:Problematic digital media use
619:, excessive or inappropriate
351:can rule out other problems.
14638:Social aspects of television
14476:Generalized anxiety disorder
14336:Problematic social media use
14174:Dialectical behavior therapy
14169:Cognitive behavioral therapy
13989:Rating scales for depression
13605:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
13142:Generalized anxiety disorder
12875:Neurological and symptomatic
12520:Sexual relationship disorder
12173:Resources in other libraries
11850:. CABF. 2009. Archived from
11624:Gram D (December 27, 2013).
10953:. Springer. pp. 14–15.
10493:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2099
10383:Johnson SL (February 2005).
10303:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000720
10058:Annals of General Psychiatry
9599:10.1080/15374416.2013.822309
8056:"Pediatric Bipolar Disorder"
7090:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328315a4d2
5911:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.019
5099:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.10.1814
4774:(3). Masaryk University: 5.
4217:Titmarsh S (May–June 2013).
3663:10.3109/09540261.2010.514601
3316:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.06.022
2922:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
2902:
2246:) and a further 0.5% have a
2029:
2006:cognitive behavioral therapy
1804:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1769:community mental health team
1666:Bipolar disorder in children
1453:systemic lupus erythematosus
1287:
1109:subgenual anterior cingulate
789:has been estimated at 0.71.
7:
14309:Internet addiction disorder
13984:Mood Disorder Questionnaire
13812:Seasonal affective disorder
13381:REM sleep behavior disorder
12850:Seasonal affective disorder
12648:Separation anxiety disorder
12030:Brown MR, Basso MR (2004).
11766:Newall S (August 5, 2020).
8749:. Academic Press: 189–198.
6190:Pavuluri M (January 2015).
5801:Archives of Neuropsychiatry
5483:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.07.011
3261:Charney A, Sklar P (2018).
3248:10.1016/j.mpmed.2012.08.011
3085:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
2827:Outline of bipolar disorder
2771:
2746:
2484:
2404:The term "manic–depressive
2384:Medico-psychological annals
2306:) in the late 19th century.
2290:History of bipolar disorder
2276:counterparts. In 2017, the
2253:National Comorbidity Survey
1939:olanzapine and fluoxetine.
1767:, visits from members of a
1659:
1489:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
1335:Mood Disorder Questionnaire
1040:Biology of bipolar disorder
696:Internet addiction disorder
32:Bipolar Disorders (journal)
10:
14734:
14397:Human–computer interaction
14324:Problematic smartphone use
13974:General Behavior Inventory
13648:Symptoms and uncategorized
12749:developmental disabilities
12515:Sexual maturation disorder
11149:Goodwin & Jamison 2007
11112:The Indian Medical Gazette
10832:Current Psychiatry Reports
10633:Clinical Psychology Review
10567:Clinical Psychology Review
10389:Clinical Psychology Review
9876:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
9496:10.1038/s41380-021-01386-6
9457:10.3310/nihrevidence_54173
8975:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
8803:10.1177/070674370705200104
8755:10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.001
8601:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.3.437
7894:Sagman D, Tohen M (2009).
7426:Gitlin M, Malhi G (2020).
7272:10.1177/070674370404900806
7212:Current Psychiatry Reports
6568:(Supplement s434): 41–49.
6562:Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl
6539:10.1016/j.rpsm.2012.05.003
6341:10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.011
6024:10.1001/archpsyc.65.9.1017
5168:Kerner B (February 2014).
4524:Current Psychiatry Reports
3894:Goodwin & Jamison 2007
3343:Clinical Psychology Review
3011:Coyle N, Paice JA (2015).
2852:Bipolar disorders research
2715:
2539:(1995). It is likely that
2448:
2399:manic depressive psychosis
2373:De la folie à double forme
2336:[lafɔlisiʁ.ky.lɛʁ]
2287:
2283:
2128:
2081:capabilities and impaired
1781:patient-led support groups
1740:
1706:
1663:
1339:General Behavior Inventory
1246:5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
1037:
817:
704:
700:Problematic smartphone use
693:
658:
586:
29:
14543:
14461:
14354:
14294:
14211:
14179:Electroconvulsive therapy
14156:
14105:
14056:
14011:
14002:
13954:
13860:
13840:
13802:Major depressive disorder
13792:
13734:
13725:
13653:
13642:
13618:
13610:Simple-type schizophrenia
13587:
13579:Schizophreniform disorder
13556:
13535:
13531:
13510:
13463:
13445:
13414:
13391:
13345:
13312:
13308:
13297:
13219:
13186:
13134:
13077:
13068:
13049:
13045:
13024:
12990:
12957:Mild cognitive impairment
12942:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
12922:
12884:
12880:
12869:
12840:Major depressive disorder
12793:
12779:
12745:Psychological development
12744:
12719:
12616:
12612:
12599:
12528:
12475:
12471:
12460:
12369:
12231:
12168:Resources in your library
12002:10.1002/9780470661277.ch9
11996:. Wiley. pp. 83–89.
11598:Barr S (March 26, 2018).
11268:"More Than a Girl Singer"
11234:10.1192/apt.bp.107.004903
10919:World Health Organization
10889:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.007
10844:10.1007/s11920-012-0320-9
10772:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.543
10645:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.001
10579:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.005
10401:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.11.002
10219:10.1007/s00787-014-0614-z
10173:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.017
10124:10.1007/s11126-015-9405-z
10071:10.1186/s12991-015-0081-z
10008:Jann MW (December 2014).
9974:10.9758/cpn.2016.14.2.117
9927:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.011
9677:Current Neuropharmacology
9203:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048504
9071:10.1002/14651858.CD004052
8971:"Lithium for acute mania"
8407:10.1017/s0954579408000424
8260:10.1186/s40345-017-0078-4
7872:10.1016/j.rbp.2012.04.010
7832:10.1016/j.psc.2015.09.001
7482:Harvard Health Publishing
7445:10.1186/s40345-019-0175-7
7224:10.1007/s11920-005-0005-8
7189:10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.033
7134:World Health Organization
7044:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.024
7000:World Health Organization
6895:American Family Physician
6661:10.1007/s40263-013-0039-0
6618:10.1007/s00213-003-1440-z
6496:10.1007/s11920-009-0074-1
6390:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.004
6302:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.016
6065:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.059717
5862:10.1017/S0954579408000424
5773:10.1016/j.rbp.2012.04.009
5628:10.1007/s12640-016-9621-9
5139:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.497
5064:10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.001
4697:10.1080/10401230701653591
4536:10.1007/s11920-010-0159-x
4445:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116855
4393:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.003
4272:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.009
4142:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.009
3355:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.001
3189:Frontiers in Neuroscience
2372:
2367:[lafɔliadublfɔʀm]
2269:World Health Organization
1953:Electroconvulsive therapy
1697:
1450:connective tissue disease
1396:, strokes, brain tumors,
1309:World Health Organization
1179:also seem to be altered.
1089:anterior cingulate cortex
1067:anterior cingulate cortex
775:
396:Electroconvulsive therapy
282:While the causes of this
230:
210:
199:
175:
158:
144:
129:
121:
105:
92:
76:
71:
62:
53:
48:
14665:Suicide and the Internet
14655:Social media and suicide
14402:Media naturalness theory
13994:Young Mania Rating Scale
13969:Child Mania Rating Scale
13848:Schizoaffective disorder
13827:Major depressive episode
13658:Impulse-control disorder
13574:Schizoaffective disorder
13569:Brief reactive psychosis
13266:Mass psychogenic illness
13229:Body dysmorphic disorder
13008:Post-concussion syndrome
12618:Emotional and behavioral
9389:10.3810/pgm.2010.07.2172
8938:10.1177/2045125312471963
7308:10.1177/0004867411435289
6439:10.4306/pi.2013.10.3.225
5014:10.1177/0004867412449303
3492:10.1177/0269881116636545
3297:Bobo WV (October 2017).
3202:10.3389/fnins.2014.00019
2632:, has bipolar disorder.
2622:, the main character in
2393:(1856–1926), who, using
2091:psychosocial functioning
1998:education on the disease
1875:schizoaffective disorder
1507:, stimulants (including
655:Mixed affective episodes
604:, after a photograph by
530:Young Mania Rating Scale
14486:Social anxiety disorder
14319:Online problem gambling
14121:Atypical antipsychotics
13880:Emotional dysregulation
13595:Childhood schizophrenia
12947:Frontotemporal dementia
12904:High-functioning autism
12721:Intellectual disability
12036:Nova Science Publishers
11419:(Supplement 1): S3-11.
9630:Gitlin M (March 2006).
6967:10.1002/0470017953.ch11
6527:Rev Psquiatr Salud Ment
6196:Neuropsychopharmacology
5241:10.1176/ajp.125.10.1358
4811:10.1556/2006.2020.00057
4662:10.1176/appi.ps.52.1.51
4182:Perspect Psychiatr Care
4029:10.4088/JCP.09r05259gre
3620:10.1001/jama.2023.18588
3303:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2984:Edward Shorter (2005).
2862:Emotional dysregulation
2475:
2358:la folie à double forme
2105:Recovery and recurrence
2012:Resistance to treatment
1986:atypical antipsychotics
1416:may be used to exclude
1382:emotional dysregulation
1153:frontostriatal circuits
665:In bipolar disorder, a
277:substance use disorders
36:Manic Depression (song)
14643:Television consumption
14598:Evolution of cognition
14523:Body image disturbance
14464:psychiatric conditions
14392:Engineering psychology
14314:Internet sex addiction
14295:Proposed or recognised
14184:Involuntary commitment
13946:Reduced affect display
13822:Melancholic depression
13112:Specific social phobia
13003:Organic brain syndrome
12845:Melancholic depression
12606:Childhood and learning
11686:Montefiore SS (2005).
11029:London Review of Books
9842:(5): 2135–2136. 2015.
7609:10.1186/2194-7511-1-12
6470:Brown & Basso 2004
2517:about mental illness.
2472:
2357:
2342:
2325:
2307:
2234:
2136:than would be expected
2037:cardiovascular disease
1840:
1808:family-focused therapy
1761:deinstitutionalization
1678:
1630:substance-use disorder
1553:
1536:is similar to that of
1528:
1418:neurological disorders
1402:traumatic brain injury
1353:Differential diagnosis
1208:levels, inhibition of
1049:
1028:temporal lobe epilepsy
1012:traumatic brain injury
839:first-degree relatives
770:Substance use disorder
608:
575:and friends recognize
556:
541:substance use disorder
478:
416:coronary heart disease
339:is not required for a
333:substance use disorder
243:, previously known as
194:substance use disorder
177:Differential diagnosis
14687:Texting while driving
14618:Promotion of anorexia
14603:Evolutionary mismatch
14566:Criticism of Facebook
14297:diagnostic categories
13779:Mixed affective state
13668:Psychomotor agitation
13458:and substance-related
13401:Postpartum depression
13281:Somatization disorder
13167:Acute stress reaction
12932:AIDS dementia complex
11253:May 21, 2013, at the
9956:Muneer A (May 2016).
9649:10.1038/sj.mp.4001793
9377:Postgraduate Medicine
8467:10536/DRO/DU:30106379
7770:(Systematic Review).
7643:Biological Psychiatry
5964:Biological Psychiatry
5520:Biological Psychiatry
5002:Aust N Z J Psychiatry
3873:10.1176/ajp.145.8.971
3725:10.1056/NEJMra1906193
2466:
2363:French pronunciation:
2332:French pronunciation:
2297:
2154:
2021:Management of obesity
1838:
1673:
1646:premenstrual syndrome
1551:
1544:Criteria and subtypes
1526:
1252:, are present in the
1093:fronto-insular cortex
1047:
1038:Further information:
744:personality disorders
661:Mixed affective state
596:
554:
473:
408:involuntary treatment
325:personality disorders
186:personality disorders
14556:Behavioral modernity
14551:Behavioral addiction
14377:Cognitive ergonomics
14362:Digital anthropology
14355:Disciplines involved
14346:Video game addiction
14341:Television addiction
14241:Kay Redfield Jamison
14226:Frederick K. Goodwin
14046:Valproate semisodium
13936:Psychotic depression
13663:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
13493:Substance dependence
13406:Postpartum psychosis
12952:Huntington's disease
12734:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
12583:Personality disorder
12127:Robinson DJ (2003).
11215:Saunders KE (2010).
11201:May 7, 2016, at the
11106:Kraepelin E (1921).
10986:(10159): 1789–1858.
10947:Kurasaki KS (2002).
10690:10.4088/JCP.16r11165
9849:10.1210/jc.2015-1782
9636:Molecular Psychiatry
9484:Molecular Psychiatry
8198:Psychiatry (Edgmont)
6961:. pp. 193–234.
6808:10.1002/ajmg.c.20016
6208:10.1038/npp.2014.229
5665:Molecular Psychiatry
5435:10.1002/ajmg.b.32381
5385:10.1002/ajmg.b.32057
3438:(10027): 1561–1572.
2928:(Suppl 2): 294–305.
2557:Catherine Zeta-Jones
2527:Kay Redfield Jamison
2343:Gazette des hôpitaux
2298:German psychiatrist
1821:therapeutic alliance
1819:mania, to develop a
1777:supported employment
1406:Huntington's disease
1265:adrenergic receptors
1244:Decreased levels of
526:psychiatric hospital
404:psychiatric hospital
34:. For the song, see
14608:Fear of missing out
14164:Clinical psychology
13979:Hypomania Checklist
13817:Atypical depression
13543:Delusional disorder
13488:Stimulant psychosis
13478:Physical dependence
13332:Rumination syndrome
13234:Conversion disorder
13211:Psychogenic amnesia
13061:with depressed mood
13059:Adjustment disorder
12962:Parkinson's disease
12937:Alzheimer's disease
12830:Atypical depression
12666:Social functioning
12541:Munchausen syndrome
12536:Factitious disorder
12093:. New York: Knopf.
12089:Jamison KR (1995).
11346:. The King's Fund.
9738:10.1093/ijnp/pyz064
7735:(1 Pt 2): 153–162.
7686:Psychiatry Research
7558:10.1155/2014/928685
6484:Curr Psychiatry Rep
6427:Psychiatry Investig
5717:(9878): 1672–1682.
5332:(9878): 1654–1662.
5187:10.2147/tacg.s39297
4955:Psychiatry Research
4685:Ann Clin Psychiatry
3376:NIMH (April 2016).
2837:Bipolar II disorder
2629:Death of a Salesman
2610:(1986), Allie Fox (
2545:Catherine the Great
2445:Society and culture
2326:la folie circulaire
2111:Tohen and coworkers
1730:childhood adversity
1684:community hospitals
1567:Bipolar II disorder
1501:Parkinson's disease
1493:thiamine deficiency
1457:herpes encephalitis
1343:Hypomania Checklist
1254:cerebrospinal fluid
1137:euthymic mood state
1034:Proposed mechanisms
925:signaling, cardiac
845:Although the first
734:Comorbid conditions
583:Depressive episodes
312:bipolar II disorder
138:bipolar II disorder
87:clinical psychology
14304:Computer addiction
14157:Non-pharmaceutical
13562:schizophrenia-like
13206:Dissociative fugue
12655:Movement disorders
12370:External resources
11822:The New York Times
11272:cancertodaymag.org
11053:Pichot P. (2004).
10684:(9): e1259–e1269.
10351:10.2147/NDT.S76700
9546:10.3390/ph14090834
8322:10.2147/NDT.S94643
7551:(928685): 928685.
7503:Durand VM (2015).
7478:"Bipolar disorder"
7253:Magill CA (2004).
6943:10.1037/arc0000024
6745:(Suppl 3): 17–21.
6606:Psychopharmacology
5813:10.29399/npa.28340
5760:Rev Bras Psiquiatr
5678:10.1038/mp.2008.29
4883:. Elsevier: 1–12.
4780:10.5817/CP2018-3-5
4572:on April 29, 2008.
3378:"Bipolar Disorder"
2832:Bipolar I disorder
2728:Seneca the Younger
2671:political thriller
2607:The Mosquito Coast
2473:
2320:Jean-Pierre Falret
2308:
2235:
1841:
1688:outpatient clinics
1679:
1589:with rapid cycling
1561:Bipolar I disorder
1554:
1529:
1390:multiple sclerosis
1101:lateral ventricles
1050:
1020:multiple sclerosis
823:Behavioral genetic
756:migraine headaches
752:metabolic syndrome
713:In November 2018,
609:
606:Hugh Welch Diamond
557:
547:Hypomanic episodes
511:excessive spending
479:
422:Signs and symptoms
308:bipolar I disorder
134:Bipolar I disorder
14713:Depression (mood)
14695:
14694:
14367:Digital sociology
14254:
14253:
14207:
14206:
14131:Lithium carbonate
14077:Dextroamphetamine
13895:Suicidal ideation
13856:
13855:
13685:
13684:
13681:
13680:
13638:
13637:
13634:
13633:
13506:
13505:
13441:
13440:
13437:
13436:
13293:
13292:
13289:
13288:
13182:
13181:
13020:
13019:
13016:
13015:
12977:Vascular dementia
12899:Asperger syndrome
12865:
12864:
12775:
12774:
12771:
12770:
12709:Tourette syndrome
12595:
12594:
12591:
12590:
12415:
12414:
12202:10.1111/bdi.12556
12190:Bipolar Disorders
12154:Library resources
12138:978-1-894328-07-4
12119:978-0-471-01186-6
12108:Millon T (1996).
12100:978-0-330-34651-1
12066:978-0-19-513579-4
12045:978-1-59454-059-2
12011:978-0-470-66127-7
11981:. April 15, 2020.
11979:Los Angeles Times
11854:on August 3, 2012
11806:, pp. 84–85.
11794:, pp. 78–81.
11699:978-1-4000-7717-5
11692:. Vintage Books.
11636:on April 14, 2019
11464:Bipolar Disorders
11378:10.1111/bdi.12165
11366:Bipolar Disorders
11306:10.1111/bdi.12213
11294:Bipolar Disorders
11125:978-0-405-07441-7
10960:978-0-306-47268-8
10910:Ayuso-Mateos JL.
10809:Psychiatric Times
10803:Phelps J (2006).
10606:Psychiatric Times
10487:(12): 2099–2107.
10449:10.1111/bdi.12148
10437:Bipolar Disorders
10267:10.1111/pcn.12463
10213:(11): 1023–1041.
9039:10.1136/bmj.f3646
8687:10.1111/bdi.12921
8674:Bipolar Disorders
8631:(11): 1099–1107.
8504:10.1111/bdi.12831
8492:Bipolar Disorders
7923:Bipolar Disorders
7900:Psychiatric Times
7780:10.1111/bdi.12045
7768:Bipolar Disorders
7729:Bipolar Disorders
7514:978-1-305-63368-1
7350:978-1-107-60089-8
6976:978-0-470-01795-1
6719:978-3-642-15756-1
6258:10.1002/jnr.24616
6147:Bipolar Disorders
6093:Bipolar Disorders
5970:(11): 1097–1105.
5951:978-1-4377-0434-1
5235:(10): 1358–1369.
5093:(10): 1814–1821.
4920:Bipolar Disorders
4861:978-1-6654-3870-4
4481:Bowins B (2007).
4299:Bipolar Disorders
4023:(11): 1488–1501.
3974:978-1-264-26850-4
3927:Bipolar Disorders
3820:10.1111/bdi.12423
3808:Bipolar Disorders
3772:10.1111/bdi.12775
3760:Bipolar Disorders
3614:(14): 1370–1380.
3587:978-0-89042-555-8
3309:(10): 1532–1551.
3276:978-0-19-068142-5
3164:978-0-89042-555-8
3097:10.1136/bmj.e8508
3022:978-0-19-933234-2
2997:978-0-19-517668-1
2883:Explanatory notes
2867:Mood (psychology)
2800:Psychology portal
2786:Psychiatry portal
2736:confirmation bias
2514:Ronald Braunstein
2431:Frederick Goodwin
2274:European American
2262:spectrum approach
2123:coping strategies
2041:diabetes mellitus
1947:Short courses of
1753:psychotherapeutic
1485:folate deficiency
1446:Cushing's disease
1248:, a byproduct of
1173:Circadian rhythms
1071:prefrontal cortex
1000:sleep deprivation
680:Anxiety disorders
629:sleeping too much
589:Depression (mood)
537:sleep disturbance
457:According to the
402:. Admission to a
273:anxiety disorders
238:
237:
43:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
14725:
14708:Bipolar disorder
14518:Anorexia nervosa
14503:Bipolar disorder
14471:Anxiety disorder
14281:
14274:
14267:
14258:
14257:
14146:Lithium toxicity
14108:mood stabilizers
14058:Sympathomimetics
14041:Sodium valproate
14009:
14008:
13736:Bipolar disorder
13732:
13731:
13712:
13705:
13698:
13689:
13688:
13644:
13643:
13533:
13532:
13512:
13511:
13447:
13446:
13322:Anorexia nervosa
13310:
13309:
13299:
13298:
13276:Psychogenic pain
13244:Globus pharyngis
13092:Childhood phobia
13075:
13074:
13047:
13046:
13026:
13025:
12882:
12881:
12871:
12870:
12781:
12780:
12680:Selective mutism
12631:Conduct disorder
12614:
12613:
12601:
12600:
12578:Trichotillomania
12553:Gender dysphoria
12548:Fear of intimacy
12505:Sexual anhedonia
12473:
12472:
12462:
12461:
12449:Mental disorders
12442:
12435:
12428:
12419:
12418:
12406:Bipolar disorder
12229:
12228:
12223:
12213:
12159:Bipolar disorder
12142:
12123:
12104:
12085:
12083:
12081:
12049:
12016:
12015:
11989:
11983:
11982:
11971:
11965:
11964:
11962:
11960:
11945:
11939:
11938:
11924:
11918:
11917:
11915:
11913:
11896:
11890:
11889:
11887:
11885:
11870:
11864:
11863:
11861:
11859:
11844:
11838:
11837:
11835:
11833:
11813:
11807:
11801:
11795:
11789:
11783:
11782:
11780:
11778:
11763:
11757:
11756:
11754:
11752:
11737:
11731:
11730:
11728:
11726:
11710:
11704:
11703:
11683:
11677:
11671:
11665:
11664:
11652:
11646:
11645:
11643:
11641:
11632:. Archived from
11630:The Boston Globe
11621:
11615:
11614:
11612:
11610:
11595:
11589:
11588:
11586:
11584:
11569:
11563:
11562:
11550:
11539:
11538:
11536:
11534:
11522:
11516:
11515:
11513:
11511:
11496:
11490:
11489:
11479:
11470:(1–2): 144–157.
11455:
11449:
11448:
11438:
11428:
11404:
11398:
11397:
11361:
11355:
11354:
11352:
11341:
11332:
11326:
11325:
11289:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11278:
11264:
11258:
11245:
11239:
11238:
11236:
11212:
11206:
11193:
11187:
11186:
11158:
11152:
11146:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11103:
11097:
11091:
11085:
11084:
11074:
11050:
11044:
11043:
11020:
11014:
11013:
11003:
10971:
10965:
10964:
10944:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10933:
10927:
10916:
10907:
10901:
10900:
10872:
10866:
10865:
10855:
10823:
10817:
10816:
10800:
10794:
10793:
10783:
10751:
10745:
10744:
10727:(1–2): 123–131.
10716:
10710:
10709:
10673:
10667:
10666:
10656:
10624:
10618:
10617:
10597:
10591:
10590:
10573:(8): 1028–1042.
10562:
10556:
10555:
10527:
10521:
10520:
10475:
10469:
10468:
10432:
10423:
10422:
10412:
10380:
10374:
10373:
10363:
10353:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10286:
10280:
10279:
10269:
10245:
10239:
10238:
10201:
10195:
10194:
10184:
10152:
10146:
10145:
10135:
10103:
10094:
10093:
10083:
10073:
10049:
10040:
10039:
10029:
10005:
9996:
9995:
9985:
9953:
9940:
9939:
9929:
9905:
9896:
9895:
9871:
9862:
9861:
9851:
9828:
9822:
9821:
9811:
9771:
9760:
9759:
9749:
9717:
9711:
9710:
9700:
9668:
9662:
9661:
9651:
9627:
9621:
9620:
9610:
9578:
9569:
9568:
9558:
9548:
9524:
9518:
9517:
9507:
9490:(3): 1339–1349.
9475:
9469:
9468:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9430:
9415:
9409:
9408:
9372:
9366:
9365:
9341:
9335:
9334:
9310:
9304:
9303:
9279:
9273:
9272:
9262:
9222:
9216:
9215:
9205:
9181:
9175:
9174:
9164:
9132:
9126:
9125:
9089:
9083:
9082:
9058:
9052:
9051:
9041:
9017:
9011:
9010:
9000:
8990:
8966:
8960:
8959:
8949:
8917:
8911:
8910:
8900:
8883:(10): CD011611.
8868:
8857:
8856:
8846:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8805:
8781:
8775:
8774:
8734:
8728:
8727:
8717:
8699:
8689:
8665:
8659:
8658:
8648:
8619:
8613:
8612:
8584:
8578:
8577:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8515:
8486:
8480:
8479:
8469:
8459:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8418:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8334:
8324:
8300:
8291:
8290:
8280:
8262:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8221:
8189:
8183:
8182:
8172:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8129:
8123:
8116:
8105:
8084:
8083:
8051:
8032:
8031:
8011:
8005:
8004:
7986:
7962:
7949:
7948:
7938:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7891:
7885:
7884:
7874:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7815:
7800:
7799:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7621:
7611:
7590:Angst J (2013).
7587:
7581:
7580:
7570:
7560:
7536:
7527:
7526:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7457:
7447:
7423:
7417:
7416:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7291:
7285:
7284:
7274:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7171:
7162:
7161:
7155:
7153:
7147:
7129:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7073:
7064:
7063:
7023:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7007:
6992:
6981:
6980:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6886:
6869:
6868:
6858:
6843:World Psychiatry
6834:
6828:
6827:
6801:
6799:10.1.1.1033.7393
6781:
6775:
6774:
6764:
6754:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6707:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6672:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6450:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6401:
6378:Clin Psychol Rev
6369:
6363:
6362:
6352:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6260:
6251:(7): 1335–1369.
6236:
6230:
6229:
6219:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6170:
6138:
6127:
6126:
6108:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6067:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6026:
6017:(9): 1017–1032.
6002:
5996:
5995:
5959:
5953:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5922:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5873:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5824:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5702:
5691:
5690:
5680:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5639:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5590:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5494:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5437:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5396:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5321:
5310:
5309:
5299:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5189:
5165:
5152:
5151:
5141:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5047:
5034:
5033:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4822:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4724:
4709:
4708:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4615:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4478:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4381:Clin Psychol Rev
4372:
4366:
4365:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4260:Clin Psychol Rev
4255:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4173:
4154:
4153:
4124:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4072:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4008:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3922:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3831:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3708:
3683:
3682:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3603:
3592:
3591:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3503:
3474:AH (June 2016).
3470:
3464:
3463:
3427:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3294:
3281:
3280:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3180:
3169:
3168:
3150:
3117:
3116:
3080:
3027:
3026:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2981:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2937:
2913:
2896:
2893:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2626:'s classic play
2587:Media portrayals
2541:Grigory Potemkin
2469:Rosemary Clooney
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
1982:Mood stabilizers
1852:Lithium and the
1848:Mood stabilizers
1634:eating disorders
1585:peripartum onset
1519:Bipolar spectrum
1434:endocrine system
1398:Wilson's disease
1394:partial seizures
1307:(DSM-5) and the
1235:protein kinase A
1187:neurotransmitter
1130:synaptic pruning
1116:hyperintensities
906:multiple testing
787:bipolar spectrum
649:major depression
613:depressive phase
611:Symptoms of the
499:pressured speech
436:circadian rhythm
355:Mood stabilizers
245:manic depression
241:Bipolar disorder
164:Family history,
67:
49:Bipolar disorder
46:
45:
21:
14733:
14732:
14728:
14727:
14726:
14724:
14723:
14722:
14698:
14697:
14696:
14691:
14539:
14513:Eating disorder
14463:
14457:
14407:Neuroergonomics
14387:Cyberpsychology
14350:
14296:
14290:
14285:
14255:
14250:
14203:
14152:
14141:Lithium sulfate
14136:Lithium citrate
14101:
14092:Methylphenidate
14061:
14052:
14013:Anticonvulsants
13998:
13950:
13941:Racing thoughts
13852:
13836:
13788:
13721:
13716:
13686:
13677:
13649:
13630:
13614:
13583:
13561:
13552:
13527:
13502:
13459:
13456:substance abuse
13433:
13410:
13387:
13341:
13327:Bulimia nervosa
13304:
13285:
13261:Hypochondriasis
13256:False pregnancy
13239:Ganser syndrome
13221:Somatic symptom
13215:
13178:
13130:
13119:Specific phobia
13064:
13041:
13012:
12986:
12918:
12914:Savant syndrome
12886:Autism spectrum
12876:
12861:
12789:
12767:
12746:
12740:
12715:
12608:
12587:
12563:Dermatillomania
12524:
12510:Sexual anorexia
12467:
12456:
12446:
12416:
12411:
12410:
12365:
12364:
12240:
12226:
12179:
12178:
12177:
12162:
12161:
12157:
12150:
12148:Further reading
12145:
12139:
12120:
12101:
12079:
12077:
12067:
12046:
12025:
12020:
12019:
12012:
11990:
11986:
11973:
11972:
11968:
11958:
11956:
11955:on May 23, 2014
11947:
11946:
11942:
11926:
11925:
11921:
11911:
11909:
11897:
11893:
11883:
11881:
11872:
11871:
11867:
11857:
11855:
11846:
11845:
11841:
11831:
11829:
11814:
11810:
11802:
11798:
11790:
11786:
11776:
11774:
11772:Harper's Bazaar
11764:
11760:
11750:
11748:
11738:
11734:
11724:
11722:
11711:
11707:
11700:
11684:
11680:
11672:
11668:
11653:
11649:
11639:
11637:
11622:
11618:
11608:
11606:
11604:The Independent
11596:
11592:
11582:
11580:
11571:
11570:
11566:
11551:
11542:
11532:
11530:
11523:
11519:
11509:
11507:
11497:
11493:
11456:
11452:
11405:
11401:
11362:
11358:
11350:
11339:
11333:
11329:
11290:
11286:
11276:
11274:
11266:
11265:
11261:
11255:Wayback Machine
11246:
11242:
11213:
11209:
11203:Wayback Machine
11194:
11190:
11163:J Affect Disord
11159:
11155:
11147:
11143:
11126:
11104:
11100:
11092:
11088:
11051:
11047:
11021:
11017:
10972:
10968:
10961:
10945:
10941:
10931:
10929:
10925:
10914:
10908:
10904:
10873:
10869:
10824:
10820:
10801:
10797:
10752:
10748:
10717:
10713:
10674:
10670:
10625:
10621:
10598:
10594:
10563:
10559:
10528:
10524:
10476:
10472:
10433:
10426:
10381:
10377:
10330:
10326:
10297:(10): 743–756.
10287:
10283:
10246:
10242:
10202:
10198:
10153:
10149:
10104:
10097:
10050:
10043:
10006:
9999:
9954:
9943:
9906:
9899:
9878:(2): CD005169.
9872:
9865:
9830:
9829:
9825:
9786:(7): CD013006.
9772:
9763:
9718:
9714:
9669:
9665:
9628:
9624:
9579:
9572:
9533:Pharmaceuticals
9525:
9521:
9476:
9472:
9443:
9442:
9438:
9428:
9426:
9417:
9416:
9412:
9373:
9369:
9348:(3): CD004362.
9342:
9338:
9317:(1): CD004367.
9311:
9307:
9286:(1): CD003384.
9280:
9276:
9237:(9): CD013575.
9223:
9219:
9182:
9178:
9133:
9129:
9090:
9086:
9065:(1): CD004052.
9059:
9055:
9018:
9014:
8981:(6): CD004048.
8967:
8963:
8918:
8914:
8869:
8860:
8823:
8819:
8782:
8778:
8735:
8731:
8666:
8662:
8620:
8616:
8585:
8581:
8541:
8537:
8487:
8483:
8436:
8432:
8387:
8383:
8352:
8348:
8301:
8294:
8239:
8235:
8190:
8186:
8141:
8137:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8114:
8106:
8087:
8052:
8035:
8012:
8008:
7963:
7952:
7915:
7911:
7892:
7888:
7851:
7847:
7816:
7803:
7760:
7756:
7725:
7721:
7682:
7678:
7639:
7635:
7588:
7584:
7537:
7530:
7515:
7501:
7497:
7487:
7485:
7484:. November 2007
7476:
7475:
7471:
7424:
7420:
7405:
7401:
7362:
7358:
7351:
7335:
7331:
7292:
7288:
7251:
7247:
7208:
7204:
7177:J Affect Disord
7172:
7165:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7127:
7117:
7113:
7074:
7067:
7024:
7015:
7005:
7003:
6994:
6993:
6984:
6977:
6955:
6951:
6922:
6918:
6887:
6872:
6835:
6831:
6782:
6778:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6698:
6694:
6645:
6641:
6601:
6597:
6558:
6554:
6523:
6519:
6480:
6476:
6468:
6464:
6419:
6415:
6370:
6366:
6321:
6317:
6286:
6282:
6237:
6233:
6188:
6184:
6139:
6130:
6085:
6081:
6044:
6040:
6003:
5999:
5960:
5956:
5940:
5936:
5891:
5887:
5842:
5838:
5793:
5789:
5752:
5748:
5703:
5694:
5657:
5653:
5608:
5604:
5567:JAMA Psychiatry
5559:
5555:
5512:
5508:
5463:
5459:
5414:
5410:
5365:
5361:
5322:
5313:
5268:
5264:
5217:
5213:
5174:Appl Clin Genet
5166:
5155:
5118:
5114:
5083:
5079:
5048:
5037:
4997:
4990:
4951:
4947:
4916:
4912:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4840:
4836:
4791:
4787:
4764:
4760:
4733:Am J Psychiatry
4725:
4712:
4681:
4677:
4646:
4639:
4616:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4520:
4516:
4487:Am J Psychother
4479:
4470:
4433:Br J Psychiatry
4425:
4418:
4373:
4369:
4338:
4334:
4291:
4287:
4256:
4252:
4236:10.1002/pnp.283
4215:
4211:
4174:
4157:
4130:J Affect Disord
4125:
4118:
4073:
4054:
4009:
4000:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3961:
3954:
3923:
3900:
3896:, p. 1945.
3892:
3888:
3857:
3853:
3804:
3797:
3752:
3748:
3713:N. Engl. J. Med
3709:
3686:
3647:
3643:
3604:
3595:
3588:
3568:
3564:
3535:(10): 893–913.
3525:
3521:
3471:
3467:
3428:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3374:
3370:
3339:
3332:
3295:
3284:
3277:
3259:
3255:
3242:(11): 596–598.
3232:
3228:
3181:
3172:
3165:
3151:
3120:
3081:
3030:
3023:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2982:
2969:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2814:Medicine portal
2812:
2807:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2749:
2732:Cesare Lombroso
2720:
2714:
2687:medical drama,
2681:Carrie Mathison
2635:The 2009 drama
2589:
2536:An Unquiet Mind
2523:
2487:
2478:
2461:
2447:
2362:
2331:
2292:
2286:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2131:
2107:
2067:
2032:
2023:
2014:
1977:
1949:benzodiazepines
1945:
1933:
1921:Antidepressants
1918:
1916:Antidepressants
1886:
1854:anticonvulsants
1850:
1833:
1812:psychoeducation
1793:
1765:drop-in centers
1749:pharmacological
1745:
1739:
1722:
1709:
1700:
1668:
1662:
1618:
1606:
1596:is made, while
1546:
1521:
1505:thyroid hormone
1480:
1442:hyperthyroidism
1355:
1305:, Fifth Edition
1290:
1278:methamphetamine
1269:locus coeruleus
1263:
1240:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1105:globus pallidus
1042:
1036:
1008:
988:
943:Notch signaling
931:phospholipase C
847:genetic linkage
831:candidate genes
820:
799:fraternal twins
795:identical twins
778:
764:type 2 diabetes
736:
731:
730:
715:Cyberpsychology
710:
702:
692:
663:
657:
591:
585:
549:
495:racing thoughts
476:hilarious mania
468:
424:
392:antidepressants
363:anticonvulsants
357:, particularly
349:medical imaging
337:Medical testing
300:childhood abuse
296:Genetic factors
259:, it is called
249:mental disorder
225:anticonvulsants
166:childhood abuse
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14731:
14721:
14720:
14718:Mood disorders
14715:
14710:
14693:
14692:
14690:
14689:
14684:
14679:
14678:
14677:
14667:
14662:
14657:
14652:
14647:
14646:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14633:Binge-watching
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14593:Digital zombie
14590:
14585:
14583:Cyberpathology
14580:
14575:
14574:
14573:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14547:
14545:
14544:Related topics
14541:
14540:
14538:
14537:
14532:
14527:
14526:
14525:
14520:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14489:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14467:
14465:
14459:
14458:
14456:
14455:
14454:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14428:
14427:
14426:
14416:
14411:
14410:
14409:
14404:
14399:
14394:
14389:
14384:
14379:
14369:
14364:
14358:
14356:
14352:
14351:
14349:
14348:
14343:
14338:
14333:
14332:
14331:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14300:
14298:
14292:
14291:
14284:
14283:
14276:
14269:
14261:
14252:
14251:
14249:
14248:
14243:
14238:
14233:
14228:
14223:
14221:Emil Kraepelin
14217:
14215:
14209:
14208:
14205:
14204:
14202:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14160:
14158:
14154:
14153:
14151:
14150:
14149:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14123:
14118:
14116:Antipsychotics
14112:
14110:
14103:
14102:
14100:
14099:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14068:
14066:
14054:
14053:
14051:
14050:
14049:
14048:
14043:
14033:
14028:
14023:
14017:
14015:
14006:
14000:
13999:
13997:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13960:
13958:
13952:
13951:
13949:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13927:
13926:
13921:
13913:Sleep disorder
13909:
13904:
13899:
13898:
13897:
13892:
13887:
13877:
13872:
13866:
13864:
13858:
13857:
13854:
13853:
13851:
13850:
13844:
13842:
13838:
13837:
13835:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13798:
13796:
13790:
13789:
13787:
13786:
13781:
13776:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13756:
13751:
13746:
13740:
13738:
13729:
13723:
13722:
13715:
13714:
13707:
13700:
13692:
13683:
13682:
13679:
13678:
13676:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13654:
13651:
13650:
13640:
13639:
13636:
13635:
13632:
13631:
13629:
13628:
13622:
13620:
13616:
13615:
13613:
13612:
13607:
13602:
13597:
13591:
13589:
13585:
13584:
13582:
13581:
13576:
13571:
13565:
13563:
13554:
13553:
13551:
13550:
13545:
13539:
13537:
13529:
13528:
13508:
13507:
13504:
13503:
13501:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13483:Rebound effect
13480:
13475:
13470:
13464:
13461:
13460:
13443:
13442:
13439:
13438:
13435:
13434:
13432:
13431:
13426:
13424:Hypersexuality
13420:
13418:
13412:
13411:
13409:
13408:
13403:
13397:
13395:
13389:
13388:
13386:
13385:
13384:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13363:
13358:
13352:
13350:
13343:
13342:
13340:
13339:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13318:
13316:
13306:
13305:
13295:
13294:
13291:
13290:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13258:
13253:
13252:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13231:
13225:
13223:
13217:
13216:
13214:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13198:
13192:
13190:
13184:
13183:
13180:
13179:
13177:
13176:
13175:
13174:
13169:
13159:
13157:Panic disorder
13154:
13149:
13144:
13138:
13136:
13132:
13131:
13129:
13128:
13127:
13126:
13124:Claustrophobia
13116:
13115:
13114:
13109:
13107:Anthropophobia
13099:
13097:Social anxiety
13094:
13089:
13083:
13081:
13072:
13066:
13065:
13063:
13062:
13055:
13053:
13043:
13042:
13022:
13021:
13018:
13017:
13014:
13013:
13011:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12994:
12992:
12988:
12987:
12985:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12967:Pick's disease
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12928:
12926:
12920:
12919:
12917:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12890:
12888:
12878:
12877:
12867:
12866:
12863:
12862:
12860:
12859:
12854:
12853:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12837:
12832:
12822:
12821:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12794:
12791:
12790:
12777:
12776:
12773:
12772:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12765:
12760:
12754:
12752:
12742:
12741:
12739:
12738:
12737:
12736:
12725:
12723:
12717:
12716:
12714:
12713:
12712:
12711:
12701:
12700:
12699:
12694:
12684:
12683:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12664:
12663:
12662:
12652:
12651:
12650:
12640:
12639:
12638:
12628:
12622:
12620:
12610:
12609:
12597:
12596:
12593:
12592:
12589:
12588:
12586:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12544:
12543:
12532:
12530:
12526:
12525:
12523:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12501:
12500:
12495:
12485:
12479:
12477:
12469:
12468:
12458:
12457:
12453:Classification
12445:
12444:
12437:
12430:
12422:
12413:
12412:
12409:
12408:
12397:
12386:
12374:
12373:
12371:
12367:
12366:
12363:
12362:
12351:
12340:
12329:
12315:
12276:
12261:
12241:
12236:
12235:
12233:
12232:Classification
12225:
12224:
12196:(7): 524–543.
12180:
12176:
12175:
12170:
12164:
12163:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12143:
12137:
12124:
12118:
12105:
12099:
12086:
12065:
12050:
12044:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12018:
12017:
12010:
11984:
11966:
11940:
11919:
11906:Liverpool Echo
11891:
11865:
11839:
11808:
11796:
11784:
11758:
11732:
11705:
11698:
11678:
11666:
11647:
11616:
11590:
11564:
11540:
11517:
11491:
11450:
11399:
11372:(4): 337–353.
11356:
11327:
11300:(6): 557–582.
11284:
11259:
11240:
11227:(5): 318–328.
11207:
11188:
11153:
11141:
11124:
11118:(4): 156–157.
11098:
11096:, p. 290.
11086:
11065:(2): 275–284.
11045:
11015:
10966:
10959:
10939:
10902:
10867:
10838:(6): 659–666.
10818:
10795:
10766:(5): 543–552.
10746:
10711:
10668:
10619:
10592:
10557:
10538:(3): 209–217.
10522:
10470:
10443:(3): 217–229.
10424:
10395:(2): 241–262.
10375:
10324:
10281:
10240:
10196:
10147:
10118:(3): 501–513.
10095:
10041:
10020:(9): 489–499.
9997:
9968:(2): 117–130.
9941:
9897:
9863:
9823:
9761:
9732:(4): 230–256.
9712:
9683:(5): 592–604.
9663:
9642:(3): 227–240.
9622:
9593:(3): 339–355.
9570:
9519:
9470:
9436:
9410:
9367:
9336:
9305:
9274:
9217:
9176:
9147:(2): 185–209.
9127:
9084:
9053:
9012:
8961:
8932:(3): 163–176.
8912:
8858:
8837:(2): 137–147.
8817:
8776:
8729:
8680:(5): 440–460.
8660:
8614:
8595:(3): 437–441.
8579:
8535:
8498:(8): 720–740.
8481:
8450:(5): 411–426.
8430:
8401:(3): 881–897.
8381:
8362:(3): 231–235.
8346:
8292:
8233:
8184:
8155:(9): 918–924.
8135:
8085:
8033:
8006:
7950:
7929:(6): 325–334.
7909:
7886:
7865:(4): 467–479.
7845:
7801:
7774:(2): 115–137.
7754:
7719:
7676:
7649:(6): 445–457.
7633:
7582:
7528:
7513:
7495:
7469:
7418:
7399:
7372:(2): 146–153.
7356:
7349:
7329:
7302:(4): 327–339.
7286:
7265:(8): 551–556.
7245:
7202:
7183:(1): 129–135.
7163:
7158:Microsoft Bing
7139:Microsoft Word
7111:
7065:
7013:
6982:
6975:
6949:
6936:(1): 112–137.
6916:
6901:(5): 483–493.
6870:
6849:(3): 136–146.
6829:
6776:
6725:
6718:
6692:
6655:(2): 135–153.
6639:
6612:(3): 344–346.
6595:
6552:
6517:
6490:(6): 488–493.
6474:
6462:
6433:(3): 225–232.
6413:
6384:(3): 383–398.
6364:
6315:
6296:(3): 344–355.
6280:
6231:
6202:(1): 249–251.
6182:
6153:(4): 313–325.
6128:
6099:(2): 135–145.
6079:
6058:(3): 194–201.
6038:
5997:
5954:
5934:
5885:
5856:(3): 881–497.
5836:
5807:(4): 344–349.
5787:
5766:(4): 480–488.
5746:
5692:
5651:
5622:(2): 251–267.
5602:
5573:(6): 657–664.
5553:
5526:(4): 311–317.
5506:
5477:(5): 265–272.
5457:
5428:(2): 145–152.
5408:
5379:(5): 508–518.
5359:
5311:
5288:10.1086/376547
5262:
5211:
5153:
5132:(5): 497–502.
5112:
5077:
5058:(3): 229–240.
5035:
4988:
4945:
4926:(4): 181–188.
4910:
4867:
4860:
4834:
4785:
4758:
4710:
4691:(4): 305–312.
4675:
4650:Psychiatr Serv
4637:
4626:(6): 763–769.
4601:
4575:
4557:
4530:(6): 522–530.
4514:
4493:(3): 215–236.
4468:
4439:(3): 172–176.
4416:
4387:(7): 650–663.
4367:
4348:(6): 581–589.
4332:
4305:(2): 136–145.
4285:
4266:(4): 684–696.
4250:
4209:
4188:(4): 187–197.
4155:
4136:(1–3): 14–19.
4116:
4087:(1): 331–343.
4052:
3998:
3980:
3973:
3952:
3898:
3886:
3867:(8): 971–975.
3851:
3814:(5): 440–450.
3795:
3766:(3): 194–214.
3746:
3684:
3657:(5): 437–452.
3641:
3593:
3586:
3562:
3519:
3486:(6): 495–553.
3465:
3395:
3368:
3349:(4): 229–243.
3330:
3282:
3275:
3253:
3226:
3170:
3163:
3118:
3028:
3021:
3003:
2996:
2967:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2803:
2789:
2773:
2770:
2748:
2745:
2716:Main article:
2713:
2710:
2663:Jimmy Corkhill
2588:
2585:
2555:these include
2522:
2519:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2446:
2443:
2427:Elliot Gershon
2391:Emil Kraepelin
2300:Emil Kraepelin
2288:Main article:
2285:
2282:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2145:
2130:
2127:
2106:
2103:
2066:
2063:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1976:
1973:
1944:
1941:
1936:Antipsychotics
1932:
1929:
1917:
1914:
1885:
1884:Antipsychotics
1882:
1849:
1846:
1832:
1829:
1823:in support of
1792:
1789:
1741:Main article:
1738:
1735:
1721:
1718:
1714:pseudodementia
1708:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1664:Main article:
1661:
1658:
1654:panic disorder
1617:
1614:
1605:
1602:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1564:
1545:
1542:
1538:Emil Kraepelin
1520:
1517:
1478:
1438:hypothyroidism
1408:, and complex
1354:
1351:
1316:, 10th Edition
1289:
1286:
1261:
1238:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1210:cAMP signaling
1194:downregulation
1145:frontal cortex
1122:Functional MRI
1083:of structural
1035:
1032:
1007:
1004:
987:
984:
819:
816:
777:
774:
735:
732:
711:
703:
691:
688:
659:Main article:
656:
653:
587:Main article:
584:
581:
569:hallucinations
548:
545:
507:hypersexuality
467:
466:Manic episodes
464:
423:
420:
383:Antipsychotics
361:, and certain
302:and long-term
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
221:antipsychotics
214:
208:
207:
201:
197:
196:
179:
173:
172:
162:
156:
155:
146:
142:
141:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
109:
103:
102:
96:
90:
89:
80:
74:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14730:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14711:
14709:
14706:
14705:
14703:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14676:
14673:
14672:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14630:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14588:Digital detox
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14578:Cyberbullying
14576:
14572:
14569:
14568:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14548:
14546:
14542:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14515:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14473:
14472:
14469:
14468:
14466:
14460:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14433:
14432:
14429:
14425:
14422:
14421:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14408:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14395:
14393:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14383:
14380:
14378:
14375:
14374:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14363:
14360:
14359:
14357:
14353:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14330:
14327:
14326:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14301:
14299:
14293:
14289:
14282:
14277:
14275:
14270:
14268:
14263:
14262:
14259:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14236:Karl Leonhard
14234:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14219:
14218:
14216:
14214:
14210:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14194:Psychotherapy
14192:
14190:
14189:Light therapy
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14161:
14159:
14155:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14128:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14113:
14111:
14109:
14104:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14059:
14055:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14039:
14038:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14031:Oxcarbazepine
14029:
14027:
14024:
14022:
14021:Carbamazepine
14019:
14018:
14016:
14014:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14001:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13961:
13959:
13957:
13953:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13916:
13915:
13914:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13903:
13902:Hallucination
13900:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13882:
13881:
13878:
13876:
13873:
13871:
13868:
13867:
13865:
13863:
13859:
13849:
13846:
13845:
13843:
13841:Comorbidities
13839:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13799:
13797:
13795:
13791:
13785:
13784:Rapid cycling
13782:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13741:
13739:
13737:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13724:
13720:
13719:Mood disorder
13713:
13708:
13706:
13701:
13699:
13694:
13693:
13690:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13655:
13652:
13645:
13641:
13627:
13624:
13623:
13621:
13617:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13592:
13590:
13588:Schizophrenia
13586:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13566:
13564:
13559:
13555:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13540:
13538:
13534:
13530:
13526:
13522:
13518:
13517:Schizophrenia
13513:
13509:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13468:Drug overdose
13466:
13465:
13462:
13457:
13453:
13448:
13444:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13421:
13419:
13417:
13416:Sexual desire
13413:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13398:
13396:
13394:
13390:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13368:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13353:
13351:
13349:
13344:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13319:
13317:
13315:
13311:
13307:
13300:
13296:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13236:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13226:
13224:
13222:
13218:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13193:
13191:
13189:
13185:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13164:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13139:
13137:
13133:
13125:
13122:
13121:
13120:
13117:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13104:
13103:
13102:Social phobia
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13084:
13082:
13080:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13067:
13060:
13057:
13056:
13054:
13052:
13048:
13044:
13040:
13037:-related and
13036:
13032:
13027:
13023:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12995:
12993:
12989:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12929:
12927:
12925:
12921:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12891:
12889:
12887:
12883:
12879:
12872:
12868:
12858:
12855:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12827:
12826:
12823:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12800:
12799:
12796:
12795:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12778:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12756:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12743:
12735:
12732:
12731:
12730:
12727:
12726:
12724:
12722:
12718:
12710:
12707:
12706:
12705:
12702:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12689:
12688:
12685:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12661:
12658:
12657:
12656:
12653:
12649:
12646:
12645:
12644:
12641:
12637:
12634:
12633:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12623:
12621:
12619:
12615:
12611:
12607:
12602:
12598:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12542:
12539:
12538:
12537:
12534:
12533:
12531:
12527:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12490:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12480:
12478:
12474:
12470:
12463:
12459:
12454:
12450:
12443:
12438:
12436:
12431:
12429:
12424:
12423:
12420:
12407:
12403:
12402:
12398:
12396:
12392:
12391:
12387:
12385:
12381:
12380:
12376:
12375:
12372:
12368:
12361:
12357:
12356:
12352:
12350:
12346:
12345:
12341:
12339:
12335:
12334:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12321:
12320:
12316:
12314:
12310:
12306:
12302:
12298:
12294:
12290:
12286:
12285:
12281:
12277:
12275:
12271:
12270:
12266:
12262:
12260:
12256:
12252:
12251:
12247:
12243:
12242:
12239:
12234:
12230:
12221:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12203:
12199:
12195:
12191:
12187:
12182:
12181:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12140:
12134:
12130:
12125:
12121:
12115:
12111:
12106:
12102:
12096:
12092:
12087:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12062:
12058:
12057:
12051:
12047:
12041:
12037:
12033:
12028:
12027:
12013:
12007:
12003:
11999:
11995:
11988:
11980:
11976:
11970:
11954:
11950:
11944:
11936:
11935:
11930:
11923:
11908:
11907:
11902:
11895:
11879:
11875:
11869:
11853:
11849:
11843:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11812:
11805:
11804:Robinson 2003
11800:
11793:
11792:Robinson 2003
11788:
11773:
11769:
11762:
11747:
11743:
11736:
11720:
11716:
11709:
11701:
11695:
11691:
11690:
11682:
11675:
11670:
11662:
11658:
11651:
11635:
11631:
11627:
11620:
11605:
11601:
11594:
11578:
11575:. BBC. 2006.
11574:
11568:
11560:
11556:
11549:
11547:
11545:
11533:September 27,
11528:
11521:
11510:September 27,
11506:
11502:
11495:
11487:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11469:
11465:
11461:
11454:
11446:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11418:
11414:
11410:
11403:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11360:
11349:
11345:
11344:kingsfund.org
11338:
11331:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11295:
11288:
11273:
11269:
11263:
11256:
11252:
11249:
11244:
11235:
11230:
11226:
11222:
11218:
11211:
11204:
11200:
11197:
11192:
11184:
11180:
11176:
11172:
11169:(1–3): 3–19.
11168:
11164:
11157:
11150:
11145:
11136:
11131:
11127:
11121:
11117:
11113:
11109:
11102:
11095:
11090:
11082:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11064:
11061:(in French).
11060:
11056:
11049:
11042:
11038:
11035:(19): 31–33.
11034:
11030:
11026:
11019:
11011:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10993:
10989:
10985:
10981:
10977:
10970:
10962:
10956:
10952:
10951:
10943:
10924:
10920:
10913:
10906:
10898:
10894:
10890:
10886:
10883:(1–3): 1–13.
10882:
10878:
10871:
10863:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10829:
10822:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10799:
10791:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10761:
10757:
10750:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10715:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10695:
10691:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10672:
10664:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10623:
10615:
10611:
10607:
10603:
10596:
10588:
10584:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10561:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10533:
10526:
10518:
10514:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10501:11381/1461461
10498:
10494:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10474:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10431:
10429:
10420:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10379:
10371:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10344:: 3111–3125.
10343:
10339:
10335:
10328:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10285:
10277:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10259:
10255:
10251:
10244:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10200:
10192:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10174:
10170:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10151:
10143:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10102:
10100:
10091:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10048:
10046:
10037:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10004:
10002:
9993:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9952:
9950:
9948:
9946:
9937:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9904:
9902:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9870:
9868:
9859:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9827:
9819:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9757:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9716:
9708:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9667:
9659:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9626:
9618:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9577:
9575:
9566:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9523:
9515:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9474:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9449:NIHR Evidence
9446:
9440:
9424:
9421:. WebMD.com.
9420:
9414:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9371:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9340:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9309:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9278:
9270:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9221:
9213:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9180:
9172:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9141:Brain Res Rev
9138:
9131:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9088:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9057:
9049:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9016:
9008:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8965:
8957:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8916:
8908:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8854:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8821:
8813:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8780:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8733:
8725:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8664:
8656:
8652:
8647:
8646:10400.15/3006
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8618:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8583:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8552:(429): 9–16.
8551:
8547:
8539:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8485:
8477:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8434:
8426:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8385:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8350:
8342:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8315:: 2105–2114.
8314:
8310:
8306:
8299:
8297:
8288:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8237:
8229:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8188:
8180:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8139:
8120:
8113:
8112:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8010:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7961:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7946:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7913:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7890:
7882:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7849:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7723:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7637:
7629:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7578:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7535:
7533:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7510:
7506:
7499:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7465:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7422:
7414:
7410:
7403:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7360:
7352:
7346:
7342:
7341:
7333:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7290:
7282:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7249:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7218:(2): 98–103.
7217:
7213:
7206:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7170:
7168:
7159:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7126:
7122:
7115:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7072:
7070:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7001:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6978:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6953:
6944:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6920:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6772:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6729:
6721:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6696:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6643:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6521:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6478:
6472:, p. 16.
6471:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6368:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6034:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5930:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5671:(8): 742–71.
5670:
5666:
5662:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4995:
4993:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4863:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4642:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4421:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2804:
2801:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:Stacey Slater
2640:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2624:Arthur Miller
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:Harrison Ford
2609:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2584:
2582:
2581:Russell Brand
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:Carrie Fisher
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2521:Notable cases
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2500:Stephen Fried
2496:
2495:Carrie Fisher
2492:
2491:social stigma
2482:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2439:Joseph Fleiss
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2418:Karl Leonhard
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2368:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2304:schizophrenia
2301:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:manic episode
2231: >230
2225: 225–230
2219: 220–225
2213: 215–220
2207: 210–215
2201: 205–210
2195: 200–205
2189: 195–200
2183: 190–195
2177: 185–190
2171: 180–185
2165: <180
2158:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:group therapy
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1889:Antipsychotic
1881:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1865:valproic acid
1862:
1858:
1857:carbamazepine
1855:
1845:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:Psychotherapy
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:social phobia
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1610:Rapid cycling
1604:Rapid cycling
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:medications,
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:deficiency),
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:neurosyphilis
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:schizophrenia
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:rating scales
1323:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:and a sodium
1163:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:lingual gyrus
1138:
1133:
1132:dysfunction.
1131:
1127:
1126:limbic system
1123:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:Meta-analyses
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1026:, and rarely
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:HIV infection
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
986:Environmental
983:
981:
977:
972:
970:
969:
964:
963:
958:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:Wnt signaling
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
912:
907:
903:
902:meta-analysis
899:
898:
893:
892:
887:
886:
881:
880:
875:
871:
870:
865:
864:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
815:
811:
809:
808:heterogeneity
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
773:
771:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
728:
723:
720:
716:
708:
701:
697:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
662:
652:
650:
646:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
580:
578:
572:
570:
566:
561:
553:
544:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
503:goal-oriented
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
477:
472:
463:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
419:
417:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:psychotherapy
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:carbamazepine
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:schizophrenia
326:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:environmental
289:
285:
284:mood disorder
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
215:
213:
209:
206:, medications
205:
204:Psychotherapy
202:
198:
195:
191:
190:schizophrenia
187:
183:
180:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
161:
157:
154:
150:
149:Environmental
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
108:
107:Complications
104:
101:
97:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
79:
75:
70:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
14682:Technostress
14675:Technophobia
14670:Technophilia
14502:
14446:Evolutionary
14424:Evolutionary
14414:Neuroscience
14246:Mogens Schou
14082:Escitalopram
13911:
13735:
13548:Folie à deux
13473:Intoxication
13454:substances,
13452:Psychoactive
13371:Night terror
13188:Dissociative
13152:Panic attack
12797:
12704:Tic disorder
12399:
12388:
12377:
12353:
12342:
12331:
12317:
12278:
12263:
12244:
12193:
12189:
12158:
12128:
12109:
12090:
12078:. Retrieved
12055:
12031:
11993:
11987:
11978:
11969:
11957:. Retrieved
11953:the original
11943:
11933:
11922:
11910:. Retrieved
11904:
11894:
11882:. Retrieved
11868:
11856:. Retrieved
11852:the original
11842:
11830:. Retrieved
11821:
11811:
11799:
11787:
11775:. Retrieved
11771:
11761:
11749:. Retrieved
11745:
11735:
11723:. Retrieved
11708:
11688:
11681:
11674:Jamison 1995
11669:
11660:
11650:
11638:. Retrieved
11634:the original
11629:
11619:
11607:. Retrieved
11603:
11593:
11583:February 20,
11581:. Retrieved
11567:
11558:
11531:. Retrieved
11520:
11508:. Retrieved
11504:
11494:
11467:
11463:
11453:
11416:
11412:
11402:
11369:
11365:
11359:
11343:
11330:
11297:
11293:
11287:
11275:. Retrieved
11271:
11262:
11243:
11224:
11220:
11210:
11191:
11166:
11162:
11156:
11151:, Chapter 1.
11144:
11115:
11111:
11101:
11089:
11062:
11058:
11048:
11040:
11032:
11028:
11018:
10983:
10979:
10969:
10949:
10942:
10930:. Retrieved
10905:
10880:
10876:
10870:
10835:
10831:
10821:
10808:
10798:
10763:
10759:
10749:
10724:
10720:
10714:
10681:
10677:
10671:
10639:(1): 33–44.
10636:
10632:
10622:
10609:
10605:
10595:
10570:
10566:
10560:
10535:
10531:
10525:
10484:
10480:
10473:
10440:
10436:
10392:
10388:
10378:
10341:
10337:
10327:
10294:
10290:
10284:
10260:(1): 18–27.
10257:
10253:
10243:
10210:
10206:
10199:
10164:
10160:
10150:
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10111:
10061:
10057:
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9590:
9586:
9536:
9532:
9522:
9487:
9483:
9473:
9448:
9439:
9429:February 13,
9427:. Retrieved
9413:
9383:(4): 24–31.
9380:
9376:
9370:
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9339:
9314:
9308:
9283:
9277:
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9220:
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9144:
9140:
9130:
9100:(1): 47–71.
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8697:11343/251495
8677:
8673:
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8582:
8549:
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8513:11343/286430
8495:
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8250:
8246:
8236:
8204:(9): 43–55.
8201:
8197:
8187:
8152:
8148:
8138:
8126:. Retrieved
8110:
8063:
8059:
8019:
8015:
8009:
7974:
7970:
7926:
7922:
7912:
7899:
7889:
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7826:(1): 11–33.
7823:
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7728:
7722:
7689:
7685:
7679:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7599:
7595:
7585:
7548:
7545:Psychiatry J
7544:
7504:
7498:
7486:. Retrieved
7481:
7472:
7435:
7431:
7421:
7411:. Medscape.
7402:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7339:
7332:
7299:
7295:
7289:
7262:
7258:
7248:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7180:
7176:
7156:– via
7150:. Retrieved
7131:
7114:
7084:(1): 42–49.
7081:
7077:
7035:
7031:
7004:. Retrieved
6999:
6958:
6952:
6933:
6929:
6919:
6898:
6894:
6846:
6842:
6832:
6792:(1): 76–84.
6789:
6785:
6779:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6703:
6695:
6670:11343/218106
6652:
6648:
6642:
6609:
6605:
6598:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6533:(1): 45–51.
6530:
6526:
6520:
6487:
6483:
6477:
6465:
6430:
6426:
6416:
6381:
6377:
6367:
6332:
6328:
6318:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6248:
6244:
6234:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6150:
6146:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6055:
6051:
6041:
6014:
6010:
6000:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5942:
5937:
5902:
5898:
5888:
5853:
5849:
5839:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5763:
5759:
5749:
5714:
5710:
5668:
5664:
5654:
5619:
5616:Neurotox Res
5615:
5605:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5523:
5519:
5509:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5329:
5325:
5282:(1): 49–62.
5279:
5275:
5265:
5232:
5228:
5214:
5177:
5173:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5055:
5051:
5008:(1): 26–42.
5005:
5001:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4843:
4837:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4739:(1): 31–42.
4736:
4732:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4656:(1): 51–55.
4653:
4649:
4623:
4619:
4592:. Retrieved
4578:
4570:the original
4560:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4490:
4486:
4436:
4432:
4384:
4380:
4370:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4229:(3): 26–27.
4226:
4222:
4212:
4185:
4181:
4133:
4129:
4084:
4081:Neuroscience
4080:
4020:
4016:
3992:
3964:
3930:
3926:
3889:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3829:11343/291577
3811:
3807:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3719:(1): 58–66.
3716:
3712:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3611:
3607:
3572:
3565:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3513:
3483:
3479:
3468:
3435:
3431:
3386:. Retrieved
3371:
3346:
3342:
3306:
3302:
3266:
3256:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3192:
3188:
3154:
3088:
3084:
3012:
3006:
2986:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2891:
2754:psychosocial
2750:
2721:
2694:
2688:
2679:protagonist
2674:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2627:
2605:
2602:Richard Gere
2595:
2593:
2590:
2577:Selena Gomez
2561:Mariah Carey
2534:
2524:
2507:
2488:
2479:
2435:Ronald Fieve
2423:David Dunner
2405:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2340:
2323:
2309:
2266:
2258:
2236:
2147:Epidemiology
2141:
2132:
2116:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2087:acute phases
2068:
2059:
2050:
2033:
2024:
2015:
1978:
1946:
1934:
1925:aripiprazole
1919:
1910:aripiprazole
1887:
1879:
1851:
1842:
1794:
1791:Psychosocial
1746:
1724:Attempts at
1723:
1710:
1701:
1680:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1570:
1555:
1530:
1386:
1356:
1324:
1313:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1243:
1203:
1181:
1162:mitochondria
1150:
1134:
1120:
1113:white matter
1079:
1051:
1009:
1006:Neurological
991:Psychosocial
989:
973:
966:
960:
954:
947:endothelin 1
927:β-adrenergic
916:
909:
895:
890:
883:
877:
867:
861:
855:
844:
829:regions and
821:
812:
791:Twin studies
783:heritability
779:
768:
737:
726:
718:
714:
712:
664:
645:misdiagnosed
641:
625:hopelessness
610:
602:William Bagg
597:
573:
558:
534:
515:
480:
475:
456:
448:irritability
425:
412:
379:aripiprazole
353:
281:
244:
240:
239:
168:, long-term
160:Risk factors
125:25 years old
40:
14628:Screen time
14065:and similar
14026:Lamotrigine
13919:Hypersomnia
13759:Bipolar NOS
13754:Cyclothymia
13521:schizotypal
13356:Hypersomnia
13346:Nonorganic
13087:Agoraphobia
12818:Cyclothymia
12813:Bipolar NOS
12788:(affective)
12660:Stereotypic
12568:Kleptomania
12379:MedlinePlus
12023:Cited texts
11777:January 14,
11751:December 6,
11436:2434/265329
11094:Millon 1996
10932:December 9,
10112:Psychiatr Q
8066:: 163–187.
7692:: 565–575.
7366:Drug Safety
7121:Sartorius N
7038:: 337–346.
6762:10183/20098
5905:: 151–162.
4961:: 338–350.
4594:December 6,
4586:. Web M.D.
3933:(1): 1–15.
2847:Cyclothymia
2842:Bipolar NOS
2620:Willy Loman
2573:Demi Lovato
2569:Jane Pauley
2553:Stephen Fry
2504:Stephen Fry
2414:Karl Kleist
2410:Adolf Meyer
2386:) in 1854.
2075:attentional
2069:Changes in
2065:Functioning
2045:hepatitis C
1943:Other drugs
1906:risperidone
1898:haloperidol
1861:lamotrigine
1757:involuntary
1648:(including
1577:Cyclothymia
1513:antibiotics
1367:behavioural
1347:sensitivity
1191:homeostatic
1075:hippocampus
980:DNA damages
933:signaling,
929:signaling,
827:chromosomal
803:cyclothymia
672:mood swings
667:mixed state
577:mood swings
491:grandiosity
345:blood tests
316:cyclothymia
122:Usual onset
54:Other names
14702:Categories
14561:Body image
14508:Depression
14462:Associated
14431:Psychology
14419:Psychiatry
14372:Ergonomics
14329:Nomophobia
14097:Sertraline
14087:Fluoxetine
13907:Mood swing
13794:Depression
13749:Bipolar II
13673:Stereotypy
13536:Delusional
13525:delusional
13498:Withdrawal
13366:Parasomnia
13271:Nosophobia
13051:Adjustment
13039:somatoform
12972:Sundowning
12825:Depression
12808:Bipolar II
12697:Stuttering
12692:Cluttering
12488:Paraphilia
12401:Patient UK
12344:DiseasesDB
11505:bpHope.com
11415:(Review).
11368:(Review).
11296:(Review).
10980:The Lancet
10612:(11): 46.
10293:(Review).
10256:(Review).
9916:(Review).
9539:(9): 834.
9196:(1): 4–9.
7822:(Review).
7688:(Review).
7645:(Review).
7602:(12): 12.
6651:(Review).
5221:Clayton PJ
4622:(Review).
3810:(Review).
3388:August 13,
3305:(Review).
3195:(19): 19.
2872:Mood swing
2712:Creativity
2648:EastEnders
2565:Kanye West
2449:See also:
2316:monomanias
1969:pregabalin
1965:Gabapentin
1902:olanzapine
1894:Olanzapine
1870:topiramate
1831:Medication
1737:Management
1720:Prevention
1497:prednisone
1481:deficiency
1392:, complex
1069:, and the
1065:, ventral
1061:, ventral
976:DNA repair
762:(21%) and
746:(36%) and
694:See also:
647:as having
633:not enough
598:Melancholy
522:persecuted
375:quetiapine
365:, such as
212:Medication
83:Psychiatry
14441:Cognitive
14231:John Cade
14072:Bupropion
14036:Valproate
14004:Treatment
13956:Diagnosis
13931:Psychosis
13890:Dysphoria
13885:Anhedonia
13807:Dysthymia
13769:Hypomania
13764:Childhood
13744:Bipolar I
13626:Catatonia
13558:Psychosis
13393:Postnatal
13376:Nightmare
12982:Wandering
12835:Dysthymia
12803:Bipolar I
12758:Pervasive
12573:Pyromania
12498:Voyeurism
12493:Fetishism
12390:eMedicine
12355:SNOMED CT
11912:April 26,
11725:August 1,
11609:March 10,
11559:USA Today
11553:Wiler S.
10465:207065294
9920:: 45–51.
9800:1469-493X
9465:252983016
9251:1469-493X
9094:CNS Drugs
9032:: f3646.
8771:201161580
8706:1398-5647
8530:201829716
8356:Maturitas
8269:2194-7511
8253:(1): 10.
8210:1550-5952
8128:March 18,
8022:: 53–72.
7523:884617637
7488:April 11,
7407:Korn ML.
6794:CiteSeerX
6649:CNS Drugs
6335:: 74–87.
6275:214772559
5225:Winokur G
5219:Reich T,
5180:: 33–42.
4905:264190691
4319:1398-5647
4245:144883133
3741:220309576
3636:263801832
3557:198997808
3515:episodes.
3460:205976059
3091:: e8508.
2944:0019-5545
2903:Citations
2701:Lil Dicky
2690:Black Box
2658:Brookside
2653:Channel 4
2600:(1993), (
2597:Mr. Jones
2248:hypomanic
2244:bipolar I
2119:prodromal
2079:executive
2071:cognitive
2054:self-harm
2030:Prognosis
1957:catatonic
1800:prodromal
1477:vitamin B
1461:influenza
1410:migraines
1320:DSM-IV-TR
1311:'s (WHO)
1300:'s (APA)
1288:Diagnosis
1250:serotonin
1199:Glutamate
1177:melatonin
1097:claustrum
1024:porphyria
935:glutamate
565:delusions
560:Hypomania
518:psychotic
452:hypomania
444:dysphoria
400:catatonia
367:valproate
343:, though
341:diagnosis
269:self-harm
265:hypomania
257:psychosis
231:Frequency
200:Treatment
116:self-harm
78:Specialty
14530:Insomnia
14436:Clinical
13924:Insomnia
13870:Delusion
13862:Symptoms
13727:Spectrum
13361:Insomnia
13031:Neurotic
12998:Delirium
12924:Dementia
12763:Specific
12360:13746004
12220:28944987
12080:April 2,
12075:70929267
11934:Homeland
11878:Archived
11858:April 7,
11832:March 3,
11826:Archived
11719:Archived
11661:BBC News
11640:March 7,
11577:Archived
11486:17391357
11445:25533912
11394:25742003
11386:24372893
11348:Archived
11314:24917477
11251:Archived
11199:Archived
11183:11869749
11081:15506718
11037:Archived
11010:30496104
10923:Archived
10897:21131055
10862:22983943
10813:Archived
10790:17485606
10741:12507745
10698:29188905
10663:23123569
10614:Archived
10587:16125292
10552:12738039
10517:30881311
10509:14638578
10457:24219657
10419:15642648
10370:26719696
10319:22653449
10311:28961594
10276:27685435
10235:24013921
10227:25212880
10191:26057335
10167:: 1–12.
10142:26646576
10090:26628905
10036:25610528
9992:27121423
9936:28961441
9892:18425912
9858:25955325
9818:32687629
9756:31802122
9707:26467409
9658:16432528
9617:23927375
9565:34577534
9514:34819636
9423:Archived
9405:43749362
9397:20675968
9362:16856043
9331:19160237
9300:16437453
9269:34523118
9212:19118318
9171:19555719
9114:17190529
9079:12535506
9048:23814104
9007:31152444
8956:24167688
8907:34623633
8853:16170918
8812:17444074
8763:31607354
8724:32356562
8655:32762382
8609:17329468
8574:34615961
8566:16445476
8522:31479581
8476:29361850
8425:18606036
8376:20307944
8341:27601905
8287:28188565
8228:20975827
8179:25178749
8119:Archived
8080:17716034
7993:17195735
7945:11843782
7904:Archived
7881:23429819
7840:26876316
7796:20001176
7788:23437958
7749:18199234
7714:13653149
7706:28864122
7663:11018218
7628:25505679
7577:24800202
7464:31993793
7438:(5): 5.
7413:Archived
7324:33811755
7316:22508593
7281:15453104
7240:32254230
7232:15802085
7197:23219059
7152:June 23,
7143:Archived
7132:who.int
7106:20010797
7098:19122534
7060:44868545
7052:25451435
7006:March 7,
6911:Archived
6907:22534227
6865:16946919
6816:14601039
6771:15597134
6687:26907074
6679:23371914
6634:19662149
6626:12684737
6590:41155120
6582:17688462
6547:23084802
6512:24799032
6504:19909672
6457:24302944
6408:21334286
6359:25241675
6310:21470688
6267:32239720
6226:25482178
6177:22631617
6115:22420589
6074:19721106
6033:18762588
5992:24812539
5984:20303066
5929:25814263
5880:18606036
5831:38077849
5822:10709710
5782:23429820
5741:23663953
5687:18332878
5646:27126805
5597:24718920
5548:30065607
5540:22502986
5501:18722519
5471:Genomics
5444:26365518
5403:22573399
5346:23663951
5306:12802785
5206:24683306
5148:12742871
5107:15465978
5072:17692389
5030:22983555
5022:22711881
4983:24177245
4975:28419959
4940:11552957
4897:37866293
4829:32903205
4753:23223893
4729:Suppes T
4705:18058287
4670:11141528
4632:23901682
4588:Archived
4544:20936438
4509:24236353
4463:23457180
4411:22926687
4362:20488276
4327:15762854
4280:21482326
4204:23005586
4150:21145595
4111:19358880
4047:20492846
3947:21320248
3846:46097223
3838:27566286
3790:30887632
3733:32609982
3679:45781872
3671:21047158
3628:37815563
3549:31364895
3510:26979387
3452:26388529
3382:Archived
3363:22459786
3325:28888714
3236:Medicine
3221:24574956
3113:22156246
3105:23271744
2962:30745704
2772:See also
2747:Research
2740:Probands
2724:Socrates
2676:Homeland
2667:Showtime
2616:paranoia
2485:Advocacy
2406:reaction
2395:Kahlbaum
1975:Children
1961:ketamine
1825:recovery
1660:Children
1622:comorbid
1534:spectrum
1469:pellagra
1436:such as
1424:, and a
1422:epilepsy
1420:such as
1388:such as
1370:disorder
1341:and the
1325:Several
1274:Tyrosine
1258:dopamine
1206:inositol
1183:Dopamine
1063:striatum
1055:amygdala
483:delirium
440:euphoria
140:, others
94:Symptoms
14660:Spaving
14213:History
14126:Lithium
13070:Anxiety
12909:PDD-NOS
12798:Bipolar
12451: (
12395:med/229
12338:D001714
12211:5716873
11959:May 22,
11884:May 28,
11746:Insider
11322:5450333
11277:May 18,
11135:5166213
11001:6227754
10853:3730445
10781:1931566
10706:3763712
10654:3534911
10410:2847498
10361:4689290
10182:5552237
10133:4945684
10081:4666163
10027:4296286
9983:4857867
9809:7386454
9747:7177170
9698:4761631
9608:3844106
9556:8469561
9505:9095464
9260:8440301
9162:2757443
8998:6544558
8947:3805456
8898:8499740
8715:7522687
8416:2504732
8332:5003566
8278:5366290
8219:2963467
8170:4390118
7671:6629039
7619:4230689
7568:3994906
7455:6987267
7394:1226279
7386:7766338
6856:1525098
6824:6550069
6712:, 147.
6448:3843013
6399:3072804
6350:6727647
6217:4262909
6168:3874804
6123:2548825
5920:4437855
5871:2504732
5732:3876031
5637:4947450
5588:4523227
5492:2602835
5452:9467242
5394:3582382
5354:9502929
5297:1180589
5249:5304735
5197:3966627
4820:8943681
4552:1880847
4454:4340700
4402:3922056
4102:3637882
4038:3000635
3881:3394882
3781:6593429
3578:119–121
3501:4922419
3212:3920481
2953:6345130
2467:Singer
2284:History
2129:Suicide
1990:lithium
1806:(CBT),
1707:Elderly
1675:Lithium
1509:cocaine
1459:, HIV,
1426:CT scan
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