Psychological stress

1452:

gives individuals a break from their stressors. This was tested in a recent study of college women who had identified studying as their primary stressor. The women were then placed under four conditions at varying times: "rest," "studying," "exercising," and "studying while exercising." The stress levels of the participants were measured through self-assessments of stress and anxiety symptoms after each condition. The results demonstrated that the "exercise" condition had the most significant reduction in stress and anxiety symptoms. These results demonstrate the validity of the time-out hypothesis. It is also important to note that exercise provided greater stress reduction than rest.

1478:, however they all are variations on the same general idea: There are good/productive and negative/counterproductive ways to handle stress. Because stress is perceived, the following mechanisms do not necessarily deal with the actual situation that is causing an individual stress. However, they may be considered coping mechanisms if they allow the individual to cope better with the negative feelings/anxiety that they are experiencing due to the perceived stressful situation, as opposed to actually fixing the concrete obstacle causing the stress. The following mechanisms are adapted from the DSM-IV Adaptive Functioning Scale, APA, 1994. 238:, etc. Though rare in occurrence, this type of stressor typically causes a great deal of stress in a person's life. A study conducted by Stanford University found that after natural disasters, those affected experienced a significant increase in stress level. Combat stress is a widespread acute and chronic problem. With the rapid pace and the urgency of firing first, accidental killings of friendly forces (or fratricide) may occur. Prevention requires stress reduction, emphasis on vehicle and other identification training, awareness of the tactical situation, and continual risk analysis by leaders at all levels. 1188: 1443:

experiences chronic stress, exercise provides an ideal coping mechanism. Despite popular belief, it is not necessary for exercise to be routine or intense in order to reduce stress; as little as five minutes of aerobic exercise can begin to stimulate anti-anxiety effects. Further, a 10-minute walk may have the same psychological benefits as a 45-minute workout, reinforcing the assertion that exercise in any amount or intensity will reduce stress. Cycling and walking activities have lower stress scores when compared to other modes of transport or commuting.

1487: 1378:(e.g., financial support or assistance in transportation to a physician's appointment), informational support (e.g., knowledge, education or advice in problem-solving), and emotional support (e.g., empathy, reassurance, etc.). Social support can reduce the rate of stress during pregnancy. Studies have found that those who had a large change in their life with a small amount of social support has a higher chance of complications. Whereas those with a larger support system would have a chance for less complications. 1374:

impact on health by increasing positive affect, promoting adaptive health behaviors, predictability and stability in life, and safeguarding against social, legal, and economic concerns that could negatively impact health. Another model, the "buffering effect", says that social support exerts greatest influence on health in times of stress, either by helping individuals appraise situations in less threatening manners or coping with the actual stress. Researchers have found evidence to support both these pathways.

266:, moving houses, etc. These events, either positive or negative, can create a sense of uncertainty and fear, which will ultimately lead to stress. For instance, research has found the elevation of stress during the transition from high school to university, with college freshmen being about two times more likely to be stressed than final year students. Research has found that major life events are somewhat less likely to be major causes of stress, due to their rare occurrences. 59: 1288:

death. This suggests that there are individual differences in vulnerability to the potential pathogenic effects of stress; individual differences in vulnerability arise due to both genetic and psychological factors. In addition, the age at which the stress is experienced can dictate its effect on health. Research suggests chronic stress at a young age can have lifelong impacts on the biological, psychological, and behavioral responses to stress later in life.

1550: 270:

chronic events that occurred more than several months ago are linked to stress and illness and personality change. Additionally, positive life events are typically not linked to stress – and if so, generally only trivial stress – while negative life events can be linked to stress and the health problems that accompany it. However, positive experiences and positive life changes can predict decreases in neuroticism.

202:, researchers generally classify the different types of stressors into four categories: 1) crises/catastrophes, 2) major life events, 3) daily hassles/microstressors, and 4) ambient stressors. According to Ursin (1988), the common factor between these categories is an inconsistency between expected events ("set value") and perceived events ("actual value") that cannot be resolved satisfactorily, which puts stress into the broader context of 1563:“The Association for Applied and Therapeutic Humour defines therapeutic humour as ‘any intervention that promotes health and wellness by stimulating a playful discovery, expression or appreciation of the absurdity of or incongruity of life’s situations. This intervention may enhance health or be used as a complementary treatment of illness to facilitate healing or coping whether physical, emotional, cognitive, or spiritual”. 1139:. The body is completely drained of the hormones and resources it was depending on to manage the stressor. The person now begins to exhibit behaviors such as anxiety, irritability, avoidance of responsibilities and relationships, self-destructive behavior, and poor judgment. Someone experiencing these symptoms has a much greater chance of lashing out, damaging relationships, or avoiding social interaction at all. 1242:. This is particularly true regarding chronic stressors. These are stressors that may not be as intense as an acute stressor like a natural disaster or a major accident, but they persist over longer periods of time. These types of stressors tend to have a more negative impact on health because they are sustained and thus require the body's physiological response to occur daily. This depletes the body's 291:

stress assessment) at the Oregon State University that examined the perceived intensity of daily hassles on an individual's mortality. Aldwin's study concluded that there is a strong correlation between individuals who rate their hassles as very intense and a high level of mortality. One's perception of their daily stressors can have a modulating effect on the physiological impact of daily stressors.

1575:, suggested that humour was an excellent defensive strategy in emotional situations. When one laughs during a tough situation they feel absent from their worries, and this allows them to think differently. When one experiences a different mind set, they feel more in control of their response, and how they would go about dealing with the event that caused stress. 1361:. A child may feel angry with a parent or their peers who they feel brought this change on them. They need someone to talk to but it definitely would not be the person with whom they are angry. That is when the imaginary friend comes in. They “talk” to this imaginary friend but in doing so they cut off communication with the real people around them. 1129:. The body continues building up resistance throughout the stage of resistance, either until the body's resources are depleted, leading to the exhaustion phase, or until the stressful stimulus is removed. As the body uses up more and more of its resources, it becomes increasingly tired and susceptible to illness. At this stage 1216:, and health complaints. Research indicates the type of stressor (whether it is acute or chronic) and individual characteristics such as age and physical well-being before the onset of the stressor can combine to determine the effect of stress on an individual. An individual's personality characteristics (such as level of 1667:– Repression occurs when an individual attempts to remove all their thoughts, feelings, and anything related to the upsetting/stressful (perceived) threat out of their awareness in order to be disconnected from the entire situation. When done long enough in a successful way, this is more than just denial. 1594:

Also, most hospitalized children have been seen to use laughter and play to relieve their fear, pain and stress. It has been discovered that there is a great importance in the use of laughter and humour in stress coping. Humans should use humour as a means to transcend their original understanding of

1323:

These cultural differences can affect how people communicate when they are stressed. For example, a member of an individualistic culture would be hesitant to ask for pain medication for fear of being perceived as weak. A member of a collectivistic culture would not hesitate. They have been brought up

343:

To calculate one's score, add up the number of "life change units" if an event occurred in the past year. A score of more than 300 means that individual is at risk for illness, a score between 150 and 299 means risk of illness is moderate, and a score under 150 means that individual only has a slight

305:

The approach-avoidance conflict, occurs when a person is forced to choose whether or not to partake in something that has both attractive and unattractive traits – such as whether or not to attend an expensive college (meaning taking out loans now, but also meaning a quality education

1409:

refers to a wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's levels of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning. It involves controlling and reducing the tension that occurs in stressful situations by making emotional

1353:

Divorce, death, and remarriage are all disruptive events in a household. Although everyone involved is affected by events such as these, it can be most drastically seen in children. Due to their age, children have relatively undeveloped coping skills. For this reason a stressful event may cause some

1274:

It has long been believed that negative affective states, such as feelings of anxiety and depression, could influence the pathogenesis of physical disease, which in turn, have direct effects on biological process that could result in increased risk of disease in the end. However, studies done by the

1258:

are often correlated with much higher risks of cardiovascular disease. This occurs because of the compromised immune system as well as the high levels of arousal in the sympathetic nervous system that occur as part of the body's physiological response to stressful events. However, it is possible for

1045:

In the physiological domain of oculomotor function alone, several physiological responses are suspected to detect different stress situations in a person-specific and objective manner (not by means of a survey). For example, via eye movement and gaze behavior, via pupil behavior and via eyelid blink

1517:

Another way individuals can cope with stress is by the way one perceives stress. Perceptions of stress are critical for making decisions and living everyday life. The outlook or the way an individual perceives the given situation can affect the manner to which the individual handles stress, whether

1373:

impact the effect of stress on their health. Studies consistently show that social support can protect against physical and mental consequences of stress. This can occur through a variety of mechanisms. One model, known as the "direct effects" model, holds that social support has a direct, positive

1279:

of stress as something harmful increases the risk even further. For example, when humans are under chronic stress, permanent changes in their physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses are most likely to occur. Such changes could lead to disease. Chronic stress results from stressful events

318:

As the name implies, these are global (as opposed to individual) low-grade stressors that are a part of the background environment. They are defined as stressors that are "chronic, negatively valued, non-urgent, physically perceptible, and intractable to the efforts of individuals to change them".

1332:

Language barriers can cause stress, and sometimes this stress adds to language barriers. People may feel uncomfortable with the difficulties caused by differences in syntax, vocabulary, ways of showing respect, and use of body language. Along with a desire for successful social interactions, being

1287:

Even though psychological stress is often connected with illness or disease, most healthy individuals can still remain disease-free after confronting chronic stressful events. Also, people who do not believe that stress will affect their health do not have an increased risk of illness, disease, or

1211:

There is some evidence that stress can make the individual more susceptible to physical illnesses like the common cold. "Although chronic (but not acute) stressful events are associated with greater susceptibility, the association between social diversity and colds is not altered after controlling

290:

Daily hassles are the most frequently occurring type of stressor in most adults. The high frequency of hassles causes this stressor to have the most physiological effect on an individual. Carolyn Aldwin, Ph.D., conducted a longitudinal study on older men (mean age ca. 66 years at the time of first

173:

defined stress as “the nonspecific (that is, common) result of any demand upon the body, be the effect mental or somatic.” This includes the medical definition of stress as a physical demand and the colloquial definition of stress as a psychological demand. A stressor is inherently neutral meaning

1451:

A multitude of theories have been presented in attempts to explain why exercise effectively reduces stress. One theory, known as the time-out hypothesis, claims that exercise provides distraction from the stressor. The time out hypothesis claims that exercise effectively reduces stress because it

1283:

Experiments show that when healthy human individuals are exposed to acute laboratory stressors, they show an adaptive enhancement of some markers of natural immunity but a general suppression of functions of specific immunity. By comparison, when healthy human individuals are exposed to real-life

269:

The length of time since occurrence and whether or not it is a positive or negative event are factors in whether or not it causes stress and how much stress it causes. Researchers have found that events that have occurred within the past month generally are not linked to stress or illness, while

186:

is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual. These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and can be either physical or psychological. Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals more prone to both

1377:

Social support is defined more specifically as psychological and material resources provided by a social network that are aimed at helping an individual cope with stress. Researchers generally distinguish among several types of social support: instrumental support – which refers to material aid

327:

Studies conducted in military and combat fields show that some of the most potent stressors can be due to personal organisational problems in the unit or on the home front. Stress due to bad organisational practices is often connected to "toxic leadership", both in companies and in governmental

1199:

and chronic stress can cause illness, and studies have found such a link. According to these theories, both kinds of stress can lead to changes in behavior and in physiology. Behavioral changes can involve smoking and eating habits and physical activity. Physiological changes can be changes in

3970:

organizational changes, which include a change in job tasks or downsizing, lead to a somewhat increased stress level as well as slightly increased health problems. This study added that complaints about poor sleep, sleepiness and incomplete recovery also increased in connection with extensive

1466:

The Lazarus and Folkman model suggests that external events create a form of pressure to achieve, engage in, or experience a stressful situation. Stress is not the external event itself, but rather an interpretation and response to the potential threat; this is when the coping process begins.

1442:

Studies have shown that exercise reduces stress. Exercise effectively reduces fatigue, improves sleep, enhances overall cognitive function such as alertness and concentration, decreases overall levels of tension, and improves self-esteem. Because many of these are depleted when an individual

1418:

Decreasing stressful behaviors is a part of prevention. Some of the common strategies and techniques are: self-monitoring, tailoring, material reinforcement, social reinforcement, social support, self-contracting, contracting with significant other, shaping, reminders, self-help groups, and

1042:(HESI) is a valid questionnaire used in many communities for assessment the stress level of college students. There are many (psycho-)physiological measurement methods that correlate more or less well with psychological stress (mental or emotional) and are thus used as a possible indicator. 5321:

Although the SRRS identified women with high and low stress, it also appeared limited in covering certain areas of stress currently felt by these women. For example, worry and concern about events that have not happened, or in some cases did happen but were not included on the scale, were

1695:. Although some people claim that inhibition coping mechanisms may eventually increase the stress level because the problem is not solved, detaching from the stressor can sometimes help people to temporarily release the stress and become more prepared to deal with problems later on. 1831:. Though stress is discussed throughout history from many distinct topics and cultures, there is no universal consensus over describing stress. This has led to multiple kinds of research, looking at the different aspects of psychological stress and how it changes over a lifespan. 1433:

may also play a role in stress management. A randomized study by Sutarto et al. assessed the effect of resonant breathing biofeedback (recognize and control involuntary heart rate variability) among manufacturing operators; depression, anxiety and stress significantly decreased.

1584:

Lefcourt (2001) suggests that this perspective-taking humour is the most effective due to its ability to distance oneself from the situation of great stress. Studies show that the use of laughter and humour creates a sense of relief of stress that can last up to 45 minutes

1344:

and others distinguishes between automatic responses, such as those one's native language provides, and a foreign language that requires System 2 work to translate. System 2 can become "depleted" by conscious mental effort, making it more difficult and stressful.

3820:

Both epidemiological and controlled studies have demonstrated relationships between psychosocial stressors and disease. The underlying mediators, however, are unclear in most cases, although possible mechanisms have been explored in some experimental

1607:– allows an "indirect resolution of conflict with neither adverse consequences nor consequences marked by loss of pleasure." Essentially, this mechanism allows channeling of troubling emotions or impulses into an outlet that is socially acceptable. 1280:

that persist over a relatively long period of time, such as caring for a spouse with dementia, or results from brief focal events that continue to be experienced as overwhelming even long after they are over, such as experiencing a sexual assault.

286:

with other people. Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not everyone perceives a certain event as stressful. For example, most people find public speaking to be stressful, but someone who has experience with it will not.

137:) and bad stress (distress). On the other is over-stress (hyperstress) and understress (hypostress). Selye advocates balancing these: the ultimate goal would be to balance hyperstress and hypostress perfectly and have as much eustress as possible. 1470:

There are various ways individuals deal with perceived threats that may be stressful. However, people have a tendency to respond to threats with a predominant coping style, in which they dismiss feelings, or manipulate the stressful situation.

1110:

whose axons project to various regions of the brain, is involved in releasing norepinephrine directly onto neurons. High levels of norepinephrine acting as a neurotransmitter on its receptors expressed on neurons in brain regions, such as the

1251:, a biological process affecting many physiological systems. For example, studies have found that caregivers, particularly those of dementia patients, have higher levels of depression and slightly worse physical health than non-caregivers. 1720:– When an individual indirectly deals with their anxiety and negative thoughts/feelings stemming from their stress by acting in a hostile or resentful manner towards others. Help-Rejecting Complaining can also be included in this category. 1174:

Psychological stress does not appear to be a risk factor for the onset of cancer, though it may worsen outcomes in those who already have cancer. Research has found that personal belief in stress as a risk factor for cancer was common in

1097:

into the bloodstream to adjust bodily processes. These hormonal adjustments increase energy-levels, increase muscle tension, reduce sensitivity to pain, slow down the digestive system, and cause a rise in blood pressure. In addition, the

4294:

Pathological anxiety and chronic stress lead to structural degeneration and impaired functioning of the hippocampus and the PFC, which may account for the increased risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and

319:

Typical examples of ambient stressors are pollution, noise, crowding, and traffic. Unlike the other three types of stressor, ambient stressors can (but do not necessarily have to) negatively impact stress without conscious awareness.

3110:

Rau R, Richter P (1995). "24-Stunden-Monitoring zur Prüfung der Reaktivität psychophysiologischer Parameter in Belastungs- und Erholungsphasen. Speichelparameter und kardiovaskuläre Parameter in Feld- und Experimentaluntersuchungen".

301:

The avoidance-avoidance conflict, occurs where a person has to choose between two equally unattractive options, for example, to take out a second loan with unappealing terms to pay off the mortgage or to face foreclosure on one's

3644:

the strongest conclusion derived from decades of research on stressors and cancer is that stressful events may be associated with decreased cancer survival but are probably not associated with disease incidence (Chida et al.

1649:

These mechanisms cause the individual to have a diminished (or in some cases non-existent) awareness about their anxiety, threatening ideas, fears, etc., that come from being conscious of the perceived threat.

1246:

more quickly and usually occurs over long periods of time, especially when such microstressors cannot be avoided (for example: stress related to living in a dangerous neighborhood). Chronic stress may lead to

3335:

Biosignale der Pupille zur Steuerung intelligenter User Interfaces. Untersuchung von Pupillenbewegungen zur Realisierung einer biopsychologischen Computerschnittstelle für die Mensch-Computer-Interaktion.

1422:

Although many techniques have traditionally been developed to deal with the consequences of stress, considerable research has also been conducted on the prevention of stress, a subject closely related to

3708:"Prevalence of beliefs about actual and mythical causes of cancer and their association with socio-demographic and health-related characteristics: Findings from a cross-sectional survey in England" 5442:

is aimed at a popular audience and communicated through the mass media. It addresses topics related to psychology—such as romantic relationships, stress management, child rearing, and sexuality

310:

Travel-related stress results from three main categories: lost time, surprises (an unforeseen event such as lost or delayed baggage) and routine breakers (inability to maintain daily habits).

282:

and minor hassles. Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating personalities, etc. Often, this type of stressor includes

3237:

Biswas P, Dutt V, Langdon P (January 2016). "Comparing ocular parameters for cognitive load measurement in eye-gaze-controlled interfaces for automotive and desktop computing environments".

1526:

These skills are what one could call as “facing the problem head on”, or at least dealing with the negative emotions experienced by stress in a constructive manner. (generally adaptive)

4559:

Uchino BN (May 2009). "Understanding the Links Between Social Support and Physical Health: A Life-Span Perspective With Emphasis on the Separability of Perceived and Received Support".

3274:

Blickbasierte Beanspruchungsmessung : Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Kalibrierungssystems zur individuellen Bewertung der mentalen Beanspruchung in der Mensch-Technik-Interaktion

1284:

chronic stress, this stress is associated with a biphasic immune response where partial suppression of cellular and humoral function coincides with low-grade, nonspecific inflammation.

1039: 4347:

High amounts of stress and the perception that stress impacts health are each associated with poor health and mental health. Individuals who perceived that stress affects their health

5258:- "1955 H. Basowitz et al. Anxiety & Stress i. 7 Anxiety has been defined in terms of an affective response; stress is the stimulus condition likely to arouse such response." 2369:

Jeronimus BF, Riese H, Sanderman R, Ormel J (October 2014). "Mutual reinforcement between neuroticism and life experiences: a five-wave, 16-year study to test reciprocal causation".

2125:

Fevre ML, Kolt GS, Matheny J (1 January 2006). "Eustress, distress and their interpretation in primary and secondary occupational stress management interventions: which way first?".

1275:

University of Wisconsin-Madison and other places have shown this to be partly untrue; although perceived stress seems to increase the risk of reported poor health, the additional

1030:

Modern people may attempt to self-assess their own "stress-level"; third parties (sometimes clinicians) may also provide qualitative evaluations. Quantitative approaches such as

1427:. A number of self-help approaches to stress-prevention and resilience-building have been developed, drawing mainly on the theory and practice of cognitive-behavioral therapy. 169:

Stress is a non-specific response. It is neutral, and what varies is the degree of response. It is all about the context of the individual and how they perceive the situation.

4372: 1354:

changes in their behavior. Falling in with a new crowd, developing some new and sometimes undesirable habits are just some of the changes stress may trigger in their lives.

1301:

When someone is stressed, many challenges can arise; a recognised challenge being communication difficulties. Here are some examples of how stress can hinder communication.

1625:

of war or peacekeeping operations indicate that persons who construe a positive meaning from their combat or threat experiences tend to adjust better than those who do not.

5199:"Freudian defense mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology: Reaction formation, projection, displacement, undoing, isolation, sublimation, and denial" 1537:") – involves dealing with stress by turning to a social network for support, but an individual does not share with others in order to diffuse or avoid the responsibility. 3478:

Reßut N, Hoppe A (December 2020). "Erfassung von individuellem Beanspruchungserleben bei kognitiven Belastungssituationen mittels Mustererkennung im Lidschlagverhalten".

3212:

Galley N (1993). "Augenbewegungen, Antizipation und Leistung: Auf dem Wege zu einem neuropsychologischen Konzentrationsmodell". In Beckmann J, Strang H, Hahn E (eds.).

3034:

Böckelmann I, Seibt R (September 2011). "Methoden zur Indikation vorwiegend psychischer Berufsbelastung und Beanspruchung — Möglichkeiten für die betriebliche Praxis".

1545:– the individual steps outside of a situation in order to gain greater perspective, and also to highlight any comic aspect to be found in their stressful circumstances. 4077:

Schlotz W, Yim IS, Zoccola PM, Jansen L, Schulz P (2011). "The perceived stress reactivity scale: Measurement invariance, stability, and validity in three countries".

2407:

Jeronimus BF, Ormel J, Aleman A, Penninx BW, Riese H (November 2013). "Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism".

1324:

in a culture where everyone helps each other and is one functional unit whereas the member of the individualistic culture is not as comfortable asking others for aid.

340:, also known as the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, or SRRS. Developed by psychiatrists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe in 1967, the scale lists 43 stressful events. 5334: 2750:

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol are considered the most important 'stress hormones,' although a number of other hormones are also influenced by stress .

1263: – a term referring to the ability to be both chronically stressed and healthy. Chronic stress can correlate with psychological disorders such as 2319:

Cohen S, Frank E, Doyle WJ, Skoner DP, Rabin BS, Gwaltney JM (May 1998). "Types of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults".

5153:

Schok ML, Kleber RJ, Elands M, Weerts JM (March 2008). "Meaning as a mission: a review of empirical studies on appraisals of war and peacekeeping experiences".

2618:

Riese H, Snieder H, Jeronimus BF, Korhonen T, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Ormel J (2014). "Timing of Stressful Life Events Affects Stability and Change of Neuroticism".

298:

The approach-approach conflict, occurs when a person is choosing between two equally attractive options, i.e. whether to go see a movie or to go see a concert.

5400:

This stress-induced focus on the self is compounded by exposure to 'pop-psychology' advice to use selffocused stress management techniques during interviews.

4225:

Kingston C, Schuurmans-Stekhoven J (December 2016). "Life hassles and delusional ideation: Scoping the potential role of cognitive and affective mediators".

119:

Psychological stress can be external and related to the environment, but may also be caused by internal perceptions that cause an individual to experience

5187:"displacement n." A Dictionary of Psychology. Edited by Andrew M. Colman. Oxford University Press 2009. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. 4091:

Pinquart M, Sörensen S (June 2003). "Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: a meta-analysis".

1518:

it be positive or negative. Too much stress can be detrimental to the individual and can cause negative psychological and physical health effects.

1166:, increased heart and respiration rates, cessation of digestive processes, secretion of adrenaline, arteriole dilation, and constriction of veins. 174:

that the same stressor can cause either distress or eustress. It is individual differences and responses that induce either distress or eustress.

4953:

Keller, Abiola; Litzelman, Kristin; Wisk, Lauren E.; Maddox, Torsheika; Cheng, Erika Rose; Creswell, Paul D.; Witt, Whitney P. (September 2012).

2182:. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved September 20, 2012, from CollinsDictionary.com. 3587: 1155: 5643: 1712:– Often viewed as counter-normative, or problematic behavior. Instead of reflecting or problem-solving, an individual takes maladaptive action. 198:

Stressors are more likely to affect the health of an individual when they are "chronic, highly disruptive, or perceived as uncontrollable". In

148:

which means "good" (as in "euphoria"). Eustress results when a person perceives a stressor as positive. "Distress" stems from the Latin root

1034:

or other measurements giving results which may correlate with perceived psychological stress include testing for one or more of the several

5541: 2183: 4780: 1333:

uncomfortable with the communication around a person can discourage them from communicating at all, thus adding to the language barrier.

1205: 2894:"Measuring stress in medical education: validation of the Korean version of the higher education stress inventory with medical students" 1729:

There is an alternative method to coping with stress, in which one works to minimize their anxiety and stress in a preventative manner.

5198: 4211:

Kobasa, S. C. (1982). "The Hardy Personality: Toward a Social Psychology of Stress and Health". In G. S. Sanders & J. Suls (Eds.),

3333: 2660:"The effects of traveling in different transport modes on galvanic skin response (GSR) as a measure of stress: An observational study" 1319:

culture, like that of many Asian countries, prefers to see individuals as interdependent on each other. They value modesty and family.

1059: 1234:

and a lack of coping resources available or used by an individual can often lead to the development of psychological issues such as

214:

This type of stressor is unforeseen and unpredictable and, as such, is completely out of the control of the individual. Examples of

4612:

Berkman LF, Glass T, Brissette I, Seeman TE (September 2000). "From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium".

2229:

Ursin H (1988). "Expectancy and activation: An attempt to systematize stress theory". In Hellhammer DH, Florin I, Weiner H (eds.).

4368: 1038:, for cardiovascular responses, or for immune response. There are some valid questionnaires to assess stress level such as, 5296:

Linn MW (1986). "Elderly Women's Health and Psychological Adjustment: Life Stressors and Social Support". In Hobfoll SE (ed.).

1856: 17: 3176:

Stanton NA, Hedge A, Brookhuis K, Salas E, Hendrick HW (2005). Stanton NA, Hedge A, Brookhuis K, Salas E, Hendrick HW (eds.).

4805: 4774: 4519: 3530: 3160: 3086: 3018: 1976: 1073:. This stage occurs when the stressor is first presented. The body begins to gather resources to deal with the stressor. The 2452:"Do hassles mediate between life events and mortality in older men? Longitudinal findings from the VA Normative Aging Study" 1312:

culture, like that of the United States, where everyone is an independent entity defined by their accomplishments and goals.

2152:

Hargrove MB, Nelson DL, Cooper CL (2013). "Generating eustress by challenging employees: Helping people savor their work".

4035:

Chen Y (December 2009). "Advances in the pathophysiology of tension-type headache: from stress to central sensitization".

2499: 1074: 1820:

made it possible to group some undifferentiated combination of one or more of these with an informal diagnosis such as "

1613:– redirects thoughts (cognitive energy) to good things that are either occurring or have not occurred. This can lead to 5524: 5505: 5067: 3281: 1888: 336:

Life events scales can be used to assess stressful things that people experience in their lives. One such scale is the

2849:

Dahlin M, Joneborg N, Runeson B (June 2005). "Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study".

1675:– An attempt to remove any “unacceptable thoughts” from one's consciousness by replacing them with the exact opposite. 1195:

There is likely a connection between stress and illness. Theories of a proposed stress–illness link suggest that both

5425: 5387: 5307: 3359: 3221: 3193: 2826: 2781: 2736: 2076: 2036: 2003: 1659:– This is when an individual redirects their emotional feelings about one situation to another, less threatening one. 4869: 2558:

Headquarters, Department of the Army (2006). Combat and Operational Stress Control, FM 4-02.51, Washington, DC, p. 9

2231:

Neuronal Control of Bodily Function: Basic and Clinical Aspects, Vol. 2: Neurobiological Approaches to Human Disease

2219:

Pastorino, E. & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2009). What is Psychology?. 2nd Ed. Belmont, CA: Thompson Higher Education.

1861: 1692: 1208:

activation, and immunological function. However, there is much variability in the link between stress and illness.

1789: 1144: 3659:"Work stress and risk of cancer: meta-analysis of 5700 incident cancer events in 116,000 European men and women" 2986:

Gopher D, Donchin E (1986). "Workload: An examination of the concept". In Boff KR, Kaufman L, Thomas JP (eds.).

2286:

Headquarters, Department of the Army (1994). Leader’s Manual for Combat Stress Control, FM 22–51, Washington DC.

1993: 3890: 1316: 1213: 5333:

Once widely recognised, passion appears to wane in importance as the concept of "stress" becomes popular. See

5638: 3350:

Beatty J, Lucero-Wagoner B (2000). "The pupillary system". In Cacioppo JT, Tassinary LG, Berntson GG (eds.).

2821:. A project of the Fetzer Institute (revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 213–230. 2776:. A project of the Fetzer Institute (revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 193–212. 1903: 39: 1062:. This biological model, often referred to as the "classic stress response", revolves around the concept of 3971:

organizational changes. Another key finding was that this is even true for the anticipation of such changes

3902:

Edmunds WJ, Medley GF, O'Callaghan CJ (October 1997). "Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold".

2658:

Yang X, McCoy E, Anaya-Boig E, Avila-Palencia I, Brand C, Carrasco-Turigas G, et al. (November 2021).

1851: 1267:. Pathological anxiety and chronic stress lead to structural degeneration and impaired functioning of the 337: 4447:"Health psychology: developing biologically plausible models linking the social world and physical health" 5274: 3375:

Chen S, Epps J (July 2014). "Using task-induced pupil diameter and blink rate to infer cognitive load".

2298:"Prevalence and determinants of perceived stress among undergraduate students in a Malaysian University" 3657:

Heikkilä K, Nyberg ST, Theorell T, Fransson EI, Alfredsson L, Bjorner JB, et al. (February 2013).

2244:

van Kampen HS (February 2019). "The principle of consistency and the cause and function of behaviour".

1387: 1201: 1148: 1078: 5248: 3583: 3297:

Brunn WV, Falk R, Matthes K (January 1941). "Untersuchungen über die Pupillenreflexe beim Menschen".

3129:

Psychophysiologische Untersuchung mentaler Beanspruchung in simulierten Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionen

1680: 1655: 1260: 1235: 1224:

with major stressors and traumas may also dictate their response to stressors. Stress may also cause

1221: 1152: 4573: 3847: 5576: 5302:. Clinical and Community Psychology. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis (published 2014). p. 233. 1688: 1663: 1603: 1424: 4955:"Does the perception that stress affects health matter? The association with health and mortality" 4309:"Does the perception that stress affects health matter? The association with health and mortality" 3127: 1304:

The cultures of the world generally fall into two categories; individualistic and collectivistic.

5253: 1341: 1243: 32: 2179: 2068: 92:

and reaction to the environment. Excessive amounts of stress, however, can increase the risk of

5083:

Vaillant GE (January 2000). "Adaptive mental mechanisms. Their role in a positive psychology".

4568: 3885:

Ogden, J. (2007). Health Psychology: a textbook (4th ed.), pages 281–282 New York: McGraw-Hill

3842: 3339:(Thesis). Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin. Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie. 1630: 1031: 113: 105: 5616: 4764: 2028: 1760:

Stress management in the workplace – organize a new system, switch tasks to reduce own stress.

5354:

Nerve Strain: The Busy Lives of American Women, the Cause of Their Ill Health, and the Remedy

2804: 2297: 1913: 1841: 1196: 1187: 97: 5470: 4823:"Resonant breathing biofeedback training for stress reduction among manufacturing operators" 4728:

Orr ST (December 2004). "Social support and pregnancy outcome: a review of the literature".

4647:

Cohen S, Wills TA (September 1985). "Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis".

4003: 3797: 1776:

1955, people already identified a range of more nuanced ideas to describe and confront such

1764:

Depending on the situation, all of these coping mechanisms may be adaptive, or maladaptive.

1595:

an external event, take a different perspective, in which their anxiety may be minimized by.

4463: 4446: 4307:

Keller A, Litzelman K, Wisk LE, Maddox T, Cheng ER, Creswell PD, Witt WP (September 2012).

2988:

Handbook of perception and human performance. Volume II - Cognitive Process and Performance

2671: 1908: 1898: 1846: 1394: 203: 5457:

Monroe SM (2008). "Modern approaches to conceptualizing and measuring human life stress".

4894:"Exercise-induced anxiolysis: a test of the "time out" hypothesis in high anxious females" 4386:

Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Miller GE (October 2007). "Psychological stress and disease".

8: 2567: 2059: 1893: 1805: 1703:

These methods deal with stress by an individual literally taking action, or withdrawing.

1461: 1116: 3621: 2675: 1500:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1254:

Studies have also shown that perceived chronic stress and the hostility associated with

5135: 4979: 4954: 4741: 4672: 4594: 4333: 4308: 4285: 4194: 4154: 4127: 4060: 4012: 3987: 3868: 3806: 3781: 3732: 3707: 3683: 3658: 3630: 3605: 3536: 3495: 3456: 3392: 3314: 3254: 3092: 3051: 2968: 2920: 2893: 2874: 2707: 2635: 2541: 2476: 2451: 2432: 2344: 2269: 1939: 1716: 1671: 1475: 1255: 85: 4625: 3216:. Göttingen, Bern, Toronto, Seattle: Hogrefe Verl. für Psychologie. pp. 229–245. 152:(as in "dissonance" or "disagreement"). Medically defined distress is a threat to the 5520: 5501: 5474: 5421: 5383: 5303: 5170: 5100: 5063: 4984: 4915: 4910: 4893: 4844: 4801: 4770: 4745: 4710: 4664: 4629: 4586: 4582: 4515: 4468: 4403: 4338: 4277: 4242: 4198: 4159: 4108: 4052: 4017: 3961: 3919: 3915: 3886: 3860: 3856: 3833:

Herbert TB, Cohen S (1993). "Stress and immunity in humans: a meta-analytic review".

3811: 3737: 3688: 3635: 3540: 3526: 3499: 3460: 3428: 3411: 3355: 3277: 3217: 3189: 3156: 3082: 3055: 3014: 2972: 2960: 2925: 2866: 2862: 2822: 2812: 2777: 2767: 2732: 2711: 2699: 2639: 2600: 2596: 2545: 2481: 2424: 2386: 2336: 2261: 2104: 2072: 2032: 2021: 1999: 1972: 1813: 1534: 1406: 1401: 1112: 109: 88:. Small amounts of stress may be beneficial, as it can improve athletic performance, 4676: 4598: 4289: 4064: 3396: 3318: 2436: 2348: 2273: 5466: 5213: 5162: 5139: 5127: 5092: 4974: 4966: 4905: 4839: 4834: 4822: 4737: 4702: 4656: 4621: 4578: 4458: 4395: 4328: 4320: 4269: 4234: 4186: 4149: 4139: 4100: 4044: 4007: 3999: 3951: 3911: 3872: 3852: 3801: 3793: 3727: 3719: 3678: 3670: 3625: 3617: 3518: 3487: 3452: 3423: 3384: 3306: 3258: 3246: 3181: 3148: 3096: 3074: 3043: 3006: 2952: 2915: 2905: 2878: 2858: 2689: 2679: 2627: 2592: 2533: 2471: 2463: 2416: 2378: 2328: 2253: 2161: 2134: 1918: 1883: 1638: 1358: 1239: 219: 4535: 4260:

Mah L, Szabuniewicz C, Fiocco AJ (January 2016). "Can anxiety damage the brain?".

3250: 2990:. New York: John Wiley and Sons (A Wiley-Interscience publication). pp. 1–49. 1212:

for life events." Stressful events, such as job changes, correlate with insomnia,

5581: 5413: 5377: 5352: 5297: 4795: 4273: 3940:"The impact of organizational changes on work stress, sleep, recovery and health" 3388: 2816: 2771: 2726: 2684: 2659: 2257: 2165: 1964: 1873: 1618: 1614: 1337: 1309: 1248: 1159: 1099: 1058:

To measure the body's response to stress, psychologists tend to use Hans Selye's

153: 2467: 1621:, and awareness of the power/benefits of one's efforts. For example, studies on 1369:

Researchers have long been interested in how an individual's level and types of

1066:. General adaptive syndrome, according to this system, occurs in three stages: 133:(1974) proposed four variations of stress. On one axis he locates good stress ( 4706: 4660: 4104: 3723: 3491: 2332: 1828: 1370: 1231: 1120: 1094: 1035: 5166: 5096: 4421: 4048: 3522: 3152: 3078: 3010: 2910: 2892:

Shim EJ, Jeon HJ, Kim H, Lee KM, Jung D, Noh HL, et al. (November 2016).

2420: 2138: 294:

There are three major psychological types of conflicts that can cause stress.

5632: 5348: 4399: 4144: 3956: 3939: 3443:

Stern JA, Walrath LC, Goldstein R (January 1984). "The endogenous eyeblink".

2808: 2763: 2762:

Krantz DS, Falconer JF (1997). "Measurement of cardiovascular responses". In

2570:. Toxic leaders: When organizations go bad. Westport, CT. Quorum Books. 1996. 2537: 1878: 1772:

Prior to the introduction of the concept "stress" in the psychological sense

1751: 1572: 1130: 1082: 188: 5217: 5131: 4499:(7 ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1319. 4190: 2725:

Lundberg U (2010). "Neuroendocrine Measures". In Contrada R, Baum A (eds.).

283: 5498:

The Upside of Stress: Why Stress Is Good for You, and How to Get Good at It

5478: 5174: 5104: 4988: 4848: 4749: 4714: 4633: 4590: 4472: 4407: 4353:

reported a large amount of stress had an increased risk of premature death.

4342: 4281: 4246: 4163: 4112: 4056: 4021: 3988:"Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants" 3965: 3815: 3782:"Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants" 3755: 3741: 3692: 3639: 3214:

Aufmerksamkeit und Energetisierung. Facetten von Konzentration und Leistung

2929: 2870: 2703: 2485: 2428: 2390: 2265: 1867: 58: 5269: 4919: 4668: 3923: 3864: 3464: 3185: 2604: 2583:

Holmes TH, Rahe RH (August 1967). "The Social Readjustment Rating Scale".

2340: 2108: 5611: 5420:. The Handy Answer Book Series. Detroit: Visible Ink Press. p. 401. 5022: 5020: 1430: 1268: 1217: 1090: 1063: 5568: 2964: 5118:

Folkman S, Moskowitz J (2000). "Stress, Positive Emotion, and Coping".

4238: 3310: 3047: 2956: 2694: 1708: 1163: 227: 199: 170: 130: 124: 89: 73: 5286:- "stress (n.) The purely psychological sense is attested from 1955." 5017: 3299:

Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere

1549: 123:

or other negative emotions surrounding a situation, such as pressure,

5587: 4970: 4369:"Stress as a positive: Recent research that suggests it has benefits" 4324: 3674: 3113:

Schriftenreihe der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin

3069:

Chen F, Zhou J, Wang Y, Yu K, Arshad SZ, Khawaji A, Conway D (2016).

2631: 2382: 1817: 1809: 1797: 1264: 1225: 1151:

activation, often referred to as the "fight or flight" response. The

1107: 279: 3553:

Gottlieb, Benjamin."Coping with Chronic Stress". Plenum Press. 1997.

1816:. By the 19th century, the popularisation of the nascent science of 1521: 1498:. The reason given is: The DSM has significantly changed since 1994. 1022:

The SRRS is used in psychiatry to weight the impact of life events.

3606:"Ten Surprising Facts About Stressful Life Events and Disease Risk" 2450:

Aldwin CM, Jeong YJ, Igarashi H, Choun S, Spiro A (November 2014).

1634: 1554: 1086: 1047: 247: 235: 183: 141: 134: 1745:

Guided imagery and visualization – create a relaxing state of mind

156:. It occurs when a demand vastly exceeds a person's capabilities. 5592: 2657: 1801: 1777: 1739:

Support systems – to listen, offer advice, and support each other

1622: 1176: 263: 251: 192: 120: 81: 1179:, though awareness of risk factors overall was found to be low. 695:

A modified version was made for non-adults. The scale is below.

5517:

The Stress Test: How Pressure Can Make You Stronger and Sharper

5058:

Lefcourt HM (2001). "The Humour Solution". In Snyder CR (ed.).

2945:

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

2728:

The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health

1684: 1541: 1357:

A particularly interesting response to stress is talking to an

215: 93: 5005:

Levo LM (September 2003). "Understanding Defense Mechanisms".

3656: 3003:

Elektrodermale Aktivität. Grundlagen, Methoden und Anwendungen

2617: 1821: 1785: 1781: 1736:

Regular exercise – set up a fitness program, 3–4 times a week

1081:

are activated, resulting in the release of hormones from the

259: 255: 223: 101: 4693:

Cohen S (November 2004). "Social relationships and health".

4224: 3901: 3563: 3561: 3559: 2368: 1386:"Stress Relief" redirects here. For The Office episode, see 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 4827:

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

4611: 4126:

Huang CJ, Webb HE, Zourdos MC, Acevedo EO (November 2013).

2406: 1793: 1732:

Suggested strategies to improve stress management include:

1103: 1102:, a collection of norepinephrine-containing neurons in the 5026:

Adapted from DSM-IV Adaptive Functioning Scale, APA, 1994.

4385: 4128:"Cardiovascular reactivity, stress, and physical activity" 3706:

Shahab L, McGowan JA, Waller J, Smith SG (November 2018).

3515:

Das Lidschlagverhalten als Indikator psychischer Belastung

3175: 2818:

Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists

2773:

Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists

2095:

Selye H (October 1975). "Implications of stress concept".

1748:

Progressive muscle relaxation – loosen tense muscle groups

5047:(7 ed.). Missouri: Mosby/Elsevier. pp. 160–173. 4952: 4306: 3985: 3779: 3556: 1971:. New York: St. Martins Press. pp. 37, 71, 92, 271. 1644: 1115:, are thought to be involved in the effects of stress on 231: 5029: 4177:

Kemeny ME (August 2003). "The Psychobiology of Stress".

3981: 3979: 3705: 2942: 2807:, Glaser R (1997). "Measurement of immune response". In 2500:"CWT rolls out solution to tackle cost of travel stress" 2449: 5152: 4536:"Stress in childhood: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 4125: 1757:

Journal writing – express true emotion, self-reflection

3547: 2731:. New York: Springer Publishing Company. p. 531. 84:

of emotional strain and pressure. Stress is a type of

5452: 5450: 5062:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 68–92. 5000: 4998: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4259: 3976: 3584:"HHS 231 – Extended Campus – Oregon State University" 3442: 3207: 3205: 3073:. Human-computer interaction series. Cham: Springer. 2848: 2318: 1413: 1393:"Stress Reliever" redirects here. For the track, see 5558: 5235:(5th ed.). Toronto: Elsevier. pp. 472–488. 5196: 4503: 3349: 2803: 2151: 1679:

Other inhibition coping mechanisms include undoing,

1191:

A stressed woman waiting in line at a medical centre

3239:

International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction

3142: 1474:There are different classifications for coping, or 38:"Stressed out" redirects here. For other uses, see 5447: 5245: 5197:Baumeister RF, Dale K, Sommer KL (December 1998). 5060:Coping with Stress: Effective People and Processes 4995: 4926: 4497:Fundamentals of Nursing: Human and Health Function 4494: 4215:(pp. 1–25). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. 3603: 3202: 2058: 2020: 1742:Time management – develop an organizational system 5013:(4). Silver Spring, Maryland: St. Luke Institute. 4891: 4688: 4686: 3236: 2027:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. p. 1522:Highly adaptive/active/problem-focused mechanisms 5630: 5117: 4514:(4th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. 4090: 3354:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–162. 3296: 3178:Handbook of human factors and ergonomics methods 2402: 2400: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2124: 2067:. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 5495: 4820: 4509: 4363: 4361: 3937: 3604:Cohen S, Murphy ML, Prather AA (January 2019). 3576: 3115:. Bremerhaven: Wirtschaftsverlag NW. FB 12.001. 3033: 2943:Klimmer F, Rutenfranz J, Rohmert W (1979). "". 1991: 1827:"Stress" has subsequently become a mainstay of 273: 187:physical and psychological problems, including 4942:. New York: Oxford University. pp. 68–88. 4937: 4787: 4683: 4444: 3068: 2891: 2761: 2060:"The Stress Concept: Past, Present and Future" 1437: 246:Common examples of major life events include: 5514: 4874:Anxiety and Depression Association of America 4422:"Psychological Stress and Disease (HIV/AIDS)" 3986:Schneiderman N, Ironson G, Siegel SD (2005). 3780:Schneiderman N, Ironson G, Siegel SD (2005). 3409: 2985: 2397: 2355: 2215: 2213: 5146: 4793: 4358: 3832: 3650: 3599: 3597: 3567: 3416:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 3071:Robust multimodal cognitive load measurement 2371:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2302:Journal of Health and Translational Medicine 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2090: 2088: 2052: 2050: 2048: 1364: 5120:Current Directions in Psychological Science 4898:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 4814: 4179:Current Directions in Psychological Science 3436: 2519: 2517: 2312: 1870:extreme stress experiments at Harvard 1960s 1446: 322: 4646: 3477: 3109: 2582: 2243: 1754:training – work on effective communication 989:Becoming a full-fledged member of a church 164: 57: 4978: 4909: 4838: 4572: 4462: 4379: 4332: 4153: 4143: 4011: 3955: 3846: 3805: 3731: 3682: 3629: 3594: 3427: 3271: 2936: 2919: 2909: 2693: 2683: 2611: 2578: 2576: 2524:Campbell JM (2016). "Ambient Stressors". 2475: 2190: 2085: 2045: 1629:Other adaptive coping mechanisms include 829:Serious illness requiring hospitalization 757:Jail sentence of parent for over one year 5082: 5057: 4769:. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 261–. 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 3374: 3000: 2724: 2523: 2514: 2233:. Kirkland, WA: Huber. pp. 313–334. 1963: 1548: 1186: 861:Jail sentence of parent for over 30 days 127:, etc., which they then deem stressful. 5471:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141207 5347: 4375:from the original on 11 September 2016. 4213:Social Psychology of Health and Illness 4004:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 3798:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 3125: 2237: 2120: 2118: 2065:Stress Research Issues for the Eighties 893:Becoming involved with drugs or alcohol 14: 5631: 5456: 5230: 4558: 4464:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163551 4176: 3331: 3211: 3143:Schlick C, Bruder R, Luczak H (2018). 2573: 2295: 1857:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 1645:Mental inhibition/disavowal mechanisms 1348: 1206:hypothalamic pituitary adrenocorticoid 845:Not making an extracurricular activity 218:and catastrophes include: devastating 209: 5644:Stress (biological and psychological) 5411: 5042: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4821:Sutarto AP, Wahab MN, Zin NM (2015). 4762: 4692: 4561:Perspectives on Psychological Science 4495:Craven R, Hirnle C, Jensen S (2013). 4479: 3879: 3512: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2228: 2094: 2056: 2018: 997:Decrease in arguments between parents 965:Increased absence of parent from home 909:Increase in arguments between parents 821:Having a visible congenital deformity 598:Change in working hours or conditions 177: 5459:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 5379:Clinical Psychology: An Introduction 5375: 5295: 5004: 4034: 3992:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 3938:Greubel J, Kecklund G (March 2011). 3786:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 3572:. Jon-David Hague. pp. 446–447. 3132:(Ph.D. thesis). Universität Potsdam. 2115: 2012: 1698: 1480: 1455: 1327: 1162:involves pupil dilation, release of 313: 241: 4892:Breus MJ, O'Connor PJ (July 1998). 4766:Comprehensive Stress Management 10E 4727: 3622:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102857 3480:Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft 3036:Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft 2186:from the original on June 20, 2012. 1724: 1075:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis 1053: 933:Change in parent's financial status 797:Discovery of being an adopted child 789:Pregnancy of unprepared for sibling 662:Change in number of family reunions 24: 5542:"Manage Stress - healthfinder.gov" 5489: 5414:"Mental Health and Mental Illness" 5267: 4880: 4855: 4742:10.1097/01.grf.0000141451.68933.9f 4730:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 4445:Miller G, Chen E, Cole SW (2009). 3457:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02312.x 3410:Ponder E, Kennedy WP (July 1927). 2646: 2145: 2097:New York State Journal of Medicine 1995:Stress: myth, theory, and research 1992:Jones F, Bright J, Clow A (2001). 1889:Mindfulness-based stress reduction 1414:Prevention and resilience building 1005:Decrease in arguments with parents 526:Change in responsibilities at work 331: 25: 5655: 5534: 5382:. London: Routledge. p. 22. 5299:Stress, Social Support, And Women 4870:"Exercise for Stress and Anxiety" 4512:Foundations of mental health care 4037:Current Pain and Headache Reports 2585:Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1425:psychological resilience-building 1336:The System 1 – System 2 model of 1147:response involves high levels of 1040:Higher Education Stress Inventory 981:Addition of third adult to family 438:Change in health of family member 306:and employment after graduation). 5418:The Handy Psychology Answer Book 5405: 5368: 5340: 5327: 5289: 5261: 5239: 5233:Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing 5224: 5190: 4911:10.1097/00005768-199807000-00013 4783:from the original on 2017-02-18. 4583:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x 3916:10.1001/jama.1997.03550150035018 3857:10.1097/00006842-199307000-00004 3756:"How stress affects your health" 3590:from the original on 2012-10-10. 3429:10.1113/expphysiol.1927.sp000433 3147:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 3005:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 2863:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02176.x 2127:Journal of Managerial Psychology 1998:. Pearson Education. p. 4. 1862:Conservation of resources theory 1485: 1296: 1291: 1182: 1133:disorders first begin to appear. 925:Outstanding personal achievement 805:Marriage of parent to stepparent 550:Outstanding personal achievement 502:Change in frequency of arguments 494:Change to different line of work 5335:a usage Ngram for the two terms 5181: 5111: 5076: 5051: 4946: 4938:Snyder CR, Lefcourt HM (2001). 4756: 4721: 4640: 4605: 4552: 4528: 4438: 4414: 4300: 4253: 4218: 4205: 4170: 4119: 4084: 4071: 4028: 3930: 3910:(15): 1231, author reply 1232. 3895: 3826: 3773: 3748: 3699: 3506: 3471: 3403: 3368: 3343: 3325: 3290: 3265: 3230: 3169: 3136: 3119: 3103: 3062: 3027: 2994: 2979: 2885: 2842: 2797: 2755: 2718: 2620:European Journal of Personality 2561: 2552: 2492: 2443: 2289: 2280: 2222: 518:Foreclosure of mortgage or loan 31:For other kinds of stress, see 4840:10.1080/10803548.2012.11076959 3517:. Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg. 2172: 1985: 1957: 1932: 1025: 390:Death of a close family member 27:Feeling of strain and pressure 13: 1: 4626:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00065-4 4614:Social Science & Medicine 4262:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 3251:10.1080/10447318.2015.1084112 2815:, Underwood Gordon L (eds.). 2770:, Underwood Gordon L (eds.). 1925: 1904:Posttraumatic stress disorder 1773: 1381: 949:Being a senior in high school 941:Accepted at college of choice 781:Change in acceptance by peers 765:Marital separation of parents 741:Acquiring a visible deformity 278:This category includes daily 40:Stressed Out (disambiguation) 4274:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000223 4227:Psychology and Psychotherapy 3389:10.1080/07370024.2014.892428 3352:Handbook of psychophysiology 3145:Arbeitswissenschaft. 4. Aufl 2685:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106764 2597:10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4 2258:10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.013 2166:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2012.12.008 1852:Cognitive behavioral therapy 957:Hospitalization of a sibling 837:Failure of a grade in school 749:Fathering an unwed pregnancy 338:Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale 274:Daily hassles/microstressors 204:cognitive-consistency theory 144:" comes from the Greek root 7: 5275:Online Etymology Dictionary 4451:Annual Review of Psychology 3610:Annual Review of Psychology 3568:Mitterer J, Coon D (2013). 2468:10.1016/j.exger.2014.06.019 1969:Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers 1834: 1438:Exercising to reduce stress 1060:general adaptation syndrome 853:Hospitalization of a parent 638:Change in social activities 630:Change in church activities 582:Revision of personal habits 574:Change in living conditions 558:Spouse starts or stops work 10: 5660: 5155:Clinical Psychology Review 4707:10.1037/0003-066x.59.8.676 4661:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310 4510:Morrison-Valfre M (2009). 4105:10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.250 3724:10.1016/j.ejca.2018.03.029 3712:European Journal of Cancer 3570:Introduction to Psychology 3492:10.1007/s41449-019-00165-y 3377:Human–Computer Interaction 2333:10.1037/0278-6133.17.3.214 1767: 1459: 1399: 1392: 1388:Stress Relief (The Office) 1385: 1149:sympathetic nervous system 1079:sympathetic nervous system 398:Personal injury or illness 112:and also aggravation of a 29: 5602: 5562: 5249:Oxford English Dictionary 5167:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.005 5097:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.89 5085:The American Psychologist 4695:The American Psychologist 4049:10.1007/s11916-009-0078-x 3523:10.1007/978-3-658-36052-8 3180:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 3153:10.1007/978-3-662-56037-2 3079:10.1007/978-3-319-31700-7 3011:10.1007/978-3-662-06968-4 2911:10.1186/s12909-016-0824-9 2664:Environment International 2421:10.1017/S0033291713000159 2139:10.1108/02683940610684391 1494:This section needs to be 1365:Social support and health 1169: 654:Change in sleeping habits 478:Change in financial state 159: 65: 56: 51: 5496:Kelly McGonigal (2015). 5045:Communication in Nursing 4400:10.1001/jama.298.14.1685 4145:10.3389/fphys.2013.00314 3957:10.2486/indhealth.ms1211 3412:"On the act of blinking" 2538:10.1177/0013916583153005 2526:Environment and Behavior 2456:Experimental Gerontology 1447:Theoretical explanations 869:Breaking up with partner 462:Gain a new family member 323:Organisational stressors 5254:Oxford University Press 5218:10.1111/1467-6494.00043 5132:10.1111/1467-8721.00073 4191:10.1111/1467-8721.01246 4132:Frontiers in Physiology 2296:Teo LY, Fam JY (2018). 2154:Organizational Dynamics 2023:Stress without distress 1342:Thinking, Fast and Slow 1259:individuals to exhibit 1137:The stage of exhaustion 1127:The stage of resistance 813:Death of a close friend 670:Change in eating habits 486:Death of a close friend 165:Neutrality of Stressors 66:A man expressing stress 33:Stress (disambiguation) 5515:Ian Robertson (2017). 5206:Journal of Personality 4649:Psychological Bulletin 3835:Psychosomatic Medicine 2409:Psychological Medicine 2063:. In Cooper CL (ed.). 1557: 1410:and physical changes. 1192: 1032:Galvanic Skin Response 885:Suspension from school 686:Minor violation of law 646:Minor mortgage or loan 422:Marital reconciliation 114:pre-existing condition 18:Stress (psychological) 4797:Build your Resilience 4794:Robertson, D (2012). 3186:10.1201/9780203489925 2898:BMC Medical Education 2502:. TTGmice. 2013-04-25 2246:Behavioural Processes 1944:Mental Health America 1914:Psychoneuroimmunology 1842:Acute stress reaction 1552: 1222:childhood experiences 1190: 1013:Parent beginning work 917:Loss of job by parent 470:Business readjustment 5639:Psychological stress 4371:. 4 September 2013. 4093:Psychology and Aging 3336:Dissertationsschrift 3272:Schneider M (2019). 2568:Whicker, Marcia Lynn 1909:Psychological trauma 1899:Occupational burnout 1847:Adaptive performance 1611:Positive reappraisal 1395:R.E.D. (Ne-Yo album) 1256:Type A personalities 1145:physiological stress 973:Sibling leaving home 622:Change in recreation 542:Trouble with in-laws 52:Psychological stress 3001:Boucsein W (1988). 2676:2021EnInt.15606764Y 1894:Occupational stress 1462:Coping (psychology) 1419:professional help. 1349:Changes in the home 1119:, such as impaired 1117:executive functions 606:Change in residence 566:Begin or end school 454:Sexual difficulties 414:Dismissal from work 210:Crises/catastrophes 5603:External resources 5519:. Bloomsbury USA. 4940:Coping With Stress 4800:. London: Hodder. 4239:10.1111/papt.12089 3311:10.1007/BF01756035 3126:Ribback S (2005). 3048:10.1007/BF03373839 2957:10.1007/BF00381130 1717:Passive aggression 1672:Reaction formation 1558: 1476:defense mechanisms 1193: 1158:2012-10-10 at the 1071:The alarm reaction 901:Birth of a sibling 773:Death of a sibling 733:Divorce of parents 704:Life Change Units 534:Child leaving home 374:Marital separation 353:Life Change Units 178:Types of stressors 86:psychological pain 5626: 5625: 5412:Cohen LJ (2011). 5349:Pinkham, Lydia E. 5231:Potter P (2014). 4959:Health Psychology 4807:978-1-4441-6871-6 4776:978-0-07-067104-1 4521:978-0-323-05644-1 4394:(14): 1685–1687. 4313:Health Psychology 3944:Industrial Health 3532:978-3-658-36051-1 3332:Kerkau F (2005). 3162:978-3-662-56036-5 3088:978-3-319-31698-7 3020:978-3-662-06969-1 2851:Medical Education 2415:(11): 2403–2415. 2321:Health Psychology 2103:(12): 2139–2145. 1978:978-0-8050-7369-0 1699:Active mechanisms 1535:tend and befriend 1515: 1514: 1456:Coping mechanisms 1407:Stress management 1402:Stress management 1328:Language barriers 1220:), genetics, and 1214:impaired sleeping 1113:prefrontal cortex 1020: 1019: 877:Beginning to date 693: 692: 614:Change in schools 590:Trouble with boss 358:Death of a spouse 344:risk of illness. 314:Ambient stressors 242:Major life events 220:natural disasters 70: 69: 46:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 5651: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5546:healthfinder.gov 5530: 5511: 5483: 5482: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5318: 5316: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5252:(2nd ed.). 5243: 5237: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5203: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5043:Riley J (2012). 5040: 5027: 5024: 5015: 5014: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4982: 4971:10.1037/a0026743 4950: 4944: 4943: 4935: 4924: 4923: 4913: 4904:(7): 1107–1112. 4889: 4878: 4877: 4866: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4576: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4477: 4476: 4466: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4336: 4325:10.1037/a0026743 4304: 4298: 4297: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4157: 4147: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4015: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3959: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3899: 3893: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3850: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3809: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3735: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3686: 3675:10.1136/bmj.f165 3654: 3648: 3647: 3633: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3565: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3513:Reßut N (2021). 3510: 3504: 3503: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3445:Psychophysiology 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3276:(Ph.D. thesis). 3269: 3263: 3262: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3031: 3025: 3024: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2923: 2913: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2805:Kiecolt-Glaser J 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2697: 2687: 2655: 2644: 2643: 2632:10.1002/per.1929 2615: 2609: 2608: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2521: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2479: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2383:10.1037/a0037009 2366: 2353: 2352: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2188: 2187: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2122: 2113: 2112: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2062: 2057:Selye H (1983). 2054: 2043: 2042: 2026: 2019:Selye H (1974). 2016: 2010: 2009: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1936: 1919:Stress (biology) 1884:Mental breakdown 1775: 1725:Health promotion 1639:self-observation 1510: 1507: 1501: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1359:imaginary friend 1054:Physical effects 698: 697: 347: 346: 258:of a loved one, 222:, such as major 106:mental illnesses 61: 49: 48: 43: 36: 21: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5598: 5597: 5571: 5550: 5548: 5540: 5537: 5527: 5508: 5492: 5490:Further reading 5487: 5486: 5455: 5448: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5410: 5406: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5376:Carr A (2012). 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5345: 5341: 5332: 5328: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5266: 5262: 5244: 5240: 5229: 5225: 5212:(6): 1081–124. 5201: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5151: 5147: 5116: 5112: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5056: 5052: 5041: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5003: 4996: 4951: 4947: 4936: 4927: 4890: 4881: 4868: 4867: 4856: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4792: 4788: 4777: 4761: 4757: 4726: 4722: 4691: 4684: 4645: 4641: 4610: 4606: 4574:10.1.1.713.8624 4557: 4553: 4544: 4542: 4540:medlineplus.gov 4534: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4508: 4504: 4493: 4480: 4443: 4439: 4430: 4428: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4384: 4380: 4367: 4366: 4359: 4305: 4301: 4258: 4254: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4206: 4175: 4171: 4124: 4120: 4089: 4085: 4079:Psychol Assess. 4076: 4072: 4033: 4029: 3984: 3977: 3935: 3931: 3900: 3896: 3884: 3880: 3848:10.1.1.125.6544 3831: 3827: 3778: 3774: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3704: 3700: 3655: 3651: 3602: 3595: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3566: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3533: 3511: 3507: 3476: 3472: 3441: 3437: 3408: 3404: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3348: 3344: 3330: 3326: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3270: 3266: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3210: 3203: 3196: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3141: 3137: 3124: 3120: 3108: 3104: 3089: 3067: 3063: 3032: 3028: 3021: 2999: 2995: 2984: 2980: 2941: 2937: 2890: 2886: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2760: 2756: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2723: 2719: 2656: 2647: 2616: 2612: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2522: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2448: 2444: 2405: 2398: 2367: 2356: 2317: 2313: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2242: 2238: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2191: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2150: 2146: 2123: 2116: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2055: 2046: 2039: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1874:Incident stress 1864:, stress theory 1837: 1770: 1727: 1701: 1693:rationalization 1647: 1619:self-reflection 1615:personal growth 1553:Coping through 1524: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1490: 1486: 1464: 1458: 1449: 1440: 1416: 1404: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1367: 1351: 1338:Daniel Kahneman 1330: 1310:individualistic 1299: 1294: 1249:allostatic load 1185: 1172: 1160:Wayback Machine 1100:locus coeruleus 1056: 1036:stress hormones 1028: 725:Getting married 717:Death of parent 709:Unwed pregnancy 334: 332:Stressor impact 328:organisations. 325: 316: 276: 244: 212: 180: 167: 162: 154:quality of life 47: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5657: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5584: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563:Classification 5557: 5556: 5536: 5535:External links 5533: 5532: 5531: 5526:978-1632867292 5525: 5512: 5507:978-1583335611 5506: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5446: 5440:pop psychology 5426: 5404: 5388: 5367: 5339: 5326: 5308: 5288: 5260: 5238: 5223: 5189: 5180: 5161:(3): 357–365. 5145: 5126:(4): 115–118. 5110: 5075: 5069:978-0198029953 5068: 5050: 5028: 5016: 4994: 4965:(5): 677–684. 4945: 4925: 4879: 4854: 4833:(4): 549–561. 4813: 4806: 4786: 4775: 4755: 4736:(4): 842–855. 4720: 4701:(8): 676–684. 4682: 4655:(2): 310–357. 4639: 4620:(6): 843–857. 4604: 4567:(3): 236–255. 4551: 4527: 4520: 4502: 4478: 4437: 4413: 4378: 4357: 4319:(5): 677–684. 4299: 4252: 4233:(4): 445–463. 4217: 4204: 4185:(4): 124–129. 4169: 4118: 4099:(2): 250–267. 4083: 4070: 4043:(6): 484–494. 4027: 3975: 3950:(3): 353–364. 3929: 3894: 3878: 3841:(4): 364–379. 3825: 3772: 3747: 3698: 3649: 3593: 3575: 3555: 3546: 3531: 3505: 3486:(4): 249–261. 3470: 3435: 3402: 3383:(4): 390–413. 3367: 3360: 3342: 3324: 3305:(5): 644–658. 3289: 3283:978-3731508090 3282: 3264: 3229: 3222: 3201: 3194: 3168: 3161: 3135: 3118: 3102: 3087: 3061: 3042:(3): 205–222. 3026: 3019: 2993: 2978: 2935: 2884: 2857:(6): 594–604. 2841: 2827: 2796: 2782: 2754: 2737: 2717: 2645: 2626:(2): 193–200. 2610: 2591:(2): 213–218. 2572: 2560: 2551: 2513: 2491: 2442: 2396: 2377:(4): 751–764. 2354: 2327:(3): 214–223. 2311: 2288: 2279: 2236: 2221: 2189: 2171: 2144: 2133:(6): 547–565. 2114: 2084: 2077: 2044: 2037: 2011: 2004: 1984: 1977: 1956: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1829:pop psychology 1769: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1713: 1700: 1697: 1677: 1676: 1668: 1660: 1646: 1643: 1627: 1626: 1608: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585:post-laughter. 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1523: 1520: 1513: 1512: 1493: 1491: 1484: 1460:Main article: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1415: 1412: 1400:Main article: 1383: 1380: 1371:social support 1366: 1363: 1350: 1347: 1329: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1317:collectivistic 1313: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1232:Chronic stress 1204:activation or 1184: 1181: 1171: 1168: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1124: 1121:working memory 1095:norepinephrine 1089:, adrenaline ( 1055: 1052: 1027: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1002: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 986: 985: 982: 978: 977: 974: 970: 969: 966: 962: 961: 958: 954: 953: 950: 946: 945: 942: 938: 937: 934: 930: 929: 926: 922: 921: 918: 914: 913: 910: 906: 905: 902: 898: 897: 894: 890: 889: 886: 882: 881: 878: 874: 873: 870: 866: 865: 862: 858: 857: 854: 850: 849: 846: 842: 841: 838: 834: 833: 830: 826: 825: 822: 818: 817: 814: 810: 809: 806: 802: 801: 798: 794: 793: 790: 786: 785: 782: 778: 777: 774: 770: 769: 766: 762: 761: 758: 754: 753: 750: 746: 745: 742: 738: 737: 734: 730: 729: 726: 722: 721: 718: 714: 713: 710: 706: 705: 702: 691: 690: 687: 683: 682: 679: 675: 674: 671: 667: 666: 663: 659: 658: 655: 651: 650: 647: 643: 642: 639: 635: 634: 631: 627: 626: 623: 619: 618: 615: 611: 610: 607: 603: 602: 599: 595: 594: 591: 587: 586: 583: 579: 578: 575: 571: 570: 567: 563: 562: 559: 555: 554: 551: 547: 546: 543: 539: 538: 535: 531: 530: 527: 523: 522: 519: 515: 514: 511: 510:Major mortgage 507: 506: 503: 499: 498: 495: 491: 490: 487: 483: 482: 479: 475: 474: 471: 467: 466: 463: 459: 458: 455: 451: 450: 447: 443: 442: 439: 435: 434: 431: 427: 426: 423: 419: 418: 415: 411: 410: 407: 403: 402: 399: 395: 394: 391: 387: 386: 383: 379: 378: 375: 371: 370: 367: 363: 362: 359: 355: 354: 351: 333: 330: 324: 321: 315: 312: 308: 307: 303: 299: 275: 272: 243: 240: 211: 208: 179: 176: 166: 163: 161: 158: 68: 67: 63: 62: 54: 53: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5656: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5451: 5443: 5441: 5429: 5427:9781578593545 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5391: 5389:9780415683975 5385: 5381: 5380: 5374:For example: 5371: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5346:For example: 5343: 5336: 5330: 5323: 5311: 5309:9781317770602 5305: 5301: 5300: 5292: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5242: 5234: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4999: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4809: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4687: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4498: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4427: 4426:www.natap.org 4423: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4362: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3980: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3430: 3425: 3422:(2): 89–110. 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3361:0-521-84471-1 3357: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3337: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3223:9783801704216 3219: 3215: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3195:9780429205712 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3114: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2951:(3): 149–63. 2950: 2947:(in German). 2946: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2830: 2828:9780195121209 2824: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2785: 2783:9780195121209 2779: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2751: 2740: 2738:9780826117717 2734: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2569: 2564: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2532:(3): 355–80. 2531: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2501: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2232: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2089: 2080: 2078:9780471102465 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2040: 2038:9780397010264 2034: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2015: 2007: 2005:9780130411891 2001: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1879:Maladaptation 1877: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1752:Assertiveness 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1573:Sigmund Freud 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1509: 1497: 1492: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1453: 1444: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1411: 1408: 1403: 1396: 1389: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1325: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1297:Communication 1292:Social impact 1289: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1189: 1183:Other effects 1180: 1178: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131:psychosomatic 1128: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:adrenal gland 1080: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 996: 995: 991: 988: 987: 983: 980: 979: 975: 972: 971: 967: 964: 963: 959: 956: 955: 951: 948: 947: 943: 940: 939: 935: 932: 931: 927: 924: 923: 919: 916: 915: 911: 908: 907: 903: 900: 899: 895: 892: 891: 887: 884: 883: 879: 876: 875: 871: 868: 867: 863: 860: 859: 855: 852: 851: 847: 844: 843: 839: 836: 835: 831: 828: 827: 823: 820: 819: 815: 812: 811: 807: 804: 803: 799: 796: 795: 791: 788: 787: 783: 780: 779: 775: 772: 771: 767: 764: 763: 759: 756: 755: 751: 748: 747: 743: 740: 739: 735: 732: 731: 727: 724: 723: 719: 716: 715: 711: 708: 707: 703: 700: 699: 696: 688: 685: 684: 680: 677: 676: 672: 669: 668: 664: 661: 660: 656: 653: 652: 648: 645: 644: 640: 637: 636: 632: 629: 628: 624: 621: 620: 616: 613: 612: 608: 605: 604: 600: 597: 596: 592: 589: 588: 584: 581: 580: 576: 573: 572: 568: 565: 564: 560: 557: 556: 552: 549: 548: 544: 541: 540: 536: 533: 532: 528: 525: 524: 520: 517: 516: 512: 509: 508: 504: 501: 500: 496: 493: 492: 488: 485: 484: 480: 477: 476: 472: 469: 468: 464: 461: 460: 456: 453: 452: 448: 445: 444: 440: 437: 436: 432: 429: 428: 424: 421: 420: 416: 413: 412: 408: 405: 404: 400: 397: 396: 392: 389: 388: 384: 381: 380: 376: 373: 372: 368: 365: 364: 360: 357: 356: 352: 349: 348: 345: 341: 339: 329: 320: 311: 304: 300: 297: 296: 295: 292: 288: 285: 281: 271: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 207: 205: 201: 196: 194: 190: 189:heart disease 185: 175: 172: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 136: 132: 128: 126: 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 98:heart attacks 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 64: 60: 55: 50: 41: 34: 19: 5610: 5586: 5575: 5549:. Retrieved 5545: 5516: 5497: 5465:(1): 33–52. 5462: 5458: 5439: 5437: 5431:. Retrieved 5417: 5407: 5399: 5393:. Retrieved 5378: 5370: 5358:. Retrieved 5353: 5342: 5329: 5320: 5313:. Retrieved 5298: 5291: 5279:. Retrieved 5273: 5263: 5247: 5241: 5232: 5226: 5209: 5205: 5192: 5183: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5091:(1): 89–98. 5088: 5084: 5078: 5059: 5053: 5044: 5010: 5006: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4939: 4901: 4897: 4873: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4796: 4789: 4765: 4758: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4698: 4694: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4543:. Retrieved 4539: 4530: 4511: 4505: 4496: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4429:. Retrieved 4425: 4416: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4293: 4268:(1): 56–63. 4265: 4261: 4255: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4212: 4207: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4081:(pp. 80–94). 4078: 4073: 4040: 4036: 4030: 3995: 3991: 3969: 3947: 3943: 3932: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3881: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3764:. Retrieved 3759: 3750: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3643: 3613: 3609: 3578: 3569: 3549: 3514: 3508: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3451:(1): 22–33. 3448: 3444: 3438: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3351: 3345: 3334: 3327: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3273: 3267: 3245:(1): 23–38. 3242: 3238: 3232: 3213: 3177: 3171: 3144: 3138: 3128: 3121: 3112: 3105: 3070: 3064: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3002: 2996: 2987: 2981: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2832:. Retrieved 2817: 2799: 2787:. Retrieved 2772: 2757: 2749: 2742:. Retrieved 2727: 2720: 2667: 2663: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2588: 2584: 2563: 2554: 2529: 2525: 2504:. Retrieved 2494: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2412: 2408: 2374: 2370: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2282: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2230: 2224: 2174: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2130: 2126: 2100: 2096: 2064: 2022: 2014: 1994: 1987: 1968: 1959: 1948:. Retrieved 1946:. 2013-11-18 1943: 1934: 1868:Henry Murray 1826: 1771: 1763: 1731: 1728: 1715: 1707: 1702: 1681:dissociation 1678: 1670: 1662: 1656:Displacement 1654: 1648: 1631:anticipation 1628: 1610: 1602: 1540: 1530: 1525: 1516: 1503: 1495: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1450: 1441: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1405: 1376: 1368: 1356: 1352: 1335: 1331: 1322: 1303: 1300: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1253: 1230: 1210: 1194: 1173: 1142: 1136: 1126: 1070: 1057: 1044: 1029: 1021: 694: 382:Imprisonment 342: 335: 326: 317: 309: 293: 289: 277: 268: 262:of a child, 245: 213: 197: 181: 168: 149: 145: 139: 129: 118: 77: 71: 5612:MedlinePlus 5438:Popular or 4763:Greenberg. 4457:: 501–524. 3998:: 607–628. 3792:: 607–628. 3760:www.apa.org 3718:: 308–316. 3616:: 577–597. 2834:30 November 2789:30 November 2744:30 November 2695:10230/53035 1965:Sapolsky RM 1788:, concern, 1604:Sublimation 1531:Affiliation 1431:Biofeedback 1269:hippocampus 1218:neuroticism 1202:sympathetic 1091:epinephrine 1064:homeostasis 1026:Measurement 701:Life Event 350:Life Event 250:, going to 228:earthquakes 5633:Categories 5551:2019-07-22 5433:2019-04-19 5395:2019-04-19 5281:2019-04-19 5268:Harper D. 5246:"stress". 5157:(Review). 4545:2018-10-01 4431:2018-10-01 4264:(Review). 3891:0335214711 3766:2024-01-25 2904:(1): 302. 2813:Kessler RC 2768:Kessler RC 2670:: 106764. 2180:"stressor" 1950:2018-10-01 1926:References 1709:Acting out 1689:projection 1664:Repression 1382:Management 1277:perception 1236:depression 1164:endorphins 1046:behavior ( 430:Retirement 280:annoyances 200:psychology 171:Hans Selye 140:The term " 131:Hans Selye 125:discomfort 110:depression 90:motivation 74:psychology 5588:SNOMED CT 5500:. Avery. 5007:Lukenotes 4569:CiteSeerX 4295:dementia. 4199:145293197 3936:Compare: 3843:CiteSeerX 3541:245646463 3500:203468950 3056:151916813 2973:116086089 2712:236035129 2640:142517975 2546:220442210 2462:: 74–80. 2308:(1): 1–5. 2252:: 42–54. 2160:: 61–69. 1824:strain". 1818:neurology 1810:suffering 1798:annoyance 1790:obsession 1265:delusions 1261:hardiness 1226:headaches 1108:brainstem 446:Pregnancy 284:conflicts 236:pandemics 5593:73595000 5479:17716038 5351:(1876). 5270:"stress" 5175:17532104 5105:11392869 4989:22201278 4849:23294659 4781:Archived 4750:15596938 4715:15554821 4677:18137066 4634:10972429 4599:17551921 4591:26158961 4473:19035829 4408:17925521 4373:Archived 4343:22201278 4290:17911798 4282:26651008 4247:26846698 4164:24223557 4113:12825775 4065:36447117 4057:19889292 4022:17716101 3966:21372437 3821:studies. 3816:17716101 3742:29705530 3693:23393080 3669:: f165. 3640:29949726 3588:Archived 3397:13871681 3319:12285684 2930:27881178 2871:15910436 2704:34273874 2486:24995936 2437:43717734 2429:23410535 2391:25111305 2349:15175643 2274:56478466 2266:30562561 2184:Archived 1967:(2004). 1940:"Stress" 1835:See also 1806:distress 1778:emotions 1635:altruism 1623:veterans 1555:laughter 1506:May 2024 1156:Archived 1153:response 1087:cortisol 1085:such as 1048:Blinking 678:Vacation 406:Marriage 248:marriage 184:stressor 142:eustress 135:eustress 108:such as 5582:D013315 5322:common. 5315:20 July 5256:. 1989. 5140:1288773 4980:3374921 4920:9662680 4669:3901065 4334:3374921 4155:3819592 4138:: 314. 4013:2568977 3924:9333253 3873:2025176 3865:8416086 3807:2568977 3733:6202672 3684:3567204 3631:6996482 3465:6701241 3259:1770764 3097:6183315 2921:5121937 2879:9575988 2809:Cohen S 2764:Cohen S 2672:Bibcode 2605:6059863 2477:4253863 2341:9619470 2109:1059917 1814:passion 1802:anxiety 1768:History 1496:updated 1240:anxiety 1177:England 1106:of the 1093:), and 366:Divorce 264:divorce 252:college 193:anxiety 121:anxiety 94:strokes 82:feeling 5617:003211 5523: 5504: 5477: 5424: 5386: 5360:24 May 5306: 5173: 5138: 5103: 5066: 4987: 4977: 4918: 4847: 4804: 4773: 4748: 4713: 4675: 4667: 4632: 4597: 4589: 4571: 4518: 4471: 4406: 4341: 4331: 4288: 4280: 4245: 4197: 4162: 4152: 4111: 4063: 4055: 4020: 4010: 3964: 3922: 3889: 3871: 3863: 3845: 3814: 3804: 3762:. 2022 3740: 3730: 3691: 3681: 3645:2008). 3638: 3628: 3539: 3529: 3498: 3463: 3395: 3358: 3317: 3280: 3257: 3220: 3192: 3159: 3095: 3085: 3054: 3017: 2971: 2963: 2928: 2918: 2877: 2869: 2825: 2780: 2735: 2710: 2702: 2638: 2603: 2544: 2506:31 Jan 2484: 2474: 2435: 2427: 2389: 2347: 2339: 2272: 2264: 2107: 2075: 2035: 2002: 1975: 1691:, and 1685:denial 1637:, and 1542:Humour 1244:energy 1170:Cancer 302:house. 224:floods 216:crises 160:Causes 104:, and 102:ulcers 78:stress 5202:(PDF) 5136:S2CID 4673:S2CID 4595:S2CID 4286:S2CID 4195:S2CID 4061:S2CID 3869:S2CID 3537:S2CID 3496:S2CID 3393:S2CID 3315:S2CID 3255:S2CID 3093:S2CID 3052:S2CID 2969:S2CID 2965:42620 2875:S2CID 2708:S2CID 2636:S2CID 2542:S2CID 2433:S2CID 2345:S2CID 2270:S2CID 1822:nerve 1786:grief 1782:worry 1197:acute 1143:This 260:birth 256:death 80:is a 5577:MeSH 5521:ISBN 5502:ISBN 5475:PMID 5422:ISBN 5384:ISBN 5362:2023 5317:2020 5304:ISBN 5171:PMID 5101:PMID 5064:ISBN 4985:PMID 4916:PMID 4845:PMID 4802:ISBN 4771:ISBN 4746:PMID 4711:PMID 4665:PMID 4630:PMID 4587:PMID 4516:ISBN 4469:PMID 4404:PMID 4388:JAMA 4339:PMID 4278:PMID 4243:PMID 4160:PMID 4109:PMID 4053:PMID 4018:PMID 3962:PMID 3920:PMID 3904:JAMA 3887:ISBN 3861:PMID 3812:PMID 3738:PMID 3689:PMID 3636:PMID 3527:ISBN 3461:PMID 3356:ISBN 3278:ISBN 3218:ISBN 3190:ISBN 3157:ISBN 3083:ISBN 3015:ISBN 2961:PMID 2926:PMID 2867:PMID 2836:2020 2823:ISBN 2791:2020 2778:ISBN 2746:2020 2733:ISBN 2700:PMID 2601:PMID 2508:2019 2482:PMID 2425:PMID 2387:PMID 2337:PMID 2262:PMID 2105:PMID 2073:ISBN 2069:1–20 2033:ISBN 2000:ISBN 1973:ISBN 1812:and 1794:fear 1238:and 1104:pons 1077:and 720:100 712:100 361:100 232:wars 191:and 150:dis- 5467:doi 5214:doi 5163:doi 5128:doi 5093:doi 4975:PMC 4967:doi 4906:doi 4835:doi 4738:doi 4703:doi 4657:doi 4622:doi 4579:doi 4459:doi 4396:doi 4392:298 4350:and 4329:PMC 4321:doi 4270:doi 4235:doi 4187:doi 4150:PMC 4140:doi 4101:doi 4045:doi 4008:PMC 4000:doi 3952:doi 3912:doi 3908:278 3853:doi 3802:PMC 3794:doi 3728:PMC 3720:doi 3716:103 3679:PMC 3671:doi 3667:346 3663:BMJ 3626:PMC 3618:doi 3519:doi 3488:doi 3453:doi 3424:doi 3385:doi 3307:doi 3303:244 3247:doi 3182:doi 3149:doi 3075:doi 3044:doi 3007:doi 2953:doi 2916:PMC 2906:doi 2859:doi 2690:hdl 2680:doi 2668:156 2628:doi 2593:doi 2534:doi 2472:PMC 2464:doi 2417:doi 2379:doi 2375:107 2329:doi 2254:doi 2250:159 2162:doi 2135:doi 2029:171 1780:as 1340:'s 1308:An 1050:). 1016:26 1008:26 1000:27 992:31 984:34 976:37 968:38 960:41 952:42 944:43 936:45 928:46 920:46 912:47 904:50 896:50 888:50 880:51 872:53 864:53 856:55 848:55 840:56 832:58 824:62 816:63 808:63 800:63 792:64 784:67 776:68 768:69 760:70 752:70 744:80 736:90 728:95 689:10 681:13 673:14 665:15 657:16 649:17 641:18 633:19 625:19 617:20 609:20 601:20 593:23 585:24 577:25 569:26 561:26 553:28 545:29 537:29 529:29 521:30 513:32 505:35 497:36 489:37 481:38 473:39 465:39 457:39 449:40 441:44 433:45 425:45 417:47 409:50 401:53 393:63 385:63 377:65 369:73 226:or 146:eu- 72:In 5635:: 5615:: 5591:: 5580:: 5544:. 5473:. 5461:. 5449:^ 5436:. 5416:. 5398:. 5319:. 5272:. 5210:66 5208:. 5204:. 5169:. 5159:28 5134:. 5122:. 5099:. 5089:55 5087:. 5031:^ 5019:^ 5009:. 4997:^ 4983:. 4973:. 4963:31 4961:. 4957:. 4928:^ 4914:. 4902:30 4900:. 4896:. 4882:^ 4872:. 4857:^ 4843:. 4831:18 4829:. 4825:. 4779:. 4744:. 4734:47 4732:. 4709:. 4699:59 4697:. 4685:^ 4671:. 4663:. 4653:98 4651:. 4628:. 4618:51 4616:. 4593:. 4585:. 4577:. 4563:. 4538:. 4481:^ 4467:. 4455:60 4453:. 4449:. 4424:. 4402:. 4390:. 4360:^ 4345:. 4337:. 4327:. 4317:31 4315:. 4311:. 4292:. 4284:. 4276:. 4266:29 4241:. 4231:89 4229:. 4193:. 4183:12 4181:. 4158:. 4148:. 4134:. 4130:. 4107:. 4097:18 4095:. 4059:. 4051:. 4041:13 4039:. 4016:. 4006:. 3994:. 3990:. 3978:^ 3968:. 3960:. 3948:49 3946:. 3942:. 3918:. 3906:. 3867:. 3859:. 3851:. 3839:55 3837:. 3818:. 3810:. 3800:. 3788:. 3784:. 3758:. 3736:. 3726:. 3714:. 3710:. 3687:. 3677:. 3665:. 3661:. 3642:. 3634:. 3624:. 3614:70 3612:. 3608:. 3596:^ 3586:. 3558:^ 3535:. 3525:. 3494:. 3484:74 3482:. 3459:. 3449:21 3447:. 3420:18 3418:. 3414:. 3391:. 3381:29 3379:. 3313:. 3301:. 3253:. 3243:32 3241:. 3204:^ 3188:. 3155:. 3091:. 3081:. 3050:. 3040:65 3038:. 3013:. 2967:. 2959:. 2949:44 2924:. 2914:. 2902:16 2900:. 2896:. 2873:. 2865:. 2855:39 2853:. 2811:, 2766:, 2748:. 2706:. 2698:. 2688:. 2678:. 2666:. 2662:. 2648:^ 2634:. 2624:28 2622:. 2599:. 2589:11 2587:. 2575:^ 2540:. 2530:15 2528:. 2516:^ 2480:. 2470:. 2460:59 2458:. 2454:. 2431:. 2423:. 2413:43 2411:. 2399:^ 2385:. 2373:. 2357:^ 2343:. 2335:. 2325:17 2323:. 2306:21 2304:. 2300:. 2268:. 2260:. 2248:. 2192:^ 2158:42 2156:. 2131:21 2129:. 2117:^ 2101:75 2099:. 2087:^ 2071:. 2047:^ 2031:. 1942:. 1808:, 1804:, 1800:, 1796:, 1792:, 1784:, 1774:c. 1687:, 1683:, 1641:. 1633:, 1617:, 1533:(" 1315:A 1271:. 1228:. 254:, 234:, 230:, 206:. 195:. 182:A 116:. 100:, 96:, 76:, 5569:D 5554:. 5529:. 5510:. 5481:. 5469:: 5463:4 5364:. 5337:. 5284:. 5220:. 5216:: 5177:. 5165:: 5142:. 5130:: 5124:9 5107:. 5095:: 5072:. 5011:7 4991:. 4969:: 4922:. 4908:: 4876:. 4851:. 4837:: 4810:. 4752:. 4740:: 4717:. 4705:: 4679:. 4659:: 4636:. 4624:: 4601:. 4581:: 4565:4 4548:. 4524:. 4475:. 4461:: 4434:. 4410:. 4398:: 4323:: 4272:: 4249:. 4237:: 4201:. 4189:: 4166:. 4142:: 4136:4 4115:. 4103:: 4067:. 4047:: 4024:. 4002:: 3996:1 3954:: 3926:. 3914:: 3875:. 3855:: 3796:: 3790:1 3769:. 3744:. 3722:: 3695:. 3673:: 3620:: 3543:. 3521:: 3502:. 3490:: 3467:. 3455:: 3432:. 3426:: 3399:. 3387:: 3364:. 3321:. 3309:: 3286:. 3261:. 3249:: 3226:. 3198:. 3184:: 3165:. 3151:: 3099:. 3077:: 3058:. 3046:: 3023:. 3009:: 2975:. 2955:: 2932:. 2908:: 2881:. 2861:: 2838:. 2793:. 2714:. 2692:: 2682:: 2674:: 2642:. 2630:: 2607:. 2595:: 2548:. 2536:: 2510:. 2488:. 2466:: 2439:. 2419:: 2393:. 2381:: 2351:. 2331:: 2276:. 2256:: 2168:. 2164:: 2141:. 2137:: 2111:. 2081:. 2041:. 2008:. 1981:. 1953:. 1508:) 1504:( 1397:. 1390:. 1123:. 42:. 35:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Psychological stress

Index