1200:
589:, they combined with their psychological distrust of popular judgments of right and wrong, and their firm conviction that all such distinctions are based solely on law and convention, the equally unwavering principle that the wise person who would pursue pleasure logically must abstain from that which is usually thought wrong or unjust. This idea, which occupies a prominent position in systems like those of
581:
higher pleasures of the intellect; the
Cyrenaics denied the validity of this distinction and said that bodily pleasures, being more simple and more intense, were preferable. Momentary pleasure, preferably of a physical kind, is the only good for humans. When it comes to pain the Cyrenaics held the opinion that pain which occurs suddenly is more difficult to endure than pain that can be foreseen.
585:
paid to law and custom, because even though these things have no intrinsic value on their own, violating them will lead to unpleasant penalties being imposed by others. Likewise, friendship and justice are useful because of the pleasure they provide. Thus the
Cyrenaics believed in the hedonistic value of social obligation and altruistic behavior. Like many of the leading modern
31:
621:, all developed variations on the standard Cyrenaic doctrine. For Anniceris, pleasure is achieved through individual acts of gratification which are sought for the pleasure that they produce, but Anniceris laid great emphasis on the love of family, country, friendship and gratitude, which provide pleasure even when they demand sacrifice. Hegesias believed that
584:
However some actions which give immediate pleasure can create more than their equivalent of pain. The wise person should be in control of pleasures rather than be enslaved to them, otherwise pain will result, and this requires judgement to evaluate the different pleasures of life. Regard should be
625:
is impossible to achieve, and hence the goal of life becomes the avoidance of pain and sorrow. Conventional values such as wealth, poverty, freedom, and slavery are all indifferent and produce no more pleasure than pain. For
Hegesias, Cyrenaic hedonism was simply the least irrational strategy for
580:
Cyrenaicism deduces a single, universal aim for all people which is pleasure. Furthermore, all feeling is momentary and homogeneous. It follows that past and future pleasure have no real existence for us, and that among present pleasures there is no distinction of kind. Socrates had spoken of the
571:
All knowledge is of one's own immediate sensation. These sensations are motions which are purely subjective, and are painful, indifferent or pleasant, according as they are violent, tranquil or gentle. Further they are entirely individual, and can in no way be described as being of the world
704:
The
Cyrenaic ideal was alien to Christianity, and, in general, subsequent thinkers found it an ideal of hopeless pessimism. Yet in much later times it has found expression in many ethical and literary works, and it is common also in other ancient non-Hellenic literature. According to the
544:
was the only human good, but he had also accepted a limited role for its utilitarian side, allowing pleasure to be a secondary goal of moral action. Aristippus and his followers seized upon this, and made pleasure the sole final goal of life, denying that virtue had any intrinsic value.
775:, "The Death-Persuader") was contemporary of Magas and was probably influenced by the teachings of the Buddhist missionaries to Cyrene and Alexandria. His influence was such that he was ultimately prohited to teach" —Jean-Marie Lafont . Les Dossiers d'Archéologie (254): 78,
568:(for instance, that I am having a sweet sensation now) but can know nothing about the nature of the objects that cause these sensations (for instance, that the honey is sweet). They also denied that we can have knowledge of what the experiences of other people are like.
94:), but positively enjoyable sensations. Of these, momentary pleasures, especially physical ones, are stronger than those of anticipation or memory. Further, they recognized the value of social obligation and that pleasure could be gained from
496:, who created a comprehensive system. At the least, however, it can be said that the foundations of Cyrenaic philosophy were ideas originated by the elder Aristippus, refined by Arete, and then further refined by Aristippus the Younger.
535:
and held that pleasure was the supreme good in life, especially physical pleasure, which they thought more intense and more desirable than mental pleasures. Pleasure is the only good in life and pain is the only evil.
626:
dealing with the pains of life. For
Theodorus, the goal of life is mental pleasure not bodily pleasure, and he placed greater emphasis on the need for moderation and justice. He was also famous for being an
696:. It is therefore sometimes thought that Hegesias may have been directly influenced by Buddhist teachings through contacts with the alleged missionaries sent to his rulers in the 3rd century BC.
572:
objectively. Feeling, therefore, is the only possible criterion of knowledge and of conduct. Our ways of being affected are alone knowable. Thus the sole aim for everyone should be pleasure.
728:
there is the same tendency to seek relief from the intellectual cul-de-sac in frankly aesthetic satisfaction. Thus
Cyrenaicism did not entirely vanish with its absorption in Epicureanism.
1429:
3118:
1422:
1415:
1215:
1220:
706:
1239:
90:
schools. The
Cyrenaics taught that the only intrinsic good is pleasure, which meant not just the absence of pain (as it did for
2434:
2338:
206:
2763:
1797:
1382:
594:
432:
78:, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name,
2282:
1357:
1343:
1329:
1298:
1278:
1247:
1187:
1317:. Translated by Robert Drew Hicks. 2 vols. Vol. 1, The Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
511:, who all developed rival interpretations of Cyrenaic doctrines, many of which were responses to the new system of
3082:
742:
3062:
2459:
2063:
1134:
Berenice II Euergetis: Essays in Early
Hellenistic Queenship, Branko van Oppen de Ruiter, Springer, 2016, p.22
3072:
56:
2626:
480:, provided a long list of books said to have been written by Aristippus. However, Diogenes also wrote that
3077:
3067:
2726:
1976:
1913:
1806:
1605:
468:
It is uncertain precisely which doctrines ascribed to the
Cyrenaic school were formulated by Aristippus.
156:
17:
1393:
3087:
2683:
2555:
2497:
2411:
2234:
2020:
1964:
1870:
1780:
1537:
1528:
1160:
Historical
Dictionary of Ancient Greek Philosophy, Anthony Preus, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p.184
211:
171:
1144:
1112:
Berenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt, Dee L. Clayman, Oxford University Press, 2014, p.33
499:
After the time of the younger Aristippus, the school broke up into different factions, represented by
2902:
2598:
3108:
2988:
2786:
2756:
2277:
1707:
1672:
1438:
713:
561:
554:
226:
2386:
2119:
1792:
1519:
677:
462:
2983:
3054:
2978:
2638:
2545:
2296:
2187:
2177:
2043:
1936:
1771:
1369:
826:
489:
425:
354:
254:
186:
79:
47:
1159:
1122:
2998:
2808:
2678:
2520:
2091:
2048:
1992:
1697:
1692:
1591:
1555:
1467:
1452:
1399:
1133:
1111:
618:
508:
493:
176:
3024:
2993:
2813:
2515:
2454:
1657:
1495:
1485:
737:
484:
had stated that Aristippus had written nothing. Among Aristippus' pupils was his daughter,
397:
264:
161:
75:
469:
8:
3113:
2932:
2922:
2831:
2749:
2578:
2535:
2469:
2328:
2267:
1941:
1931:
1824:
1761:
1667:
1500:
1457:
1231:
752:
387:
231:
2791:
2653:
2593:
2583:
2381:
2244:
2139:
2134:
2053:
1662:
1647:
638:
630:. To some extent these philosophers were all trying to meet the challenge laid down by
614:
565:
504:
369:
284:
1407:
98:
behaviour. The school died out within a century and was replaced by the philosophy of
3034:
2892:
2701:
2565:
2167:
1946:
1903:
1748:
1677:
1545:
1475:
1353:
1339:
1325:
1294:
1274:
1243:
1183:
670:
658:
458:
418:
392:
136:
114:
2937:
1392:
1123:
Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor, Charles Allen, Hachette UK, 2012, p.117
3019:
2927:
2907:
2803:
2798:
2693:
2668:
2648:
2573:
2507:
2487:
2333:
2144:
2109:
2010:
1505:
780:
693:
259:
146:
2882:
2841:
2616:
2406:
2318:
2256:
2182:
2154:
2101:
2073:
1898:
1480:
681:
485:
201:
2968:
2963:
2706:
2391:
2356:
2081:
1614:
1490:
725:
590:
364:
289:
141:
1322:
The Birth of Hedonism: The Cyrenaic Philosophers and Pleasure as a Way of Life
3102:
3039:
2439:
2272:
1266:
1211:
1206:
666:
598:
403:
216:
181:
83:
1224:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 703–704.
3003:
2721:
2608:
2421:
2262:
1893:
1743:
1262:
717:
646:
631:
586:
557:
520:
279:
236:
99:
3029:
2917:
2323:
2162:
2000:
1550:
1175:
519:. By the middle of the 3rd century BC, the Cyrenaic school was obsolete;
461:
in 399 BCE, although he is said to have lived for a time in the court of
3044:
2973:
2958:
2942:
2887:
2856:
2772:
2643:
2588:
2477:
2444:
2376:
2366:
2305:
2229:
2224:
2197:
2038:
1878:
1851:
1814:
1787:
1738:
1715:
1622:
1573:
1565:
1258:
721:
642:
622:
481:
446:
329:
191:
71:
2897:
2861:
2851:
2711:
2673:
2482:
2449:
2396:
2371:
2361:
2252:
2211:
2172:
2124:
2086:
2058:
1926:
1846:
1652:
1632:
1377:
610:
532:
500:
477:
359:
334:
300:
196:
2836:
2846:
2658:
2621:
2540:
2530:
2429:
2348:
2192:
2114:
2015:
2005:
1982:
1972:
1883:
1730:
1720:
1682:
1642:
1637:
1627:
1578:
747:
685:
654:
650:
537:
516:
512:
454:
349:
324:
269:
221:
166:
151:
122:
95:
91:
87:
67:
1205:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2663:
1921:
1888:
1861:
1838:
627:
294:
2912:
2877:
2716:
2633:
2492:
2401:
2313:
2129:
776:
689:
662:
541:
473:
450:
339:
319:
653:. In fact, there are striking similarities with the tenets of
2741:
2550:
2525:
2219:
1819:
1291:
A History of Ancient Philosophy: From the Origins to Socrates
674:
564:. They thought that we can know with certainty our immediate
30:
457:. We have only limited knowledge of his movements after the
1687:
977:
344:
86:, the birthplace of Aristippus. It was one of the earliest
61:
1022:
1020:
560:. They reduced logic to a basic doctrine concerning the
1437:
1017:
965:
70:
Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century
1372:
Handbook of Cyrenaic resources, primary and secondary
601:, was clearly of prime importance to the Cyrenaics.
720:which might have been uttered by Aristippus. So in
637:The philosophy of the Cyrenaics around the time of
449:of Cyrene, who was born around 435 BCE. He came to
3119:Schools and traditions in hellenistic philosophy
3100:
1271:The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy
1007:
1005:
771:"The philosopher Hegesias of Cyrene (nicknamed
445:The history of the Cyrenaic school begins with
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
684:, are both claimed to have been recipients of
665:or "suffering". Coincidentally, the rulers of
2757:
1423:
426:
2153:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1049:
1002:
641:evolved in a way that has similarities with
1078:
1076:
1039:
1037:
1035:
955:
953:
951:
845:
523:had largely displaced its Cyrenaic rivals.
2764:
2750:
1466:
1430:
1416:
1390:
1288:
942:
930:
918:
902:
900:
898:
896:
839:
783:also paralleled his teachings to Buddhism.
433:
419:
1230:
1100:
1055:
1011:
883:
881:
860:
669:around the time Hegesias flourished, the
1289:Reale, Giovanni; Catan, John R. (1986),
1210:
1073:
1061:
1032:
1026:
983:
971:
948:
105:
29:
1375:
1336:The Epistemology of the Cyrenaic School
893:
14:
3101:
1604:
878:
716:and pessimistic verses in the book of
2745:
1527:
1411:
1394:"Cyrenaic School of Philosophy"
1174:
1082:
1067:
1043:
959:
906:
803:
680:and from 276 BC the independent king
453:as a young man and became a pupil of
1403:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1257:
1094:
887:
872:
27:Ancient Greek philosophical movement
1439:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy
1383:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
699:
553:The Cyrenaics were known for their
488:, and among her pupils was her son
24:
1307:
1261:(2005), "The Socratic Legacy", in
688:missionaries from the Indian king
604:
25:
3130:
1391:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1363:
82:. The school was so called after
1198:
3083:List of skeptical organizations
1236:A History of Philosophy: Book 1
1153:
1138:
1127:
1116:
1088:
989:
936:
924:
765:
743:Pleasure principle (psychology)
548:
3063:List of books about skepticism
2771:
1338:, Cambridge University Press.
1324:, Princeton University Press.
1273:, Cambridge University Press,
912:
866:
833:
818:
809:
797:
13:
1:
3073:List of skeptical conferences
1315:Lives of Eminent Philosophers
1269:; Schofield, Malcolm (eds.),
1168:
712:, there are quatrains in the
526:
1232:Copleston, Frederick Charles
790:
472:, based on the authority of
62:
7:
3078:List of skeptical magazines
3068:List of scientific skeptics
1182:, Oxford University Press,
731:
157:Julien Offray de La Mettrie
10:
3135:
3088:List of skeptical podcasts
1313:Diogenes Laertius (1925).
1147:Culture et mort volontaire
815:Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 84f
692:according to the latter's
492:. It was he, according to
51:
3053:
3012:
2951:
2870:
2824:
2779:
2692:
2607:
2564:
2506:
2468:
2420:
2347:
2304:
2295:
2243:
2210:
2100:
2072:
2029:
1991:
1963:
1912:
1869:
1860:
1837:
1805:
1779:
1770:
1729:
1706:
1613:
1564:
1536:
1518:
1445:
1180:The Morality of Happiness
824:Aristocles ap. Eusebius,
575:
2989:Problem of the criterion
2278:Alexander of Aphrodisias
758:
714:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
2387:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
2120:Thrasymachus of Corinth
1798:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
1240:Continuum International
1221:Encyclopædia Britannica
708:Encyclopædia Britannica
678:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
207:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
2979:Five-minute hypothesis
2871:Skeptical philosophers
2825:Skeptical philosophies
2044:Aristippus the Younger
1334:Tsouna, Voula (1998).
943:Reale & Catan 1986
931:Reale & Catan 1986
919:Reale & Catan 1986
840:Reale & Catan 1986
827:Praeparatio Evangelica
490:Aristippus the Younger
398:"Wine, women and song"
255:Psychological hedonism
187:Aristippus the Younger
80:Aristippus the Younger
35:
2999:Simulation hypothesis
2521:Eudorus of Alexandria
2092:Asclepiades of Phlius
2049:Theodorus the Atheist
1400:Catholic Encyclopedia
1352:, Acumen Publishing.
1348:Zilioli, Ugo (2012).
609:The later Cyrenaics,
513:hedonistic philosophy
463:Dionysius of Syracuse
459:execution of Socrates
177:Theodorus the Atheist
106:History of the school
33:
3025:Semantic externalism
2994:Problem of induction
2984:Münchhausen trilemma
2455:Diogenes of Oenoanda
1320:Lampe, Kurt (2014).
1265:; Barnes, Jonathon;
738:Existential nihilism
657:, in particular the
265:Axiological hedonism
76:Aristippus of Cyrene
34:Aristippus of Cyrene
3030:Process reliabilism
2952:Skeptical scenarios
2832:Academic Skepticism
2780:Types of skepticism
2579:Apollonius of Tyana
2526:Philo of Alexandria
2329:Agrippa the Skeptic
2268:Strato of Lampsacus
986:, pp. 703–704.
753:Subjective idealism
661:and the concept of
558:theory of knowledge
531:The Cyrenaics were
388:Paradox of hedonism
249:Schools of hedonism
2654:Plutarch of Athens
2594:Numenius of Apamea
2584:Moderatus of Gades
2054:Hegesias of Cyrene
1370:Cyrenaics Resource
639:Hegesias of Cyrene
562:criterion of truth
370:Felicific calculus
285:Christian hedonism
66:), were a sensual
36:
3096:
3095:
3035:Epistemic closure
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2702:Nicetes of Smyrna
2291:
2290:
2206:
2205:
2168:Apollonius Cronus
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1833:
1832:
1757:
1756:
1678:Metrodorus of Cos
1600:
1599:
1587:
1586:
1514:
1513:
659:Four Noble Truths
566:sense-experiences
470:Diogenes Laërtius
443:
442:
393:Hedonic treadmill
137:Ajita Kesakambali
60:
16:(Redirected from
3126:
3020:Here is one hand
2928:Sextus Empiricus
2908:Philo of Larissa
2766:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2694:Second Sophistic
2669:Ammonius Hermiae
2574:Nigidius Figulus
2488:Philo of Larissa
2470:Academic Skeptic
2334:Sextus Empiricus
2302:
2301:
2151:
2150:
2110:Euclid of Megara
1989:
1988:
1867:
1866:
1777:
1776:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1464:
1463:
1446:Proto-philosophy
1432:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1387:
1303:
1283:
1252:
1225:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1000:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
946:
945:, pp. 274–5
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
891:
885:
876:
870:
864:
858:
843:
837:
831:
822:
816:
813:
807:
801:
784:
781:Jean-Marie Guyau
769:
710:Eleventh Edition
700:Other influences
435:
428:
421:
382:Related articles
260:Ethical hedonism
232:Esperanza Guisán
227:Torbjörn Tännsjö
147:John Stuart Mill
110:
109:
74:, supposedly by
65:
55:
53:
21:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3109:Cyrenaic school
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3049:
3008:
2947:
2866:
2820:
2775:
2770:
2740:
2731:
2688:
2617:Ammonius Saccas
2603:
2560:
2508:Middle Platonic
2502:
2464:
2416:
2407:Marcus Aurelius
2343:
2319:Timon of Phlius
2287:
2257:Aristotelianism
2239:
2202:
2183:Diodorus Cronus
2149:
2096:
2068:
2025:
1987:
1951:
1908:
1856:
1829:
1801:
1766:
1753:
1725:
1702:
1596:
1583:
1560:
1510:
1462:
1441:
1436:
1366:
1310:
1308:Further reading
1301:
1281:
1250:
1214:, ed. (1911). "
1199:
1197:
1190:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1003:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
949:
941:
937:
929:
925:
917:
913:
905:
894:
886:
879:
871:
867:
859:
846:
838:
834:
823:
819:
814:
810:
802:
798:
793:
788:
787:
770:
766:
761:
734:
702:
682:Magas of Cyrene
607:
605:Later Cyrenaics
578:
551:
529:
486:Arete of Cyrene
439:
410:
409:
383:
375:
374:
315:
307:
306:
250:
242:
241:
202:Pierre Gassendi
132:
108:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Dream argument
2966:
2964:Brain in a vat
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2938:René Descartes
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:Dio Chrysostom
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2566:Neopythagorean
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Musonius Rufus
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Zeno of Citium
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Phaedo of Elis
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1388:
1376:O'Keefe, Tim.
1373:
1365:
1364:External links
1362:
1361:
1360:
1346:
1332:
1318:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:, SUNY Press,
1285:
1284:
1279:
1267:Mansfeld, Jaap
1254:
1253:
1248:
1227:
1226:
1212:Chisholm, Hugh
1194:
1193:
1188:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1137:
1126:
1115:
1099:
1087:
1072:
1060:
1056:Copleston 2003
1048:
1031:
1029:, p. 704.
1016:
1012:Copleston 2003
1001:
988:
976:
974:, p. 703.
964:
947:
935:
923:
911:
892:
877:
865:
861:Copleston 2003
844:
832:
817:
808:
795:
794:
792:
789:
786:
785:
763:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
733:
730:
701:
698:
606:
603:
591:Jeremy Bentham
577:
574:
550:
547:
540:had held that
528:
525:
441:
440:
438:
437:
430:
423:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
400:
395:
390:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
367:
365:Tetrapharmakos
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
297:
292:
290:Utilitarianism
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
142:Jeremy Bentham
139:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
119:
118:
107:
104:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3131:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Contextualism
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:Philosophical
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Zeno of Sidon
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Lyco of Troas
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2155:Dialecticians
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1358:1-84465-290-4
1355:
1351:
1350:The Cyrenaics
1347:
1345:
1344:0-521-62207-7
1341:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:0-691-16113-5
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1300:0-88706-290-3
1296:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:0-521-61670-0
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:Algra, Keimpe
1260:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:0-8264-6895-0
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1207:public domain
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:0-19-509652-5
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1145:Éric Volant,
1141:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1097:, p. 637
1096:
1091:
1085:, p. 235
1084:
1079:
1077:
1070:, p. 232
1069:
1064:
1058:, p. 123
1057:
1052:
1046:, p. 233
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1027:Chisholm 1911
1023:
1021:
1014:, p. 122
1013:
1008:
1006:
998:
992:
985:
984:Chisholm 1911
980:
973:
972:Chisholm 1911
968:
962:, p. 230
961:
956:
954:
952:
944:
939:
933:, p. 274
932:
927:
921:, p. 271
920:
915:
909:, p. 231
908:
903:
901:
899:
897:
890:, p. 639
889:
884:
882:
875:, p. 633
874:
869:
863:, p. 121
862:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
842:, p. 272
841:
836:
829:
828:
821:
812:
806:, p. 229
805:
800:
796:
782:
778:
774:
773:Peisithanatos
768:
764:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
709:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
602:
600:
599:William Paley
596:
592:
588:
582:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
556:
546:
543:
539:
534:
524:
522:
518:
515:laid down by
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
436:
431:
429:
424:
422:
417:
416:
414:
413:
406:
405:
404:Joie de vivre
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
379:
378:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
311:
310:
303:
302:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
246:
245:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
217:Zeno of Sidon
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
182:Michel Onfray
180:
178:
175:
173:
172:Fred Feldman
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
128:
127:
124:
121:
120:
116:
112:
111:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
58:
49:
48:Ancient Greek
45:
41:
32:
19:
3004:Wax argument
2722:Philostratus
2609:Neoplatonist
2263:Theophrastus
2030:
1937:Dionysodorus
1894:Thrasymachus
1520:Pre-Socratic
1398:
1381:
1349:
1335:
1321:
1314:
1290:
1270:
1235:
1219:
1179:
1176:Annas, Julia
1155:
1146:
1140:
1129:
1118:
1090:
1063:
1051:
996:
991:
979:
967:
938:
926:
914:
868:
835:
825:
820:
811:
799:
772:
767:
718:Ecclesiastes
707:
703:
647:Epicurianism
636:
632:Epicureanism
608:
587:utilitarians
583:
579:
570:
552:
549:Epistemology
530:
521:Epicureanism
498:
467:
444:
402:
314:Key concepts
299:
280:Epicureanism
274:
237:Peter Singer
212:David Pearce
100:Epicureanism
43:
39:
37:
2974:Evil genius
2918:Aenesidemus
2903:Clitomachus
2324:Aenesidemus
2297:Hellenistic
2245:Peripatetic
2163:Clinomachus
2001:Antisthenes
1615:Pythagorean
1566:Heraclitean
1551:Anaximander
1468:Seven Sages
1378:"Cyrenaics"
1259:Long, A. A.
1149:, quoted in
597:, and even
301:Libertinage
18:Cyrenaicism
3114:Skepticism
3103:Categories
3045:Relativism
2959:Acatalepsy
2943:David Hume
2888:Arcesilaus
2857:Pyrrhonism
2809:Scientific
2773:Skepticism
2679:Simplicius
2644:Iamblichus
2589:Nicomachus
2478:Arcesilaus
2445:Philodemus
2435:Metrodorus
2377:Posidonius
2367:Chrysippus
2306:Pyrrhonist
2230:Xenocrates
2225:Speusippus
2198:Panthoides
2039:Aristippus
1942:Euthydemus
1879:Protagoras
1852:Democritus
1815:Empedocles
1788:Anaxagoras
1739:Parmenides
1716:Xenophanes
1673:Hermotimus
1623:Pythagoras
1574:Heraclitus
1556:Anaximenes
1458:Pherecydes
1453:Epimenides
1169:References
1083:Annas 1995
1068:Annas 1995
1044:Annas 1995
960:Annas 1995
907:Annas 1995
804:Annas 1995
643:Pyrrhonism
623:eudaimonia
527:Philosophy
494:Aristocles
482:Sosicrates
447:Aristippus
330:Eudaimonia
192:Hermarchus
162:Aristippus
96:altruistic
63:Kyrēnaïkoí
52:Κυρηναϊκοί
3013:Responses
2933:Montaigne
2898:Carneades
2862:Solipsism
2852:Humeanism
2842:Cartesian
2814:Religious
2712:Favorinus
2674:Damascius
2516:Antiochus
2483:Carneades
2450:Lucretius
2422:Epicurean
2397:Epictetus
2372:Panaetius
2362:Cleanthes
2253:Aristotle
2178:Dionysius
2173:Euphantus
2125:Eubulides
2087:Menedemus
2059:Anniceris
1965:Classical
1932:Lycophron
1927:Callicles
1847:Leucippus
1825:Pausanias
1793:Archelaus
1772:Pluralist
1668:Calliphon
1653:Brontinus
1633:Philolaus
1501:Cleobulus
1496:Periander
1216:Cyrenaics
1095:Long 2005
888:Long 2005
873:Long 2005
830:, xiv. 18
791:Citations
671:Ptolemaic
649:and also
619:Theodorus
611:Anniceris
555:skeptical
533:hedonists
509:Theodorus
501:Anniceris
478:Panaetius
360:Suffering
355:Sensation
335:Happiness
275:Cyrenaics
197:Lucretius
57:romanized
44:Kyrenaics
40:Cyrenaics
2847:Charvaka
2659:Syrianus
2639:Porphyry
2627:students
2622:Plotinus
2546:Alcinous
2541:Apuleius
2531:Plutarch
2430:Epicurus
2212:Platonic
2193:Alexinus
2140:Pasicles
2135:Nicarete
2115:Ichthyas
2102:Megarian
2074:Eretrian
2031:Cyrenaic
2016:Menippus
2006:Diogenes
1983:Xenophon
1977:students
1973:Socrates
1884:Prodicus
1749:Melissus
1721:Xeniades
1683:Arignote
1648:Alcmaeon
1643:Lamiskos
1638:Archytas
1628:Hippasus
1592:Diogenes
1579:Cratylus
1538:Milesian
1486:Pittacus
1234:(2003),
1178:(1995),
995:Cicero,
748:Charvaka
732:See also
686:Buddhist
673:king of
655:Buddhism
651:Buddhism
615:Hegesias
538:Socrates
517:Epicurus
505:Hegesias
455:Socrates
350:Pleasure
325:Ataraxia
270:Charvaka
222:Yang Zhu
167:Epicurus
152:Jovinian
131:Thinkers
123:Hedonism
115:a series
113:Part of
92:Epicurus
88:Socratic
68:hedonist
2923:Agrippa
2893:Lacydes
2792:Radical
2727:more...
2684:more...
2664:Proclus
2599:more...
2556:more...
2498:more...
2460:more...
2412:more...
2339:more...
2283:more...
2235:more...
2064:more...
2021:more...
1947:more...
1922:Gorgias
1914:Italian
1904:more...
1889:Hippias
1862:Sophist
1839:Atomist
1807:Italian
1731:Eleatic
1708:Skeptic
1698:more...
1693:Eurytus
1606:Italian
1209::
999:. V.52.
628:atheist
295:Yangism
59::
2913:Cicero
2878:Pyrrho
2837:Ajñana
2717:Lucian
2649:Julian
2634:Origen
2493:Cicero
2402:Arrian
2382:Seneca
2314:Pyrrho
2145:Bryson
2130:Stilpo
2011:Crates
1871:Ionian
1781:Ionian
1658:Theano
1546:Thales
1529:Ionian
1506:Chilon
1476:Thales
1356:
1342:
1328:
1297:
1277:
1246:
1203:
1186:
777:INALCO
694:Edicts
690:Ashoka
667:Cyrene
663:Dukkha
617:, and
595:Volney
576:Ethics
542:virtue
507:, and
474:Sotion
451:Athens
340:Hedone
320:Aponia
84:Cyrene
3055:Lists
2883:Timon
2804:Moral
2799:Local
2551:Galen
2536:Gaius
2349:Stoic
2220:Plato
2188:Philo
1993:Cynic
1899:Damon
1820:Acron
1762:Hippo
1481:Solon
759:Notes
726:Heine
722:Byron
675:Egypt
1744:Zeno
1688:Myia
1663:Damo
1491:Bias
1354:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1184:ISBN
997:Tusc
724:and
476:and
345:Pain
38:The
1218:".
72:BCE
42:or
3105::
1397:.
1380:.
1242:,
1238:,
1102:^
1075:^
1034:^
1019:^
1004:^
950:^
895:^
880:^
847:^
779:.
645:,
634:.
613:,
593:,
503:,
465:.
117:on
102:.
54:,
50::
2765:e
2758:t
2751:v
2259:)
2255:(
1979:)
1975:(
1431:e
1424:t
1417:v
1386:.
434:e
427:t
420:v
46:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
