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578:, they combined with their psychological distrust of popular judgments of right and wrong, and their firm conviction that all such distinctions are based solely on law and convention, the equally unwavering principle that the wise person who would pursue pleasure logically must abstain from that which is usually thought wrong or unjust. This idea, which occupies a prominent position in systems like those of
570:
higher pleasures of the intellect; the
Cyrenaics denied the validity of this distinction and said that bodily pleasures, being more simple and more intense, were preferable. Momentary pleasure, preferably of a physical kind, is the only good for humans. When it comes to pain the Cyrenaics held the opinion that pain which occurs suddenly is more difficult to endure than pain that can be foreseen.
574:
paid to law and custom, because even though these things have no intrinsic value on their own, violating them will lead to unpleasant penalties being imposed by others. Likewise, friendship and justice are useful because of the pleasure they provide. Thus the
Cyrenaics believed in the hedonistic value of social obligation and altruistic behavior. Like many of the leading modern
20:
610:, all developed variations on the standard Cyrenaic doctrine. For Anniceris, pleasure is achieved through individual acts of gratification which are sought for the pleasure that they produce, but Anniceris laid great emphasis on the love of family, country, friendship and gratitude, which provide pleasure even when they demand sacrifice. Hegesias believed that
573:
However some actions which give immediate pleasure can create more than their equivalent of pain. The wise person should be in control of pleasures rather than be enslaved to them, otherwise pain will result, and this requires judgement to evaluate the different pleasures of life. Regard should be
614:
is impossible to achieve, and hence the goal of life becomes the avoidance of pain and sorrow. Conventional values such as wealth, poverty, freedom, and slavery are all indifferent and produce no more pleasure than pain. For
Hegesias, Cyrenaic hedonism was simply the least irrational strategy for
569:
Cyrenaicism deduces a single, universal aim for all people which is pleasure. Furthermore, all feeling is momentary and homogeneous. It follows that past and future pleasure have no real existence for us, and that among present pleasures there is no distinction of kind. Socrates had spoken of the
560:
All knowledge is of one's own immediate sensation. These sensations are motions which are purely subjective, and are painful, indifferent or pleasant, according as they are violent, tranquil or gentle. Further they are entirely individual, and can in no way be described as being of the world
693:
The
Cyrenaic ideal was alien to Christianity, and, in general, subsequent thinkers found it an ideal of hopeless pessimism. Yet in much later times it has found expression in many ethical and literary works, and it is common also in other ancient non-Hellenic literature. According to the
533:
was the only human good, but he had also accepted a limited role for its utilitarian side, allowing pleasure to be a secondary goal of moral action. Aristippus and his followers seized upon this, and made pleasure the sole final goal of life, denying that virtue had any intrinsic value.
764:, "The Death-Persuader") was contemporary of Magas and was probably influenced by the teachings of the Buddhist missionaries to Cyrene and Alexandria. His influence was such that he was ultimately prohited to teach" —Jean-Marie Lafont . Les Dossiers d'Archéologie (254): 78,
557:(for instance, that I am having a sweet sensation now) but can know nothing about the nature of the objects that cause these sensations (for instance, that the honey is sweet). They also denied that we can have knowledge of what the experiences of other people are like.
83:), but positively enjoyable sensations. Of these, momentary pleasures, especially physical ones, are stronger than those of anticipation or memory. Further, they recognized the value of social obligation and that pleasure could be gained from
485:, who created a comprehensive system. At the least, however, it can be said that the foundations of Cyrenaic philosophy were ideas originated by the elder Aristippus, refined by Arete, and then further refined by Aristippus the Younger.
524:
and held that pleasure was the supreme good in life, especially physical pleasure, which they thought more intense and more desirable than mental pleasures. Pleasure is the only good in life and pain is the only evil.
615:
dealing with the pains of life. For
Theodorus, the goal of life is mental pleasure not bodily pleasure, and he placed greater emphasis on the need for moderation and justice. He was also famous for being an
685:. It is therefore sometimes thought that Hegesias may have been directly influenced by Buddhist teachings through contacts with the alleged missionaries sent to his rulers in the 3rd century BC.
561:
objectively. Feeling, therefore, is the only possible criterion of knowledge and of conduct. Our ways of being affected are alone knowable. Thus the sole aim for everyone should be pleasure.
717:
there is the same tendency to seek relief from the intellectual cul-de-sac in frankly aesthetic satisfaction. Thus
Cyrenaicism did not entirely vanish with its absorption in Epicureanism.
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schools. The
Cyrenaics taught that the only intrinsic good is pleasure, which meant not just the absence of pain (as it did for
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67:, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name,
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1306:. Translated by Robert Drew Hicks. 2 vols. Vol. 1, The Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
500:, who all developed rival interpretations of Cyrenaic doctrines, many of which were responses to the new system of
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731:
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Berenice II Euergetis: Essays in Early
Hellenistic Queenship, Branko van Oppen de Ruiter, Springer, 2016, p.22
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469:, provided a long list of books said to have been written by Aristippus. However, Diogenes also wrote that
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It is uncertain precisely which doctrines ascribed to the
Cyrenaic school were formulated by Aristippus.
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Historical
Dictionary of Ancient Greek Philosophy, Anthony Preus, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p.184
200:
160:
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Berenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt, Dee L. Clayman, Oxford University Press, 2014, p.33
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After the time of the younger Aristippus, the school broke up into different factions, represented by
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had stated that Aristippus had written nothing. Among Aristippus' pupils was his daughter,
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619:. To some extent these philosophers were all trying to meet the challenge laid down by
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behaviour. The school died out within a century and was replaced by the philosophy of
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Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor, Charles Allen, Hachette UK, 2012, p.117
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The Birth of Hedonism: The Cyrenaic Philosophers and Pleasure as a Way of Life
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1213:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 703–704.
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508:. By the middle of the 3rd century BC, the Cyrenaic school was obsolete;
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in 399 BCE, although he is said to have lived for a time in the court of
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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642:. In fact, there are striking similarities with the tenets of
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A History of Ancient Philosophy: From the Origins to Socrates
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553:. They thought that we can know with certainty our immediate
19:
446:. We have only limited knowledge of his movements after the
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333:
75:, the birthplace of Aristippus. It was one of the earliest
50:
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549:. They reduced logic to a basic doctrine concerning the
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1006:
954:
59:
Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century
1361:
Handbook of Cyrenaic resources, primary and secondary
590:, was clearly of prime importance to the Cyrenaics.
709:which might have been uttered by Aristippus. So in
626:The philosophy of the Cyrenaics around the time of
438:of Cyrene, who was born around 435 BCE. He came to
3108:Schools and traditions in hellenistic philosophy
3089:
1260:The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy
996:
994:
760:"The philosopher Hegesias of Cyrene (nicknamed
434:The history of the Cyrenaic school begins with
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843:
841:
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673:, are both claimed to have been recipients of
654:or "suffering". Coincidentally, the rulers of
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630:evolved in a way that has similarities with
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512:had largely displaced its Cyrenaic rivals.
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772:also paralleled his teachings to Buddhism.
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872:
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658:around the time Hegesias flourished, the
1278:Reale, Giovanni; Catan, John R. (1986),
1199:
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1015:
972:
960:
937:
94:
18:
1364:
1325:The Epistemology of the Cyrenaic School
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1593:
867:
705:and pessimistic verses in the book of
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1516:
1400:
1383:"Cyrenaic School of Philosophy"
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1071:
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1032:
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895:
792:
669:and from 276 BC the independent king
442:as a young man and became a pupil of
1392:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1246:
1083:
876:
861:
16:Ancient Greek philosophical movement
1428:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy
1372:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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542:The Cyrenaics were known for their
477:, and among her pupils was her son
13:
1296:
1250:(2005), "The Socratic Legacy", in
677:missionaries from the Indian king
593:
14:
3119:
1380:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1352:
71:. The school was so called after
1187:
3072:List of skeptical organizations
1225:A History of Philosophy: Book 1
1142:
1127:
1116:
1105:
1077:
978:
925:
913:
754:
732:Pleasure principle (psychology)
537:
3052:List of books about skepticism
2760:
1327:, Cambridge University Press.
1313:, Princeton University Press.
1262:, Cambridge University Press,
901:
855:
822:
807:
798:
786:
1:
3062:List of skeptical conferences
1304:Lives of Eminent Philosophers
1258:; Schofield, Malcolm (eds.),
1157:
701:, there are quatrains in the
515:
1221:Copleston, Frederick Charles
779:
461:, based on the authority of
51:
7:
3067:List of skeptical magazines
3057:List of scientific skeptics
1171:, Oxford University Press,
720:
146:Julien Offray de La Mettrie
10:
3124:
3077:List of skeptical podcasts
1302:Diogenes Laertius (1925).
1136:Culture et mort volontaire
804:Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 84f
681:according to the latter's
481:. It was he, according to
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1169:The Morality of Happiness
813:Aristocles ap. Eusebius,
564:
2978:Problem of the criterion
2267:Alexander of Aphrodisias
747:
703:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
2376:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
2109:Thrasymachus of Corinth
1787:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
1229:Continuum International
1210:Encyclopædia Britannica
697:Encyclopædia Britannica
667:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
196:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
2968:Five-minute hypothesis
2860:Skeptical philosophers
2814:Skeptical philosophies
2033:Aristippus the Younger
1323:Tsouna, Voula (1998).
932:Reale & Catan 1986
920:Reale & Catan 1986
908:Reale & Catan 1986
829:Reale & Catan 1986
816:Praeparatio Evangelica
479:Aristippus the Younger
387:"Wine, women and song"
244:Psychological hedonism
176:Aristippus the Younger
69:Aristippus the Younger
24:
2988:Simulation hypothesis
2510:Eudorus of Alexandria
2081:Asclepiades of Phlius
2038:Theodorus the Atheist
1389:Catholic Encyclopedia
1341:, Acumen Publishing.
1337:Zilioli, Ugo (2012).
598:The later Cyrenaics,
502:hedonistic philosophy
452:Dionysius of Syracuse
448:execution of Socrates
166:Theodorus the Atheist
95:History of the school
22:
3014:Semantic externalism
2983:Problem of induction
2973:Münchhausen trilemma
2444:Diogenes of Oenoanda
1309:Lampe, Kurt (2014).
1254:; Barnes, Jonathon;
727:Existential nihilism
646:, in particular the
254:Axiological hedonism
65:Aristippus of Cyrene
23:Aristippus of Cyrene
3019:Process reliabilism
2941:Skeptical scenarios
2821:Academic Skepticism
2769:Types of skepticism
2568:Apollonius of Tyana
2515:Philo of Alexandria
2318:Agrippa the Skeptic
2257:Strato of Lampsacus
975:, pp. 703–704.
742:Subjective idealism
650:and the concept of
547:theory of knowledge
520:The Cyrenaics were
377:Paradox of hedonism
238:Schools of hedonism
2643:Plutarch of Athens
2583:Numenius of Apamea
2573:Moderatus of Gades
2043:Hegesias of Cyrene
1359:Cyrenaics Resource
628:Hegesias of Cyrene
551:criterion of truth
359:Felicific calculus
274:Christian hedonism
55:), were a sensual
25:
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3024:Epistemic closure
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2691:Nicetes of Smyrna
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2157:Apollonius Cronus
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1667:Metrodorus of Cos
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648:Four Noble Truths
555:sense-experiences
459:Diogenes Laërtius
432:
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382:Hedonic treadmill
126:Ajita Kesakambali
49:
3115:
3009:Here is one hand
2917:Sextus Empiricus
2897:Philo of Larissa
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2683:Second Sophistic
2658:Ammonius Hermiae
2563:Nigidius Figulus
2477:Philo of Larissa
2459:Academic Skeptic
2323:Sextus Empiricus
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2099:Euclid of Megara
1978:
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1435:Proto-philosophy
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699:Eleventh Edition
689:Other influences
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371:Related articles
249:Ethical hedonism
221:Esperanza Guisán
216:Torbjörn Tännsjö
136:John Stuart Mill
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63:, supposedly by
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2555:Neopythagorean
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1365:O'Keefe, Tim.
1362:
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1353:External links
1351:
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1307:
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1282:, SUNY Press,
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1256:Mansfeld, Jaap
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1201:Chisholm, Hugh
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1045:Copleston 2003
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1020:
1018:, p. 704.
1005:
1001:Copleston 2003
990:
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965:
963:, p. 703.
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529:had held that
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3029:Contextualism
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2776:Philosophical
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2144:Dialecticians
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1347:1-84465-290-4
1344:
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1339:The Cyrenaics
1336:
1334:
1333:0-521-62207-7
1330:
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1322:
1320:
1319:0-691-16113-5
1316:
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1289:0-88706-290-3
1285:
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1269:0-521-61670-0
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1252:Algra, Keimpe
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:0-8264-6895-0
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1196:public domain
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:0-19-509652-5
1174:
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1134:Éric Volant,
1130:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1086:, p. 637
1085:
1080:
1074:, p. 235
1073:
1068:
1066:
1059:, p. 232
1058:
1053:
1047:, p. 123
1046:
1041:
1035:, p. 233
1034:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1016:Chisholm 1911
1012:
1010:
1003:, p. 122
1002:
997:
995:
987:
981:
974:
973:Chisholm 1911
969:
962:
961:Chisholm 1911
957:
951:, p. 230
950:
945:
943:
941:
933:
928:
922:, p. 274
921:
916:
910:, p. 271
909:
904:
898:, p. 231
897:
892:
890:
888:
886:
879:, p. 639
878:
873:
871:
864:, p. 633
863:
858:
852:, p. 121
851:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
831:, p. 272
830:
825:
818:
817:
810:
801:
795:, p. 229
794:
789:
785:
771:
767:
763:
762:Peisithanatos
757:
753:
743:
740:
738:
735:
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730:
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724:
718:
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629:
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613:
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591:
589:
588:William Paley
585:
581:
577:
571:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
545:
535:
532:
528:
523:
513:
511:
507:
504:laid down by
503:
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393:Joie de vivre
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206:Zeno of Sidon
204:
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171:Michel Onfray
169:
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161:Fred Feldman
159:
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78:
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66:
62:
58:
53:
47:
38:
37:Ancient Greek
34:
30:
21:
2993:Wax argument
2711:Philostratus
2598:Neoplatonist
2252:Theophrastus
2019:
1926:Dionysodorus
1883:Thrasymachus
1509:Pre-Socratic
1387:
1370:
1338:
1324:
1310:
1303:
1279:
1259:
1224:
1208:
1168:
1165:Annas, Julia
1144:
1135:
1129:
1118:
1107:
1079:
1052:
1040:
985:
980:
968:
956:
927:
915:
903:
857:
824:
814:
809:
800:
788:
761:
756:
707:Ecclesiastes
696:
692:
636:Epicurianism
625:
621:Epicureanism
597:
576:utilitarians
572:
568:
559:
541:
538:Epistemology
519:
510:Epicureanism
487:
456:
433:
391:
303:Key concepts
288:
269:Epicureanism
263:
226:Peter Singer
201:David Pearce
89:Epicureanism
32:
28:
26:
2963:Evil genius
2907:Aenesidemus
2892:Clitomachus
2313:Aenesidemus
2286:Hellenistic
2234:Peripatetic
2152:Clinomachus
1990:Antisthenes
1604:Pythagorean
1555:Heraclitean
1540:Anaximander
1457:Seven Sages
1367:"Cyrenaics"
1248:Long, A. A.
1138:, quoted in
586:, and even
290:Libertinage
3103:Skepticism
3092:Categories
3034:Relativism
2948:Acatalepsy
2932:David Hume
2877:Arcesilaus
2846:Pyrrhonism
2798:Scientific
2762:Skepticism
2668:Simplicius
2633:Iamblichus
2578:Nicomachus
2467:Arcesilaus
2434:Philodemus
2424:Metrodorus
2366:Posidonius
2356:Chrysippus
2295:Pyrrhonist
2219:Xenocrates
2214:Speusippus
2187:Panthoides
2028:Aristippus
1931:Euthydemus
1868:Protagoras
1841:Democritus
1804:Empedocles
1777:Anaxagoras
1728:Parmenides
1705:Xenophanes
1662:Hermotimus
1612:Pythagoras
1563:Heraclitus
1545:Anaximenes
1447:Pherecydes
1442:Epimenides
1158:References
1072:Annas 1995
1057:Annas 1995
1033:Annas 1995
949:Annas 1995
896:Annas 1995
793:Annas 1995
632:Pyrrhonism
612:eudaimonia
516:Philosophy
483:Aristocles
471:Sosicrates
436:Aristippus
319:Eudaimonia
181:Hermarchus
151:Aristippus
85:altruistic
52:Kyrēnaïkoí
41:Κυρηναϊκοί
3002:Responses
2922:Montaigne
2887:Carneades
2851:Solipsism
2841:Humeanism
2831:Cartesian
2803:Religious
2701:Favorinus
2663:Damascius
2505:Antiochus
2472:Carneades
2439:Lucretius
2411:Epicurean
2386:Epictetus
2361:Panaetius
2351:Cleanthes
2242:Aristotle
2167:Dionysius
2162:Euphantus
2114:Eubulides
2076:Menedemus
2048:Anniceris
1954:Classical
1921:Lycophron
1916:Callicles
1836:Leucippus
1814:Pausanias
1782:Archelaus
1761:Pluralist
1657:Calliphon
1642:Brontinus
1622:Philolaus
1490:Cleobulus
1485:Periander
1205:Cyrenaics
1084:Long 2005
877:Long 2005
862:Long 2005
819:, xiv. 18
780:Citations
660:Ptolemaic
638:and also
608:Theodorus
600:Anniceris
544:skeptical
522:hedonists
498:Theodorus
490:Anniceris
467:Panaetius
349:Suffering
344:Sensation
324:Happiness
264:Cyrenaics
186:Lucretius
46:romanized
33:Kyrenaics
29:Cyrenaics
2836:Charvaka
2648:Syrianus
2628:Porphyry
2616:students
2611:Plotinus
2535:Alcinous
2530:Apuleius
2520:Plutarch
2419:Epicurus
2201:Platonic
2182:Alexinus
2129:Pasicles
2124:Nicarete
2104:Ichthyas
2091:Megarian
2063:Eretrian
2020:Cyrenaic
2005:Menippus
1995:Diogenes
1972:Xenophon
1966:students
1962:Socrates
1873:Prodicus
1738:Melissus
1710:Xeniades
1672:Arignote
1637:Alcmaeon
1632:Lamiskos
1627:Archytas
1617:Hippasus
1581:Diogenes
1568:Cratylus
1527:Milesian
1475:Pittacus
1223:(2003),
1167:(1995),
984:Cicero,
737:Charvaka
721:See also
675:Buddhist
662:king of
644:Buddhism
640:Buddhism
604:Hegesias
527:Socrates
506:Epicurus
494:Hegesias
444:Socrates
339:Pleasure
314:Ataraxia
259:Charvaka
211:Yang Zhu
156:Epicurus
141:Jovinian
120:Thinkers
112:Hedonism
104:a series
102:Part of
81:Epicurus
77:Socratic
57:hedonist
2912:Agrippa
2882:Lacydes
2781:Radical
2716:more...
2673:more...
2653:Proclus
2588:more...
2545:more...
2487:more...
2449:more...
2401:more...
2328:more...
2272:more...
2224:more...
2053:more...
2010:more...
1936:more...
1911:Gorgias
1903:Italian
1893:more...
1878:Hippias
1851:Sophist
1828:Atomist
1796:Italian
1720:Eleatic
1697:Skeptic
1687:more...
1682:Eurytus
1595:Italian
1198::
988:. V.52.
617:atheist
284:Yangism
48::
2902:Cicero
2867:Pyrrho
2826:Ajñana
2706:Lucian
2638:Julian
2623:Origen
2482:Cicero
2391:Arrian
2371:Seneca
2303:Pyrrho
2134:Bryson
2119:Stilpo
2000:Crates
1860:Ionian
1770:Ionian
1647:Theano
1535:Thales
1518:Ionian
1495:Chilon
1465:Thales
1345:
1331:
1317:
1286:
1266:
1235:
1192:
1175:
766:INALCO
683:Edicts
679:Ashoka
656:Cyrene
652:Dukkha
606:, and
584:Volney
565:Ethics
531:virtue
496:, and
463:Sotion
440:Athens
329:Hedone
309:Aponia
73:Cyrene
3044:Lists
2872:Timon
2793:Moral
2788:Local
2540:Galen
2525:Gaius
2338:Stoic
2209:Plato
2177:Philo
1982:Cynic
1888:Damon
1809:Acron
1751:Hippo
1470:Solon
748:Notes
715:Heine
711:Byron
664:Egypt
1733:Zeno
1677:Myia
1652:Damo
1480:Bias
1343:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1173:ISBN
986:Tusc
713:and
465:and
334:Pain
27:The
1207:".
61:BCE
31:or
3094::
1386:.
1369:.
1231:,
1227:,
1091:^
1064:^
1023:^
1008:^
993:^
939:^
884:^
869:^
836:^
768:.
634:,
623:.
602:,
582:,
492:,
454:.
106:on
91:.
43:,
39::
2754:e
2747:t
2740:v
2248:)
2244:(
1968:)
1964:(
1420:e
1413:t
1406:v
1375:.
423:e
416:t
409:v
35:(
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