1032:
Russian
Federation on readmission and is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on citizenship of the Russian Federation. Information characterizing the physiological and biological characteristics of a person, on the basis of which it is possible to establish his identity (biometric personal data), can be processed without the consent of the subject of personal data in connection with the implementation of international agreements of the Russian Federation on readmission, administration of justice and execution of judicial acts, compulsory state fingerprinting registration, as well as in cases stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation on defense, security, anti-terrorism, transport security, anti-corruption, operational investigative activities, public service, as well as in cases stipulated by the criminal-executive legislation of Russia, the legislation of Russia on the procedure for leaving the Russian Federation and entering the Russian Federation, citizenship of the Russian Federation and notaries.
583: – used to diagnose or rule out a specific genetic or chromosomal condition. In many cases, genetic testing is used to confirm a diagnosis when a particular condition is suspected based on physical mutations and symptoms. Diagnostic testing can be performed at any time during a person's life, but is not available for all genes or all genetic conditions. The results of a diagnostic test can influence a person's choices about health care and the management of the disease. For example, people with a family history of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) who experience pain or tenderness in their abdomen, blood in their urine, frequent urination, pain in the sides, a urinary tract infection or kidney stones may decide to have their genes tested and the result could confirm the diagnosis of PKD. Despite the several implications of genetic testing in conditions such as epilepsy or neurodevelopmental disorders, many patients (specially adults) do not have access to these modern diagnostic approaches, showing a relevant diagnostic gap.
674: – determines the influence of genetic variation on drug response. When a person has a disease or health condition, pharmacogenomics can examine an individual's genetic makeup to determine what medicine and what dosage would be the safest and most beneficial to the patient. In the human population, there are approximately 11 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in people's genomes, making them the most common variations in the human genome. SNPs reveal information about an individual's response to certain drugs. This type of genetic testing can be used for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. A sample of the cancer tissue can be sent in for genetic analysis by a specialized lab. After analysis, information retrieved can identify mutations in the tumor which can be used to determine the best treatment option.
557: – used just after birth to identify genetic disorders that can be treated early in life. A blood sample is collected with a heel prick from the newborn 24–48 hours after birth and sent to the lab for analysis. In the United States, newborn screening procedure varies state by state, but all states by law test for at least 21 disorders. If abnormal results are obtained, it does not necessarily mean the child has the disorder. Diagnostic tests must follow the initial screening to confirm the disease. The routine testing of infants for certain disorders is the most widespread use of genetic testing—millions of babies are tested each year in the United States. All states currently test infants for
664:. Hereditary breast cancer along with ovarian cancer syndrome are caused by gene alterations in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Major cancer types related to mutations in these genes are female breast cancer, ovarian, prostate, pancreatic, and male breast cancer. Li-Fraumeni syndrome is caused by a gene alteration on the gene TP53. Cancer types associated with a mutation on this gene include breast cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma (bone cancer), leukemia and brain tumors. In the Cowden syndrome there is a mutation on the PTEN gene, causing potential breast, thyroid or endometrial cancer. Presymptomatic testing can determine whether a person will develop a genetic disorder, such as
60:
638:, which removes a sample of fluid from the mother's amniotic sac 15 to 20 or more weeks into pregnancy. The fluid is then tested for chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and trisomy 18, which can result in neonatal or fetal death. Test results can be retrieved within 7–14 days after the test is done. This method is 99.4% accurate at detecting and diagnosing fetal chromosome abnormalities. There is a slight risk of miscarriage with this test, about 1:400. Another method of prenatal testing is
229:
1045:
of genetic sciences and innovative modern techniques related to profiling and genetic sequencing, in order to identify the genetic footprint and prevent the most prevalent diseases in the country, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and asthma. It aims to achieve personalized treatment for each patient based on genetic factors. Additionally, a study by
Khalifa University has identified, for the first time, four genetic markers associated with type 2 diabetes among UAE citizens.
548:
343:
589: – used to identify people who carry one copy of a gene mutation that, when present in two copies, causes a genetic disorder. This type of testing is offered to individuals who have a family history of a genetic disorder and to people in ethnic groups with an increased risk of specific genetic conditions. If both parents are tested, the test can provide information about a couple's risk of having a child with a genetic condition like
1062:; however, genetic tests may be conducted outside Israel. The law also forbids discrimination for employment or insurance purposes based on genetic test results. Finally, the law takes a strict approach to genetic testing on minors, which is permitted only for the purpose of finding a genetic match with someone ill for the sake of medical treatment, or to see whether the minor carries a gene related to an illness that can be prevented or postponed.
613:
965:, which was a fifteen-year project that was discontinued in 2020. Over one million people participated in the DNA sampling from more than 140 countries, which made the project the largest of its kind ever conducted. The project asked for DNA samples from indigenous people as well as the general public, which spurred political controversy among some indigenous groups, leading to the coining of the term "biocolonialism".
1112:
legal reasons, health care providers should be cautious in providing minors with predictive genetic testing without the involvement of parents or guardians. Within the guidelines set by AAP and ACMG, health care providers have an obligation to inform parents or guardians on the implication of test results. AAP and ACMG state that any type of predictive genetic testing should be offered with
3551:
3529:
642:(CVS). Chorionic villi are projections from the placenta that carry the same genetic makeup as the baby. During this method of prenatal testing, a sample of chorionic villi is removed from the placenta to be tested. This test is performed 10–13 weeks into pregnancy and results are ready 7–14 days after the test was done. Another test using blood taken from the fetal umbilical cord is
687: – uses DNA sequences to identify an individual for legal purposes. Unlike the tests described above, forensic testing is not used to detect gene mutations associated with disease. This type of testing can identify crime or catastrophe victims, rule out or implicate a crime suspect, or establish biological relationships between people (for example, paternity).
693: – uses special DNA markers to identify the same or similar inheritance patterns between related individuals. Based on the fact that we all inherit half of our DNA from the father, and half from the mother, DNA scientists test individuals to find the match of DNA sequences at some highly differential markers to draw the conclusion of relatedness.
957:. These companies will send the consumer a kit at their home address, with which they will provide a saliva sample for their lab to analyze. The company will then send back the consumer's results in a few weeks, which is a breakdown of their ancestral heritage and possible health risks that accompany it. Other companies, like
1023:(GDPR). The GDPR is a set of rules/regulations that helps an individual take control of their data that is collected, used, and stored digitally or in a structured filing system on paper, and restricts a company's use of personal data. The regulation also applies to companies that offer products/services outside the EU.
896:-predictive genetic test for breast cancer stated: "There is no stronger antidote for fear than information." Apart from rare diseases that are directly caused by specific, single-gene mutation, diseases "have complicated, multiple genetic links that interact strongly with personal environment, lifestyle, and behavior."
1145:
From the date that a sample is taken, results may take weeks to months, depending upon the complexity and extent of the tests being performed. Results for prenatal testing are usually available more quickly because time is an important consideration in making decisions about a pregnancy. Prior to the
1057:
passed the
Genetic Information Law in 2000, becoming one of the first countries to establish a regulatory framework for the conducting of genetic testing and genetic counseling and for the handling and use identified genetic information. Under the law, genetic tests must be done in labs accredited by
1044:
By the end of 2021, the UAE Genome
Project will be in full swing, as part of the National Innovation Strategy, establishing strategic partnerships with top medical research centers, and making sustainable investments in healthcare services. The project aims to prevent genetic diseases through the use
716:
Genetic testing is often done as part of a genetic consultation and as of mid-2008 there were more than 1,200 clinically applicable genetic tests available. Once a person decides to proceed with genetic testing, a medical geneticist, genetic counselor, primary care doctor, or specialist can order the
607:
procedure. Pre-implantation testing is used when individuals try to conceive a child through in vitro fertilization. Eggs from the woman and sperm from the man are removed and fertilized outside the body to create multiple embryos. The embryos are individually screened for abnormalities, and the ones
576:
gland). People with PKU do not have an enzyme needed to process the amino acid phenylalanine, which is responsible for normal growth in children and normal protein use throughout their lifetime. If there is a buildup of too much phenylalanine, brain tissue can be damaged, causing developmental delay.
998:
decisions. Although GINA protects against genetic discrimination, Section 210 of the law states that once the disease has manifested, employers can use the medical information and not be in violation of the law, even if the condition has a genetic basis. The legislation, the first of its kind in the
887:
DTC genetic testing involves many of the same risks associated with any genetic test. One of the more obvious and dangerous of these is the possibility of misreading of test results. Without professional guidance, consumers can potentially misinterpret genetic information, causing them to be deluded
776:
The physical risks associated with most genetic tests are very small, particularly for those tests that require only a blood sample or buccal smear (a procedure that samples cells from the inside surface of the cheek). The procedures used for prenatal testing carry a small but non-negligible risk of
450:
The variety of genetic tests has expanded throughout the years. Early forms of genetic testing which began in the 1950s involved counting the number of chromosomes per cell. Deviations from the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans) could lead to a diagnosis of certain genetic conditions such
780:
Many of the risks associated with genetic testing involve the emotional, social, or financial consequences of the test results. People may feel angry, depressed, anxious, or guilty about their results. The potential negative impact of genetic testing has led to an increasing recognition of a "right
649:
Predictive and presymptomatic testing – used to detect gene mutations associated with disorders that appear after birth, often later in life. These tests can be helpful to people who have a family member with a genetic disorder, but who have no features of the disorder themselves at
1106:
of children in the United States. Their guidelines state that performing pediatric genetic testing should be in the best interest of the child. AAP and ACMG recommend holding off on genetic testing for late-onset conditions until adulthood, unless diagnosing genetic disorders during childhood can
1132:
In Israel, DNA testing is used to determine if people are eligible for immigration. The policy where "many Jews from the former Soviet Union (FSU) are asked to provide DNA confirmation of their Jewish heritage in the form of paternity tests in order to immigrate as Jews and become citizens under
1111:
and home kit genetic tests because of concerns regarding the accuracy, interpretation and oversight of test content. Guidelines also state that parents or guardians should be encouraged to inform their child of the results from the genetic test if the minor is of appropriate age. For ethical and
1031:
Russian law provides that the processing of special categories of personal data relating to race, nationality, political views, religious or philosophical beliefs, health status, intimate life is allowed if it is necessary in connection with the implementation of international agreements of the
797:
Another limitation to genetic testing for a hereditary linked cancer, is the variants of unknown clinical significance. Because the human genome has over 22,000 genes, there are 3.5 million variants in the average person's genome. These variants of unknown clinical significance means there is a
827:
acquire their patient's permission and then order the desired test, which may or may not be covered by health insurance. DTC genetic tests, however, allow consumers to bypass this process and purchase DNA tests themselves. DTC genetic testing can entail primarily genealogical/ancestry-related
823:(DTC) genetic testing (also called at-home genetic testing) is a type of genetic test that is accessible directly to the consumer without having to go through a health care professional. Usually, to obtain a genetic test, health care professionals such as physicians, nurse practitioners, or
793:
Genetic testing can provide only limited information about an inherited condition. The test often can't determine if a person will show symptoms of a disorder, how severe the symptoms will be, or whether the disorder will progress over time. Another major limitation is the lack of treatment
785:
in employment or insurance is also a concern. Some individuals avoid genetic testing out of fear it will affect their ability to purchase insurance or find a job. Health insurers do not currently require applicants for coverage to undergo genetic testing, and when insurers encounter genetic
1010:
In June 2013 the US Supreme Court issued two rulings on human genetics. The Court struck down patents on human genes, opening up competition in the field of genetic testing. The
Supreme Court also ruled that police were allowed to collect DNA from people arrested for serious offenses.
809:—a discovery of some possible problem found while looking for something else. In 2013 the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) recommended that certain genes always be included any time a genomic sequencing was done, and that labs should report the results.
668:(an iron overload disorder), before any signs or symptoms appear. The results of predictive and presymptomatic testing can provide information about a person's risk of developing a specific disorder, help with making decisions about medical care and provide a better prognosis.
539:(cffDNA) testing – a non-invasive (for the fetus) test. It is performed on a sample of venous blood from the mother, and can provide information about the fetus early in pregnancy. As of 2015 it is the most sensitive and specific screening test for
626:'s genes or chromosomes before birth. This type of testing is offered to couples with an increased risk of having a baby with a genetic or chromosomal disorder. In some cases, prenatal testing can lessen a couple's uncertainty or help them decide whether to
706:
Research testing – includes finding unknown genes, learning how genes work and advancing understanding of genetic conditions. The results of testing done as part of a research study are usually not available to patients or their healthcare
879:
DTC genetic testing has been controversial due to outspoken opposition within the medical community. Critics of DTC genetic testing argue against the risks involved in several steps of the testing process, such as the unregulated advertising and
891:
Some advertising for DTC genetic testing has been criticized as conveying an exaggerated and inaccurate message about the connection between genetic information and disease risk, utilizing emotions as a selling factor. An advertisement for a
910:
of their database by police investigating a murder. The warrantless search led to a search warrant to force the gathering of a DNA sample from a New
Orleans filmmaker; however he turned out not to be a match for the suspected killer.
801:
A genetics professional can explain in detail the benefits, risks, and limitations of a particular test. It is important that any person who is considering genetic testing understand and weigh these factors before making a decision.
1065:
Under the
Genetic Information Law as of 2019, commercial DNA tests are not permitted to be sold directly to the public, but can be obtained with a court order, due to data privacy, reliability, and misinterpretation concerns.
426:
for specific conditions, or gain information that can be used to customize medical treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup. Genetic testing can also be used to determine biological relatives, such as a child's
924:
As part of its healthcare system, Estonia is offering all of its residents genome-wide genotyping. This will be translated into personalized reports for use in everyday medical practice via the national e-health portal.
1035:
Within the framework of this program, it is also planned to include the peoples of neighboring countries, which are the main source of migration, into the genogeographic study on the basis of existing collections.
2807:"Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project Wells Spencer . Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project. 2006. National Geographic Society. Washington, DC. $ 12.95, paperback. 247 pp. ISBN 13: 978-1426201189"
752:
may be swished in the mouth to collect the cells. The sample is sent to a laboratory where technicians look for specific changes in chromosomes, DNA, or proteins, depending on the suspected disorders, often using
928:
The aim is to minimise health problems by warning participants most at risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It is also hoped that participants who are given early warnings will adopt
781:
not to know". In some cases, genetic testing creates tension within a family because the results can reveal information about other family members in addition to the person who is tested. The possibility of
1107:
reduce morbidity or mortality (e.g., to start early intervention). Testing asymptomatic children who are at risk of childhood onset conditions can also be warranted. Both AAP and ACMG discourage the use of
3555:
3533:
439:. Genetic testing of plants and animals can be used for similar reasons as in humans (e.g. to assess relatedness/ancestry or predict/diagnose genetic disorders), to gain information used for
3237:
2082:
839:. Possible additional risks of DTC genetic testing are the lack of governmental regulation, the potential misinterpretation of genetic information, issues related to testing minors,
786:
information, it is subject to the same confidentiality protections as any other sensitive health information. In the United States, the use of genetic information is governed by the
1082:
that will result from the better understanding of human heredity the rapid expansion of genetic risk assessment by genetic testing which would be facilitated by this project.
3466:
1921:
1845:"Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies"
1745:
Aledo-Serrano A, García-Morales I, Toledano R, Jiménez-Huete A, Parejo B, Anciones C, et al. (October 2020). "Diagnostic gap in genetic epilepsies: A matter of age".
3405:
All policy statements from the
American Academy of Pediatrics automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time
1146:
testing, the doctor or genetic counselor who is requesting a particular test can provide specific information about the cost and time frame associated with that test.
650:
the time of testing. Predictive testing can identify mutations that increase a person's chances of developing disorders with a genetic basis, such as certain types of
2718:
487:, there are tests available for more than 2,000 genetic conditions, and one study estimated that as of 2018 there were more than 68,000 genetic tests on the market.
2470:
2100:
2176:
3566:
3544:
2195:
3169:
467:
of chromosome structure and diagnosis of genetic disorders that involved large structural rearrangements. In addition to analyzing whole chromosomes (
3247:
982:
prohibits group health plans and health insurers from denying coverage to a healthy person or charging that person higher premiums based solely on a
3270:
1945:
851:. As of 2019, the tests that have received marketing authorization by the FDA include 23andMe's genetic health risk reports for select variants of
2984:
2766:
3885:
961:, have conducted public DNA surveys in an effort to better understand global ancestry and heritage. In 2005, National Geographic launched the
3823:
1509:
812:
DNA studies have been criticised for a range of methodological problems and providing misleading, interpretations on racial classifications.
748:
uses a small brush or cotton swab to collect a sample of cells from the inside surface of the cheek. Alternatively, a small amount of saline
1302:
4458:
3623:
798:
change in the DNA sequence, however the increase for cancer is unclear because it is unknown if the change affects the gene's function.
1719:
643:
577:
Newborn screening can detect the presence of PKU, allowing children to be placed on special diets to avoid the effects of the disorder.
374:
3100:
843:, and downstream expenses for the public health care system. In the United States, most DTC genetic test kits are not reviewed by the
2323:
979:
859:
reports that test for selected variants associated with metabolism of certain pharmaceutical compounds, a carrier screening test for
787:
32:
This article is about genetic tests for disease and ancestry or biological relationships. For use in genealogy and archaeology, see
4541:
1562:
Holtzman NA, Murphy PD, Watson MS, Barr PA (October 1997). "Predictive genetic testing: from basic research to clinical practice".
835:. Possible benefits of DTC genetic testing are the accessibility of tests to consumers, promotion of proactive healthcare, and the
4647:
4331:
3014:
2937:
1814:
1789:
2358:
2333:
3044:
2299:
2286:
4547:
4537:
1485:
1327:"UC Davis Veterinary Genetics Laboratory | Animal DNA testing | forensic testing | animal genetic research and diagnostics"
1185:
1095:
3484:
2726:
3344:
4488:
2132:
King E, Mahon SM (October 2017). "Genetic
Testing: Challenges and Changes in Testing for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes".
1020:
986:
to developing a disease in the future. The legislation also bars employers from using genetic information when making
4498:
3816:
3312:
2747:
1667:
596:
2719:"New Orleans filmmaker cleared in cold-case murder; false positive highlights limitations of familial DNA searching"
777:
losing the pregnancy (miscarriage) because they require a sample of amniotic fluid or tissue from around the fetus.
4170:
1215:
4506:
4049:
3687:
3616:
3574:
2875:
1180:
4652:
4552:
4221:
3790:
2529:
Hunter DJ, Khoury MJ, Drazen JM (January 2008). "Letting the genome out of the bottle--will we get our wish?".
2269:
1091:
820:
367:
2822:
2451:
1252:
831:
There are a variety of DTC genetic tests, ranging from tests for breast cancer alleles to mutations linked to
247:
4527:
4522:
4268:
4184:
3840:
3749:
2704:
2401:"Where are you going, where have you been: a recent history of the direct-to-consumer genetic testing market"
2119:
484:
884:, the potential reselling of genetic data to third parties, and the overall lack of governmental oversight.
4632:
4024:
3931:
3809:
3780:
3593:
844:
1895:
4532:
4158:
4143:
4087:
4078:
4029:
3954:
3895:
3880:
1059:
806:
2674:
1953:
4189:
4095:
3990:
3862:
3853:
3609:
2996:
2806:
978:
With regard to genetic testing and information in general, legislation in the United States called the
136:
17:
3172:[The UAE promises to complete the strategic health project for the country’s people in 2021].
4642:
4384:
4326:
4230:
4165:
4148:
4059:
3913:
2262:"The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians" In Egypt in Africa
1210:
991:
639:
360:
2566:"Valuable Genomes: Taxonomy and Archetypes of Business Models in Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing"
2374:
1276:
2992:
154:
2960:
2780:
1517:
3744:
3677:
4034:
757:. The laboratory reports the test results in writing to a person's doctor or genetic counselor.
4637:
1195:
983:
868:
782:
604:
2617:"Policy Guidance for Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Services: Framework Development Study"
402:
structure. Genetic testing can also include measuring the results of genetic changes, such as
3939:
3713:
3304:
1657:
1175:
764:
screening tests are done on a small blood sample obtained by pricking the baby's heel with a
696:
690:
432:
327:
307:
272:
184:
179:
33:
3501:
2890:"Genetic discrimination: emerging ethical challenges in the context of advancing technology"
479:
which can identify changes at the level of individual genes, parts of genes, or even single
418:
output. In a medical setting, genetic testing can be used to diagnose or rule out suspected
4478:
4253:
4019:
3785:
3775:
3723:
2852:
1387:
1350:
1103:
1075:
1000:
428:
411:
3538:
2985:"Administration News: President Bush Signs Genetic Nondiscrimination Legislation Into Law"
2014:
1976:
1843:
Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S, Risch HA, Eyfjord JE, Hopper JL, et al. (May 2003).
8:
4468:
4400:
4338:
4202:
3832:
3718:
3692:
3667:
3651:
1225:
1170:
962:
958:
536:
423:
302:
282:
217:
174:
168:
159:
131:
2651:
2083:"You have a genetic disorder: Should your family be told they might carry the mutation?"
1391:
59:
4346:
4197:
3443:
3418:
3396:
3213:
3188:
2914:
2889:
2834:
2689:
2592:
2565:
2425:
2400:
2322:
Eltis D, Bradley KR, Perry C, Engerman SL, Cartledge P, Richardson D (12 August 2021).
2304:
2242:
2157:
2103:
2058:
2033:
1869:
1844:
1770:
1633:
1606:
1587:
1462:
1435:
1408:
1375:
1205:
1121:
1113:
1108:
907:
824:
619:
580:
472:
440:
297:
292:
267:
189:
4054:
3588:
3365:
Fallat ME, Katz AL, Mercurio MR, Moon MR, Okun AL, Webb SA, et al. (March 2013).
3303:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health.
4583:
4473:
4463:
3672:
3632:
3560:
3513:
3448:
3388:
3318:
3308:
3218:
3155:
2919:
2826:
2656:
2638:
2597:
2546:
2511:
2430:
2354:
2329:
2265:
2234:
2149:
2063:
1984:
1874:
1774:
1762:
1663:
1638:
1579:
1467:
1413:
1117:
863:, and genetic health risk reports for a handful of other medical conditions, such as
741:
740:(the fluid that surrounds a fetus during pregnancy), or other tissue. For example, a
700:
684:
554:
444:
419:
347:
232:
111:
3972:
3514:"What is the cost of genetic testing, and how long does it take to get the results?"
3400:
3128:
Articles 10 and 11 of the
Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ "On Personal Data"
2838:
2308:
2115:
1591:
4356:
3728:
3697:
3438:
3430:
3378:
3208:
3200:
3151:
3139:
2909:
2901:
2878:, Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, 27 April 2007
2818:
2687:
Nisbet MC (2019). "DNA Is Not Destiny: Challenging the Hype over Genetic Testing".
2646:
2628:
2587:
2577:
2538:
2503:
2420:
2412:
2294:
2226:
2161:
2141:
2053:
2045:
1864:
1856:
1822:
1754:
1628:
1618:
1571:
1457:
1447:
1403:
1395:
1200:
1019:
Effective as of 25 May 2018, companies that process genetic data must abide by the
995:
856:
718:
671:
239:
3562:
What is the cost of genetic testing, and how long does it take to get the results?
2230:
2177:"Personal gene maps: Is there such a thing as too much information about our DNA?"
1623:
4289:
4248:
4207:
4117:
3682:
1575:
954:
881:
864:
836:
832:
665:
590:
586:
558:
456:
407:
3298:
1758:
1744:
1693:
4431:
4426:
4361:
4351:
4263:
4100:
4064:
3275:
3049:
3019:
1004:
860:
754:
737:
569:
562:
287:
212:
2416:
4626:
4606:
4483:
4421:
4238:
4127:
4014:
2830:
2675:"Limitations of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising for Clinical Genetic Testing,"
2642:
2564:
Thiebes S, Toussaint PA, Ju J, Ahn JH, Lyytinen K, Sunyaev A (January 2020).
2351:
Ancient Egyptian society : challenging assumptions, exploring approaches
2238:
1988:
1538:
1165:
1160:
1134:
893:
852:
661:
635:
540:
452:
37:
2705:" Ancestry.com Hands Over Client DNA Test Results to Cops Without a Warrant"
2196:"What should be done with unsettling 'incidental findings' in gene screens?"
2145:
2049:
1374:
Hunter ME, Hoban SM, Bruford MW, Segelbacher G, Bernatchez L (August 2018).
459:). In the 1970s, a method to stain specific regions of chromosomes, called
4395:
4294:
4273:
4122:
3944:
3452:
3392:
3383:
3366:
3322:
3271:"Want to fully understand your family genealogy? Not without a court order"
3222:
2923:
2660:
2601:
2550:
2515:
2434:
2153:
2067:
1878:
1766:
1642:
1471:
1417:
1230:
1003:
on April 24, 2008, on a vote of 95–0, and was signed into law by President
950:
899:
840:
765:
745:
631:
600:
468:
277:
1583:
1452:
547:
4258:
3921:
3434:
3040:
3010:
2905:
2542:
2471:"23andMe gets FDA approval to report breast cancer risk without a doctor"
1220:
987:
930:
3367:"Ethical and policy issues in genetic testing and screening of children"
2507:
2328:. Vol. 2, AD 500-AD 1420. Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
1434:
Durmaz AA, Karaca E, Demkow U, Toruner G, Schoumans J, Cogulu O (2015).
634:, however. One method of performing a prenatal genetic test involves an
4299:
3962:
1099:
934:
790:(GINA) (see discussion below in the section on government regulation).
630:
the pregnancy. It cannot identify all possible inherited disorders and
566:
504:
496:
480:
399:
207:
121:
101:
76:
3801:
3520:. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). November 15, 2016.
3140:"Problems of Using DNA Test for Family Reunification and Repatriation"
2246:
2214:
2021:. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). November 15, 2016.
1399:
4611:
4578:
4453:
4112:
4105:
4044:
4039:
3998:
3980:
3754:
2616:
945:
Genetic testing has also been taken on by private companies, such as
903:
749:
699: – used to determine ancestry or ethnic heritage for
520:
516:
464:
460:
164:
3601:
3204:
3170:"الإمارات تعد بإنجاز المشروع الصحي الاستراتيجي لأبنــاء الدولة 2021"
1790:"Genetic testing Why it's done - Tests and Procedures - Mayo Clinic"
4601:
4568:
4371:
4366:
4243:
3502:
Is It Possible to Make Aliyah to Israel on the Basis of a DNA Test?
3070:
2767:"Estonia launches genetic-testing program for 8% of its population"
2300:
10.1002/1520-6505(2001)10:1<34::AID-EVAN1011>3.0.CO;2-P
1860:
1376:"Next-generation conservation genetics and biodiversity monitoring"
1190:
627:
512:
508:
476:
436:
223:
106:
96:
51:
3300:
Assessing Genetic Risks: Implications for Health and Social Policy
2938:"Kennedy in support of genetic information nondiscrimination bill"
2633:
2582:
2264:. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Museum of Art. pp. 20–33.
1510:"NIH Fact Sheets - Genetic Testing: How it is Used for Healthcare"
612:
4596:
4573:
4153:
3903:
3875:
3870:
3646:
3242:
1155:
1054:
946:
848:
761:
573:
415:
3419:"Genetic citizenship: DNA testing and the Israeli Law of Return"
3296:
2961:"Genetic Discrimination by Insurers, Employers Becomes a Crime"
1890:
1888:
1659:
Beischer & MacKay's Obstetrics, Gynaecology and the Newborn
1326:
794:
strategies for many genetic disorders once they are diagnosed.
651:
524:
116:
91:
1983:. Vol. 28, no. 14. Mary Ann Liebert. pp. 6, 9.
2494:
Audeh MW (May 2008). "Letting the genome out of the bottle".
2349:
Candelora D, Ben-Marzouk N, Cooney K, eds. (31 August 2022).
1977:"Successful Genetic Tests Are Predicated on Clinical Utility"
1373:
1098:(ACMG) have provided new guidelines for the ethical issue of
725:
656:
623:
2615:
Onstwedder SM, Jansen ME, Cornel MC, Rigter T (2024-07-17).
2614:
1885:
1436:"Evolution of genetic techniques: past, present, and beyond"
828:
information, health and trait-related information, or both.
3297:
Andrews LB, Fullarton JE, Holtzman NA, Motulsky AG (1994).
1607:"Recent advances in prenatal genetic screening and testing"
1079:
1007:
on May 21, 2008. It went into effect on November 21, 2009.
847:, with the exception of a few tests offered by the company
733:
729:
616:
Small amounts of the chorionic villi are sampled during CVS
523:
for clinical purposes." It can provide information about a
3101:"It's your Data - Take Control: Data Protection in the EU"
2353:. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis. pp. 101–122.
2348:
2823:
10.3398/1527-0904(2008)68[260:daitgp]2.0.co;2
2748:"Estonia offering 100,000 residents free genetic testing"
2321:
1842:
1433:
1181:
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis to avoid birth defects
500:
471:), genetic testing has expanded to include the fields of
403:
395:
86:
81:
3467:"'Who is a Jew?' can now be answered by genetic testing"
2887:
2015:"What are the risks and limitations of genetic testing?"
1561:
1655:
1074:
Three to five percent of the funding available for the
3540:
What are the risks and limitations of genetic testing?
3364:
3567:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
3545:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
2781:"At-home DNA test kits for 2022 | Medical News Today"
2563:
815:
3886:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
3485:"Should Jewishness be determined by a genetic test?"
1726:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
1688:
1686:
3071:"Processing of special categories of personal data"
2116:"Genetic Information and Medical Expense Insurance"
2034:"The right not to know: an autonomy based approach"
1819:
John A. Haugen Associates Obstetrics and Gynecology
2888:Chapman CR, Mehta KS, Parent B, Caplan AL (2020).
2528:
2381:. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US)
1700:. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US)
608:without abnormalities are implanted in the uterus.
2398:
1974:
1896:"Genetic Testing for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes"
1683:
4624:
3345:"New Guidelines for Genetic Testing in Children"
2458:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2018-11-03.
2399:Borry P, Cornel MC, Howard HC (September 2010).
2212:
1539:"10 New Genetic Tests Reach the Market Each Day"
654:. For example, an individual with a mutation in
435:, or be used to broadly predict an individual's
3416:
3045:"Justices Allow DNA Collection After an Arrest"
914:
622: – used to detect changes in a
2853:"Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism"
2284:
2101:"Insurance Fears Lead Many to Shun DNA Tests,"
1604:
3817:
3617:
3360:
3358:
2375:"What is direct-to-consumer genetic testing?"
2287:"Apportionment of racial diversity: A review"
1968:
1787:
1717:
1429:
1427:
1303:"The limits of ancestry DNA tests, explained"
507:in order to detect heritable disease-related
483:"letters" of DNA sequence. According to the
368:
2881:
2522:
2487:
2446:
2444:
1981:Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News
1085:
4459:Detection of genetically modified organisms
3137:
2869:
2693:. Vol. 43, no. 4. pp. 28–30.
2174:
2080:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1555:
724:Genetic tests are performed on a sample of
463:, was developed that allowed more detailed
3824:
3810:
3624:
3610:
3355:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3015:"Justices, 9-0, Bar Patenting Human Genes"
2930:
2764:
1902:. National Institute of Health. 2013-04-22
1656:Permezel M, Walker S, Kyprianou K (2015).
1424:
940:
644:percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling
551:Newborn heel-prick blood sample collection
527:'s genes and chromosomes throughout life.
375:
361:
3442:
3382:
3212:
3193:Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine
3189:"Genetics and genomic medicine in Israel"
3186:
3180:
2913:
2650:
2632:
2591:
2581:
2441:
2424:
2298:
2131:
2057:
1868:
1632:
1622:
1486:"Karyotyping | Learn Science at Scitable"
1461:
1451:
1407:
980:Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
788:Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
678:
3336:
2193:
2002:
1662:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 74.
1351:"Selective breeding and gene technology"
1069:
1014:
968:
902:, a company providing DTC DNA tests for
771:
611:
603:prior to the implantation as part of an
546:
3831:
3342:
3088:
2716:
2456:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
2259:
2215:"Race and Three Models of Human Origin"
2031:
1300:
1080:social, ethical, and legal implications
973:
14:
4625:
3268:
3039:
3009:
2686:
2325:The Cambridge World History of Slavery
3805:
3631:
3605:
3417:McGonigle IV, Herman LW (July 2015).
2804:
2493:
1649:
1605:Van den Veyver IB (28 October 2016).
1247:
1245:
906:purposes, has reportedly allowed the
561:(PKU, a genetic disorder that causes
530:
3235:
2958:
2621:Journal of Medical Internet Research
2570:Journal of Medical Internet Research
2134:Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing
1950:Cancer Treatment Centers for America
1186:Elective genetic and genomic testing
1096:American College of Medical Genetics
711:
495:Genetic testing is "the analysis of
431:(genetic mother and father) through
3489:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
3471:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
2952:
2531:The New England Journal of Medicine
2496:The New England Journal of Medicine
2468:
2175:Wendelsdorf K (17 September 2013).
1975:Allingham-Hawkins D (August 2008).
24:
4489:Genetic use restriction technology
3423:Journal of Law and the Biosciences
2894:Journal of Law and the Biosciences
2876:Statement of Administration policy
1849:American Journal of Human Genetics
1812:
1242:
1021:General Data Protection Regulation
845:Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
816:Direct-to-consumer genetic testing
25:
4664:
3238:"A Different Kind of Inheritance"
2989:Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report
2811:Western North American Naturalist
2502:(20): 2184–5, author reply 2185.
1140:
999:United States, was passed by the
597:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
394:, is used to identify changes in
3554: This article incorporates
3549:
3532: This article incorporates
3527:
3156:10.34822/2312-3419-2021-1-91-100
2213:Lieberman L, Jackson FL (1995).
2081:Wendelsdorf K (1 October 2013).
1216:List of genetic genealogy topics
1078:was set aside to study the many
599: – performed on
342:
341:
228:
227:
58:
4507:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
3688:Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
3506:
3495:
3477:
3459:
3410:
3343:Rochman B (February 21, 2013).
3290:
3262:
3229:
3162:
3144:Surgut State University Journal
3131:
3122:
3063:
3033:
3003:
2977:
2845:
2798:
2773:
2765:Nesathurai A (April 11, 2018).
2758:
2740:
2710:
2697:
2680:
2667:
2608:
2557:
2462:
2392:
2367:
2342:
2315:
2285:Brown RA, Armelagos GJ (2001).
2278:
2253:
2206:
2187:
2168:
2125:
2109:
2093:
2074:
2025:
1938:
1914:
1836:
1815:"The Facts on Prenatal Testing"
1806:
1781:
1738:
1711:
1598:
1531:
4648:Alternatives to animal testing
3791:Human Genome Diversity Project
2293:. 10, Issue 1 (34–40): 34–40.
1502:
1478:
1367:
1343:
1319:
1294:
1281:American Pregnancy Association
1269:
1092:American Academy of Pediatrics
874:
837:privacy of genetic information
13:
1:
4269:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
3750:Genome-wide association study
3176:(in Arabic). 4 December 2017.
2995:. 22 May 2008. Archived from
2405:Journal of Community Genetics
2231:10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00030
2194:Powledge TM (24 March 2015).
2120:American Academy of Actuaries
1952:. Rising Tide. Archived from
1624:10.12688/f1000research.9215.1
1440:BioMed Research International
1236:
1137:" has generated controversy.
919:
888:about their personal health.
660:has a 65% cumulative risk of
485:National Institutes of Health
3781:International HapMap Project
3594:Resources in other libraries
1926:American Medical Association
1576:10.1126/science.278.5338.602
1257:American Medical Association
1048:
1026:
915:Governmental genetic testing
36:. For use in forensics, see
7:
1759:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107266
1720:"Polycystic Kidney Disease"
1149:
447:in endangered populations.
10:
4669:
3187:Zlotogora J (March 2014).
2452:"Direct-to-Consumer Tests"
2032:Andorno R (October 2004).
1946:"Genomic Tumor Assessment"
1124:or health care providers.
443:, or for efforts to boost
31:
4592:
4561:
4515:
4497:
4444:
4414:
4382:
4327:Genetically modified food
4319:
4312:
4282:
4229:
4220:
4183:
4136:
4086:
4077:
4007:
3989:
3971:
3953:
3930:
3912:
3894:
3861:
3852:
3839:
3768:
3737:
3706:
3660:
3639:
3589:Resources in your library
2677:JAMA.2002; 288: 1762-1767
2417:10.1007/s12687-010-0023-z
2291:Evolutionary Anthropology
2038:Journal of Medical Ethics
1900:National Cancer Institute
1380:Evolutionary Applications
1211:List of genetic disorders
1127:
1086:Pediatric genetic testing
1039:
640:chorionic villus sampling
503:), proteins, and certain
406:analysis as an output of
2993:Kaiser Family Foundation
2785:www.medicalnewstoday.com
2723:The New Orleans Advocate
2200:Genetic Literacy Project
2181:Genetic Literacy Project
2087:Genetic Literacy Project
1301:Resnick B (2019-01-28).
490:
3745:Whole genome sequencing
3678:Human genetic variation
3518:Genetics Home Reference
3269:Keyser Z (2019-03-30).
2959:Keim B (May 21, 2008).
2379:Genetics Home Reference
2219:American Anthropologist
2146:10.1188/17.cjon.589-598
2050:10.1136/jme.2002.001578
2019:Genetics Home Reference
1747:Epilepsy & Behavior
1698:Genetics Home Reference
941:Private genetic testing
565:if left untreated) and
3556:public domain material
3534:public domain material
3384:10.1542/peds.2012-3680
3138:Mirolyubova S (2021).
1196:Full genome sequencing
984:genetic predisposition
869:late-onset Alzheimer's
783:genetic discrimination
679:Non-diagnostic testing
617:
605:in vitro fertilization
552:
4653:Personalized medicine
3940:Roundup ready soybean
3714:Personalized medicine
3305:Institute of Medicine
3236:Even D (2009-10-22).
2805:Duane J (June 2008).
1176:Personalized medicine
1070:Children and religion
1015:In the European Union
969:Government regulation
772:Risks and limitations
717:test after obtaining
697:Genealogical DNA test
615:
550:
433:DNA paternity testing
328:Personalized medicine
322:Personalized medicine
185:Quantitative genetics
180:Mendelian inheritance
34:genealogical DNA test
4479:Reverse transfection
4254:Genetic transduction
3786:1000 Genomes Project
3776:Human Genome Project
3724:Genetic epidemiology
2543:10.1056/NEJMp0708162
1102:genetic testing and
1076:Human Genome Project
1001:United States Senate
994:, job placement, or
974:In the United States
931:healthier lifestyles
805:Other risks include
429:biological parentage
414:to measure specific
412:biochemical analysis
248:Branches of genetics
4633:Genetics techniques
4469:Genetics in fiction
4401:Genetic enhancement
4203:Hepatitis B vaccine
3833:Genetic engineering
3738:Analysis techniques
3719:Predictive medicine
3693:Identity by descent
3668:Biological specimen
3652:Biological database
3491:. 25 November 2017.
3108:European Commission
2508:10.1056/nejmc086053
2106:, February 24, 2008
1956:on 19 November 2016
1788:Mayo Clinic Staff.
1718:Mayo Clinic Staff.
1694:"Newborn Screening"
1453:10.1155/2015/461524
1392:2018EvApp..11.1029H
1331:www.vgl.ucdavis.edu
1277:"Paternity Testing"
1226:Non-paternity event
1171:Genographic Project
963:Genographic Project
959:National Geographic
807:incidental findings
572:(a disorder of the
537:Cell-free fetal DNA
218:Genetic engineering
175:Population genetics
46:Part of a series on
4579:Stem cell research
4198:Ice-minus bacteria
3435:10.1093/jlb/lsv027
2906:10.1093/jlb/lsz016
2690:Skeptical Inquirer
2260:Celenko T (1996).
2104:The New York Times
1206:Genetic counseling
1122:genetic counselors
1114:genetic counseling
1109:direct-to-consumer
1060:Ministry of Health
935:preventative drugs
908:warrantless search
825:genetic counselors
821:Direct-to-consumer
620:Prenatal diagnosis
618:
581:Diagnostic testing
553:
531:Diagnostic testing
473:molecular genetics
461:chromosome banding
441:selective breeding
190:Molecular genetics
149:History and topics
4620:
4619:
4584:Synthetic biology
4474:Human enhancement
4464:Genetic pollution
4440:
4439:
4308:
4307:
4216:
4215:
4179:
4178:
4073:
4072:
3799:
3798:
3673:De-identification
3633:Personal genomics
3575:Library resources
3473:. 3 October 2017.
3013:(June 13, 2013),
2754:. March 20, 2018.
2360:978-0-367-43463-2
2335:978-0-521-84067-5
1922:"Genetic Testing"
1570:(5338): 602–605.
1400:10.1111/eva.12661
1253:"Genetic testing"
1118:clinical genetics
742:medical procedure
712:Medical procedure
701:genetic genealogy
691:Paternity testing
555:Newborn screening
455:) or monosomy X (
445:genetic diversity
420:genetic disorders
385:
384:
112:Genetic variation
16:(Redirected from
4660:
4643:Medical genetics
4357:Dow AgroSciences
4317:
4316:
4227:
4226:
4084:
4083:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3729:Pharmacogenomics
3698:Genetic disorder
3626:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3570:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3510:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3386:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3246:. Archived from
3233:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3105:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3043:(June 3, 2013),
3037:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2725:. Archived from
2714:
2708:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2678:
2673:Gollust et al.,
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2636:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2585:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2011:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1855:(5): 1117–1130.
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1821:. Archived from
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1626:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1516:. Archived from
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1455:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1386:(7): 1029–1034.
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1249:
1201:Exome sequencing
882:marketing claims
719:informed consent
685:Forensic testing
672:Pharmacogenomics
390:, also known as
377:
370:
363:
350:
345:
344:
240:Medical genetics
236:
231:
230:
62:
43:
42:
21:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4588:
4557:
4511:
4493:
4446:
4436:
4410:
4406:Genetic testing
4388:
4378:
4304:
4290:Recombinant DNA
4278:
4249:Electroporation
4212:
4208:Oncolytic virus
4187:
4175:
4132:
4118:Herman the Bull
4069:
4003:
3985:
3967:
3949:
3926:
3908:
3890:
3844:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3800:
3795:
3764:
3760:Genetic testing
3733:
3702:
3683:Genetic linkage
3656:
3640:Data collection
3635:
3630:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3583:
3582:
3580:Genetic testing
3578:
3559:
3550:
3537:
3528:
3525:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3415:
3411:
3363:
3356:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3315:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3234:
3230:
3205:10.1002/mgg3.73
3185:
3181:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3008:
3004:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2967:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2940:. 24 April 2008
2936:
2935:
2931:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2763:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2715:
2711:
2703:Ronald Bailey,
2702:
2698:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2613:
2609:
2562:
2558:
2527:
2523:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2475:Washington Post
2467:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2320:
2316:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2258:
2254:
2211:
2207:
2192:
2188:
2173:
2169:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2079:
2075:
2030:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1786:
1782:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1603:
1599:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1432:
1425:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1152:
1143:
1130:
1088:
1072:
1051:
1042:
1029:
1017:
976:
971:
955:Family Tree DNA
943:
922:
917:
877:
857:pharmacogenetic
841:privacy of data
833:cystic fibrosis
818:
774:
714:
681:
666:hemochromatosis
591:cystic fibrosis
587:Carrier testing
559:phenylketonuria
533:
493:
457:Turner syndrome
451:as trisomy 21 (
408:gene expression
388:Genetic testing
381:
340:
333:
332:
323:
315:
314:
313:
312:
261:
253:
252:
244:
222:
203:
195:
194:
150:
142:
141:
128:
127:
126:
70:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4562:Similar fields
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4432:Gene targeting
4429:
4427:Gene knockdown
4424:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4362:DuPont Pioneer
4359:
4354:
4349:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4323:
4321:
4320:In agriculture
4314:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:Microinjection
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4101:Knockout mouse
4092:
4090:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3769:Major projects
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3661:Field concepts
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3573:
3572:
3524:
3523:
3505:
3494:
3476:
3458:
3429:(2): 469–478.
3409:
3377:(3): 620–622.
3354:
3335:
3313:
3289:
3276:Jerusalem Post
3261:
3228:
3179:
3161:
3150:(31): 91–100.
3130:
3121:
3087:
3062:
3050:New York Times
3032:
3020:New York Times
3002:
2999:on 2009-03-29.
2976:
2951:
2929:
2880:
2868:
2844:
2817:(2): 260–261.
2797:
2772:
2757:
2739:
2709:
2696:
2679:
2666:
2607:
2556:
2537:(2): 105–107.
2521:
2486:
2461:
2440:
2411:(3): 101–106.
2391:
2366:
2359:
2341:
2334:
2314:
2277:
2270:
2252:
2225:(2): 231–242.
2205:
2186:
2167:
2140:(5): 589–598.
2124:
2108:
2092:
2073:
2044:(5): 435–439.
2024:
2001:
1967:
1937:
1913:
1884:
1861:10.1086/375033
1835:
1805:
1780:
1737:
1710:
1682:
1668:
1648:
1597:
1554:
1530:
1514:report.nih.gov
1501:
1490:www.nature.com
1477:
1423:
1366:
1342:
1318:
1293:
1268:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1141:Costs and time
1139:
1129:
1126:
1094:(AAP) and the
1087:
1084:
1071:
1068:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1013:
1005:George W. Bush
975:
972:
970:
967:
942:
939:
921:
918:
916:
913:
876:
873:
865:celiac disease
861:Bloom syndrome
817:
814:
773:
770:
755:DNA sequencing
738:amniotic fluid
713:
710:
709:
708:
704:
694:
688:
680:
677:
676:
675:
669:
647:
609:
594:
584:
578:
570:hypothyroidism
563:mental illness
544:
532:
529:
492:
489:
383:
382:
380:
379:
372:
365:
357:
354:
353:
352:
351:
335:
334:
331:
330:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
311:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
288:Immunogenetics
285:
280:
275:
270:
264:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
243:
242:
237:
220:
215:
213:DNA sequencing
210:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
162:
157:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
134:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
72:
71:
69:Key components
68:
67:
64:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4665:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:Medical tests
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Biotechnology
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4548:South America
4546:
4543:
4539:
4538:North America
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4484:Transhumanism
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Gene knockout
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4332:Controversies
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4231:Inserting DNA
4228:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:Other animals
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3314:0-309-04798-6
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3265:
3250:on 2024-01-16
3249:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3125:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2939:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:(1): lsz016.
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2729:on 2016-07-11
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:Jim Mustian.
2713:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2634:10.2196/47389
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:10.2196/14890
2579:
2576:(1): e14890.
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1825:on 2015-04-02
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1671:
1669:9780729584050
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:F1000Research
1608:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1520:on 2019-08-16
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1356:
1355:www.bbc.co.uk
1352:
1346:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Designer baby
1164:
1162:
1161:DNA profiling
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1135:Law of Return
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
938:
936:
932:
926:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
895:
889:
885:
883:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
826:
822:
813:
810:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
789:
784:
778:
769:
767:
763:
758:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
705:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
682:
673:
670:
667:
663:
662:breast cancer
659:
658:
653:
648:
645:
641:
637:
636:amniocentesis
633:
632:birth defects
629:
625:
621:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:human embryos
598:
595:
592:
588:
585:
582:
579:
575:
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
545:
542:
541:Down syndrome
538:
535:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:Down syndrome
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
424:predict risks
421:
417:
413:
410:, or through
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
378:
373:
371:
366:
364:
359:
358:
356:
355:
349:
339:
338:
337:
336:
329:
326:
325:
319:
318:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
257:
256:
249:
246:
245:
241:
238:
234:
225:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
199:
198:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
170:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
146:
145:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:DNA profiling
35:
30:
19:
4405:
4396:Gene therapy
4295:Transgenesis
4274:Transfection
4239:Agrobacteria
4123:Knockout rat
3945:Vistive Gold
3841:Genetically
3759:
3707:Applications
3579:
3561:
3539:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3404:
3374:
3370:
3348:
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3299:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3274:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3248:the original
3241:
3231:
3199:(2): 85–94.
3196:
3192:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3107:
3078:. Retrieved
3075:gdpr-info.eu
3074:
3065:
3054:, retrieved
3048:
3035:
3024:, retrieved
3018:
3005:
2997:the original
2988:
2979:
2968:. Retrieved
2964:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2932:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2871:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:
2847:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2789:. Retrieved
2787:. 2021-12-17
2784:
2775:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2731:. Retrieved
2727:the original
2722:
2712:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2669:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2478:. Retrieved
2474:
2469:Johnson CY.
2464:
2455:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2383:. Retrieved
2378:
2369:
2350:
2344:
2324:
2317:
2290:
2280:
2261:
2255:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2199:
2189:
2180:
2170:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2111:
2099:Amy Harmon,
2095:
2086:
2076:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2018:
1994:23 September
1992:. Retrieved
1980:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:the original
1949:
1940:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1899:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:the original
1818:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1723:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1673:. Retrieved
1658:
1651:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1518:the original
1513:
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1443:
1439:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:
1345:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:
1296:
1285:. Retrieved
1283:. 2012-04-25
1280:
1271:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:
1231:New eugenics
1144:
1131:
1089:
1073:
1064:
1053:The Israeli
1052:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1018:
1009:
977:
951:Ancestry.com
944:
927:
923:
900:Ancestry.com
898:
890:
886:
878:
830:
819:
811:
804:
800:
796:
792:
779:
775:
759:
746:buccal smear
723:
715:
655:
494:
469:cytogenetics
449:
398:sequence or
391:
387:
386:
308:Quantitative
278:Cytogenetics
273:Conservation
155:Introduction
29:
27:Medical test
4415:In research
4389:diagnostics
4259:Lipofection
4020:Arabidopsis
3922:Golden rice
2122:, June 2000
1960:18 November
1906:18 November
1813:Haugen JA.
1794:Mayo Clinic
1730:18 November
1724:Mayo Clinic
1221:Michiei Oto
875:Controversy
853:BRCA1/BRCA2
505:metabolites
497:chromosomes
392:DNA testing
4627:Categories
4499:Regulation
4343:Companies
4300:Cisgenesis
4244:Biolistics
4050:Sugar beet
3963:Flavr Savr
3863:Maize/corn
3371:Pediatrics
3282:16 January
3254:16 January
3080:23 October
2970:2008-05-28
2862:2022-11-09
2791:2022-11-09
2733:2015-05-06
2707:Reason.com
2627:: e47389.
2480:2019-10-11
2385:2019-10-03
2271:0936260645
1931:2015-01-23
1829:2015-03-26
1799:2015-01-22
1753:: 107266.
1704:2015-03-22
1675:24 January
1548:2019-10-14
1524:2019-10-14
1495:2019-10-14
1446:: 461524.
1360:2019-10-14
1336:2019-10-03
1312:2019-10-03
1287:2019-10-03
1262:2019-10-03
1237:References
920:In Estonia
707:providers.
567:congenital
521:karyotypes
517:phenotypes
481:nucleotide
400:chromosome
303:Population
283:Ecological
208:Geneticist
122:Amino acid
102:Nucleotide
77:Chromosome
18:DNA sample
4612:Bioethics
4516:Geography
4454:Transgene
4222:Processes
4113:Enviropig
4106:Oncomouse
4045:SmartStax
3981:Bt cotton
3845:organisms
3755:SNP array
3328:3 October
2965:Wired.com
2831:1527-0904
2643:1438-8871
2239:0002-7294
1989:1935-472X
1775:220128591
1133:Israel's
1104:screening
1100:pediatric
1049:In Israel
1027:In Russia
996:promotion
904:genealogy
750:mouthwash
744:called a
513:mutations
509:genotypes
298:Molecular
293:Microbial
268:Classical
169:molecular
165:Evolution
4602:Genetics
4569:Eugenics
4447:articles
4372:Syngenta
4367:Monsanto
4339:Pharming
4185:Bacteria
3881:StarLink
3843:modified
3453:27774208
3401:42535260
3393:23428972
3323:25144102
3223:24689070
3056:June 30,
3041:Liptak A
3026:June 30,
3011:Liptak A
2924:34221431
2857:ipcb.org
2839:86171633
2661:39018558
2652:11292153
2602:31961329
2551:18184955
2516:18494080
2435:21475669
2309:22845356
2154:28945723
2068:15467071
1879:12677558
1767:32610249
1643:27853526
1617:: 2591.
1592:41939286
1543:Medscape
1472:25874212
1418:30026795
1191:Eugenics
1150:See also
933:or take
760:Routine
477:genomics
465:analysis
437:ancestry
348:Category
233:template
224:Genomics
202:Research
107:Mutation
97:Heredity
52:Genetics
4597:Biology
4574:Cloning
4553:Oceania
4445:Related
4190:viruses
4154:GloFish
4144:Insects
4088:Mammals
4079:Animals
4065:Mustard
4055:Tobacco
4025:Brinjal
3932:Soybean
3904:Amflora
3876:MON 863
3871:MON 810
3647:Biobank
3444:5034383
3243:Haaretz
3214:3960049
3174:Albayan
2915:8249090
2593:7001042
2426:3063844
2162:7240065
2059:1733927
1870:1180265
1634:5089140
1584:9381169
1564:Science
1463:4385642
1409:6050179
1388:Bibcode
1156:Biobank
1055:Knesset
947:23andMe
849:23andMe
762:newborn
574:thyroid
416:protein
160:History
132:Outline
4528:Africa
4523:Europe
4385:humans
4159:Salmon
4128:Rabbit
4035:Papaya
4030:Canola
3973:Cotton
3955:Tomato
3896:Potato
3577:about
3451:
3441:
3399:
3391:
3321:
3311:
3221:
3211:
3110:. 2018
2944:28 May
2922:
2912:
2837:
2829:
2659:
2649:
2641:
2600:
2590:
2549:
2514:
2433:
2423:
2357:
2332:
2307:
2268:
2247:681958
2245:
2237:
2160:
2152:
2066:
2056:
1987:
1877:
1867:
1773:
1765:
1666:
1641:
1631:
1590:
1582:
1470:
1460:
1416:
1406:
1128:Israel
1040:In UAE
992:firing
988:hiring
953:, and
766:lancet
652:cancer
525:person
346:
260:Fields
117:Allele
92:Genome
4352:Bayer
4283:Types
4171:Frogs
4166:Birds
4096:Mouse
4060:Trees
4015:Apple
4008:Other
3991:Wheat
3854:Crops
3558:from
3536:from
3397:S2CID
3114:1 May
3104:(PDF)
2835:S2CID
2305:S2CID
2243:JSTOR
2158:S2CID
1771:S2CID
1588:S2CID
726:blood
657:BRCA1
628:abort
624:fetus
519:, or
491:Types
137:Index
4533:Asia
4347:BASF
4313:Uses
4188:and
4149:Fish
4040:Rose
3914:Rice
3449:PMID
3389:PMID
3349:Time
3330:2021
3319:PMID
3309:ISBN
3284:2024
3256:2024
3219:PMID
3116:2019
3082:2021
3058:2013
3028:2013
2946:2008
2920:PMID
2827:ISSN
2657:PMID
2639:ISSN
2598:PMID
2547:PMID
2512:PMID
2431:PMID
2355:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2235:ISSN
2150:PMID
2064:PMID
1996:2008
1985:ISSN
1962:2016
1908:2016
1875:PMID
1763:PMID
1732:2016
1677:2017
1664:ISBN
1639:PMID
1580:PMID
1468:PMID
1444:2015
1414:PMID
1090:The
1058:the
894:BRCA
867:and
734:skin
730:hair
475:and
4387:and
4383:In
3999:HB4
3439:PMC
3431:doi
3379:doi
3375:131
3209:PMC
3201:doi
3152:doi
2910:PMC
2902:doi
2819:doi
2752:ERR
2647:PMC
2629:doi
2588:PMC
2578:doi
2539:doi
2535:358
2504:doi
2500:358
2421:PMC
2413:doi
2295:doi
2227:doi
2142:doi
2054:PMC
2046:doi
1865:PMC
1857:doi
1755:doi
1751:111
1629:PMC
1619:doi
1572:doi
1568:278
1458:PMC
1448:doi
1404:PMC
1396:doi
1307:Vox
1116:by
501:DNA
404:RNA
396:DNA
87:RNA
82:DNA
4629::
4542:US
3565:.
3543:.
3516:.
3487:.
3469:.
3447:.
3437:.
3425:.
3421:.
3403:.
3395:.
3387:.
3373:.
3369:.
3357:^
3347:.
3317:.
3307:.
3273:.
3240:.
3217:.
3207:.
3195:.
3191:.
3146:.
3142:.
3106:.
3090:^
3073:.
3047:,
3017:,
2991:.
2987:.
2963:.
2918:.
2908:.
2896:.
2892:.
2855:.
2833:.
2825:.
2815:68
2813:.
2809:.
2783:.
2750:.
2721:.
2655:.
2645:.
2637:.
2625:26
2623:.
2619:.
2596:.
2586:.
2574:22
2572:.
2568:.
2545:.
2533:.
2510:.
2498:.
2473:.
2454:.
2443:^
2429:.
2419:.
2407:.
2403:.
2377:.
2303:.
2289:.
2241:.
2233:.
2223:97
2221:.
2217:.
2198:.
2179:.
2156:.
2148:.
2138:21
2136:.
2118:,
2085:.
2062:.
2052:.
2042:30
2040:.
2036:.
2017:.
2004:^
1979:.
1948:.
1924:.
1898:.
1887:^
1873:.
1863:.
1853:72
1851:.
1847:.
1817:.
1792:.
1769:.
1761:.
1749:.
1722:.
1696:.
1685:^
1637:.
1627:.
1613:.
1609:.
1586:.
1578:.
1566:.
1541:.
1512:.
1488:.
1466:.
1456:.
1442:.
1438:.
1426:^
1412:.
1402:.
1394:.
1384:11
1382:.
1378:.
1353:.
1329:.
1305:.
1279:.
1255:.
1244:^
1120:,
990:,
949:,
937:.
871:.
855:,
768:.
736:,
732:,
728:,
721:.
515:,
511:,
422:,
4544:)
4540:(
3825:e
3818:t
3811:v
3625:e
3618:t
3611:v
3569:.
3547:.
3455:.
3433::
3427:2
3381::
3351:.
3332:.
3286:.
3258:.
3225:.
3203::
3197:2
3158:.
3154::
3148:1
3118:.
3084:.
2973:.
2948:.
2926:.
2904::
2898:7
2865:.
2841:.
2821::
2794:.
2769:.
2736:.
2663:.
2631::
2604:.
2580::
2553:.
2541::
2518:.
2506::
2483:.
2437:.
2415::
2409:1
2388:.
2363:.
2338:.
2311:.
2297::
2274:.
2249:.
2229::
2202:.
2183:.
2164:.
2144::
2089:.
2070:.
2048::
1998:.
1964:.
1934:.
1910:.
1881:.
1859::
1832:.
1802:.
1777:.
1757::
1734:.
1707:.
1679:.
1645:.
1621::
1615:5
1594:.
1574::
1551:.
1527:.
1498:.
1474:.
1450::
1420:.
1398::
1390::
1363:.
1339:.
1315:.
1290:.
1265:.
703:.
646:.
593:.
543:.
499:(
376:e
369:t
362:v
235:)
226:(
171:)
167:(
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.