1151:. Local Low German dialects spoken in the Netherlands have come under the roof of Dutch. This happened despite the effect of notable migration streams in both directions between the Western (Dutch) and Eastern (Prussian, now mainly Polish and Russian) areas of the region of the Low German languages, motivated by both religious intolerance and labour need. In several spots along the Dutch–German border, identical dialects are spoken on both sides, but are deemed to belong to different roofing according to which side of the border they are on.
703:
559:
596:
459:
1514:
Obwohl das
Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten, vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene, verändert hat, sind diese Änderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug, dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt wäre. Ausserdem können sich Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer
808:
languages from the same continuum. This typically means that it has its own standardized form independent of neighbouring standard languages, it is typically taught in schools, and it is used as a written language in a wide variety of social and political functions, possibly including that of an
1114:
in that language is a case in point that illustrates the contested nature of the first two types of ausbau languages, occasionally also the third, varying with the degree with which sociolinguistic processes are assigned relevance in a particular approach.
749:, followed by lyrics and then narrative prose. The next phase, which he considered crucial, was use of the variety for serious non-fiction. From this point, the variety could be further developed for use in technical, scientific or government domains.
679:
language does not need to have a standard form. This is often the case with minority languages used within a larger state, where the minority language is used only in private, and all official functions are performed in the majority language.
1009:
is particularly important in cases where the local spoken varieties across a larger region form a dialect continuum. In such cases, the question of where the one language ends and the other starts is often a question more of
803:
language corresponding to the statement that it is used "autonomously" with respect to other related languages. Such a language has an independent cultural status, even though it may be mutually intelligible with other
839:
without a reference standard were "roofless dialects". He used the term "near-dialectized sister languages" for varieties roofed by a standard variety with which they are related but not mutually intelligible, such as
1477:
The debate about the status of the Serbo-Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted (again) towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo-Croatian through the prism of linguistic
1139:, Low German lost its status as an official language to a large degree. Approximately at the same time, Dutch started to replace Low German as a roof of the Low German dialects in the Netherlands that form today's
1515:
noch auf ihren jeweiligen
Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt.
883:, but may be so different that mutual intelligibility is not possible between all dialects, particularly those separated by significant geographical distance. In 1982, "Rumantsch Grischun" was developed by
740:
Languages belonging in this category are recognized as such because of having been shaped or reshaped, molded or remolded—as the case may be—in order to become a standardized tool of literary expression.
817:
n Ausbau language is an autonomous standardized variety together with all the nonstandard dialects from that part of the dialect continuum which are heteronomous with respect to it i.e. dependent on it.
574:
537:
664:
between pairs of varieties. He did not specify how the differences between two varieties would be measured, assuming that linguists would apply objective criteria. A standard linguistic criterion is
704:
1110:
In the former two cases, scholars do not always agree on the best classification, as they always partake, inadvertently, in the "language making" and "language unmaking" process. The concept of a
560:
597:
637:
means "language by virtue of linguistic distance". Kloss suggested the
English translation "language by distance", referring to linguistic differences rather than geographical separation.
2305:
907:
literary standard were both developed as standard languages for dialect continua that had historically been thought of as discrete languages with many dialects and no "official" dialect.
1620:
Bunčić, Daniel (2008). "Die (Re-)Nationalisierung der serbokroatischen
Standards" [The (Re-)Nationalisation of the Serbo-Croatian Standards]. In Kempgen, Sebastian (ed.).
2122:—— (1976), "Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen" [Abstand languages and ausbau languages], in Göschel, Joachim; Nail, Norbert; van der Elst, Gaston (eds.),
709:, literally "to build out") expresses core meanings of "expanding" something or "developing something to completion", e.g. adding to an existing structure. (Croatian linguist
618:
offer a commonly cited example of this situation. One of the applications of this theoretical framework is language standardization (examples since the 1960s including
710:
938:
When two standards are based on identical or near-identical dialects, he considered them as splits of the same standard into two or more, constituting a
2062:—— (1968), "The Scandinavian languages as cultural artifacts", in Fishman, Joshua A.; Ferguson, Charles A; Dasgupta, Jyotirindra (eds.),
1147:. Low German ceased to be spoken on the eastern rim of the Baltic Sea. Today, its dialects surviving in northern Germany have come under the roof of
1884:
2189:
1888:
1745:
1390:
1504:(Dissertation). UZH Dissertations (in German). Zurich: University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Slavonic Studies. pp. 196–197.
813:
languages are typically only spoken and typically only used in private contexts. Trudgill expands the definition to include related varieties:
1447:"Pluricentricity in the classroom: the Serbo-Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide"
1160:
752:
A standard variety developed in this way can be mutually intelligible with other standard varieties. A commonly cited example occurs in the
1836:
1585:
Sprache und
Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991)
524:
1589:
Language and Policy: Language Policy and
Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)
2320:
2285:
2266:
2221:
2131:
2071:
2018:
1999:
1972:
1953:
1800:
1660:
1543:
531:
introduced these terms in 1952 to denote two separate and largely independent sets of criteria for recognizing a "language":
486:
1405:
376:
2154:
Slavistische
Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002
645:
indicates the discontinuity of two dialects; in the words of Kloss, there is a "definite break" between the varieties.
2240:
2161:
1596:
1421:
641:
means a distance of ongoing separation, e.g. a clearance by mechanical design. In the context of language varieties,
993:, would not be considered separate abstand languages, but constitute distinct ausbau languages, as noted above for
2126:, Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, Beihefte, n.F., Heft 16, Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, pp. 301–322,
1532:
Das
Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit
652:
language is a cluster of varieties that is distinctly separate from any other language. European examples include
1695:
974:). The same is the case with Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin, which also have the same dialect basis (
336:
979:
787:
This classification invokes the criterion of social and political functions of language use. The sociolinguist
396:
341:
114:
1862:
1416:. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 381–400.
371:
62:
983:
1180:
316:
182:
1536:
Serbo-Croatian
Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute
1192:
436:
142:
17:
1123:
There are several instances of languages and language pairs that have undergone role changes over time.
728:.) Kloss suggested the English translation "language by development", referring to the development of a
610:
have been standardized, so that they are commonly considered distinct languages even though they may be
1679:
2145:
2325:
1111:
745:
Kloss identified several stages of this development, beginning with use of the variety for humour or
479:
426:
326:
152:
715:
951:
947:
943:
753:
697:
590:
553:
331:
274:
89:
1698:[Pluricentric languages, Ausbau languages, Abstand languages and Serbo-Croatian studies].
2212:
Muljačić, Žarko (1993), "Standardization in
Romance", in Posner, Rebecca; Green, John N. (eds.),
1591:]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200.
796:
431:
269:
246:
1675:
1538:]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 451.
2009:
Goltz, Reinhard H.; Walker, Alastair G.H. (2013) , "North Saxon", in Russ, Charles V.J. (ed.),
1645:
Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997
1027:
955:
920:
784:
languages, even though speakers of the different standards can readily understand one another.
665:
615:
381:
348:
301:
217:
197:
177:
79:
57:
52:
2179:
1727:
1878:
1774:
1170:
1165:
939:
611:
508:
157:
2184:
1831:
1732:
2141:
1770:
1691:
1042:
472:
401:
311:
192:
137:
34:
2156:, Slavistishe Beiträge ; vol. 434 (in German), Munich: Otto Sagner, pp. 97–148,
1946:
Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, vol. 1
1527:
1135:
and in parts of the Baltic states and their formerly German vicinity. With the end of the
8:
1737:
1175:
1069:
959:
924:
836:
569:
512:
242:
172:
147:
119:
668:, though this does not always produce consistent results, for example when applied to a
2330:
2110:
2050:
1384:
1065:
1061:
1034:
1002:
975:
861:
841:
757:
462:
441:
411:
366:
321:
289:
279:
167:
162:
2281:
2262:
2236:
2217:
2175:
2167:
2157:
2127:
2089:
2067:
2014:
1995:
1968:
1949:
1814:
1806:
1796:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1666:
1656:
1625:
1602:
1592:
1557:
1549:
1539:
1468:
1427:
1417:
923:, which links together the speakers of many different, often mutually unintelligible
880:
876:
733:
669:
607:
520:
458:
306:
284:
227:
1655:]. Studien zur Slavistik ; 41 (in German). Hamburg: Dr. Kovač. p. 21.
2040:
1788:
1696:"Plurizentrische Sprachen, Ausbausprachen, Abstandsprachen und die Serbokroatistik"
1505:
1458:
1136:
1092:
1054:
998:
912:
904:
892:
865:
849:
761:
729:
623:
500:
406:
237:
232:
207:
202:
187:
2045:
1822:
1565:
1148:
1140:
1127:, for instance, was both an Abstand language and a roof of local dialects in the
1104:
1096:
1088:
1023:
994:
971:
908:
900:
884:
857:
845:
765:
657:
653:
619:
578:
541:
2250:
1185:
1100:
1084:
853:
788:
251:
1741:
1670:
1143:
group, and most Central German dialects went under the "roof" of the evolving
2314:
2216:, Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology, vol. 5, pp. 77–116,
1818:
1787:. Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. pp. 69–168.
1719:
1711:
1629:
1561:
1472:
1409:
2171:
1826:
1606:
1569:
1491:
1431:
2093:
2028:
1944:
Ammon, Ulrich (2004), "Standard Variety", in Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (ed.),
1463:
1446:
792:
294:
84:
2081:
1792:
1144:
1128:
915:, to some extent, function in the same way. Perhaps the most widely used
896:
528:
446:
421:
42:
2114:
1622:
Deutsche Beiträge zum 14. Internationalen Slavistenkongress, Ohrid, 2008
2205:
1509:
1124:
963:
935:
Kloss recognized three degrees of separation between ausbau languages.
606:
This framework addresses situations in which multiple varieties from a
416:
99:
2235:, Germanistische Linguistik, vol. 31, Tübingen: Niemeyer Verlag,
2054:
756:
spanning Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The three standardized languages
2101:—— (1967), "'Abstand languages' and 'ausbau languages'",
391:
386:
222:
212:
104:
94:
2259:
Speaking from the margin: Global English from a European perspective
770:
2254:
2086:
Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen von 1800 bis 1950
746:
1810:
1553:
535:
one based on linguistic properties compared to related varieties (
1490:
Mader Skender, Mia (2022). "Schlussbemerkung" [Summary].
1132:
1038:
776:
2255:"Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe"
1900:
1898:
1861:
Krämer1, Vogl2, Kohlemainen3, Philipp1, Ulrike2, Leena3 (2022).
1624:. Welt der Slaven (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. p. 93.
809:
official national language. In contrast, varieties that are not
1982:
Goebl, Hans (1989), "Quelques remarques relatives aux concepts
109:
1250:
1895:
1922:
1860:
1498:
The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language
1493:
Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache
1414:
Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations
1022:
languages have been created out of dialects for purposes of
2124:
Zur Theorie des Dialekts: Aufsätze aus 100 Jahren Forschung
989:
Standards created from different dialects, but with little
967:
879:
for other dialects. These dialects would usually be in a
1079:
languages may be so different that they also constitute
875:, or "roofing language", for a dialect that serves as a
1992:
Status and function of languages and language varieties
1303:
1301:
1033:
German (the vernaculars in Luxembourg are varieties of
1451:
Sociolinguistica: European Journal of Sociolinguistics
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1337:
1325:
1286:
1948:(2nd ed.), Berlin: deGruyter, pp. 273–283,
1649:
Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic Journal
1228:
1226:
1224:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1037:, which is also spoken in the German sections of the
1374:
1298:
1274:
1041:
River valley and neighbouring French département of
930:
2300:The following article contains useful definitions:
1910:
1349:
1313:
1262:
1045:). Other examples of groups of vernaculars lacking
2011:The dialects of modern German: a linguistic survey
1867:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
1238:
1221:
1204:
2148:[Pro and contra: 'Serbo-Croatian' today]
2312:
1962:
1690:
1256:
1049:internally but that have given rise to multiple
27:Relationships among standard and other languages
2214:Bilingualism and Linguistic conflict in Romance
2152:, in Krause Marion; Sappok, Christian (eds.),
791:has linked Kloss's theoretical framework with
1489:
1375:De Cillia1 Ransmayr2, Rudolf1 Jutta2 (2019).
1161:A language is a dialect with an army and navy
1072:, because they have different dialect bases.
480:
1967:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
1883:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1379:(in German). Vienna: Böhlau. pp. 40–48.
1118:
2230:
2008:
1928:
1904:
1389:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1887:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
799:, with the statement that a variety is an
487:
473:
2261:, Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 35–49,
2044:
1990:de Heinz Kloss", in Ammon, Ulrich (ed.),
1462:
780:are distinguished) are mutually distinct
511:or cluster of varieties with significant
2249:
2211:
2146:"Pro und kontra: 'Serbokroatisch' heute"
1963:Chambers, J.K.; Trudgill, Peter (1998),
1526:
1343:
1307:
1292:
958:, or European and Brazilian variants of
831:language as providing a "roof" (German:
2064:Language problems of developing nations
1642:
1406:"Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language"
14:
2313:
2280:(12th ed.), Köln: Greven Verlag,
2027:
1769:
1619:
1280:
2257:, in Duszak, A.; Okulska, U. (eds.),
2233:Niederdeutsch: Formen und Forschungen
2100:
2031:(1966), "Dialect, Language, Nation",
2013:, London: Routledge, pp. 31–58,
1981:
1943:
1916:
1444:
1377:Österreichisches Deutsch macht Schule
1362:
1331:
1319:
1268:
1244:
1232:
1215:
696:
589:
552:
1582:
984:pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language
835:) over dependent varieties, whereas
629:
377:Conservative and innovative language
1403:
683:
24:
970:also have a common dialect basis (
25:
2342:
2295:
1026:. This applies, for instance, to
931:Distance between ausbau languages
660:. Kloss also spoke of degrees of
2306:"Norwegian as a Normal Language"
2195:from the original on 1 June 2012
1994:, de Gruyter, pp. 278–290,
1842:from the original on 1 June 2012
1751:from the original on 29 May 2012
891:for a number of quite different
457:
1937:
1854:
1763:
1684:
1636:
1613:
1576:
1520:
1483:
1438:
1397:
1368:
523:variety, possibly with related
982:four standard variants of the
754:Scandinavian dialect continuum
13:
1:
2321:Language varieties and styles
2278:Neuer Kölnischer Sprachschatz
2046:10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040
1198:
871:Muljačić introduced the term
2231:Stellmacher, Dieter (1981),
1863:"What is "language making"?"
1700:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie
1257:Chambers & Trudgill 1998
1181:Post-creole speech continuum
1083:languages. Examples include
317:Functional discourse grammar
183:Ethnography of communication
7:
2103:Anthropological Linguistics
1193:Register (sociolinguistics)
1154:
437:Second-language acquisition
10:
2347:
1457:(1). De Gruyter: 113–140.
822:
515:from all others, while an
115:Syntax–semantics interface
1119:Change of roles over time
1112:One Standard German Axiom
1057:of Iran and Afghanistan (
948:American Standard English
895:forms spoken in parts of
427:Philosophy of linguistics
327:Interactional linguistics
1781:Language and Nationalism
952:Standard Austrian German
2304:Peter Trudgill (2002),
2033:American Anthropologist
1929:Goltz & Walker 2013
980:consequently constitute
797:autonomy and heteronomy
1643:Zanelli, Aldo (2018).
1464:10.1515/soci-2021-0007
1445:Ćalić, Jelena (2021).
1404:Dua, Hans Raj (1992).
956:German Standard German
921:Modern Standard Arabic
837:non-standard varieties
820:
768:(or four if Norwegian
743:
726:langue par élaboration
698:[ˈaʊ̯sˌbaʊ̯ən]
666:mutual intelligibility
616:Scandinavian languages
582:
545:
264:Theoretical frameworks
218:Philosophy of language
198:History of linguistics
1583:Blum, Daniel (2002).
1171:Linguistic demography
1166:Language secessionism
940:pluricentric language
815:
738:
612:mutually intelligible
158:Conversation analysis
2276:Wrede, Adam (1999),
2066:, pp. 267–284,
1793:10.2139/ssrn.3467646
1776:Jezik i nacionalizam
554:[ˈʔapˌʃtant]
402:Internet linguistics
312:Construction grammar
1176:Linguistic distance
1018:In some instances,
942:. Examples include
925:varieties of Arabic
827:Kloss described an
591:[ˈʔaʊsˌbaʊ]
568:the other based on
525:dependent varieties
513:linguistic distance
337:Systemic functional
132:Applied linguistics
74:General linguistics
1528:Gröschel, Bernhard
1510:10.5167/uzh-215815
1035:Moselle Franconian
614:. The continental
442:Theory of language
412:Origin of language
367:Autonomy of syntax
322:Grammaticalization
168:Discourse analysis
163:Corpus linguistics
2287:978-3-7743-0243-3
2268:978-0-8204-7328-4
2223:978-3-11-011724-0
2133:978-3-515-02305-4
2073:978-0-471-26160-5
2020:978-1-136-08676-2
2001:978-0-89925-356-5
1974:978-0-521-59646-6
1955:978-3-11-014189-4
1931:, pp. 31–32.
1802:978-953-188-311-5
1662:978-3-8300-9773-0
1653:from 1991 to 1997
1545:978-3-929075-79-3
1334:, pp. 34–35.
1005:. The concept of
881:dialect continuum
877:standard language
734:dialect continuum
670:dialect continuum
630:Abstand languages
608:dialect continuum
497:
496:
285:Distributionalism
228:Psycholinguistics
16:(Redirected from
2338:
2326:Sociolinguistics
2291:
2272:
2246:
2227:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2151:
2142:Kordić, Snježana
2137:
2118:
2097:
2088:, Munich: Pohl,
2077:
2058:
2048:
2024:
2005:
1978:
1959:
1932:
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1908:
1905:Stellmacher 1981
1902:
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1771:Kordić, Snježana
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1692:Kordić, Snježana
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1435:
1410:Clyne, Michael G
1401:
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1219:
1213:
1137:Hanseatic League
905:Southern Quechua
893:Romansh language
795:'s framework of
730:standard variety
719:
708:
707:
706:
700:
695:
688:The German verb
684:Ausbau languages
601:
600:
599:
593:
588:
577:
564:
563:
562:
556:
551:
540:
509:language variety
505:abstand language
501:sociolinguistics
489:
482:
475:
461:
407:LGBT linguistics
397:Internationalism
372:Compositionality
233:Sociolinguistics
208:Neurolinguistics
203:Interlinguistics
188:Ethnomethodology
30:
29:
21:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
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2311:
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2275:
2269:
2251:Trudgill, Peter
2243:
2224:
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2080:
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2002:
1975:
1956:
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1685:
1663:
1641:
1637:
1618:
1614:
1599:
1581:
1577:
1546:
1525:
1521:
1501:
1488:
1484:
1478:pluricentricity
1443:
1439:
1424:
1402:
1398:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1299:
1295:, pp. 2–3.
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1259:, pp. 3–4.
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1157:
1149:Standard German
1141:Dutch Low Saxon
1121:
1053:languages are:
1024:nation-building
933:
909:Standard German
901:Standard Basque
885:Heinrich Schmid
846:Standard German
825:
732:from part of a
724:into French as
713:
702:
701:
693:
686:
632:
595:
594:
586:
573:
558:
557:
549:
536:
517:ausbau language
493:
452:
451:
362:
354:
353:
265:
257:
256:
252:Writing systems
143:Anthropological
133:
125:
124:
75:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2309:
2308:
2297:
2296:External links
2294:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2273:
2267:
2247:
2241:
2228:
2222:
2209:
2162:
2138:
2132:
2119:
2098:
2078:
2072:
2059:
2039:(4): 922–935,
2025:
2019:
2006:
2000:
1979:
1973:
1960:
1954:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1894:
1853:
1801:
1762:
1706:(2): 210–215.
1683:
1661:
1635:
1612:
1597:
1575:
1544:
1519:
1482:
1437:
1422:
1396:
1367:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1322:, p. 280.
1312:
1297:
1285:
1283:, p. 930.
1273:
1271:, p. 278.
1261:
1249:
1237:
1220:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1186:Decreolization
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1120:
1117:
932:
929:
854:Haitian Creole
824:
821:
789:Peter Trudgill
711:Žarko Muljačić
685:
682:
635:Abstandsprache
631:
628:
604:
603:
602:, "expansion")
570:sociopolitical
566:
495:
494:
492:
491:
484:
477:
469:
466:
465:
454:
453:
450:
449:
444:
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434:
432:Prescriptivism
429:
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2327:
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2301:
2289:
2283:
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2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:3-484-10415-5
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2191:
2186:
2185:CROSBI 430499
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2163:3-87690-885-X
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
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2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:Haugen, Einar
2026:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1925:
1919:, p. 36.
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1838:
1833:
1832:CROSBI 475567
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1733:CROSBI 436361
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:(in German).
1701:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1654:
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1627:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1598:3-89913-253-X
1594:
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1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
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1523:
1516:
1511:
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1479:
1474:
1470:
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1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1423:3-11-012855-1
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1365:, p. 31.
1364:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1346:, p. 95.
1345:
1344:Muljačić 1993
1340:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1308:Trudgill 2004
1304:
1302:
1294:
1293:Trudgill 2004
1289:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1247:, p. 33.
1246:
1241:
1235:, p. 30.
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1218:, p. 29.
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:Finally, the
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:Luxembourgish
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
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949:
945:
941:
936:
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926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
899:. Similarly,
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
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814:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
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773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Ausbausprache
717:
712:
705:
699:
691:
681:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
598:
592:
584:
580:
576:
571:
567:
565:, "distance")
561:
555:
547:
543:
539:
534:
533:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
490:
485:
483:
478:
476:
471:
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468:
467:
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460:
456:
455:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
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423:
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418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Descriptivism
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
358:
357:
350:
349:Structuralism
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:Prague circle
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
300:
296:
293:
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288:
286:
283:
281:
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276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
261:
260:
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231:
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214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
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196:
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186:
184:
181:
179:
178:Documentation
176:
174:
171:
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166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
153:Computational
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
129:
128:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
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44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
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2299:
2277:
2258:
2232:
2213:
2197:, retrieved
2153:
2123:
2109:(7): 29–41,
2106:
2102:
2085:
2082:Kloss, Heinz
2063:
2036:
2032:
2010:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1965:Dialectology
1964:
1945:
1938:Bibliography
1924:
1912:
1879:cite journal
1870:
1866:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1780:
1775:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1703:
1699:
1686:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1621:
1615:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1413:
1399:
1376:
1370:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1310:, p. 3.
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1122:
1109:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1030:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
990:
988:
937:
934:
916:
888:
872:
870:
832:
828:
826:
816:
810:
805:
800:
793:Einar Haugen
786:
781:
775:
769:
751:
744:
739:
725:
721:
689:
687:
676:
674:
661:
649:
647:
642:
638:
634:
633:
605:
516:
504:
498:
295:Glossematics
275:Constituency
247:interpreting
85:Lexicography
1281:Haugen 1966
1145:High German
1129:Netherlands
917:Dachsprache
897:Switzerland
889:Dachsprache
873:Dachsprache
864:(roofed by
856:(roofed by
844:(roofed by
720:translated
714: [
572:functions (
529:Heinz Kloss
447:Terminology
422:Orthography
342:Usage-based
243:Translating
138:Acquisition
43:Linguistics
18:Dachsprache
2315:Categories
1917:Kloss 1967
1811:2011520778
1671:1023608613
1554:2009473660
1363:Kloss 1967
1332:Kloss 1967
1320:Ammon 2004
1269:Goebl 1989
1245:Kloss 1967
1233:Kloss 1967
1216:Kloss 1967
1199:References
1125:Low German
1070:Macedonian
976:Shtokavian
964:High Hindi
960:Portuguese
887:as such a
694:pronounced
417:Orismology
302:Functional
290:Generative
280:Dependency
100:Pragmatics
90:Morphology
80:Diachronic
2331:Diglossia
1907:, part 1.
1827:15270636W
1819:729837512
1720:680567046
1712:0044-2356
1630:238795822
1570:15295665W
1562:428012015
1473:0933-1883
1385:cite book
1066:Bulgarian
1031:vis-a-vis
1003:Norwegian
862:Sardinian
842:Low Saxon
758:Norwegian
575:‹See Tfd›
538:‹See Tfd›
392:Iconicity
387:Etymology
307:Cognitive
270:Formalist
223:Phonetics
213:Philology
105:Semantics
95:Phonology
2253:(2004),
2199:17 March
2190:archived
2172:56198470
2144:(2004),
2115:30029461
2084:(1952),
1846:15 April
1837:Archived
1773:(2010).
1746:Archived
1742:201058-6
1694:(2009).
1651:Language
1607:51961066
1530:(2009).
1432:24668375
1155:See also
1016:abstand.
1014:than of
903:and the
747:folklore
690:ausbauen
521:standard
193:Forensic
173:Distance
120:Typology
35:a series
33:Part of
2180:3434516
2094:3549152
1984:Abstand
1873:: 1–27.
1728:3439240
1412:(ed.).
1133:Germany
1103:versus
1095:versus
1093:Persian
1087:versus
1081:abstand
1055:Persian
1047:abstand
1043:Moselle
1039:Moselle
999:Swedish
991:abstand
978:), and
972:Dehlavi
944:British
913:Italian
866:Italian
860:), and
850:Occitan
823:Roofing
777:Nynorsk
762:Swedish
677:abstand
662:abstand
650:abstand
643:abstand
639:Abstand
624:Romansh
546:Abstand
148:Applied
58:History
53:Outline
2284:
2265:
2239:
2220:
2178:
2170:
2160:
2130:
2113:
2092:
2070:
2055:670407
2053:
2017:
1998:
1988:Ausbau
1971:
1952:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1799:
1783:]
1740:
1738:ZDB-ID
1726:
1718:
1710:
1680:(FFZG)
1669:
1659:
1628:
1605:
1595:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1542:
1500:]
1471:
1430:
1420:
1105:Telugu
1099:, and
1097:Pashto
1089:German
1077:ausbau
1051:ausbau
1020:ausbau
1012:ausbau
1007:ausbau
995:Danish
858:French
829:ausbau
811:ausbau
806:ausbau
801:ausbau
782:ausbau
771:Bokmål
766:Danish
658:Breton
654:Basque
620:Basque
583:Ausbau
579:German
542:German
463:Portal
361:Topics
110:Syntax
2206:(ÖNB)
2193:(PDF)
2150:(PDF)
2111:JSTOR
2051:JSTOR
1840:(PDF)
1785:(PDF)
1779:[
1755:9 May
1749:(PDF)
1676:(NSK)
1647:[
1587:[
1534:[
1502:(PDF)
1496:[
1408:. In
1101:Tamil
1085:Dutch
718:]
519:is a
507:is a
503:, an
63:Index
2282:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2201:2016
2176:SSRN
2168:OCLC
2158:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2090:OCLC
2068:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1889:link
1885:link
1848:2019
1815:OCLC
1807:LCCN
1797:ISBN
1757:2013
1724:SSRN
1716:OCLC
1708:ISSN
1667:OCLC
1657:ISBN
1626:OCLC
1603:OCLC
1593:ISBN
1558:OCLC
1550:LCCN
1540:ISBN
1469:ISSN
1428:OCLC
1418:ISBN
1391:link
1131:and
1068:and
1062:Dari
1001:and
968:Urdu
966:and
954:and
946:and
911:and
852:and
833:Dach
774:and
764:and
656:and
622:and
587:IPA:
550:IPA:
245:and
238:Text
2041:doi
1986:et
1871:274
1789:doi
1506:doi
1459:doi
1107:.
1064:);
1059:cf.
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919:is
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675:An
648:An
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499:In
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