1853:
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only a small number of earlier Dacian pottery styles were retained unchanged, such as pots and the low thick-walled drinking mug that has been termed the "Dacian cup". These artifacts were usually handmade; the use of the pottery wheel was rare. In the case of homes, the use of old Dacian techniques persisted, as did the sorts of ornaments and tools used prior to the establishment of Roman Dacia. Archaeological evidence from burial sites has demonstrated that the native population of Dacia was far too large to have been driven away or wiped out in any meaningful sense. It was beyond the resources of the Romans to have eliminated the great majority of the rural population in an area measuring some 300,000 km (120,000 sq mi). Silver jewellery uncovered in graves show that some of the burial sites are not necessarily native Dacian in origin, but are equally likely to have belonged to the Carpi or
2128:, the king of the Quadi, killed under the pretext of conducting peace negotiations. There may have been military conflict with one or more of the Danubian tribes. Although there are inscriptions that indicate that during Caracalla's visit there was some repair or reconstruction work undertaken at Porolissum and that the military unit stationed there, Cohors V Lingonum, erected an equestrian statue of the emperor, certain modern authors, such as Philip Parker and Ion Grumeza, claim that Caracalla continued to extend the Limes Transalutanus as well as add further territory to Dacia by pushing the border around 50 km (31 mi) east of the Olt River, though it is unclear what evidence they are using to support these statements, and the timeframes associated with Caracalla's movements do not support any extensive reorganization in the province. In 218, Caracalla's successor,
2799:
1928:
of the
Costoboci by their arms; but upon conquering that people, they proceeded to injure Dacia no less than before. The Lacringi, fearing that Clemens in his dread of them might lead these newcomers into the land which they themselves were inhabiting, attacked them while off their guard and won a decisive victory. As a result, the Astingi committed no further acts of hostility against the Romans, but in response to urgent supplications addressed to Marcus they received from him both money and the privilege of asking for land in case they should inflict some injury upon those who were then fighting against him.
2323:, which were a central part of Roman cultural expression. In Dacia this causes a problem because the survival of epigraphs into modern times is one of the ways scholars develop an understanding of the cultural and social situation within a Roman province. Apart from members of the Dacian elite and those who wished to attain improved social and economic positions, who largely adopted Roman names and manners, the majority of native Dacians retained their names and their cultural distinctiveness even with the increasing embrace of Roman cultural norms which followed their incorporation into the Roman Empire.
1594:
1422:
1169:
3698:
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were exhausted he made peace with them, receiving hostages and getting back many captives from the Buri themselves as well as 15,000 from the others, and he compelled the others to take an oath that they would never dwell in nor use for pasturage a 5-mile strip of their territory next to Dacia. The same
Sabinianus also, when twelve thousand of the neighboring Dacians had been driven out of their own country and were on the point of aiding the others, dissuaded them from their purpose, promising them that some land in our Dacia should be given them.
3342:
107:
2467:
1641:
territories annexed to Moesia
Inferior (Southern Moldavia, the south-eastern edge of the Carpathian Mountains and the plains of Muntenia and Oltenia) were returned to the Roxolani. As a result, Moesia Inferior reverted once again to the original boundaries it possessed prior to the acquisition of Dacia. The portions of Moesia Inferior to the north of the Danube were split off and refashioned into a new province called Dacia Inferior. Trajan's original province of Dacia was relabelled Dacia Superior. Hadrian moved the detachment of
1183:
11398:
2640:
2478:
3223:. Dacian citadels dated to the reigns of Burebista and Decebalus have yielded no statues in their sanctuaries. With the destruction of the main Dacian sacred site during Trajan's wars of conquest, no other site took its place. However, there were other cult sites of local spiritual significance, such as Germisara, which continued to be used during the Roman period, although religious practices at these sites were somewhat altered by Romanization, including the application of Roman names to the local spirits.
862:
2278:. Archaeological evidence taken from pottery show a continued occupation of native Dacians in these and other areas. Architectural forms native to pre-Roman Dacia, such as the traditional sunken houses and storage pits, remained during Roman times. Such housing continued to be erected well into the Roman period, even in settlements which clearly show an establishment after the Roman annexation, such as Obreja. Altogether, approximately 46 sites have been noted as existing on a spot in both the
2189:
1583:
11078:
1602:
1575:
12014:
991:
1327:
1161:
204:
310:
11098:
11088:
3940:, which in Romanian became ch and gh respectively. However, this phonetic evolution may have occurred later in the Romanian language than the 5th-6th centuries when the Slavs arrived, as evidenced by the partial survival of these consonant clusters in the closely related Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian, as well as in languages that borrowed from Romanian. However, of note there was also a
1942:
exposed position meant that the Romans had a greater reliance on the use of "client-states" to ensure its protection from invasion. While this worked in the case of the
Roxolani, the use of the Roman-client relationships that allowed the Romans to pit one supported tribe against another facilitated the conditions that created the larger tribal federations that emerged with the Quadi and the Marcomanni.
3878:(364–375); meanwhile, local Daco-Romans continued to inhabit Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, fortifying the amphitheatre against barbarian raids. According to this theory, the Romanian people continued to develop under the influence of the Roman Empire until the beginning of the 6th century, and as long as the empire held territory on the southern bank of the Danube and in
3815:
1629:, Trajan had left Dacia and the remaining Danubian provinces below strength. The Roxolani allied themselves with the Iazyges to revolt against Rome, as they were angry over a Roman decision to cease payments to which Trajan had agreed. Therefore, Hadrian dispatched the armies from the east ahead of him, and departed Syria as soon as he was able.
3326:, whose movements had already been a cause of the Marcomannic Wars, and whose travels south towards the Danubian frontier continued to put pressure on the tribes who were already occupying this territory. Between 236 and 238, Maximinus Thrax campaigned in Dacia against the Carpi, only to rush back to Italy to deal with a civil war. While
3597:
3436:). Firmly entrenched in the territories along the lower Danube and the Black Sea's western shore, their presence affected both the non-Romanized Dacians (who fell into the Goth's sphere of influence) and Imperial Dacia, as the client system that surrounded the province and supported its existence began to break apart.
1098:, which surrendered and was destroyed. The Dacian king and a handful of his followers withdrew into the mountains, but their resistance was short-lived and Decebalus committed suicide. Other Dacian nobles, however, were either captured or chose to surrender. One of those who surrendered revealed the location of the
3441:
had then possessed themselves of Dacia and Moesia, he was suddenly surrounded by the barbarians, and slain, together with great part of his army; nor could he be honored with the rites of sepulture, but, stripped and naked, he lay to be devoured by wild beasts and birds, – a fit end for the enemy of God.
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provinces, like the
Moesias, the Pannonias, and Syria, and the number of legions stationed in Moesia and Pannonia were not diminished after the creation of Dacia. However, once Dacia was incorporated into the empire and the frontier was extended northward, the central portion of the Danube frontier between
3927:
According to those who posit the continued existence of a
Romanized Dacian population after the Roman withdrawal, Aurelian's decision to abandon the province was solely a military decision with respect to moving the legions and auxiliary units to protect the Danubian frontier. The civilian population
3861:
populace which did not completely abandon the province after the Roman withdrawal in 275 AD. Archaeological evidence obtained from burial sites and settlements supports the contention that a portion of the native population continued to inhabit what was Roman Dacia. Pottery remains dated to the years
2442:
The first settlement at
Sarmizegetusa was made up of Roman citizens who had retired from their legions. Based upon the location of names scattered throughout the province, it has been argued that, although places of origin are hardly ever noted in epigraphs, a large percentage of colonists originated
2299:
in Roman Dacia, where indigenous peoples were organised into native townships, as evidence for the Roman depopulation of Dacia. Prior to its incorporation into the empire, Dacia was a kingdom ruled by one king, and did not possess a regional tribal structure that could easily be turned into the Roman
2231:
There are such interpretations of archaeological evidence which shows the continuation of traditional Dacian burial practices; ceramic manufacturing continued throughout the Roman period, in both the province as well as the periphery where Roman control was non-existent. Differing interpretations can
2056:
saw a measure of peace descend upon the province, with no foreign attacks recorded. Damage inflicted on the military camps during the extensive period of warfare of the preceding reigns was repaired. Severus extended the province's eastern frontier some 14 km (8.7 mi) east of the Olt River,
1966:
With the emperor urgently needed elsewhere, Rome once again re-established its system of alliances with the bordering tribes along the empire's northern frontier. However, pressure was soon exerted again with the advent of
Germanic peoples who started to settle on Dacia's northern borders, leading to
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in 175 AD. Conscious of the need to create a permanent solution to the problems on the empire's northern frontiers, Marcus
Aurelius relaxed some of his restrictions on the Marcomanni and the Iazyges. In particular, he allowed the Iazyges to travel through imperial Dacia to trade with the Roxolani, so
3717:
to attack the empire in 323 AD from their settlements in Dacia. They supported
Licinius until his defeat in 324; he was fleeing to their lands in Dacia when he was apprehended. As a result, Constantine focused on aggressively pre-empting any barbarian activity on the frontier north of the Danube. By
3533:
and Moesia had been depopulated, of being able to retain it. The Roman citizens, removed from the town and lands of Dacia, he settled in the interior of Moesia, calling that Dacia which now divides the two Moesiae, and which is on the right hand of the Danube as it runs to the sea, whereas Dacia was
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and Danube rivers were attacked by the Iazyges, followed by a battle in Pannonia in which the Iazyges were defeated. Consequently, Marcus Aurelius turned his full attention against the Iazyges and Quadi. He crushed the Quadi in 174 AD, defeating them in battle on the frozen Danube river, after which
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Dacia, with its northern, eastern, and western frontiers exposed to attacks, could not easily be defended. When barbarian incursions resumed during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, the defences in Dacia were hard pressed to halt all of the raids, leaving exposed the provinces of Upper and Lower Moesia.
1663:
By 124, an additional province called Dacia Porolissensis was created in the northern portion of Dacia Superior, roughly located in north-western Transylvania. Since it had become tradition since the time of Augustus that former consuls could only govern provinces as imperial legates where more than
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campaign of 44 BC, he prepared to cross into Dacia and eliminate Burebista, thereby hopefully causing the breakup of his kingdom. Although this expedition into Dacia did not happen due to Caesar's assassination, Burebista failed to bring about any true unification of the tribes he ruled. Following a
3753:
Driven off their lands in what is now the region of Oltenia in southwestern Romania, the Tervingi moved towards Transylvania and came into conflict with the Sarmatians. In 334, the Sarmatians asked Constantine for military help, after which he allowed the majority of them to settle peacefully south
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migrated into north-eastern Dacia, they were opposed by the Carpi and the non-Romanized Dacians. Defeating these tribes, they came into conflict with the Romans, who still attempted to maintain control along the Danube. Some of the semi-Romanized population remained and managed to co-exist with the
3608:
The emperor Galerius once declared a complaint which the Romans were aware of: the Danube was the most challenging of all the empire's frontiers. Aside from its enormous length, great portions of it did not suit the style of fighting which the Roman legions preferred. To protect the provinces south
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for his son-in-law, was worse, not only than those two princes whom our own times have experienced, but worse than all the bad princes of former days. In this wild beast there dwelt a native barbarity and a savageness foreign to Roman blood; and no wonder, for his mother was born beyond the Danube,
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The region's natural resources generated considerable wealth for the empire, becoming one of the major producers of grain, particularly wheat. Linking into Rome's monetary economy, bronze Roman coinage was eventually produced in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa by about 250 AD (previously Dacia seems to
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Epigraphic evidence attests to large numbers of auxiliary units stationed throughout the Dacian provinces during the Roman period; this has given the impression that Roman Dacia was a strongly militarized province. Yet, it seems to have been no more highly militarized than any of the other frontier
2408:, and Moldavia, stood at the edges of Roman Dacia. Although its people did not have Roman legions stationed among them, they were still nominally under the control of Rome, politically, socially, and economically. These were the areas in which resided the Carpi, often referred to as "Free Dacians".
2285:
Where archaeology attests to a continuing Dacian presence, it also shows a simultaneous process of Romanization. Traditional Dacian pottery has been uncovered in Dacian settlements, together with Roman-manufactured pottery incorporating local designs. The increasing Romanization of Dacia meant that
1941:
Throughout this period, the tribes bordering Dacia to the east, such as the Roxolani, did not participate in the mass invasions of the empire. Traditionally seen as a vindication of Trajan's decision to create the province of Dacia as a wedge between the western and eastern Danubian tribes, Dacia's
1927:
The Astingi, led by their chieftains Raüs and Raptus, came into Dacia with their entire households, hoping to secure both money and land in return for their alliance. But failing of their purpose, they left their wives and children under the protection of Clemens, until they should acquire the land
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By 118, Hadrian himself had taken to the field against the Roxolani and the Iazyges, and although he defeated them, he agreed to reinstate the subsidies to the Roxolani. Hadrian then decided to abandon certain portions of Trajan's Dacian conquests. Most of the Banat was conceded to the Iazyges. The
1114:
It is an excellent idea of yours to write about the Dacian war. There is no subject which offers such scope and such a wealth of original material, no subject so poetic and almost legendary although its facts are true. You will describe new rivers set flowing over the land, new bridges built across
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Decius appeared in the world, an accursed wild beast, to afflict the Church, – and who but a bad man would persecute religion? It seems as if he had been raised to sovereign eminence, at once to rage against God, and at once to fall; for, having undertaken an expedition against the Carpi, who
2411:
In an attempt to fill the cities, cultivate the fields, and mine the ore, a large-scale attempt at colonization took place with colonists coming in "from all over the Roman world". The colonists were a heterogeneous mix: of the some 3,000 names preserved in inscriptions found by the 1990s, 74% (c.
2399:
There were varying degrees of Romanization throughout Roman Dacia. The most Romanized segment was the region along the Danube, which was predominately under imperial administration, albeit in a form that was partially barbarized. The population beyond this zone, having lived with the Roman legions
716:
After its integration into the empire, Roman Dacia saw constant administrative division. In 119 under Hadrian, it was divided into two departments: Dacia Superior ("Upper Dacia") and Dacia Inferior ("Lower Dacia"; later named Dacia Malvensis). Between 124 and around 158, Dacia Superior was divided
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to all males throughout the empire, with the exception of slaves. In 213, on his way to the east to begin his Parthian campaign, Caracalla passed through Dacia. While there, he undertook diplomatic maneuvers to disturb the alliances between a number of tribes, in particular the Marcomanni and the
1979:
Commodus granted peace to the Buri when they sent envoys. Previously he had declined to do so, in spite of their frequent requests, because they were strong, and because it was not peace that they wanted, but the securing of a respite to enable them to make further preparations; but now that they
1632:
By this time, Hadrian had grown so frustrated with the continual problems in the territories north of the Danube that he contemplated withdrawing from Dacia. As an emergency measure, Hadrian dismantled Apollodorus' bridge across the Danube, concerned about the threat posed by barbarian incursions
3911:
in Lower Moesia, or other provinces south of the Danube of the Roman Empire. Toponymic analysis of place names in the former Roman Dacia north of the Danube suggests that, on top of names which have a Thracian, Scytho-Iranian, Celtic, Roman and Slavonic origin, there are some un-Romanized Dacian
3890:
changes tend to support a complete withdrawal from Roman Dacia, as the names for Roman towns, forts, and settlements fell completely out of use. Repeated archaeological investigations from the 19th century onwards have failed to uncover definitive proof that a large proportion of the Daco-Romans
2750:. Transformed into the capital of Dacia Apulensis region within Dacia Superior, its importance lay in being the location of the military high command for the tripartite province. It began to rival Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa during the reign of Septimius Severus, who allocated a part of Apulum's
3801:
raids, fortifying several settlements and fortresses along the river, but this also involved some victories over these enemies deeper into their lands to the north, including Pannonia as well. However, despite these successes in re-establishing the frontier, in 602 a mutiny within the exhausted
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and the Goths pressured them from the east and the northeast. This forced the older tribes to push into Roman territory, weakening the empire's already stretched defences further. To gain entry into the empire, the tribes alternated between beseeching the Roman authorities to allow them in, and
2989:
During the period of Roman occupation, the pattern of settlement in the Mureș valley demonstrates a continual shift towards nucleated settlements when compared to the pre-Roman Iron Age settlement pattern. In central Dacia, somewhere between 10 and 28 villages have been identified as aggregated
2258:
from various types of settlements, especially in the Oraștie Mountains, demonstrates the deliberate destruction of hill forts during the annexation of Dacia, but this does not rule out a continuity of occupation once the traumas of the initial conquest had passed. Hamlets containing traditional
1433:
It is generally assumed that Trajan's reign saw the creation of the Roman road network within imperial Dacia, with any pre-existing natural communication lines quickly converted into paved Roman roads which were soon extended into a more extensive road network. However, only two roads have been
3757:
The last major Roman incursion into the former province of Dacia occurred in 367 AD, when the emperor Valens used a diplomatic incident to launch a major campaign against the Goths. Hoping to regain the trans-Danubian beachhead which Constantine had successfully established at Sucidava, Valens
3026:
colonists from South Dalmatia. New information surfaced in the form of wax-coated wooden writing tablets, several of which were discovered at Verespatak from 1786 and which bear a variety of commercial texts, contracts, and accounts dating to 131–167. The earliest reference to the town is on a
1922:
invaded Dacia; after initially defeating the Costoboci, they continued their attacks on the province. The Romans negotiated a settlement with the Astingi, whereby they agreed to leave Dacia and settle in the lands of the Costoboci. In the meantime, plots of land were distributed to some 12,000
1880:
Fighting continued in Dacia over the next two years, and by 169, the governor of the province Sextus Calpurnius Agricola, was forced to give up his command – it is suspected that he either contracted the plague or died in battle. The emperor decided to temporarily split the province once again
2243:
While it is certain that colonists in large numbers were imported from all over the empire to settle in Roman Dacia, this appears to be true for the newly created Roman towns only. The lack of epigraphic evidence for native Dacian names in the towns suggests an urban–rural split between Roman
1727:
Following a revolt around 158, Antoninus Pius undertook another reorganisation of the Dacian provinces. Dacia Superior was renamed Dacia Apulensis (in Banat and southern Transylvania), with Apulum as its capital, while Dacia Inferior was transformed into Dacia Malvensis (situated at Oltenia).
940:
and Pannonia caused the local governors and the emperors to undertake a number of punitive actions against the Dacians. All of this kept the Roman Empire and the Dacians in constant social, diplomatic, and political interaction during much of the late pre-Roman period. This saw the occasional
2940:
It is often problematic to identify the dividing line between "Romanized" villages and those sites that can be defined as "small towns". Therefore, categorizing sites as small towns has largely focused on identifying sites that had some evidence of industry and trade, and not simply a basic
1909:
in Dacia during this time, although his exact role is not known. Very unpopular in Dacia, Pertinax was eventually dismissed. By 170, Marcus Aurelius appointed Marcus Claudius Fronto as the governor of the entire Dacian province. Later that year, Fronto's command was extended to include the
3524:
meant Aurelian needed to settle the situation along the Danube frontier. Reluctantly, and possibly only as a temporary measure, he decided to abandon the province. The traditional date for Dacia's official abandonment is 271; another view is that Aurelian evacuated his troops and civilian
1917:
That same year (170) the Costoboci (whose lands were to the north or northeast of Dacia) swept through Dacia on their way south. The now weakened empire could not prevent the movement of tribespeople into an exposed Dacia during 171, and Marcus Aurelius was forced to enter into diplomatic
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3072:
workshop located in Napoca, while weapon smithies have been identified in Apulum. Glass manufacturing factories have been uncovered in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Tibiscum. Villages and rural settlements continued to specialise in craftwork, including pottery, and sites such as
2016:
and the Dacians were conquered during his reign, and peace was established in the Pannonias, but all by his legates, since such was the manner of his life. The provincials in Britain, Dacia, and Germany attempted to cast off his yoke, but all these attempts were put down by his
3226:
Highly Romanized urban centres brought with them Roman funerary practices, which differed significantly from those pre-dating the Roman conquest. Archaeological excavations have uncovered funerary art principally attached to the urban centres. Such excavations have shown that
2955:. Both Germisara and Aquae were sites where natural thermal springs were accessible, and each are still functioning today. The locations of Brucla, Blandiana, and Petris are not known for certain. In the case of Petris however, there is good reason to suppose it was located at
3490:
from the fifth Macedonica and thirteenth Gemina legions. The latest coins at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Porolissum bear his effigy, and the raising of inscribed monuments in the province virtually ceased in 260, the year that marked the temporary breakup of the empire.
970:
to the Romans may have commenced sometime during the first half of the 1st century BC, it was certainly occurring by Octavianus' reign and it continued to be practised during the late pre-Roman period. On the flip side, ancient sources have attested to the presence of Roman
3509:
2966:, settlements with connections to the entrenched military camps. This hypothesis has not been tested, as few such sites have been surveyed in any detail. However, in the mid-Mureș valley, associated civilian communities have been uncovered next to the auxiliary camps at
2559:, Bulgaria) was able to release much-needed troops to bolster Dacia's defences. Military documents report at least 58 auxiliary units, most transferred into Dacia from the flanking Moesian and Pannonian provinces, with a wide variety of forms and functions, including
3689:(near modern Archar, Bulgaria) and Durostorum. These camps were meant to provide protection of the principal crossing points across the river, to permit the movement of troops across the river, and to function as observation points and bases for waterborne patrols.
1999:
mentions a limited insurrection that erupted in Dacia approximately 185 AD. The same source also wrote of a defeat of the Dacian tribes who lived outside the province. Commodus' legates devastated a territory some 8 km (5.0 mi) deep along the north of the
2530:
Hadrian, the subsequent emperor, shifted the fourth legion (Legio IV Flavia Felix) from Berzobis to Singidunum in Moesia Superior, suggesting that Hadrian believed the presence of one legion in Dacia would be sufficient to ensure the security of the province. The
2228:, which is the principal source for the depopulation of Roman Dacia after the conquest, are not consistent. Some versions describe the depletion of men after the war; other variants describe the depletion of things, or possibly resources, after Trajan's conquest.
1707:
saw the arrival of an emperor who took a cautious approach to the defense of some provinces. The large amount of milestones dated to his reign demonstrates that he was particularly concerned with ensuring that the roads were in a constant state of repair. Stamped
1284:"The Getae, a barbarian and vigorous people who rising against the Romans and humiliating them such as to compel them to pay a tribute, were later, at the time of king Decebal, destroyed by Trajan in such a way that their entire people was reduced to forty men as
3120:
Inscriptions and sculpture in Dacia reveal a wide variety in matters of religion. Deities of the official state religion of Rome appear alongside those originating in Greece, Asia Minor, and Western Europe; of these, 43.5% have Latin names. The major gods of the
3928:
of Roman Dacia did not treat this as a prelude to a coming disaster; there was no mass emigration from the province, no evidence of a sudden withdrawal of the civilian population, and no widespread damage to property in the aftermath of the military withdrawal.
3762:, but was hampered by a flood on the Danube. He therefore spent his time rebuilding Roman forts along the Danube. In 369, Valens crossed the river into Gothia, and this time managed to engage the Tervingi, defeating them, and granting them peace on Roman terms.
1382:
and non-citizens from across the empire. Nevertheless, native Dacians remained at the periphery of the province and in rural settings, while local power elites were encouraged to support the provincial administration, as per traditional Roman colonial practice.
1772:
in 161 AD, it was clear that trouble was brewing along Rome's northern frontiers, as local tribes began to be pressured by migrating tribes to their north. By 166 AD, Marcus had reorganized Dacia once again, merging the three Dacian provinces into one called
3632:
In the years immediately after the withdrawal, Roman towns survived, albeit on a reduced level. The previous tribes which had settled north of the Danube, such as the Sarmatians, Bastarnae, Carpi, and Quadi were increasingly pressured by the arrival of the
3931:
Linguistic analysis shows that at least a couple of places that retained their Latin name until the arrival of Slavic speaking communities were from an emerging Romance language different to Romanian. These toponyms, Cluj and Bigla, retained the clusters
3729:
In early 336, Constantine personally led his armies across the Danube and crushed the Gothic tribes which had settled there, in the process recreating a Roman province north of the Danube. In honor of this achievement, the Senate granted him the title of
1115:
rivers, and camps clinging to sheer precipices; you will tell of a king driven from his capital and finally to death, but courageous to the end; you will record a double triumph one the first over a nation hitherto unconquered, the other a final victory.
3882:, it influenced the region to the river's north. This process was facilitated by the trading of goods and the movement of peoples across the river. Roman towns endured in Dacia's middle and southern regions, albeit reduced in size and wealth.
3769:
put increased pressure on the Tervingi, who were forced to abandon the old Dacian province and seek refuge within the Roman Empire. Mismanagement of this request resulted in the death of Valens and the bulk of the eastern Roman army at the
1269:, after he had subdued Dacia, had transplanted thither an infinite number of people from the whole Roman world, to people the country and the cities; as the land had been exhausted of inhabitants in the long war maintained by Decebalus."
3885:
The competing theory states that the transfer of Dacia's diminished population overlapped with the requirement to repopulate the depleted Balkans. Although it is possible that some Daco-Romans remained behind, these were few in number.
3802:
Byzantine army stationed north of the river in what was once Dacia (with the expectation that they would continue to stay and campaign there over the winter, despite pay cuts) caused the emperor to be overthrown by one of his generals,
8980:
Mitthof, Fritz; Matei-Popescu, Florian (2023). "Gab es im Jahr 283 n. Chr. zwei dakische Provinzen südlich der Donau? Zur Lesung und Deutung der Inschrift AE 1912, 200 = ILBulg 188". In Mihailescu-Bîrliba, Lucreţiu; Piso, Ioan (eds.).
3005:
sites within central Dacia is incomplete, as it is for the majority of the province. There are about 30 sites identified throughout the province which appear on published heritage lists, but this is felt to be a gross underestimation.
2107:
local women; consequently, if the soldier was a Roman citizen, his children inherited his citizenship. For those soldiers who were not Roman citizens, both he and his children were granted citizenship upon his discharge from the army.
1358:
composed of retired soldiers. However, excluding Trajan's attempts to encourage colonists to move into the new province, the imperial government did hardly anything to promote resettlement from existing provinces into Dacia.
1028:, saw an escalation in the level of conflict along the lower and middle Danube. In approximately 84 or 85 AD the Dacians, led by King Decebalus, crossed the Danube into Moesia, wreaking havoc and killing the Moesian governor
11897:
3369:
was probably abandoned during Philip the Arab's reign, as a result of the incursion of the Carpi into Dacia. Ongoing raids forced the emperor to leave Rome and take charge of the situation. The mother of the future emperor
2428:
from Syria. Regardless of their place of origin, the settlers and colonists were a physical manifestation of Roman civilisation and imperial culture, bringing with them the most effective Romanizing mechanism: the use of
1817:, and drove through Dacia before bursting into Moesia. A conflict would spark in northern Dacia after 167 when the Iazyges, having been thrust out of Pannonia, focused their energies on Dacia and took the gold mines at
1044:
against Decebalus. Unable to finish the war due to troubles on the German frontier, Domitian concluded a treaty with the Dacians that was heavily criticized at the time. This would serve as a precedent to the emperor
3677:
in the east to Oltenia in the west. Until the 320s, the Goths kept the terms of the treaty and proceeded to settle down in the former province of Dacia, and the Danube had a measure of peace for nearly a generation.
8475:
2224:, describes the widespread depopulation of the province after the siege of Sarmizegetusa Regia and the suicide of king Decebalus, there are issues with this interpretation. The remaining manuscripts of Eutropius'
1967:
the resumption of the northern war. In 178, Marcus Aurelius probably appointed Pertinax as governor of Dacia, and by 179 AD, the emperor was once again north of the Danube, campaigning against the Quadi and the
1959:
long as they had the governor's approval. At the same time he was determined to implement a plan to annex the territories of the Marcomanni and the Iazyges as new provinces, only to be derailed by the revolt of
1777:("Three Dacias"), a move that was geared to consolidate an exposed province inhabited by numerous tribes in the face of increasing threats along the Danubian frontier. As the province now contained two legions (
2380:
issued for Dacian soldiers discovered after 1990 indicate that veterans preferred to return to their place of origin; per usual Roman practice, these veterans were given Roman citizenship upon their discharge.
3758:
launched a raid into Gothic territory after crossing the Danube near Daphne around 30 May; they continued until September without any serious engagements. He tried again in 368 AD, setting up his base camp at
2998:, and Obreja. These show generally sunken houses in the Dacian manner, with some dwellings having evolved to becoming surface timber buildings. The second settlement layout followed Roman settlement patterns.
725:. New mines were opened and ore extraction intensified, while agriculture, stock breeding, and commerce flourished in the province. Roman Dacia was of great importance to the military stationed throughout the
3650:
west of their homeland. However, the Carpi were neither destroyed by other barbarian tribes, nor fully integrated into the Roman Empire. Those who survived on the borders of the empire were apparently called
3042:. Dacia evolved from a simple rural society and economy to one of material advancement comparable to other Roman provinces. There were more coins in circulation in Roman Dacia than in the adjacent provinces.
2136:
And the Dacians, after ravaging portions of Dacia and showing an eagerness for further war, now desisted, when they got back the hostages that Caracallus, under the name of an alliance, had taken from them.
4216:
Marko Popović (2011). Dragan Stanić (ed.). Српска енциклопедија, том 1, књига 2, Београд-Буштрање . Matica Srpska, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zavod za udžbenike, Novi Sad-Belgrade. p. 37. ISBN
3353:
Unable to deal militarily with this incursion, the empire was forced to buy peace in Moesia, paying an annual tribute to the Goths; this infuriated the Carpi who also demanded a payment subsidy. Emperor
2212:
in other provinces. There is relatively poor documentation surrounding the existence of native or indigenous Dacians in the Roman towns that were established after Dacia's incorporation into the empire.
3252:
This appears to be an urban feature only – the minority of cemeteries excavated in rural areas display burial sites that have been identified as Dacian, and some have been conjectured to be attached to
2654:
The province had about 10 Roman towns, all originating from the military camps that Trajan constructed during his campaigns. There were two sorts of urban settlements. Of principal importance were the
11890:
3302:
The 230s marked the end of the final peaceful period experienced in Roman Dacia. The discovery of a large stockpile of Roman coins (around 8,000) at Romula, issued during the reigns of Commodus and
1910:
governorship of Moesia Superior once again. He did not keep it for long; by the end of 170, Fronto was defeated and killed in battle against the Iazyges. His replacement as governor of Dacia was
1675:
Hadrian vigorously exploited the opportunities for mining in the new province. The emperors monopolized the revenue generated from mining by leasing the operations of the mines to members of the
900:
reached the lower Danube and proceeded to come into contact with the Dacians. Roman concern over the rising power and influence of Burebista was amplified when he began to play an active part in
3014:
Dacia required great expense for its military garrisons but the mineral deposits in Transylvania must have enhanced Dacia's economic importance to Rome and the most valuable resource was gold.
3031:
dated 6 February 131. Over time the mines began to see diminishing returns as the local gold reserves were exploited. Evidence points to the closure of the gold mines around the year 215 AD.
955:. Seeking to obtain an ally who could threaten Antonius' European provinces, in 35 BC Octavianus offered an alliance with the Dacians, whereby he would marry the daughter of the Dacian King,
11883:
1219:
allies to the north were still present in the area, requiring a number of campaigns that did not cease until 107 at the earliest; however, by the end of 106, the legions began erecting new
7944:
2959:
in Romania. If this were the case, it would have been a crucial site for trade, as well as being a vital component in facilitating communication from one part of the province to another.
3478:
after 260 meant that Gallienus' attention was principally focused on the Danubian frontier. Repeated victories over the Carpi and associated Dacian tribes enabled him to claim the title
1215:
With the annexation of Decebalus' kingdom, Dacia was turned into Rome's newest province, only the second such acquisition since the death of Augustus nearly a century before. Decebalus'
1668:
rank. This meant that the imperial legate of Dacia Superior only had one legion under his command, stationed at Apulum. Dacia Inferior and Dacia Porolissensis were under the command of
2990:
settlements whose primary function was agricultural. The settlement layouts broadly fall between two principal types. The first are those constructed in a traditional fashion, such as
2941:
agricultural economic unit that would almost exclusively produce goods for its own existence. Additional settlements along the principal route within Roman Dacia are mentioned in the
3520:
Coins were minted during the restoration of the empire (c. 270) under Aurelian which bear the inscription "DACIA FELIX" ("Fertile/Happy Dacia"). The pressing need to deal with the
3049:
Dacia also possessed salt, iron, silver, and copper mines dating to the period of the Dacian kings. The region also held large quantities of building-stone materials, including
1971:. Victorious, the emperor was on the verge of converting a large territory to the north-west of Dacia into Roman provinces when he died in 180. Marcus was succeeded by his son,
2904:
was the most important town of Dacia Inferior. Springing up in the vicinity of a stone camp housing 500 soldiers and established by Trajan to guard the northern approaches to
1825:, Romania). The last date found on the wax tablets discovered in the mineshafts there (which had been hidden when an enemy attack seemed imminent) is 29 May 167. The suburban
8507:
881:
frequently interacted with the Romans prior to Dacia's incorporation into the Roman Empire. However, Roman attention on the area around the lower Danube was sharpened when
3996:
Caracalla's activities in Dacia need to be placed within the verified dates in his progress to the east. On 11 August 213, Caracalla crossed the frontier at Raetia into
2855:, Romania) were important Roman towns. Although the biggest mining town in the region, Ampelum's legal status is unknown. Dierna was a customs station which was granted
2132:, returned a number of non-Romanized Dacian hostages whom Caracalla had taken, possibly as a result of some unrest caused by the tribes after Caracalla's assassination.
9433:; Jopson, Norman Brooke (1939). "The Slavonic and East European Review: a survey of the peoples of eastern Europe, their history, economics, philology and literature".
1797:
for Dacia Apulensis, all operating under the direct supervision of the consular legate, who was stationed at the new provincial capital at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa.
1911:
257:
243:
229:
10721:
3412:, the townspeople hurriedly erected a trapezoidal stone wall and defensive ditch, most likely the result of a raid by the barbarian tribes around 246 or 247. In 248
3806:, culminating in the eventual collapse of Roman control of the Balkans over the coming decades as attention had to be turned east to Persian and later Arab threats.
3609:
of the Danube, the Romans retained a few military forts on the northern bank of the Danube long after the withdrawal from Dacia Traiana. Aurelian kept a foothold at
1191:
Trajan conquered the Dacians, under King Decibalus, and made Dacia, across the Danube in the soil of barbary, a province that in circumference had ten times 100,000
1621:, ordered by Trajan to protect the new Dacian territories north of the Danube, had died there while on campaign. As a result of taking several legions and numerous
2505:
An estimated number of 50,000 troops were stationed in Dacia at its height. At the close of Trajan's first campaign in Dacia in 102, he stationed one legion, or a
12852:
3754:
of the Danube. The Roman armies inflicted a crushing defeat on the Tervingi. The Tervingi signed a treaty with the Romans, giving a measure of peace until 367.
3734:, and celebrated it along with the 30th anniversary of his accession as Roman Emperor in mid 336. The granting of this title has been seen by scholars such as
3306:, who was killed in 222 AD, has been taken as evidence that the province was experiencing problems before the mid-3rd century. Traditionally, the accession of
2819:
was situated between two camps, and laid alongside a walled frontier defending the main passageway through the Carpathian Mountains. It was transformed into a
2523:. However, there is no evidence to indicate when or where it was stationed, and it is unclear whether the legion was fully present, or whether it was only the
1923:
dispossessed and wandering tribespeople, in an attempt to prevent them from becoming a threat to the province if they continued to roam at the edges of Dacia.
1195:; but it was lost under Imperator Gallienus, and, after Romans had been transferred from there by Aurelian, two Dacias were made in the regions of Moesia and
11608:
6699:
Degryse, P.; Gonzalez, S.N.; Vanhaecke, F.; Dillis, S.; Van Ham-Meert, A. (2024). "The rise and fall of antimony: Sourcing the "colourless" in Roman glass".
4000:, while in 8 October 213, his victories over the Germanic tribes were announced at Rome, and sometime between 17 December 213 and 17 January 214, he was at
1852:
11440:
3658:
By 291 AD, the Goths had recovered from their defeat at the hands of Aurelian, and began to move into what had been Roman Dacia. When the ancestors of the
3358:(244–249) ceased payment in 245 and the Carpi invaded Dacia the following year, attacking the town of Romula in the process. The Carpi probably burned the
1378:. To compensate for the depletion of the population, the Romans carried out a program of official colonisation, establishing urban centres made up of both
8074:
3838:
that the population of Dacia Traiana was moved south when Aurelian abandoned the province. However, the fate of the Romanized Dacians, and the subsequent
3663:
Goths. By 295 AD, the Goths had managed to defeat the Carpi and establish themselves in Dacia, now called Gothia; the Romans recognised the Tervingi as a
2519:, Romania), and the Legio XIII Gemina stationed at Apulum. It has been conjectured that there was a third legion stationed in Dacia at the same time, the
1454:
indicates that this stretch of road was finished sometime during 109–110 AD. The second road was a major arterial road that passed through Apulum (modern
12917:
951:
this was tied up with the personal patronage of important Roman individuals. An example of this was seen in Octavianus' actions during his conflict with
2871:, Romania) was a town located at the site of an earthwork camp. Erected by Trajan, Sucidava was neither large enough nor important enough to be granted
2247:
On at least two occasions the Dacians rebelled against Roman authority: first in 117 AD, after Trajan's death, and in 158 AD when they were put down by
2975:
2684:. Its pre-eminence was guaranteed by its foundation charter and by its role as the administrative centre of the province, as well as its being granted
1890:
9071:
3681:
Around 295 AD, the emperor Diocletian reorganized the defences along the Danube, and established fortified camps on the far side of the river, from
12907:
11397:
11137:
10499:
10105:
2718:
1012:
2061:. The work included the construction of 14 fortified camps spread over a distance of approximately 225 km (140 mi), stretching from the
983:. This cultural and mercantile exchange saw the gradual spread of Roman influence throughout the region, most clearly seen in the area around the
12198:
12030:
10696:
6636:
1065:
3555:, previously belonging to Lower Moesia. A portion of the Romanized population settled in the new province south of the Danube. The provinces of
2376:. These could refer to individuals who were native Dacians, Romanized Dacians, colonists who had moved to Dacia, or their descendants. Numerous
3416:
enhanced the wall surrounding the settlement, again most likely as an additional defensive barrier against the Carpi. An epigraph uncovered in
2582:. This does not imply that all were positioned in Dacia at the same time, nor that they were in place throughout the existence of Roman Dacia.
11514:
10726:
2326:
As per usual Roman practice, Dacian males were recruited into auxiliary units and dispatched across the empire, from the eastern provinces to
929:
plot which saw him assassinated, his kingdom fractured into four distinct political entities, later becoming five, each ruled by minor kings.
793:(270–275) would formally relinquish Roman Dacia in 271 or 275 AD. He evacuated his troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and founded
785:) allied with them. All this made the province difficult for the Roman emperors to maintain, already being virtually lost during the reign of
10935:
2125:
1342:
Transforming Dacia into a province was a very resource-intensive process. Traditional Roman methods were employed, including the creation of
326:
12887:
11744:
3268:
Traditional Dacian funerary rites survived the Roman period and continued into the post-Roman era, during which time the first evidence of
3920:) and transmitted to the Romanians, in the same way that some Latin place names were transmitted to the Romanians via the Slavs (such as "
8024:
3891:
remained in Dacia after the evacuation; for example, traffic in Roman coins in the former province after 271 show similarities to modern
3046:
have been supplied with coins from central mints). The establishment of Roman roads throughout the province facilitated economic growth.
1072:, negotiations led to a peace settlement where Decebalus agreed to demolish his forts while allowing the presence of a Roman garrison at
2511:, at Sarmizegetusa Regia. With the conclusion of Trajan's conquest of Dacia, he stationed at least two legions in the new province: the
1462:
in the west and presumably beyond. Nevertheless, the arterial roads and other presumably unstable regions were controlled by a vast new
441:
10647:
3968:
2693:
1366:
wrote that approximately 500,000 Dacians were enslaved and deported, a portion of which were transported to Rome to participate in the
681:
on the borders of the empire. It is estimated that the population of Roman Dacia ranged from 650,000 to 1,200,000. It was conquered by
3874:) uncovered in Napoca demonstrate the continued survival of these towns. In Porolissum, Roman coinage began to circulate again under
3330:
eventually emerged as Roman Emperor, the confusion in the heart of the empire allowed the Goths, in alliance with the Carpi, to take
2535:
that erupted north of the Danube forced Marcus Aurelius to reverse this policy, permanently transferring the Legio V Macedonica from
2823:
during Septimius Severus' reign. Within Dacia Superior, Porolissum was a center of Dacia Prolissensis as Apulum for Dacia Apulensis.
1950:
they sued for peace. The emperor then turned his attention to the Iazyges; after defeating them and throwing them out of Dacia, the
12877:
12114:
11433:
11040:
3973:
3642:
intimidating them with the threat of invasion if their requests were denied. Ultimately, the Bastarnae were permitted to settle in
1945:
By 173 AD, the Marcomanni had been defeated; however, the war with the Iazyges and Quadi continued, as Roman strongholds along the
1140:
936:, Roman forces continued to clash against the Dacians and the Getae. Constant raiding by the tribes into the adjacent provinces of
12813:
12759:
12065:
3789:
which occurred there in the last two decades of the 6th century and beginning of the 7th century, particularly under the emperor
3722:
a new bridge across the Danube, and repaired the road from Sucidava to Romula. He also erected a military fort at Daphne (modern
3563:
would then be created out of the northern and southern parts of this province as it was re-organized over the following decades.
2916:, holding the same rights as an Italian town. During the middle 190s, Septimius Severus transformed the town into a full-fledged
11542:
12867:
11714:
10084:
9355:"The North Danube Regions from the Roman Province of Dacia to the Emergence of the Romanian Language (2nd–8th Centuries A. D.)"
8941:
3738:
as implying some level of reconquest of Roman Dacia. However, the bridge at Sucidava lasted less than 40 years, as the emperor
2097:
As part of his military reforms, Severus allowed Roman soldiers to live away from the fortified camps, within the accompanying
717:
into two provinces, Dacia Apulensis and Dacia Porolissensis. The three provinces would later be unified in 166 and be known as
563:
3777:
Although the region of Dacia to the north of the Danube was never re-conquered afterward, in the mid 6th century, the emperor
3742:
discovered when he attempted to use it to cross the Danube during his campaign against the Goths in 367 AD. Nevertheless, the
3233:
were the favoured style of funerary memorial. However, other more sophisticated memorials have also been uncovered, including
2447:
12233:
10021:
10000:
9975:
9954:
9912:
9846:
9821:
9800:
9770:
9749:
9717:
9696:
9668:
9647:
9622:
9585:
9564:
9540:
9505:
9480:
9412:
9374:
9343:
9312:
9281:
9237:
9208:
9105:
9011:
8990:
8970:
8949:
8921:
8900:
8870:
8848:
8823:
8798:
8777:
8752:
8722:
8665:
8627:
8606:
8573:
8534:
8464:
8435:
8399:
8360:
8331:
8306:
8274:
8249:
8221:
8192:
8164:
8140:
4473:
4442:
4408:
3842:, became mired in controversy, stemming from political considerations originating during the 18th and 19th centuries between
3765:
This was the final attempt by the Romans to maintain a presence in the former province. Soon after, the westward push by the
2734:
was established nearby, while at some point during the Trajanic period a civilian settlement sprang into existence along the
897:
2632:). The two principal towns of Roman Dacia, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Apulum, are on par with similar towns across the
809:
population still left was abandoned, and its fate after the Roman withdrawal is controversial. According to one theory, the
12466:
12410:
11929:
11494:
11130:
8619:
Monetary circulation in Dacia and the provinces from the Middle and Lower Danube from Trajan to Constantine I: (AD 106–337)
2196:
Evidence concerning the continued existence of a native Dacian population within Roman Dacia is not as apparent as that of
1885:, taking on the governorship of the central sub-province of Dacia Apulensis. Dacia Malvensis was possibly assigned to its
1094:
in 105–106 was very specific in its aim of expansion and conquest. The offensive targeted Sarmizegetusa Regia. The Romans
12872:
12398:
12346:
12255:
11426:
10652:
3486:, and Festus) write that Dacia was lost under his reign. He transferred from Dacia to Pannonia a large percentage of the
3319:
3404:
At the end of 247 the Carpi were decisively beaten in open battle and sued for peace; Philip the Arab took the title of
12425:
11470:
3169:
2798:
1434:
attested to have been created at Trajan's explicit command: one was an arterial road that linked the military camps at
11551:
3793:(reigned 582-602). The aim was to secure the Balkan provinces and Danubian frontier against continued incursions from
12531:
12506:
11091:
9933:
9135:
9044:
2157:
emperor. Under his reign, the Council of Three Dacias met at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, and the gates, towers, and
1975:, who had accompanied him. The young man quickly concluded a peace with the warring tribes before returning to Rome.
1467:
605:
11790:
11734:
2738:, approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) from the military encampment. The town evolved rapidly, transforming from a
1716:, was repaired under his rule. In addition, given the exposed position of the larger of the Roman fortifications at
12496:
12315:
12183:
11998:
11780:
10054:
8284:
3794:
3572:
2967:
2270:
Some settlements do show a clear continuity of occupation from pre-Roman times into the provincial period, such as
2236:, which either depicts a Dacian emigration, accelerating the depopulation of Dacia, or Dacians going back to their
11418:
4396:
A History of the Laws of War: Volume 2, The Customs and Laws of War with Regards to Civilians in Times of Conflict
3428:, the "restorer of Dacia". On 1 July 251, Decius and his army were killed by the Goths during their defeat in the
12922:
11772:
11767:
11123:
8491:
1712:
show that the amphitheatre at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, which had been built during the earliest years of the
1466:
for cohorts and auxiliary units, initially built in turf and wood and many of them later rebuilt in stone. Their
17:
7970:
1362:
An immediate effect of the wars leading to the Roman conquest was a decrease in the population in the province.
757:
From its creation, Roman Dacia suffered great political and military threats. The Free Dacians, allied with the
12491:
12270:
12055:
11875:
11569:
9200:
8352:
8174:
2267:, have been dated to the 2nd century AD, implying that they arose at the same time as the Roman urban centres.
1076:(Grădiștea Muncelului, Romania) to ensure Dacian compliance with the treaty. Trajan also ordered his engineer,
3249:. The majority were highly decorated, with sculptured lions, medallions, and columns adorning the structures.
12551:
12285:
12223:
11699:
8044:
3786:
3111:
2400:
before their withdrawal, was substantially Romanized. The final zone, consisting of the northern portions of
1626:
1618:
1545:
11504:
9964:
Wilkes, John (2005). "Provinces and Frontiers". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.).
9596:
885:(82–44 BC) unified the native tribes and began an aggressive campaign of expansion. His kingdom extended to
12912:
12361:
12300:
12156:
12107:
12060:
11978:
11836:
11704:
11684:
11616:
11342:
9943:
Wilkes, John (2000). "The Danube Provinces". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Rathbone, Dominic (eds.).
8414:
8388:
Campbell, Brian (2005). "The Severan Dynasty". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.).
8006:
4464:
1865:
1785:, stationed at Potaissa), the imperial legate had to be of consular rank, with Marcus apparently assigning
1622:
1506:
1390:, some 40 km (25 mi) west of the ruined Sarmizegetusa Regia. Initially serving as a base for the
1302:
848:
11146:
3157:
was of unusual importance, second only to Jupiter. He was frequently referred to in Dacia with the titles
12902:
12659:
12575:
12481:
12161:
12081:
11466:
11220:
11101:
11034:
9878:
9426:
9366:
8657:
8150:
3781:
built a large number of fortresses along the river to supplement border defenses, including the tower at
3735:
3311:
3039:
2672:
2648:
2343:
2295:
1646:
1387:
740:
527:
479:
119:
11795:
9597:"Procurators in Asia and Dacia under Marcus Aurelius: A Case Study of Imperial Initiative in Government"
3944:
variety that existed in the nearby province of Pannonia, which subsequently died out in Late Antiquity.
12627:
12501:
12461:
12388:
12305:
12290:
12188:
12003:
11689:
11327:
11048:
11014:
10504:
10077:
9430:
8840:
8213:
3530:
3322:
brought the empire to bankruptcy. As the 3rd century progressed, it saw the continued migration of the
2658:, whose free-born inhabitants were almost exclusively Roman citizens. Of secondary importance were the
2496:
2454:
and were under the jurisdiction of their own tribal leadership (with individual leaders referred to as
1786:
1463:
1155:
556:
537:
11754:
9173:
6633:
1242:
Alone I have defeated peoples from beyond the Danube and I have annihilated the people of the Dacians.
12892:
12664:
12420:
12310:
11983:
11739:
11250:
10462:
9639:
8376:
A history of the Roman Empire: from its foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C.–180 A.D.)
2500:
2313:
1724:, Romania), the camp was reconstructed using stone, and given sturdier walls for defensive purposes.
1319:
1196:
744:
532:
11603:
9148:
Lectures on the history of Rome: from the earliest times to the fall of the Western Empire, Volume 3
4459:
3529:
The province of Dacia, which Trajan had formed beyond the Danube, he gave up, despairing, after all
1793:
of Dacia Porolissensis and Dacia Malvensis continue in office, and added to their ranks was a third
12882:
12652:
12546:
12526:
12521:
12471:
12295:
12040:
11946:
11679:
11656:
11387:
11377:
11260:
11225:
11205:
11185:
10801:
10793:
10584:
9446:
9304:
8323:
3189:
3107:
2948:
2703:
2104:
1679:, who employed a large number of individuals to manage the operations. In 124, the emperor visited
1617:
when word came through of the death of Trajan. He could not return to Rome, as he was advised that
1041:
508:
456:
12622:
12592:
12371:
12351:
12218:
12100:
12050:
12045:
11499:
11475:
11332:
11317:
11255:
11170:
11160:
10940:
10889:
10846:
10811:
3863:
3847:
3839:
3823:
3576:
2255:
2120:
2115:, in order to increase tax revenue and boost his popularity (at least according to the historian
2047:
1394:, it soon was settled by the retired veterans who had served in the Dacian Wars, principally the
1095:
1077:
1046:
826:
806:
686:
474:
360:
11724:
3830:
Based on the written accounts of ancient authors such as Eutropius, it had been assumed by some
12607:
12451:
12376:
12208:
11556:
11305:
11165:
11115:
10825:
10736:
10544:
8732:
2608:
When considering provincial settlement patterns, the Romanized parts of Dacia were composed of
2567:
2377:
2248:
1882:
1614:
1519:
984:
729:
and became an urban province, with about ten cities known and all of them originating from old
388:
75:
31:
11831:
11719:
11709:
11407:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
2628:
12739:
12692:
12617:
12602:
12405:
12393:
12366:
12320:
11200:
10101:
10070:
9868:
8020:
4434:
4400:
3710:
2900:
2764:
was the possible location of the military high command in Dacia Porolissensis. It was made a
2561:
2512:
2217:
1968:
1642:
1532:
1435:
1421:
1391:
1363:
1168:
1085:
1050:
913:
549:
9874:
Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius: literally translated, with notes and a general index
9026:
3818:
Linguistic map of the Balkans (4th–7th century). Pink areas indicate territories in which a
3219:
conception of deity, and that the Thraco-Dacian religion and their art was characterized by
3211:
entering the Roman pantheon of gods, and there is no evidence of any Dacian deity worshiped
2312:
may represent indigenous administrative structures, similar to those from Moesia, Pannonia,
12857:
12612:
12597:
12561:
12541:
12415:
12383:
12356:
12243:
12193:
12035:
11646:
11565:
11480:
11337:
11230:
10950:
10509:
10268:
9925:
The Emperor Maurice and his Historian – Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare
9196:
6708:
3843:
3831:
3771:
3212:
3193:
3154:
3115:
2943:
2633:
2578:
2450:) were brought in from Dalmatia. These Dalmatian miners were kept in sheltered communities
2309:
1861:
1323:
was responsible for managing the taxation of the province and expenditure by the military.
1261:
mentioned the fate of Dacians after the Roman victory in the Breviarium Historiae Romanae:
1226:
1029:
2103:, where they were allowed to tend nearby plots of land. He also permitted the soldiers to
1736:, Romania). As per Hadrian's earlier reorganisation, each zone was governed by equestrian
8:
12749:
12734:
12724:
12642:
12637:
12536:
12486:
12476:
12334:
12265:
12228:
12168:
11819:
11620:
11593:
11235:
11210:
10978:
10968:
10832:
10661:
10355:
8374:
8348:
8070:
3697:
3366:
3126:
2490:
2304:
system as used successfully in other provinces of the empire. Dacian tribes mentioned in
2221:
2058:
1837:
in 168 AD, the Iazyges had taken over 100,000 Roman captives and destroyed several Roman
1593:
1451:
1301:
Roman sources list Dacia as an imperial province on 11 August 106. It was governed by an
1176:
1073:
905:
335:
133:
9385:
6712:
3359:
2971:
12785:
12778:
12679:
12669:
12556:
12439:
12260:
12203:
12148:
12138:
12127:
11993:
11850:
11659:
11650:
11322:
11280:
11275:
10927:
10920:
10904:
10519:
10045:
9860:
9785:
9457:
9332:
8836:
The Roman Monetary System: The Eastern Provinces from the First to the Third Century AD
8714:
8700:
8646:
8456:
8380:
8052:
8038:
3963:
3953:
3560:
3429:
3341:
3262:
3150:
3015:
2991:
2905:
2413:
2233:
1822:
1782:
1395:
1343:
1294:
1285:
1204:
1099:
1081:
901:
8641:
3629:, possibly indicating that the town continued to function after the Roman withdrawal.
2279:
1064:
Trajan led the Roman legions across the Danube, penetrating Dacia and focusing on the
12702:
12632:
12456:
11939:
11809:
11489:
11367:
11362:
11290:
11285:
10840:
10604:
10529:
10476:
10017:
9996:
9971:
9950:
9929:
9908:
9856:
9842:
9817:
9796:
9780:
9766:
9745:
9713:
9692:
9664:
9643:
9618:
9581:
9560:
9536:
9501:
9476:
9449:
9408:
9370:
9339:
9318:
9308:
9277:
9254:
9233:
9204:
9177:
9131:
9101:
9075:
9040:
9007:
8986:
8966:
8945:
8917:
8896:
8885:
8866:
8858:
8844:
8819:
8794:
8773:
8748:
8737:
8718:
8661:
8623:
8602:
8579:
8569:
8530:
8499:
8495:
8460:
8431:
8395:
8370:
8356:
8327:
8302:
8270:
8245:
8217:
8188:
8160:
8136:
8102:
4469:
4438:
4424:
4404:
3908:
3790:
3185:
3138:
2425:
2421:
2394:
2351:
2150:
2053:
2043:
2035:
1993:
Conflict continued in Dacia during the reign of Commodus. The notoriously unreliable
1778:
1459:
1379:
1275:
1258:
1125:
1120:
1091:
814:
678:
9022:
3387:
and it was an inroad of the Carpi that obliged her to cross over and take refuge in
2372:, a distinctive Dacian weapon. In inscriptions the Dacian soldiers are described as
1918:
negotiations in an attempt to break up some of the barbarian alliances. In 171, the
12897:
12794:
12754:
12744:
12707:
12687:
12587:
12280:
12275:
11988:
11924:
11858:
11589:
11523:
11454:
11448:
11295:
11265:
10988:
10983:
10973:
10899:
10819:
10766:
10731:
10468:
10258:
8931:
8561:
8448:
From the Athenian tetradrachm to the euro: studies in European monetary integration
8266:
7966:
6716:
3819:
3759:
3647:
3521:
3470:(253–268) and the fracturing of the western half of the empire between himself and
3408:. Regardless of these victories, Dacian towns began to take defensive measures. In
3315:
3208:
3130:
2780:
was the camp of the Legio V Macedonica during the Marcomannic Wars. Potaissa saw a
2548:
2532:
2520:
2466:
2417:
2237:
2197:
2062:
1995:
1749:
1676:
1411:
1403:
1172:
1069:
842:
766:
722:
582:
9515:
9056:"The Danube Limes and the Barbaricum (294–498 A.D.) – A Study In Coin Circulation"
8622:. Volume 7 of Coins from Roman sites and collections of Roman coins from Romania.
8565:
7988:
4305:
3669:. They occupied what was the eastern portion of the old province and beyond, from
369:
12729:
12719:
12213:
11956:
11804:
11749:
11634:
11625:
11597:
11537:
11180:
10894:
10534:
10486:
10011:
9986:
9965:
9944:
9923:
9902:
9891:
9872:
9864:
9832:
9811:
9760:
9739:
9728:
9707:
9682:
9658:
9633:
9612:
9575:
9554:
9530:
9519:
9491:
9470:
9402:
9354:
9292:
9267:
9248:
9219:
9190:
9157:
9146:
9116:
9091:
9087:
9001:
8960:
8935:
8911:
8834:
8809:
8788:
8763:
8704:
8690:
8679:
8617:
8592:
8549:
8545:
8516:
8446:
8425:
8389:
8342:
8317:
8288:
8260:
8235:
8207:
8203:
8178:
8154:
8130:
8088:
7984:
6720:
6692:
6640:
4428:
4394:
3978:
3941:
3854:
3798:
3646:, while the Carpi which survived were permitted to settle in the new province of
3626:
3596:
3548:
3483:
3388:
3355:
3346:
3331:
3307:
3297:
3285:
3281:
3216:
3083:
2827:
2639:
2591:
2477:
2192:
Cast of a captive Dacian in the early 2nd century presented at the Pushkin Museum
2154:
1960:
1769:
1755:
1355:
1037:
1033:
1021:
998:
960:
925:
794:
735:
494:
489:
383:
222:
11905:
11664:
9759:
Treptow, Kurt W.; Bolovan, Ioan (1996). Treptow, Kurt W.; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.).
2995:
941:
granting of favoured status to the Dacians in the manner of being identified as
861:
106:
12862:
12799:
11846:
11840:
11822:
11775:
11667:
11642:
11519:
11509:
11270:
11190:
11081:
10958:
10909:
10747:
10228:
8769:
8653:
8637:
8231:
7910:
6621:
3958:
3747:
3618:
3556:
3122:
3065:
2979:
2730:) began as one of Trajan's legionary bases. Almost immediately, the associated
2390:
2088:
across the province, while Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Apulum acquired the
1818:
1704:
1698:
1657:
1569:
1493:
1331:
1234:
1182:
909:
810:
762:
690:
653:
from 106 to 271–275 AD. Its territory consisted of what are now the regions of
646:
622:
408:
298:
209:
89:
58:
9521:
Dacia: An Outline of the Early Civilization of the Carpatho-Danubian Countries
3334:
in 238 before sacking the economically important commercial centres along the
2735:
2008:
to establish a buffer in the hope of preventing further barbarian incursions.
2005:
1881:
between the three sub-provinces, with the imperial legate of Moesia Superior,
393:
12846:
12828:
12815:
12712:
11968:
11934:
11826:
11575:
11528:
11485:
11215:
11195:
11175:
10963:
10879:
10701:
10691:
10524:
10514:
9882:
9453:
9422:
9322:
9181:
9079:
8880:
8675:
8583:
8503:
8298:
8294:
5485:
3875:
3871:
3835:
3785:
on the northern bank, and there were several Eastern Roman (early Byzantine)
3782:
3702:
3586:
3374:
fled Dacia Malvensis at around this time before settling in Moesia Inferior.
3258:
3098:, the production of which ended after they lost control of its Dacian mines.
2435:
2327:
2073:
1375:
921:
522:
451:
250:
11676:
9890:
Webb, Percy Henry (1927). Mattingly, Harold; Sydenham, Edward Allen (eds.).
3547:
The end result was that Aurelian established a new province of Dacia called
3495:
Even the territories across the Danube, which Trajan had secured, were lost.
2662:, which were allowed a measure of judicial and administrative independence.
2362:
in Moesia Inferior. There are a number of preserved relics originating from
12697:
12513:
11951:
11907:
11854:
11785:
11729:
11638:
11585:
11547:
11533:
11450:
11240:
11106:
Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state
11009:
10867:
10783:
10681:
10627:
10457:
10315:
10290:
10203:
10153:
10148:
9678:
9497:
9258:
8861:; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor, eds. (1994).
8056:
4390:
3335:
3269:
2983:
2746:
during Marcus Aurelius' reign, with the emperor Commodus elevating it to a
2686:
2644:
2287:
2090:
2069:
1951:
1733:
1335:
1307:
1249:
980:
802:
710:
658:
650:
517:
499:
426:
93:
3207:
While the Dacians worshiped local divinities, there is no evidence of any
2401:
1134:
702:
11864:
11814:
11694:
11630:
11382:
11311:
10213:
10208:
9660:
Change and discontinuity within the Severan dynasty: The case of Macrinus
9550:
9362:
9225:
9169:
8768:. G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series.
8410:
8002:
3921:
3904:
3614:
3327:
3095:
2760:
2622:
2603:
2470:
2271:
2188:
2183:
2116:
1826:
1680:
1443:
1351:
952:
893:
to the east, while to the south his authority extended into the Balkans.
825:(the Romanized population of Dacia). The opposing theory states that the
417:
398:
9006:. History of the provinces of the Roman Empire. Vol. 4. Routledge.
8985:. Philippika. Vol. 173. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 553–565.
8913:
Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D.
3822:
is spoken; shaded pink areas represent the possible distribution of the
3074:
1664:
one legion was present, Dacia Superior was administered by a senator of
1582:
1458:, Romania), and stretched from the Black Sea in the east all the way to
11671:
11561:
11408:
11063:
11004:
10589:
10579:
10310:
10119:
9493:
The Empire Stops Here: A Journey Along the Frontiers of the Roman World
9461:
9055:
8526:
8445:
Cottrell, P. L.; Notarás, Gerásimos; Casares, Gabriel Tortella (2007).
8106:
8084:
5773:
3997:
3917:
3858:
3670:
3665:
3601:
3582:
3417:
3383:
3303:
3035:
3028:
2909:
2815:
2807:
2727:
2595:
2507:
2482:
2013:
1894:
1869:
1806:
1717:
1685:
1650:
1455:
1216:
1058:
822:
758:
751:
484:
8550:"'Terra deserta': population, politics, and the colonization of Dacia"
8265:. Studies of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society. Leiden:
3723:
2405:
1830:
1601:
1574:
1317:
who were in charge of each of the two legions stationed in Dacia. The
698:
12647:
11757:
11300:
11053:
10632:
10494:
10361:
10343:
10331:
10253:
10218:
10168:
9992:
9838:
9688:
9273:
9229:
9097:
8892:
8815:
8744:
8241:
8184:
7162:
7160:
6102:
4001:
3887:
3778:
3467:
3459:
3289:
3246:
3235:
3220:
3054:
2793:
2698:
2320:
2209:
2205:
2112:
2039:
1833:
was destroyed by the Marcomanni. By the time Marcus Aurelius reached
1634:
1367:
1102:, which was of enormous value: 500,000 pounds (230,000 kilograms) of
1006:
933:
890:
882:
856:
852:
818:
786:
782:
694:
436:
431:
236:
30:"Dacia Felix" redirects here. For the Romanian Orthodox diocese, see
12013:
9396:(2). Cluj-Napoca, Romania: Institute of Archaeology and Art History.
8212:. Translated texts for historians. trans. Harry W. Bird. Liverpool:
2962:
It is assumed that Roman Dacia possessed a large number of military
2832:
2264:
2081:
1740:, and all were responsible to the senatorial governor in Apulensis.
1721:
990:
12092:
11973:
11800:
11613:
11580:
11058:
10686:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10614:
10594:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10337:
10305:
10285:
10243:
10223:
10198:
10173:
10158:
7408:
7091:
7007:
3892:
3719:
3714:
3686:
3674:
3659:
3513:
3471:
3433:
3409:
3371:
3293:
3201:
3091:
3058:
2863:
2839:
2713:
2708:
2556:
2552:
2540:
2536:
2516:
2244:
multi-ethnic urban centres and the native Dacian rural population.
2129:
2077:
1972:
1902:
1857:
1842:
1834:
1763:
1759:
1439:
1025:
972:
948:
886:
790:
743:
was the financial, religious, and legislative center and where the
706:
350:
345:
340:
159:
9272:. Routledge monographs in classical studies. London and New York:
8765:
Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe
7157:
5761:
3746:
at Sucidava remained in use until its destruction at the hands of
2952:
2620:, and rural settlements, principally villas with their associated
2275:
761:, made constant raids in the province. These were followed by the
12123:
11357:
10609:
10439:
10424:
10406:
10349:
10193:
10178:
10163:
10124:
9967:
The Cambridge ancient history: The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337
9792:
8681:
The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 1
8452:
8391:
The Cambridge ancient history: The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337
7701:
7132:
7130:
5991:
3900:
3879:
3867:
3682:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3552:
3365:
between 243 and 247. Evidence suggests the defensive line of the
3181:
3134:
3068:
foundries existed at Porolissum, Romula, and Dierna; there was a
3023:
2928:
was possibly the capital of Dacia Malvensis. It held the rank of
2868:
2847:
2752:
2335:
2305:
2290:
who are thought to have moved into Dacia sometime before 200 AD.
2179:
2162:
2149:
There are few epigraphs extant in Dacia dating from the reign of
2099:
1919:
1873:
1810:
1665:
1610:
1565:
1347:
1313:
1002:
976:
967:
874:
798:
774:
726:
670:
666:
654:
378:
309:
278:
11145:
9386:"Caracalla and Dacia: Imperial Visit, A Reality or Only Rumour?"
8790:
Empires and barbarians: the fall of Rome and the birth of Europe
7945:
Toponyms of Roman Origin in Transylvania and South-West Moldavia
5785:
3454:
2932:, possibly under the reign of Hadrian, before being elevated to
2220:, supported by minor references in the works of Cassius Dio and
1326:
1160:
11372:
11352:
11347:
10914:
10884:
10599:
10559:
10401:
10378:
10300:
10295:
10248:
10238:
10143:
10134:
9442:
9421:
8710:
8598:
8522:
8487:
8033:] (in Latin). Archived from the original on 3 October 2003.
7916:
7595:
7593:
7500:
7498:
7449:
7447:
7279:
7277:
7252:
7250:
6425:
5708:
5696:
5449:
3896:
3809:
3803:
3739:
3713:, the Tervingi took advantage of the civil war between him and
3643:
3638:
3421:
3413:
3241:
3173:
3142:
3069:
3050:
3019:
2924:
2852:
2260:
1814:
1743:
1729:
1586:
1266:
1221:
1192:
1151:
1107:
1054:
994:
956:
937:
917:
778:
730:
682:
674:
355:
283:
146:
9970:. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–268.
9949:. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press. pp. 577–603.
9904:
The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries A.D.
8478:[Soldiers of Dacian origin in the military diplomas].
7529:
7527:
7525:
7189:
7187:
7127:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6698:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6209:
6207:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5560:
5558:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5461:
5257:
3275:
2084:
in Romania). His reign saw an increase in the number of Roman
1209:
Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People (VIII.2)
979:
in Dacia, while the region also served as a haven for runaway
924:
would turn his eye towards Dacia. As part of Caesar's planned
12173:
10395:
10280:
10188:
10183:
10139:
10129:
10093:
10038:
9067:
7067:
6015:
5875:
5873:
5269:
4960:
4958:
4926:
4924:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4322:
4320:
3913:
3448:
Of the Manner in which the Persecutors Died – Chapter IV
3398:
Of the Manner in which the Persecutors Died – Chapter IX
3323:
3229:
3197:
3177:
3146:
2881:
2776:
2599:
2430:
2412:
2,200) were Latin, 14% (c. 420) were Greek, 4% (c. 120) were
2201:
1946:
1802:
1447:
943:
878:
866:
838:
770:
662:
446:
317:
67:
8983:
Romans and Natives in the Danubian Provinces (1st–6th C. AD)
7689:
7590:
7495:
7444:
7420:
7274:
7247:
6920:
6131:
6129:
3857:
began with the Romanization of Dacia and the existence of a
1829:
at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa were burned, and the camp at
1589:
coin of the emperor Hadrian commemorating his visit to Dacia
10761:
10756:
10233:
10114:
9946:
The Cambridge ancient history: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192
9357:. In Pop, Ioan Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan; Andea, Susana (eds.).
8419:. Loeb Classical Library. London: Harvard University Press.
8394:. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–27.
7927:
7925:
7814:
7802:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7522:
7262:
7184:
6864:
6784:
6727:
6490:
6478:
6466:
6449:
6413:
6329:
6219:
6204:
5720:
5660:
5555:
5512:
5473:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
3766:
3617:
of the Thirteenth Legion (Legio XIII Gemina) was posted in
3508:
3475:
3184:, who was the most popular among soldiers. The cult of the
3078:
2956:
2485:
minted to commemorate the province of Dacia and its legions
2368:
1898:
1846:
1709:
1660:
was established as the eastern frontier of Dacia Superior.
1103:
966:
Although it is believed that the custom of providing royal
597:
591:
9253:. London and New York: Nakl. Československé akademie věd.
9195:. Transformation of the Classical Heritage. Vol. 21.
8863:
History of Transylvania – From the Beginnings to 1606
8814:. Roman Imperial Biographies Series. London and New York:
7653:
7483:
7471:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7354:
7352:
7325:
7103:
6949:
6947:
6813:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6039:
5870:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5797:
5587:
5585:
4955:
4921:
4909:
4885:
4866:
4746:
4317:
3621:
until at least 305 AD. Coins bearing the image of emperor
947:– "friends and allies" – of Rome, although by the time of
594:
9145:
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1849). Schmitz, Leonhard (ed.).
8652:. Romanian literature and thought in translation series.
7886:
7773:
7605:
7381:
7147:
7145:
6830:
6828:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6663:
6661:
6604:
6602:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6543:
6541:
6388:
6386:
6373:
6371:
6358:
6356:
6194:
6192:
6126:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5902:
5900:
5684:
5672:
5502:
5500:
5425:
5401:
5296:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4531:
4529:
4349:
4347:
4295:
4293:
4254:
4142:
3525:
administration during 272–273, possibly as late as 275.
3318:
inaugurated by Septimius Severus continued apace and the
959:, and in exchange Cotiso would wed Octavianus' daughter,
403:
10062:
9741:
Romans and barbarians: the decline of the Western Empire
9192:
In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini
7922:
7785:
7568:
7566:
7510:
7398:
7396:
6932:
6910:
6908:
6403:
6401:
6068:
6066:
5967:
5858:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5235:
5233:
5220:
5218:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5086:
5084:
4999:
4997:
4844:
4842:
4654:
4560:
4060:
4058:
3814:
7862:
7850:
7838:
7826:
7761:
7364:
7349:
7199:
7055:
7043:
6944:
6852:
6801:
6300:
6177:
6165:
6153:
6114:
6027:
5924:
5912:
5821:
5602:
5600:
5582:
5437:
5286:
5284:
5120:
4982:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4678:
4516:
4514:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4176:
4174:
4161:
4159:
4157:
3482:. However, literary sources from antiquity (Eutropius,
2636:
in terms of socio-economic and architectural maturity.
2029:
1135:
Dacia under the Antonine and Severan emperors (106–235)
669:, except the last region which is split among Romania,
9580:. East European monographs. East European Monographs.
8444:
7874:
7749:
7737:
7725:
7677:
7665:
7641:
7629:
7617:
7578:
7551:
7459:
7432:
7313:
7301:
7289:
7211:
7172:
7142:
7031:
7019:
6995:
6959:
6881:
6840:
6825:
6673:
6658:
6599:
6582:
6553:
6538:
6526:
6514:
6502:
6437:
6383:
6368:
6353:
6288:
6276:
6264:
6240:
6189:
6078:
6051:
6003:
5948:
5936:
5897:
5885:
5809:
5749:
5737:
5648:
5636:
5624:
5543:
5531:
5497:
5389:
5344:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4763:
4724:
4722:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4623:
4541:
4526:
4482:
4389:
4371:
4344:
4290:
4266:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
813:
spoken in Dacia, mostly in modern Romania, became the
9090:(1999). Demandt, Barbara; Demandt, Alexander (eds.).
8476:"Soldats d'origine dace dans les diplômes militaires"
8063:
Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People
7898:
7563:
7539:
7393:
7115:
6905:
6893:
6772:
6634:
Zonal Urbanism Plan for Roșia Montană Industrial Area
6570:
6398:
6317:
6063:
5979:
5612:
5570:
5413:
5368:
5356:
5332:
5320:
5308:
5230:
5215:
5203:
5191:
5151:
5132:
5081:
5045:
5033:
5021:
5009:
4994:
4970:
4839:
4775:
4690:
4642:
4611:
4599:
4587:
4359:
4070:
4055:
3907:
data and place names attest to the beginnings of the
3466:
Continuing pressures during the reign of the emperor
2912:), the town was elevated by the emperor Hadrian to a
2543:
in Romania) in Moesia Inferior to Potaissa in Dacia.
2334:
accompanied the emperor Septimius Severus during his
1229:. Trajan returned to Rome in the middle of June 107.
606:
9250:
Pannonia and the onset of crisis in the Roman Empire
9158:"Scenarios on the Dacians: The Indigenous Districts"
8979:
8518:
The cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion
7713:
7344:
7235:
7079:
6983:
6971:
6760:
6252:
6090:
5597:
5281:
5096:
4897:
4808:
4787:
4511:
4494:
4457:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4220:
4198:
4186:
4171:
4154:
4130:
4118:
3853:
One theory states that the process which formed the
3081:
and hundreds of moulds for the manufacture of local
3034:
With the Roman army ensuring the maintenance of the
1374:) as part of the celebrations to mark the emperor's
588:
9893:
The Roman Imperial Coinage: Valerian – Florian
9188:
8240:. Roman imperial biographies. London and New York:
8183:. Roman imperial biographies. London and New York:
8101:
7414:
7223:
5245:
5168:
5108:
5069:
5057:
4936:
4854:
4734:
4719:
4702:
4666:
4332:
4311:
4106:
4094:
4082:
4020:
1559:
1164:
Roman province of Dacia in 107 AD with major cities
697:. However, the Romans did not occupy its entirety;
585:
9784:
9331:
8884:
8736:
8645:
7965:
6748:
6341:
6141:
5846:
5491:
4460:"Roman Dacia - The Making of a Provincial Society"
9472:A history of the Roman world from A.D. 138 to 337
9338:. London and New York: Harvard University Press.
9291:Oltean, Ioana Adina (2009). Hanson, W. S. (ed.).
9189:Nixon, C. E. V.; Saylor Rodgers, Barbara (1994).
9162:Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai – Historia
8473:
7983:
7166:
6620:Commerce and the Economy: the First Growth Phase
6108:
5997:
4423:
4278:
4237:
2676:was established by Trajan, was first to be given
1809:) began to pour across the Danube into Pannonia,
1801:Throughout 166 and 167 AD, barbarian tribes (the
1032:. Domitian responded by reorganising Moesia into
12844:
4430:Delphi Complete Works of Eutropius (Illustrated)
4043:
3591:
3312:a 50-year period of disorder in the Roman Empire
2319:Few local Dacians were interested in the use of
869:Kingdom around 100 AD, before the Roman conquest
9730:The Continuity of the Romanian People, Volume 2
9606:(123). University of Michigan: Habelt: 270–274.
9269:Dacia: landscape, colonisation and romanization
8521:. Columbia studies in the classical tradition.
8408:
5714:
5467:
5275:
3862:after 271 AD in Potaissa, and Roman coinage of
3215:. It is conjectured that the Dacians lacked an
2768:by Hadrian, and Commodus transformed it into a
920:meant that once the Pompeians were dealt with,
12853:States and territories established in the 100s
9758:
9114:
8962:Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor
7073:
3018:was founded by the Romans during the reign of
2784:established at the gates of the camp. Granted
1061:(modern Belgrade, Serbia) in Moesia Superior.
12108:
11891:
11434:
11131:
10078:
10009:
9705:
8739:The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition
8597:. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World.
8001:
7707:
7695:
7599:
7504:
7453:
7426:
6926:
5779:
5702:
5455:
5263:
3566:
1024:, in particular the accession of the emperor
677:). During Roman rule, it was organized as an
557:
9809:
9684:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
9072:École des hautes études en sciences sociales
8451:. Studies in banking and financial history.
8083:
7097:
7013:
6655:, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică p. 27
6622:https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/15.html
3810:Controversy over the fate of the Daco-Romans
2023:Historia Augusta – The Life of Commodus
1744:Marcomannic Wars and their effects (161–193)
1106:and 1,000,000 pounds (450,000 kilograms) of
10010:Wolfram, Herwig; Dunlap, Thomas J. (1990).
9795:and Buffalo: Matthias Corvinus Publishing.
9293:"Dacian ethnic identity and the Roman Army"
9224:. Roman imperial biographies. New York and
8930:
8699:
8095:Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died
8019:
7820:
7808:
7533:
7268:
7193:
7136:
6875:
6795:
6742:
6496:
6484:
6472:
6460:
6431:
6419:
6335:
6234:
6213:
6045:
5767:
5731:
5564:
5525:
5479:
4964:
4930:
4915:
4891:
4879:
4757:
4260:
3276:Last decades of Dacia Traiana (235–271/275)
3064:Towns became key centres of manufacturing.
1987:Roman History – Epitome of Book LXXIII
1350:, forums and temples, the establishment of
1066:important area around the Orăștie Mountains
932:From the death of Burebista to the rise of
904:. His last minute decision just before the
630:
614:
48:
12918:270s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
12115:
12101:
11898:
11884:
11441:
11427:
11138:
11124:
10697:Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains
10085:
10071:
9813:Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1
9604:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
9390:Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology
8474:Dana, Dan; Matei-Popescu, Florian (2009).
8344:Rome and the Barbarians: 100 B.C.–A.D. 400
8293:. Facts on File library of world history.
6701:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
6626:
3969:List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia
3625:(reign 375–383 AD) have been uncovered at
3180:, along with more than 274 dedications to
3168:About 20% of Dacian inscriptions refer to
2143:Roman History – Epitome of Book LXXIX
1935:Roman History – Epitome of Book LXXII
1692:
1470:were drawn from many parts of the empire.
1145:
733:. Eight of these held the highest rank of
564:
550:
105:
9881:. trans. Rev. John Selby Watson. London:
9726:
9528:
8636:
7796:
7779:
6311:
6021:
5840:
4660:
4554:
4488:
4064:
2788:status by Septimius Severus, it became a
9984:
9810:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006).
9737:
9677:
8879:
8692:The Making of the Romanian Unitary State
8688:
8387:
8258:
8069:
8051:
7931:
7516:
7489:
7477:
7375:
7358:
7283:
7256:
7217:
7109:
7061:
6938:
6033:
5791:
5591:
5350:
4326:
3974:List of Roman governors of Dacia Traiana
3813:
3696:
3692:
3595:
3507:
3453:
3340:
2797:
2638:
2476:
2465:
2187:
1851:
1600:
1592:
1581:
1573:
1420:
1325:
1181:
1167:
1159:
1141:List of Roman governors of Dacia Traiana
1128:(Book VIII, Letter 4: To Caninius Rufus)
1011:
989:
860:
12908:100s establishments in the Roman Empire
9900:
9896:. Vol. 5, Part 1. Spink & Son.
9733:. Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică.
9706:Southern, Pat; Dixon, Karen R. (1996).
9631:
9614:Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe
9383:
9352:
9144:
9121:. Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică.
9086:
8857:
8832:
8786:
8761:
8684:. New York: Abraham Small and M. Carey.
8590:
8173:
8058:Breviarium rerum gestarum populi Romani
7868:
7856:
7844:
7832:
7767:
7343:On the date of this reorganisation see
7205:
7049:
6965:
6953:
6858:
6807:
6686:
6667:
6443:
6246:
6198:
6183:
6171:
6159:
6120:
5930:
5918:
5755:
5743:
5678:
5666:
5642:
5630:
5506:
5395:
5383:
5090:
5051:
4848:
4769:
4696:
4648:
4636:
4617:
4535:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4299:
4272:
4124:
4005:
1450:, Romania). Epigraphic evidence on the
1386:Trajan established the Dacian capital,
829:actually lies on the Balkan Peninsula.
765:(a Dacian tribe) and the newly arrived
14:
12845:
10552:
9963:
9942:
9921:
9855:
9830:
9779:
9594:
9577:Romanians and Romania: A Brief History
9514:
9489:
9468:
9400:
9290:
9265:
9155:
9125:
9115:Muşat, Mircea; Ardeleanu, Ion (1985).
9053:
9020:
8958:
8942:The University of North Carolina Press
8909:
8674:
8615:
8514:
8423:
8283:
8230:
8149:
7880:
7755:
7743:
7731:
7683:
7671:
7659:
7647:
7635:
7623:
7584:
7557:
7545:
7465:
7438:
7387:
7331:
7319:
7307:
7295:
7178:
7151:
7037:
7025:
7001:
6887:
6846:
6834:
6819:
6778:
6766:
6608:
6593:
6576:
6564:
6547:
6532:
6520:
6508:
6407:
6392:
6377:
6362:
6323:
6294:
6282:
6270:
6084:
6072:
6057:
6009:
5985:
5973:
5961:
5942:
5906:
5891:
5879:
5864:
5815:
5803:
5654:
5576:
5549:
5537:
5431:
5419:
5407:
5362:
5338:
5326:
5314:
5302:
5290:
5239:
5224:
5209:
5197:
5162:
5145:
5126:
5039:
5027:
5015:
5003:
4976:
4903:
4833:
4802:
4781:
4605:
4593:
4505:
4338:
4231:
4165:
4148:
4136:
4112:
4088:
4037:
3912:place names which were adopted by the
2742:of Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa into a
2461:
2366:, with one inscription describing the
2168:
1789:. The reorganization saw the existing
750:(finance officer) had his seat, while
12096:
11879:
11422:
11119:
10066:
9656:
9610:
9435:The Slavonic and East European Review
9329:
9246:
9217:
8999:
8807:
8731:
8543:
8340:
8315:
8128:
7904:
7892:
7611:
7572:
7402:
7121:
7085:
6989:
6977:
6914:
6899:
6653:Dicționar de istorie veche a României
6135:
6096:
5690:
5618:
5606:
5251:
5102:
5063:
4949:
4713:
4684:
4581:
4520:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4100:
4076:
12122:
11750:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)
11147:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
11087:
9889:
9638:. Enemies of Rome Monograph Series.
9549:
9469:Parker, Henry Michael Denne (1958).
9369:(Center for Transylvanian Studies).
9221:Constantine and the Christian Empire
9118:From Ancient Dacia to Modern Romania
8369:
8201:
7719:
7241:
7229:
6258:
5443:
5185:
5114:
5075:
4988:
4860:
4740:
4728:
4672:
3165:, which were also used in Pannonia.
2986:being discovered at the latter one.
2680:status, and was the province's only
2527:who were stationed in the province.
2293:Some scholars have used the lack of
2030:Revival under the Severans (193–235)
721:("Three Dacias") due to the ongoing
12888:Romanization of Southeastern Europe
11097:
10372:Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia
9573:
8262:The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus
6754:
6347:
6147:
5852:
4284:
4248:
4049:
2947:. These include Brucla, Blandiana,
2555:, Bulgaria) and Durostorum (modern
2443:from Noricum and western Pannonia.
2240:after yielding to Roman authority.
754:was Roman Dacia's military center.
158:• Withdrawal by Roman emperor
24:
11690:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)
10418:southern Moldavia and Transylvania
10016:. University of California Press.
9404:The History of the Romanian people
9384:Opreanu, Coriolan Horațiu (2015).
9353:Opreanu, Coriolan Horațiu (2006).
9303:(The army and frontiers of Rome).
9128:Armata in sud-vestul Daciei Romane
9028:Pannónia a korai császárság idején
3038:, Roman Dacia prospered until the
1047:Trajan's wars of conquest in Dacia
896:By 74 BC, the Roman legions under
625:for 'Trajan’s Dacia'); or
25:
12934:
11626:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique)
9988:Diocletian and the Roman Recovery
9744:. University of Wisconsin Press.
9529:Petolescu, Constantin C. (2010).
3200:is attested in Dacia, as are the
2802:The reconstructed gateway of the
2173:
12012:
11815:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)
11557:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique)
11396:
11096:
11086:
11077:
11076:
10463:Art, jewellery, treasures, tools
9559:(in German). München: C.H.Beck.
9093:A History of Rome under Emperors
9033:Pannonia during the Early Empire
8916:University of California Press.
8689:Giurescu, Constantin C. (1971).
8290:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire
7937:
7345:Mitthof & Matei-Popescu 2023
7337:
6645:
6614:
3990:
3573:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
3316:militarization of the government
2232:be made from the final scene on
1560:First re-organisations (117–138)
581:
308:
255:
241:
227:
202:
111:Roman province of Dacia (125 AD)
12878:Ancient history of Transylvania
10500:Words of possible Dacian origin
10416:Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and
8492:German Archaeological Institute
8347:. Ancient society and history.
8135:. Romanian Cultural Institute.
7953:
7415:Nixon & Saylor Rodgers 1994
4458:Ian Haynes; W.S. Hanson (204).
4451:
4417:
4383:
4210:
2515:positioned at Berzobis (modern
2165:, Romania) camp were restored.
1092:Trajan's second Dacian campaign
10325:Dacian nucleus in Transylvania
9907:University of Oklahoma Press.
9834:Aurelian and the Third Century
9359:History of Romania: Compendium
9218:Odahl, Charles Matson (2004).
9201:University of California Press
9151:. Taylor, Walton, and Maberly.
8910:Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002).
8379:. Student's Series. New York:
8353:Johns Hopkins University Press
8132:History of Romania: compendium
4312:Pliny the Younger & 109 AD
3718:328 AD, he had constructed at
3125:are all represented in Dacia:
2585:
2424:, and another 2% (c. 60) were
1338:in 117, with Dacia highlighted
1049:. At this time Domitian moved
13:
1:
12868:Provinces of the Roman Empire
9532:Dacia – Un mileniu de istorie
9039:. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
8865:. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
8833:Katsari, Constantina (2011).
8594:A Companion to the Roman Army
8566:10.1080/00438243.1998.9980408
6109:Dana & Matei-Popescu 2009
5998:Dana & Matei-Popescu 2009
5492:Historia Augusta & 395 AD
4014:
3592:Consolidation of the frontier
3310:(235–238) marks the start of
3112:Imperial cult of ancient Rome
2259:Dacian architecture, such as
1546:Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus
832:
9765:. East European Monographs.
9635:The Dacian Threat 101–106 AD
9535:. Editura Academiei Române.
9427:Seton-Watson, Robert William
9334:Hadrian: empire and conflict
9297:Journal of Roman Archaeology
9266:Oltean, Ioana Adina (2007).
8159:. Harvard University Press.
8031:Abridgement of Roman History
7167:Aurelius Victor & 361 AD
6721:10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104344
4465:Journal of Roman Archaeology
3541:Abridgement of Roman History
3153:, and others. The Roman god
2936:status by Septimius Severus.
2879:status. The town remained a
2384:
2360:II Augusta Dacorum milliaria
2332:Vexillation Dacorum Parthica
2124:Quadi. At Porolissum he had
1866:National Museum of the Union
1768:Soon after the accession of
1507:Decimus Terentius Scaurianus
889:in the west and reached the
27:Roman province (106–271/275)
7:
12082:Borders of the Roman Empire
9928:. Oxford University Press.
9727:Stoicescu, Nicolae (1983).
9367:Romanian Cultural Institute
8793:. Oxford University Press.
8658:Ohio State University Press
8319:A History of the Ostrogoths
5715:Cary & Cassius Dio 1927
5468:Cary & Cassius Dio 1927
5276:Cary & Cassius Dio 1927
3947:
3101:
3040:Crisis of the Third Century
2859:status by Septimus Severus.
2673:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
2649:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
2473:, castra and roads in Dacia
2076:, Romania) in the south to
1647:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
1475:Legati Augusti pro praetore
1388:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
1311:standing, supported by two
1096:besieged Decebalus' capital
741:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
480:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
120:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
10:
12939:
12873:Ancient history of Romania
12399:Chief of the General Staff
11015:Eastern Romance substratum
9985:Williams, Stephen (2000).
9787:Dacians, Romans, Romanians
8841:Cambridge University Press
8214:Liverpool University Press
8026:Breviarium ab urbe condita
7958:
7074:Muşat & Ardeleanu 1985
3580:
3570:
3567:After the Roman withdrawal
3320:debasement of the currency
3279:
3105:
3009:
2589:
2497:List of castra by province
2494:
2488:
2388:
2358:in Roman Britain, and the
2226:Breviarium ab urbe condita
2177:
2033:
1787:Sextus Calpurnius Agricola
1753:
1747:
1696:
1563:
1425:Networks of roads, forts,
1156:List of castra by province
1149:
1138:
1082:a bridge across the Danube
846:
836:
68:
29:
12772:
12678:
12583:
12574:
12447:
12438:
12342:
12333:
12251:
12242:
12147:
12134:
12074:
12021:
12010:
11915:
11906:Territories with limited
11462:
11405:
11394:
11156:
11072:
11027:
10997:
10974:Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes)
10949:
10875:
10862:
10810:
10792:
10779:
10745:
10710:
10645:
10623:
10543:
10485:
10450:
10437:
10415:
10389:Dacian kingdom of Dobruja
10388:
10371:
10324:
10276:
10267:
10100:
10092:
9657:Scott, Andrew G. (2008).
9640:Armidale, New South Wales
9632:Schmitz, Michael (2005).
9611:Price, Glanville (2000).
9447:W.S. Maney & Son Ltd.
9407:. Scientific Pub. Hoose.
9003:Pannonia and Upper Moesia
8932:MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan
8616:Găzdac, Cristian (2010).
8560:(2). Routledge: 220–237.
8515:Dorcey, Peter F. (1992).
8341:Burns, Thomas S. (2003).
8316:Burns, Thomas S. (1991).
8121:
8043:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
8015:] (in Ancient Greek).
7708:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990
7696:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990
7600:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990
7505:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990
7454:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990
7427:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990
6927:Southern & Dixon 1996
3061:, limestone, and marble.
2978:(modern Ocna Mureș), and
2501:List of castra in Romania
1954:awarded him the title of
615:
271:
181:
177:
173:
169:
156:
143:
139:
129:
125:
115:
104:
99:
88:
49:
41:
12426:Unification with Moldova
12347:Administrative divisions
11918:partially or temporarily
11186:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
9922:Whitby, Michael (1998).
9901:Webster, Graham (1998).
9879:Bohn's Classical Library
9738:Thompson, E. A. (2002).
9574:Pop, Ioan Aurel (1999).
9330:Opper, Thorsten (2008).
9305:Portsmouth, Rhode Island
8808:Jones, Brian W. (1992).
8648:The Romanians: a history
8324:Indiana University Press
8259:de Blois, Lukas (1976).
8180:Trajan: optimus princeps
8156:Constantine and Eusebius
8090:De Mortibus Persecutorum
5780:Cassius Dio & 200 AD
5703:Cassius Dio & 200 AD
5456:Cassius Dio & 200 AD
5264:Cassius Dio & 200 AD
3984:
3637:in the north, while the
3108:Religion in ancient Rome
2612:settlements, made up of
2121:extended the citizenship
1912:Sextus Cornelius Clemens
1841:, including the fort at
1781:at Apulum was joined by
1732:was its capital (modern
1016:Roman Moesia after 87 AD
297:This article is part of
11333:Mauretania Caesariensis
10847:Battle of Sarmizegetusa
9991:. London and New York:
9837:. London and New York:
9831:Watson, Alaric (2004).
9816:. Infobase Publishing.
9687:. London and New York:
9642:: Caeros Pty, Limited.
9524:. The University Press.
9490:Parker, Philip (2010).
9401:Oțetea, Andrei (1970).
9174:Babeș-Bolyai University
9126:Nemeth, Eduard (2005).
9021:Mócsy, András (1974b).
8937:The Dacian Stones Speak
8887:The imperial Roman army
8787:Heather, Peter (2010).
8743:. London and New York:
8706:The Complete Roman Army
8601:: John Wiley and Sons.
8424:Chapot, Victor (1997).
7098:Lactantius & 320 AD
7014:Lactantius & 320 AD
3864:Marcus Claudius Tacitus
3848:Austro-Hungarian Empire
3840:origin of the Romanians
3824:Proto-Romanian language
3577:origin of the Romanians
3534:previously on the left.
3022:as a mining town, with
2894:Towns in Dacia Inferior
2666:Towns in Dacia Superior
2446:Specialist miners (the
2378:Roman military diplomas
2256:archaeological evidence
2048:Constitutio Antoniniana
1860:(193). Statue found at
1693:Consolidation (138–161)
1233:After the conflict the
1146:Establishment (106–117)
1078:Apollodorus of Damascus
1070:a series of engagements
1005:chieftain who betrayed
827:origin of the Romanians
12923:270s disestablishments
12532:Science and technology
11910:occupation and contact
11672:Late Antique/Medieval)
11515:Bosnia and Herzegovina
11306:Hispania Tarraconensis
10826:Second Battle of Tapae
9595:Potter, David (1998).
9475:. Methuen Publishing.
9156:Nemeti, Sorin (2006).
9054:Moisil, Delia (2002).
9000:Mócsy, András (1974).
8959:McLynn, Frank (2011).
8591:Erdkamp, Paul (2010).
7137:Eutropius & 364 AD
5768:Eutropius & 364 AD
4391:Alexander M. Gillespie
4314:, Book VIII, Letter 4.
3827:
3706:
3655:("Carps from Dacia").
3605:
3545:
3517:
3506:
3463:
3452:
3402:
3378:But the other Maximian
3350:
3001:The identification of
2810:
2756:with municipal status.
2651:
2486:
2474:
2364:cohort I Aelia Dacorum
2356:cohort I Aelia Dacorum
2346:. Others included the
2340:cohort I Ulpia Dacorum
2338:expedition, while the
2249:Marcus Statius Priscus
2193:
2147:
2027:
1991:
1939:
1883:Marcus Claudius Fronto
1877:
1791:praesidial procurators
1670:praesidial procurators
1637:and a southward push.
1606:
1598:
1590:
1579:
1520:Gaius Avidius Nigrinus
1430:
1354:, and the creation of
1339:
1299:
1280:
1254:
1250:Alexander M. Gillespie
1213:
1187:
1179:
1165:
1132:
1080:, to design and build
1017:
1009:
908:to participate in the
898:Gaius Scribonius Curio
870:
32:Diocese of Dacia Felix
12316:Territorial evolution
12199:United Principalities
11457:in modern territories
10802:First Battle of Tapae
9247:Oliva, Pavel (1962).
8762:Grumeza, Ion (2009).
8544:Ellis, Linda (1998).
8416:Roman History, Vol. 9
8151:Barnes, Timothy David
8129:Andea, Susan (2006).
4435:Bloomsbury Publishing
4401:Bloomsbury Publishing
3903:. On the other hand,
3844:Romanian nationalists
3817:
3700:
3693:Late Roman incursions
3599:
3527:
3511:
3493:
3457:
3438:
3424:(reigned 249–251) as
3376:
3344:
3257:settlements, such as
2801:
2642:
2513:Legio IV Flavia Felix
2480:
2469:
2191:
2134:
2010:
1977:
1925:
1901:. The future emperor
1855:
1643:Legio IV Flavia Felix
1604:
1596:
1585:
1577:
1533:Quintus Baebius Macer
1424:
1392:Legio IV Flavia Felix
1329:
1288:tells in the Getica".
1281:
1255:
1231:
1189:
1185:
1171:
1163:
1112:
1100:Dacian royal treasury
1051:Legio IV Flavia Felix
1015:
993:
864:
12760:World Heritage Sites
11338:Mauretania Tingitana
11231:Corsica and Sardinia
11171:Africa proconsularis
10013:History of the Goths
9762:A History of Romania
9197:Berkeley, California
8811:The Emperor Domitian
8430:. Psychology Press.
3772:Battle of Adrianople
3709:During the reign of
3551:with its capital at
3420:salutes the emperor
3116:interpretatio romana
2944:Tabula Peutingeriana
2634:Western Roman Empire
2416:, 2.3% (c. 70) were
2296:civitates peregrinae
1864:. On display at the
1683:and made the city a
1649:back to its base at
1344:urban infrastructure
1186:Trajan's Column Rome
1030:Gaius Oppius Sabinus
797:with its capital at
689:that devastated the
475:Trajan's Dacian Wars
12913:100s establishments
12829:45.7000°N 26.5000°E
12825: /
12169:Prehistoric Romania
11647:Sardinia (Classical
11520:Bulgaria (Classical
11236:Crete and Cyrenaica
11211:Bithynia and Pontus
10833:Battle of Adamclisi
9709:The late Roman army
9617:. Wiley-Blackwell.
8715:Thames & Hudson
8709:. Complete Series.
8701:Goldsworthy, Adrian
8349:Baltimore, Maryland
8209:Liber de Caesaribus
8079:(in Ancient Greek).
7995:Book of the Caesars
7895:, pp. 120–121.
7710:, pp. 126–128.
7662:, pp. 127–128.
7614:, pp. 228–229.
7334:, pp. 156–157.
7286:, pp. 120–121.
7259:, pp. 225–226.
6822:, pp. 140–142.
6713:2024JArSR..53j4344D
6434:, pp. 131–132.
6138:, pp. 110–111.
6111:, pp. 234–235.
6024:, pp. 108–109.
5882:, pp. 211–212.
5806:, pp. 103–104.
5792:Julian & 362 AD
5693:, pp. 114–115.
5669:, pp. 210–211.
5446:, pp. 548–549.
5434:, pp. 208–209.
5410:, pp. 206–207.
5305:, pp. 331–332.
4991:, pp. 542–543.
4584:, pp. 220–237.
4327:Festus & 379 AD
4151:, pp. 157–158.
3834:historians such as
3685:(modern Serbia) to
3426:restitutor Daciarum
3367:Limes Transalutanus
3314:, during which the
2491:Roman army in Dacia
2462:Roman army in Dacia
2282:and Roman periods.
2222:Julian the Apostate
2169:Life in Roman Dacia
2068:(situated near the
2059:Limes Transalutanus
1893:, who defeated the
1623:auxiliary regiments
1605:Dacia Porolissensis
1578:Map of Dacia 124 AD
1478:
1452:milliarium of Aiton
1177:Civitas Tropaensium
1074:Sarmizegetusa Regia
1020:The arrival of the
906:Battle of Pharsalus
821:descendants of the
709:remained under the
134:Classical Antiquity
12903:107 establishments
12552:Telecommunications
12467:Foreign investment
12286:Historical regions
12061:Sub-Saharan Africa
11566:Corsica (Classical
11486:Armenia (Classical
11467:Albania (Classical
11323:Lycia et Pamphylia
11301:Hispania Lusitania
11281:Gallia Narbonensis
11276:Gallia Lugdunensis
10905:Dacia Mediterranea
10520:Sinaia lead plates
10505:Dacian plant names
10046:History of Romania
9857:Watson, John Selby
9060:Histoire et Mesure
8457:Ashgate Publishing
8371:Bury, John Bagnell
7943:Dragoș Moldovanu:
7390:, pp. 79–120.
6639:2007-09-28 at the
4687:, pp. 55, 67.
4217:978-86-7946-097-4.
3964:History of Romania
3954:Dacia Mediterranea
3916:(possibly via the
3828:
3707:
3606:
3561:Dacia Mediterranea
3518:
3464:
3430:Battle of Abrittus
3351:
3272:begins to appear.
3213:under a Roman name
3188:was imported from
2811:
2652:
2487:
2475:
2452:(Vicus Pirustarum)
2420:, 2% (c. 60) were
2348:II Aurelia Dacorum
2194:
2111:The next emperor,
2057:and completed the
1956:Sarmaticus Maximus
1878:
1783:Legio V Macedonica
1734:Reșca Dobrosloveni
1672:of ducenary rank.
1607:
1599:
1597:Map of Roman Dacia
1591:
1580:
1473:
1431:
1340:
1320:procurator Augusti
1295:Lucian of Samosata
1188:
1180:
1166:
1018:
1010:
871:
457:Conflict with Rome
145:• Annexed by
12808:
12807:
12768:
12767:
12570:
12569:
12434:
12433:
12411:Political parties
12362:Foreign relations
12329:
12328:
12224:Communist Romania
12184:Early Middle Ages
12090:
12089:
12066:Equatorial Africa
11940:Byzantine Armenia
11930:Caucasian Albania
11873:
11872:
11855:Thrace (Classical
11847:Turkey (Classical
11639:Sicily (Classical
11586:Greece (Classical
11548:Cyprus (Classical
11534:Crimea (Classical
11529:Britain (England)
11416:
11415:
11368:Pannonia Superior
11363:Pannonia Inferior
11291:Germania Superior
11286:Germania Inferior
11150:
11113:
11112:
11023:
11022:
10858:
10857:
10775:
10774:
10641:
10640:
10530:Thracian language
10433:
10432:
10061:
10060:
10055:Early Middle Ages
10051:Succeeded by
10023:978-0-520-06983-1
10002:978-0-415-91827-5
9977:978-0-521-30199-2
9956:978-0-521-26335-1
9914:978-0-8061-3000-2
9848:978-0-415-30187-9
9823:978-0-8160-4964-6
9802:978-1-882785-13-1
9772:978-0-88033-345-0
9751:978-0-299-08704-3
9719:978-0-7134-7047-5
9698:978-0-415-23943-1
9670:978-0-549-89041-6
9649:978-0-9758445-0-2
9624:978-0-631-22039-8
9587:978-0-88033-440-2
9566:978-3-406-68426-5
9542:978-973-27-1999-2
9507:978-1-4090-1632-8
9482:978-0-416-43690-7
9414:978-0-8057-5920-4
9376:978-973-7784-12-4
9345:978-0-674-03095-4
9314:978-1-887829-74-8
9283:978-0-415-41252-0
9239:978-0-415-17485-5
9210:978-0-520-08326-4
9107:978-0-415-20647-1
9013:978-0-7100-7714-1
8992:978-3-447-39440-6
8972:978-1-4464-4933-2
8951:978-0-8078-4939-2
8923:978-0-520-23332-4
8902:978-0-415-22295-2
8872:978-963-05-6703-9
8850:978-0-521-76946-4
8825:978-0-415-04229-1
8800:978-0-19-973560-0
8779:978-0-7618-4465-5
8754:978-0-415-13814-7
8724:978-0-500-05124-5
8667:978-0-8142-0511-2
8629:978-606-543-040-2
8608:978-1-4443-3921-5
8575:978-0-415-19809-7
8554:World Archaeology
8536:978-90-04-09601-1
8496:Walter de Gruyter
8466:978-0-7546-5389-9
8437:978-0-415-15583-0
8401:978-0-521-30199-2
8362:978-0-8018-7306-5
8333:978-0-253-20600-8
8308:978-0-8160-4562-4
8276:978-0-415-22812-1
8251:978-0-415-17125-0
8223:978-0-85323-218-6
8194:978-0-415-16524-2
8166:978-0-674-16531-1
8142:978-973-7784-12-4
8115:] (in Latin).
8103:Pliny the Younger
8097:] (in Latin).
8065:] (in Latin).
7997:] (in Latin).
7979:] (in Latin).
7917:Pares et al. 1939
7492:, pp. 76–77.
7480:, pp. 72–77.
7112:, pp. 33–34.
5976:, pp. 93–95.
5867:, pp. 12–19.
5681:, pp. 18–19.
5494:, Commodus 13, 5.
5129:, pp. 52–54.
4475:978-1-887829-56-4
4444:978-1-78877-961-6
4425:Flavius Eutropius
4410:978-1-84731-862-6
4079:, pp. 17–18.
3909:Romanian language
3899:in what is today
3500:Aurelius Victor:
3432:(modern Razgard,
3096:decolourize glass
3077:could possess 26
2968:Orăștioara de Sus
2448:Pirusti tribesmen
2395:Roman citizenship
2352:Pannonia Superior
2151:Alexander Severus
2054:Septimius Severus
2044:Alexander Severus
2036:Septimius Severus
1779:Legio XIII Gemina
1703:The accession of
1645:that had been at
1557:
1556:
1460:Pannonia Inferior
1276:Flavius Eutropius
1259:Flavius Eutropius
1121:Pliny the Younger
985:Orăștie Mountains
815:Romanian language
679:imperial province
574:
573:
292:
291:
267:
266:
263:
262:
215:
214:
16:(Redirected from
12930:
12893:History of Banat
12840:
12839:
12837:
12836:
12835:
12834:45.7000; 26.5000
12830:
12826:
12823:
12822:
12821:
12818:
12788:
12781:
12660:Social structure
12581:
12580:
12517:
12482:Great Depression
12445:
12444:
12340:
12339:
12249:
12248:
12194:Early Modern Era
12117:
12110:
12103:
12094:
12093:
12016:
11900:
11893:
11886:
11877:
11876:
11801:Spain (Classical
11631:Italy (Classical
11594:Crete (Classical
11455:Byzantine Empire
11443:
11436:
11429:
11420:
11419:
11400:
11296:Hispania Baetica
11266:Gallia Aquitania
11148:
11140:
11133:
11126:
11117:
11116:
11100:
11099:
11090:
11089:
11080:
11079:
11043:
11041:sites in Romania
10989:Brazda lui Novac
10936:Towns and cities
10930:
10923:
10900:Diocese of Dacia
10873:
10872:
10849:
10835:
10828:
10790:
10789:
10767:Thracian warfare
10550:
10549:
10471:
10448:
10447:
10398:(1st-century BC)
10346:(9 BC(?)–30s AD)
10274:
10273:
10087:
10080:
10073:
10064:
10063:
10035:Preceded by
10032:
10031:
10027:
10006:
9981:
9960:
9939:
9918:
9897:
9886:
9852:
9827:
9806:
9790:
9776:
9755:
9734:
9723:
9702:
9674:
9653:
9628:
9607:
9601:
9591:
9570:
9546:
9525:
9511:
9486:
9465:
9431:Williams, Harold
9418:
9397:
9380:
9349:
9337:
9326:
9287:
9262:
9243:
9214:
9185:
9152:
9141:
9122:
9111:
9088:Mommsen, Theodor
9083:
9050:
9038:
9017:
8996:
8976:
8965:. Random House.
8955:
8927:
8906:
8890:
8876:
8854:
8829:
8804:
8783:
8758:
8742:
8728:
8696:
8685:
8671:
8651:
8642:Călinescu, Matei
8633:
8612:
8587:
8546:Shennan, Stephen
8540:
8511:
8506:. Archived from
8470:
8441:
8420:
8405:
8384:
8366:
8337:
8322:. Midland Book.
8312:
8280:
8267:Brill Publishers
8255:
8227:
8202:Bird, Harry W.;
8198:
8170:
8146:
8116:
8098:
8080:
8066:
8048:
8042:
8034:
8016:
7998:
7980:
7977:Augustan History
7972:Historia Augusta
7948:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7821:MacKendrick 2000
7818:
7812:
7809:MacKendrick 2000
7806:
7800:
7794:
7783:
7777:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7723:
7717:
7711:
7705:
7699:
7693:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7669:
7663:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7639:
7633:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7597:
7588:
7582:
7576:
7570:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7534:MacKendrick 2000
7531:
7520:
7514:
7508:
7502:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7451:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7418:
7412:
7406:
7400:
7391:
7385:
7379:
7373:
7362:
7356:
7347:
7341:
7335:
7329:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7272:
7269:MacKendrick 2000
7266:
7260:
7254:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7227:
7221:
7215:
7209:
7203:
7197:
7194:MacKendrick 2000
7191:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7155:
7149:
7140:
7134:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7089:
7083:
7077:
7071:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6876:MacKendrick 2000
6873:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6832:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6796:MacKendrick 2000
6793:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6764:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6743:MacKendrick 2000
6740:
6725:
6724:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6671:
6665:
6656:
6649:
6643:
6632:PROIECT Alba SA
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6597:
6591:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6551:
6545:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6497:MacKendrick 2000
6494:
6488:
6485:MacKendrick 2000
6482:
6476:
6473:MacKendrick 2000
6470:
6464:
6461:MacKendrick 2000
6458:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6432:MacKendrick 2000
6429:
6423:
6420:MacKendrick 2000
6417:
6411:
6405:
6396:
6390:
6381:
6375:
6366:
6360:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6336:MacKendrick 2000
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6235:MacKendrick 2000
6232:
6217:
6214:MacKendrick 2000
6211:
6202:
6196:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6106:
6100:
6094:
6088:
6082:
6076:
6070:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6046:Goldsworthy 2003
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5959:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5783:
5782:, LXVIII, 14, 4.
5777:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5732:MacKendrick 2000
5729:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5595:
5589:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5565:MacKendrick 2000
5562:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5526:MacKendrick 2000
5523:
5510:
5504:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5480:MacKendrick 2000
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5228:
5222:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5166:
5160:
5149:
5143:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4965:MacKendrick 2000
4962:
4953:
4947:
4934:
4931:MacKendrick 2000
4928:
4919:
4916:MacKendrick 2000
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4892:MacKendrick 2000
4889:
4883:
4880:MacKendrick 2000
4877:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4837:
4831:
4806:
4800:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4758:MacKendrick 2000
4755:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4717:
4711:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4558:
4552:
4539:
4533:
4524:
4518:
4509:
4503:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4261:MacKendrick 2000
4258:
4252:
4246:
4235:
4229:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4169:
4163:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4009:
4008:, pp. 18–19
3994:
3820:Romance language
3648:Pannonia Valeria
3543:
3522:Palmyrene Empire
3504:
3450:
3406:Carpicus Maximus
3400:
3192:and Moesia. The
3172:such as that of
3090:The Romans used
2732:canabae legionis
2726:(predecessor of
2533:Marcomannic Wars
2521:Legio I Adiutrix
2145:
2025:
1996:Historia Augusta
1989:
1937:
1891:Macrinius Avitus
1750:Marcomannic Wars
1677:Equestrian order
1619:Quadratus Bassus
1479:
1472:
1464:network of forts
1297:
1278:
1257:Roman historian
1252:
1211:
1130:
1068:. In 102, after
1040:and launching a
843:History of Dacia
723:Marcomannic Wars
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
620:
619:
613:; also known as
609:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
566:
559:
552:
320:
312:
301:
294:
293:
259:
258:
245:
244:
231:
230:
219:
218:
206:
205:
199:
198:
183:
182:
109:
80:
79:
71:
70:
63:
62:
54:
53:
52:
39:
38:
21:
12938:
12937:
12933:
12932:
12931:
12929:
12928:
12927:
12883:Roman frontiers
12843:
12842:
12833:
12831:
12827:
12824:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12812:
12811:
12809:
12804:
12791:
12784:
12777:
12764:
12674:
12628:Public holidays
12566:
12527:Property bubble
12515:
12430:
12389:Law enforcement
12325:
12306:Protected areas
12238:
12214:Greater Romania
12143:
12130:
12121:
12091:
12086:
12070:
12023:
12017:
12008:
11917:
11911:
11904:
11874:
11869:
11827:Early Medieval)
11740:The Netherlands
11651:Early Medieval)
11570:Early Medieval)
11458:
11449:History of the
11447:
11417:
11412:
11401:
11392:
11353:Moesia Superior
11348:Moesia Inferior
11181:Alpes Maritimae
11152:
11144:
11114:
11109:
11068:
11039:
11019:
10993:
10945:
10926:
10919:
10895:Dacia Aureliana
10854:
10845:
10831:
10824:
10806:
10786:
10782:
10771:
10750:
10741:
10732:Germanic tribes
10715:
10713:
10706:
10655:
10651:
10637:
10619:
10539:
10535:Thraco-Illyrian
10481:
10467:
10444:
10441:
10429:
10417:
10411:
10384:
10381:(c. 40–c. 9 BC)
10367:
10320:
10263:
10096:
10091:
10052:
10036:
10030:
10024:
10003:
9978:
9957:
9936:
9915:
9865:Cornelius Nepos
9849:
9824:
9803:
9773:
9752:
9720:
9699:
9671:
9650:
9625:
9599:
9588:
9567:
9543:
9508:
9483:
9415:
9377:
9346:
9315:
9284:
9240:
9211:
9138:
9108:
9047:
9036:
9023:Harmatta, János
9014:
8993:
8973:
8952:
8924:
8903:
8873:
8851:
8826:
8801:
8780:
8755:
8725:
8668:
8638:Georgescu, Vlad
8630:
8609:
8576:
8537:
8510:on 1 July 2013.
8467:
8438:
8409:Cary, Earnest;
8402:
8363:
8334:
8309:
8285:Bunson, Matthew
8277:
8252:
8237:Marcus Aurelius
8232:Birley, Anthony
8224:
8204:Aurelius Victor
8195:
8175:Bennett, Julian
8167:
8143:
8124:
8119:
8036:
8035:
8008:Historia Romana
7985:Aurelius Victor
7961:
7956:
7951:
7942:
7938:
7930:
7923:
7915:
7911:
7903:
7899:
7891:
7887:
7879:
7875:
7867:
7863:
7855:
7851:
7843:
7839:
7831:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7807:
7803:
7795:
7786:
7778:
7774:
7766:
7762:
7754:
7750:
7742:
7738:
7730:
7726:
7718:
7714:
7706:
7702:
7694:
7690:
7682:
7678:
7670:
7666:
7658:
7654:
7646:
7642:
7634:
7630:
7622:
7618:
7610:
7606:
7598:
7591:
7583:
7579:
7571:
7564:
7556:
7552:
7544:
7540:
7532:
7523:
7515:
7511:
7503:
7496:
7488:
7484:
7476:
7472:
7464:
7460:
7452:
7445:
7437:
7433:
7425:
7421:
7413:
7409:
7401:
7394:
7386:
7382:
7374:
7365:
7357:
7350:
7342:
7338:
7330:
7326:
7318:
7314:
7306:
7302:
7294:
7290:
7282:
7275:
7267:
7263:
7255:
7248:
7240:
7236:
7228:
7224:
7216:
7212:
7204:
7200:
7192:
7185:
7177:
7173:
7165:
7158:
7150:
7143:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7116:
7108:
7104:
7096:
7092:
7084:
7080:
7072:
7068:
7060:
7056:
7048:
7044:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7020:
7012:
7008:
7000:
6996:
6988:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6964:
6960:
6952:
6945:
6937:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6913:
6906:
6898:
6894:
6886:
6882:
6874:
6865:
6857:
6853:
6845:
6841:
6833:
6826:
6818:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6785:
6777:
6773:
6765:
6761:
6753:
6749:
6741:
6728:
6697:
6693:
6685:
6674:
6666:
6659:
6650:
6646:
6641:Wayback Machine
6631:
6627:
6619:
6615:
6607:
6600:
6592:
6583:
6575:
6571:
6563:
6554:
6546:
6539:
6531:
6527:
6519:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6495:
6491:
6483:
6479:
6471:
6467:
6459:
6450:
6442:
6438:
6430:
6426:
6418:
6414:
6406:
6399:
6391:
6384:
6376:
6369:
6361:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6334:
6330:
6322:
6318:
6310:
6301:
6293:
6289:
6281:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6245:
6241:
6233:
6220:
6212:
6205:
6197:
6190:
6182:
6178:
6170:
6166:
6158:
6154:
6146:
6142:
6134:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6107:
6103:
6095:
6091:
6083:
6079:
6071:
6064:
6056:
6052:
6044:
6040:
6032:
6028:
6020:
6016:
6008:
6004:
5996:
5992:
5984:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5960:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5929:
5925:
5917:
5913:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5886:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5851:
5847:
5839:
5822:
5814:
5810:
5802:
5798:
5790:
5786:
5778:
5774:
5766:
5762:
5754:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5730:
5721:
5713:
5709:
5701:
5697:
5689:
5685:
5677:
5673:
5665:
5661:
5653:
5649:
5641:
5637:
5629:
5625:
5617:
5613:
5605:
5598:
5590:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5563:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5524:
5513:
5505:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5478:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5454:
5450:
5442:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5382:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5250:
5246:
5238:
5231:
5223:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5184:
5169:
5161:
5152:
5144:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5062:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5002:
4995:
4987:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4963:
4956:
4948:
4937:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4878:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4809:
4801:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4727:
4720:
4712:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4561:
4553:
4542:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4437:. p. 120.
4422:
4418:
4411:
4403:. p. 160.
4388:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4247:
4238:
4230:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4021:
4017:
4012:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3979:Roman provinces
3950:
3942:Pannonian Latin
3855:Romanian people
3812:
3732:Dacicus Maximus
3695:
3594:
3589:
3579:
3571:Main articles:
3569:
3549:Dacia Aureliana
3544:
3538:
3505:
3499:
3484:Aurelius Victor
3480:Dacicus Maximus
3451:
3445:
3401:
3395:
3356:Philip the Arab
3347:Philip the Arab
3308:Maximinus Thrax
3300:
3298:Dacia Aureliana
3286:Philip the Arab
3282:Maximinus Thrax
3278:
3217:anthropomorphic
3118:
3104:
3084:terra sigillata
3012:
2982:, with a small
2906:Trajan's Bridge
2843:(Jupa, Romania)
2682:colonia deducta
2606:
2592:Colonia (Roman)
2588:
2503:
2493:
2464:
2397:
2387:
2234:Trajan's Column
2186:
2176:
2171:
2146:
2140:
2050:
2032:
2026:
2021:
1990:
1984:
1961:Avidius Cassius
1938:
1932:
1770:Marcus Aurelius
1766:
1756:Marcus Aurelius
1752:
1746:
1701:
1695:
1609:Hadrian was at
1572:
1562:
1314:legati legionis
1303:imperial legate
1298:
1293:
1279:
1274:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1212:
1203:
1173:Trajan's Trophy
1158:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1119:
1057:to its base at
1038:Moesia Superior
1034:Moesia Inferior
1022:Flavian dynasty
953:Marcus Antonius
944:amicii et socii
859:
845:
837:Main articles:
835:
795:Dacia Aureliana
685:(98–117) after
642:
639:
636:
633:
607:
584:
580:
570:
495:Dacia Aureliana
318:
299:
288:
256:
242:
228:
223:Dacia Aureliana
203:
162:
149:
110:
84:
83:
73:
66:
56:
51:Provincia Dacia
50:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Dacia Apulensis
15:
12:
11:
5:
12936:
12926:
12925:
12920:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12895:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12855:
12806:
12805:
12803:
12802:
12797:
12790:
12789:
12782:
12774:
12773:
12770:
12769:
12766:
12765:
12763:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12716:
12715:
12705:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12684:
12682:
12676:
12675:
12673:
12672:
12667:
12665:Urban planning
12662:
12657:
12656:
12655:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12584:
12578:
12572:
12571:
12568:
12567:
12565:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12547:Stock Exchange
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12511:
12510:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12459:
12454:
12448:
12442:
12436:
12435:
12432:
12431:
12429:
12428:
12423:
12421:Prime Minister
12418:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12402:
12401:
12391:
12386:
12381:
12380:
12379:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12343:
12337:
12331:
12330:
12327:
12326:
12324:
12323:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12252:
12246:
12240:
12239:
12237:
12236:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12165:
12164:
12153:
12151:
12145:
12144:
12142:
12141:
12135:
12132:
12131:
12120:
12119:
12112:
12105:
12097:
12088:
12087:
12085:
12084:
12078:
12076:
12072:
12071:
12069:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12031:Canary Islands
12027:
12025:
12022:Contacts &
12019:
12018:
12011:
12009:
12007:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11960:
11959:
11949:
11944:
11943:
11942:
11932:
11927:
11921:
11919:
11913:
11912:
11903:
11902:
11895:
11888:
11880:
11871:
11870:
11868:
11867:
11862:
11844:
11841:Roman Carthage
11834:
11829:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11770:
11765:
11760:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11674:
11662:
11654:
11628:
11623:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11559:
11554:
11545:
11540:
11531:
11526:
11524:High Medieval)
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11463:
11460:
11459:
11446:
11445:
11438:
11431:
11423:
11414:
11413:
11406:
11403:
11402:
11395:
11393:
11391:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11271:Gallia Belgica
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11191:Arabia Petraea
11188:
11183:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11157:
11154:
11153:
11143:
11142:
11135:
11128:
11120:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11104:
11094:
11084:
11073:
11070:
11069:
11067:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11045:
11044:
11031:
11029:
11025:
11024:
11021:
11020:
11018:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11001:
10999:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10955:
10953:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10932:
10931:
10924:
10912:
10910:Dacia Ripensis
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10876:
10870:
10860:
10859:
10856:
10855:
10853:
10852:
10851:
10850:
10838:
10837:
10836:
10829:
10816:
10814:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10804:
10798:
10796:
10787:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10773:
10772:
10770:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10753:
10751:
10746:
10743:
10742:
10740:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10718:
10716:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10705:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10658:
10656:
10646:
10643:
10642:
10639:
10638:
10636:
10635:
10630:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10556:
10554:
10547:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10491:
10489:
10483:
10482:
10480:
10479:
10474:
10473:
10472:
10460:
10454:
10452:
10445:
10438:
10435:
10434:
10431:
10430:
10428:
10427:
10421:
10419:
10413:
10412:
10410:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10392:
10390:
10386:
10385:
10383:
10382:
10375:
10373:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10365:
10359:
10353:
10352:(c. 30s–70 AD)
10347:
10341:
10335:
10328:
10326:
10322:
10321:
10319:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10277:
10271:
10265:
10264:
10262:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10111:
10109:
10098:
10097:
10090:
10089:
10082:
10075:
10067:
10059:
10058:
10049:
10042:
10029:
10028:
10022:
10007:
10001:
9982:
9976:
9961:
9955:
9940:
9934:
9919:
9913:
9898:
9887:
9853:
9847:
9828:
9822:
9807:
9801:
9777:
9771:
9756:
9750:
9735:
9724:
9718:
9703:
9697:
9675:
9669:
9654:
9648:
9629:
9623:
9608:
9592:
9586:
9571:
9565:
9547:
9541:
9526:
9516:Pârvan, Vasile
9512:
9506:
9487:
9481:
9466:
9423:Pares, Bernard
9419:
9413:
9398:
9381:
9375:
9350:
9344:
9327:
9313:
9288:
9282:
9263:
9244:
9238:
9215:
9209:
9186:
9153:
9142:
9136:
9123:
9112:
9106:
9084:
9051:
9045:
9018:
9012:
8997:
8991:
8977:
8971:
8956:
8950:
8928:
8922:
8907:
8901:
8881:Le Bohec, Yann
8877:
8871:
8855:
8849:
8830:
8824:
8805:
8799:
8784:
8778:
8770:Hamilton Books
8759:
8753:
8733:Grant, Michael
8729:
8723:
8697:
8686:
8676:Gibbon, Edward
8672:
8666:
8654:Columbus, Ohio
8634:
8628:
8613:
8607:
8588:
8574:
8541:
8535:
8512:
8471:
8465:
8442:
8436:
8421:
8406:
8400:
8385:
8367:
8361:
8338:
8332:
8313:
8307:
8281:
8275:
8256:
8250:
8228:
8222:
8199:
8193:
8171:
8165:
8147:
8141:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8117:
8099:
8081:
8067:
8049:
8017:
7999:
7981:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7936:
7934:, p. 325.
7921:
7919:, p. 149.
7909:
7907:, p. 120.
7897:
7885:
7883:, p. 144.
7873:
7871:, p. 147.
7861:
7859:, p. 144.
7849:
7847:, p. 127.
7837:
7835:, p. 125.
7825:
7823:, p. 128.
7813:
7811:, p. 163.
7801:
7797:Georgescu 1991
7784:
7782:, p. 115.
7780:Georgescu 1991
7772:
7770:, p. 300.
7760:
7758:, p. 331.
7748:
7746:, p. 184.
7736:
7734:, p. 165.
7724:
7722:, p. 154.
7712:
7700:
7688:
7686:, p. 132.
7676:
7674:, p. 129.
7664:
7652:
7650:, p. 145.
7640:
7638:, p. 127.
7628:
7626:, p. 125.
7616:
7604:
7589:
7587:, p. 250.
7577:
7575:, p. 233.
7562:
7560:, p. 121.
7550:
7538:
7536:, p. 165.
7521:
7519:, p. 276.
7509:
7494:
7482:
7470:
7468:, p. 120.
7458:
7443:
7441:, p. 122.
7431:
7419:
7417:, p. 116.
7407:
7405:, p. 111.
7392:
7380:
7363:
7348:
7336:
7324:
7322:, p. 157.
7312:
7310:, p. 239.
7300:
7298:, p. 156.
7288:
7273:
7271:, p. 117.
7261:
7246:
7244:, p. 253.
7234:
7222:
7210:
7208:, p. 119.
7198:
7196:, p. 115.
7183:
7181:, p. 121.
7171:
7156:
7154:, p. 521.
7141:
7126:
7124:, p. 205.
7114:
7102:
7090:
7078:
7066:
7054:
7052:, p. 118.
7042:
7040:, p. 224.
7030:
7028:, p. 116.
7018:
7006:
7004:, p. 120.
6994:
6982:
6970:
6958:
6956:, p. 127.
6943:
6941:, p. 196.
6931:
6919:
6917:, p. 209.
6904:
6902:, p. 185.
6892:
6890:, p. 141.
6880:
6878:, p. 122.
6863:
6861:, p. 116.
6851:
6849:, p. 190.
6839:
6837:, p. 193.
6824:
6812:
6810:, p. 115.
6800:
6798:, p. 190.
6783:
6771:
6759:
6747:
6745:, p. 187.
6726:
6691:
6672:
6657:
6644:
6625:
6613:
6611:, p. 122.
6598:
6596:, p. 144.
6581:
6569:
6567:, p. 155.
6552:
6550:, p. 153.
6537:
6535:, p. 152.
6525:
6523:, p. 151.
6513:
6511:, p. 150.
6501:
6499:, p. 121.
6489:
6487:, p. 245.
6477:
6475:, p. 116.
6465:
6463:, p. 132.
6448:
6436:
6424:
6422:, p. 130.
6412:
6397:
6395:, p. 170.
6382:
6380:, p. 164.
6367:
6365:, p. 165.
6352:
6340:
6338:, p. 108.
6328:
6316:
6312:Georgescu 1991
6299:
6297:, p. 174.
6287:
6285:, p. 119.
6275:
6273:, p. 238.
6263:
6261:, p. 429.
6251:
6239:
6237:, p. 126.
6218:
6216:, p. 107.
6203:
6188:
6186:, p. 104.
6176:
6174:, p. 103.
6164:
6162:, p. 106.
6152:
6140:
6125:
6123:, p. 442.
6113:
6101:
6089:
6087:, p. 108.
6077:
6062:
6060:, p. 109.
6050:
6038:
6026:
6022:Stoicescu 1983
6014:
6012:, p. 167.
6002:
6000:, p. 244.
5990:
5978:
5966:
5964:, p. 227.
5947:
5945:, p. 110.
5935:
5933:, p. 112.
5923:
5921:, p. 113.
5911:
5909:, p. 213.
5896:
5894:, p. 212.
5884:
5869:
5857:
5845:
5841:Georgescu 1991
5820:
5818:, p. 106.
5808:
5796:
5794:, XXVIII, 327.
5784:
5772:
5760:
5748:
5736:
5734:, p. 133.
5719:
5717:, p. 405.
5707:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5659:
5657:, p. 223.
5647:
5635:
5623:
5621:, p. 199.
5611:
5596:
5581:
5569:
5567:, p. 153.
5554:
5552:, p. 221.
5542:
5540:, p. 222.
5530:
5528:, p. 142.
5511:
5496:
5484:
5482:, p. 135.
5472:
5460:
5448:
5436:
5424:
5422:, p. 206.
5412:
5400:
5398:, p. 275.
5388:
5367:
5365:, p. 183.
5355:
5343:
5341:, p. 177.
5331:
5329:, p. 360.
5319:
5317:, p. 175.
5307:
5295:
5280:
5268:
5256:
5244:
5242:, p. 170.
5229:
5227:, p. 169.
5214:
5212:, p. 168.
5202:
5200:, p. 165.
5190:
5188:, p. 545.
5167:
5165:, p. 164.
5150:
5148:, p. 161.
5131:
5119:
5117:, p. 544.
5107:
5105:, p. 275.
5095:
5080:
5078:, p. 543.
5068:
5056:
5044:
5042:, p. 275.
5032:
5030:, p. 274.
5020:
5018:, p. 324.
5008:
5006:, p. 145.
4993:
4981:
4979:, p. 132.
4969:
4967:, p. 114.
4954:
4935:
4933:, p. 112.
4920:
4918:, p. 152.
4908:
4896:
4894:, p. 127.
4884:
4882:, p. 206.
4865:
4863:, p. 500.
4853:
4838:
4807:
4786:
4784:, p. 105.
4774:
4772:, p. 167.
4762:
4760:, p. 139.
4745:
4743:, p. 493.
4733:
4731:, p. 499.
4718:
4701:
4689:
4677:
4675:, p. 490.
4665:
4663:, p. 170.
4661:Petolescu 2010
4653:
4641:
4639:, p. 169.
4622:
4610:
4608:, p. 591.
4598:
4596:, p. 266.
4586:
4559:
4555:Georgescu 1991
4540:
4538:, p. 102.
4525:
4523:, p. 103.
4510:
4493:
4489:Georgescu 1991
4481:
4474:
4450:
4443:
4416:
4409:
4382:
4380:, p. 105.
4370:
4358:
4356:, p. 104.
4343:
4331:
4316:
4304:
4302:, p. 103.
4289:
4277:
4275:, p. 102.
4265:
4253:
4236:
4219:
4209:
4207:, p. 192.
4197:
4195:, p. 138.
4185:
4183:, p. 183.
4170:
4153:
4141:
4139:, p. 165.
4129:
4117:
4105:
4103:, p. 195.
4093:
4081:
4069:
4065:Georgescu 1991
4054:
4042:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3959:Dacia Ripensis
3956:
3949:
3946:
3811:
3808:
3748:Attila the Hun
3736:Timothy Barnes
3694:
3691:
3593:
3590:
3568:
3565:
3557:Dacia Ripensis
3536:
3497:
3443:
3393:
3277:
3274:
3265:, and Cincis.
3196:horse goddess
3186:Thracian Rider
3123:Roman pantheon
3103:
3100:
3066:Bronze casting
3016:Alburnus Maior
3011:
3008:
2951:, Petris, and
2938:
2937:
2921:
2908:across Ister (
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2860:
2844:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2773:
2757:
2721:
2719:Alburnus major
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2668:
2667:
2626:and villages (
2587:
2584:
2489:Main article:
2463:
2460:
2391:Roman colonies
2386:
2383:
2342:was posted to
2316:, or Noricum.
2175:
2174:Native Dacians
2172:
2170:
2167:
2161:of Ad Mediam (
2138:
2031:
2028:
2019:
2004:at modern day
1982:
1930:
1819:Alburnus Maior
1748:Main article:
1745:
1742:
1705:Antoninus Pius
1699:Antoninus Pius
1694:
1691:
1658:Limes Alutanus
1570:Limes Alutanus
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1494:Julius Sabinus
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1429:and frontiers)
1380:Roman citizens
1291:
1272:
1246:
1235:Emperor Trajan
1201:
1147:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1117:
916:by supporting
910:Roman Republic
902:Roman politics
834:
831:
731:military camps
705:, and most of
691:Dacian Kingdom
665:(today all in
572:
571:
569:
568:
561:
554:
546:
543:
542:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
512:
511:
505:
504:
503:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
469:
468:
462:
461:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
421:
420:
414:
413:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
373:
372:
366:
365:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
330:
329:
323:
322:
314:
313:
305:
304:
290:
289:
287:
286:
281:
275:
273:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
253:
247:
246:
239:
233:
232:
225:
216:
213:
212:
210:Dacian Kingdom
207:
195:
194:
189:
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
157:
154:
153:
150:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
131:
130:Historical era
127:
126:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
102:
101:
97:
96:
86:
85:
82:
81:
69:Ἐπαρχία Δακίας
64:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12935:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12850:
12848:
12841:
12838:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12792:
12787:
12783:
12780:
12776:
12775:
12771:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12714:
12711:
12710:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12685:
12683:
12681:
12677:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12654:
12651:
12650:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12585:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12573:
12563:
12560:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12522:National Bank
12520:
12518:
12512:
12508:
12507:petrochemical
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12489:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12472:Foreign trade
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12449:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12437:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12400:
12397:
12396:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12378:
12375:
12374:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12344:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12332:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12253:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12241:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12163:
12160:
12159:
12158:
12155:
12154:
12152:
12150:
12146:
12140:
12137:
12136:
12133:
12129:
12125:
12118:
12113:
12111:
12106:
12104:
12099:
12098:
12095:
12083:
12080:
12079:
12077:
12073:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12020:
12015:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11958:
11955:
11954:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11941:
11938:
11937:
11936:
11935:Roman Armenia
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11922:
11920:
11914:
11909:
11901:
11896:
11894:
11889:
11887:
11882:
11881:
11878:
11866:
11863:
11860:
11856:
11852:
11848:
11845:
11842:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11824:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11805:Late Antique)
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11700:Liechtenstein
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11669:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11655:
11652:
11648:
11644:
11640:
11636:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11618:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11571:
11567:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11490:Late Antique)
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11468:
11465:
11464:
11461:
11456:
11452:
11444:
11439:
11437:
11432:
11430:
11425:
11424:
11421:
11410:
11404:
11399:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11313:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11176:Alpes Cottiae
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11158:
11155:
11151:
11141:
11136:
11134:
11129:
11127:
11122:
11121:
11118:
11105:
11103:
11095:
11093:
11085:
11083:
11075:
11074:
11071:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11042:
11038:
11037:
11036:
11033:
11032:
11030:
11026:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11002:
11000:
10996:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10984:Trajan's Wall
10982:
10980:
10979:Transalutanus
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10969:Porolissensis
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10956:
10954:
10952:
10948:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10929:
10925:
10922:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10890:Scythia Minor
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10880:Dacia Traiana
10878:
10877:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10848:
10844:
10843:
10842:
10839:
10834:
10830:
10827:
10823:
10822:
10821:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10813:
10809:
10803:
10800:
10799:
10797:
10795:
10791:
10788:
10785:
10781:Wars with the
10778:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10744:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10719:
10717:
10709:
10703:
10702:Murus Dacicus
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10662:Sarmizegetusa
10660:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10622:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10557:
10555:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10542:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10525:Daco-Thracian
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10515:Dacian script
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10488:
10484:
10478:
10475:
10470:
10466:
10465:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10449:
10446:
10443:
10436:
10426:
10423:
10422:
10420:
10414:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10397:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10387:
10380:
10377:
10376:
10374:
10370:
10363:
10360:
10358:(c. 69–87 AD)
10357:
10354:
10351:
10348:
10345:
10342:
10339:
10336:
10334:(82/61–44 BC)
10333:
10330:
10329:
10327:
10323:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10266:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10095:
10088:
10083:
10081:
10076:
10074:
10069:
10068:
10065:
10057:
10056:
10050:
10048:
10047:
10043:
10041:
10040:
10034:
10033:
10025:
10019:
10015:
10014:
10008:
10004:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9989:
9983:
9979:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9962:
9958:
9952:
9948:
9947:
9941:
9937:
9935:0-19-822945-3
9931:
9927:
9926:
9920:
9916:
9910:
9906:
9905:
9899:
9895:
9894:
9888:
9884:
9883:Henry G. Bohn
9880:
9876:
9875:
9870:
9866:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9835:
9829:
9825:
9819:
9815:
9814:
9808:
9804:
9798:
9794:
9789:
9788:
9782:
9781:Vékony, Gábor
9778:
9774:
9768:
9764:
9763:
9757:
9753:
9747:
9743:
9742:
9736:
9732:
9731:
9725:
9721:
9715:
9712:. Routledge.
9711:
9710:
9704:
9700:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9685:
9680:
9679:Southern, Pat
9676:
9672:
9666:
9662:
9661:
9655:
9651:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9636:
9630:
9626:
9620:
9616:
9615:
9609:
9605:
9598:
9593:
9589:
9583:
9579:
9578:
9572:
9568:
9562:
9558:
9557:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9538:
9534:
9533:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9494:
9488:
9484:
9478:
9474:
9473:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9410:
9406:
9405:
9399:
9395:
9391:
9387:
9382:
9378:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9351:
9347:
9341:
9336:
9335:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9289:
9285:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9270:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9251:
9245:
9241:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9222:
9216:
9212:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9193:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9154:
9150:
9149:
9143:
9139:
9137:973-661-691-6
9133:
9129:
9124:
9120:
9119:
9113:
9109:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9094:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9052:
9048:
9046:963-05-0293-3
9042:
9034:
9030:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9015:
9009:
9005:
9004:
8998:
8994:
8988:
8984:
8978:
8974:
8968:
8964:
8963:
8957:
8953:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8938:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8919:
8915:
8914:
8908:
8904:
8898:
8894:
8889:
8888:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8859:Köpeczi, Béla
8856:
8852:
8846:
8842:
8839:. Cambridge:
8838:
8837:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8806:
8802:
8796:
8792:
8791:
8785:
8781:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8766:
8760:
8756:
8750:
8746:
8741:
8740:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8687:
8683:
8682:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8650:
8649:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8625:
8621:
8620:
8614:
8610:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8595:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8542:
8538:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8519:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8482:(in French).
8481:
8477:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8449:
8443:
8439:
8433:
8429:
8428:
8422:
8418:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8403:
8397:
8393:
8392:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8345:
8339:
8335:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8320:
8314:
8310:
8304:
8300:
8299:Facts On File
8296:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8263:
8257:
8253:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8238:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8196:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8158:
8157:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8134:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8114:
8110:
8109:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8091:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8077:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8013:Roman History
8010:
8009:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7991:
7990:De Caesaribus
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7964:
7963:
7947:, pages 12-37
7946:
7940:
7933:
7932:Southern 2001
7928:
7926:
7918:
7913:
7906:
7901:
7894:
7889:
7882:
7877:
7870:
7865:
7858:
7853:
7846:
7841:
7834:
7829:
7822:
7817:
7810:
7805:
7799:, p. 10.
7798:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7781:
7776:
7769:
7764:
7757:
7752:
7745:
7740:
7733:
7728:
7721:
7716:
7709:
7704:
7698:, p. 72.
7697:
7692:
7685:
7680:
7673:
7668:
7661:
7656:
7649:
7644:
7637:
7632:
7625:
7620:
7613:
7608:
7602:, p. 61.
7601:
7596:
7594:
7586:
7581:
7574:
7569:
7567:
7559:
7554:
7548:, p. 66.
7547:
7542:
7535:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7518:
7517:Southern 2001
7513:
7507:, p. 60.
7506:
7501:
7499:
7491:
7490:Williams 2000
7486:
7479:
7478:Williams 2000
7474:
7467:
7462:
7456:, p. 59.
7455:
7450:
7448:
7440:
7435:
7429:, p. 57.
7428:
7423:
7416:
7411:
7404:
7399:
7397:
7389:
7384:
7378:, p. 51.
7377:
7376:Williams 2000
7372:
7370:
7368:
7361:, p. 77.
7360:
7359:Williams 2000
7355:
7353:
7346:
7340:
7333:
7328:
7321:
7316:
7309:
7304:
7297:
7292:
7285:
7284:Southern 2001
7280:
7278:
7270:
7265:
7258:
7257:Southern 2001
7253:
7251:
7243:
7238:
7232:, p. 33.
7231:
7226:
7219:
7218:Southern 2001
7214:
7207:
7202:
7195:
7190:
7188:
7180:
7175:
7168:
7163:
7161:
7153:
7148:
7146:
7138:
7133:
7131:
7123:
7118:
7111:
7110:de Blois 1976
7106:
7100:, Chapter IV.
7099:
7094:
7088:, p. 29.
7087:
7082:
7076:, p. 59.
7075:
7070:
7064:, p. 75.
7063:
7062:Southern 2001
7058:
7051:
7046:
7039:
7034:
7027:
7022:
7016:, Chapter IX.
7015:
7010:
7003:
6998:
6992:, p. 19.
6991:
6986:
6980:, p. 26.
6979:
6974:
6968:, p. 44.
6967:
6962:
6955:
6950:
6948:
6940:
6939:Le Bohec 2000
6935:
6929:, p. 11.
6928:
6923:
6916:
6911:
6909:
6901:
6896:
6889:
6884:
6877:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6860:
6855:
6848:
6843:
6836:
6831:
6829:
6821:
6816:
6809:
6804:
6797:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6781:, p. 78.
6780:
6775:
6768:
6763:
6757:, p. 26.
6756:
6751:
6744:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6689:, p. 84.
6688:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6670:, p. 85.
6669:
6664:
6662:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6610:
6605:
6603:
6595:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6579:, p. 71.
6578:
6573:
6566:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6544:
6542:
6534:
6529:
6522:
6517:
6510:
6505:
6498:
6493:
6486:
6481:
6474:
6469:
6462:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6446:, p. 94.
6445:
6440:
6433:
6428:
6421:
6416:
6410:, p. 58.
6409:
6404:
6402:
6394:
6389:
6387:
6379:
6374:
6372:
6364:
6359:
6357:
6350:, p. 25.
6349:
6344:
6337:
6332:
6326:, p. 30.
6325:
6320:
6313:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6296:
6291:
6284:
6279:
6272:
6267:
6260:
6255:
6249:, p. 69.
6248:
6243:
6236:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6215:
6210:
6208:
6201:, p. 79.
6200:
6195:
6193:
6185:
6180:
6173:
6168:
6161:
6156:
6150:, p. 23.
6149:
6144:
6137:
6132:
6130:
6122:
6117:
6110:
6105:
6099:, p. 74.
6098:
6093:
6086:
6081:
6075:, p. 59.
6074:
6069:
6067:
6059:
6054:
6048:, p. 76.
6047:
6042:
6036:, p. 25.
6035:
6034:Giurescu 1971
6030:
6023:
6018:
6011:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5988:, p. 95.
5987:
5982:
5975:
5970:
5963:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5944:
5939:
5932:
5927:
5920:
5915:
5908:
5903:
5901:
5893:
5888:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5866:
5861:
5855:, p. 22.
5854:
5849:
5842:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5817:
5812:
5805:
5800:
5793:
5788:
5781:
5776:
5770:, VIII, 6, 2.
5769:
5764:
5758:, p. 78.
5757:
5752:
5746:, p. 74.
5745:
5740:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5716:
5711:
5704:
5699:
5692:
5687:
5680:
5675:
5668:
5663:
5656:
5651:
5645:, p. 18.
5644:
5639:
5633:, p. 17.
5632:
5627:
5620:
5615:
5609:, p. 26.
5608:
5603:
5601:
5594:, p. 18.
5593:
5592:Campbell 2005
5588:
5586:
5579:, p. 95.
5578:
5573:
5566:
5561:
5559:
5551:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5527:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5509:, p. 91.
5508:
5503:
5501:
5493:
5488:
5481:
5476:
5470:, p. 77.
5469:
5464:
5457:
5452:
5445:
5440:
5433:
5428:
5421:
5416:
5409:
5404:
5397:
5392:
5386:, p. 89.
5385:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5364:
5359:
5353:, p. 13.
5352:
5351:Thompson 2002
5347:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5316:
5311:
5304:
5299:
5293:, p. 21.
5292:
5287:
5285:
5278:, p. 17.
5277:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5254:, p. 65.
5253:
5248:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5226:
5221:
5219:
5211:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5128:
5123:
5116:
5111:
5104:
5099:
5093:, p. 86.
5092:
5087:
5085:
5077:
5072:
5066:, p. 35.
5065:
5060:
5054:, p. 87.
5053:
5048:
5041:
5036:
5029:
5024:
5017:
5012:
5005:
5000:
4998:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4966:
4961:
4959:
4952:, p. 20.
4951:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4912:
4906:, p. 24.
4905:
4900:
4893:
4888:
4881:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4862:
4857:
4851:, p. 68.
4850:
4845:
4843:
4836:, p. 56.
4835:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4805:, p. 55.
4804:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4783:
4778:
4771:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4742:
4737:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4716:, p. 67.
4715:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4699:, p. 65.
4698:
4693:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4651:, p. 63.
4650:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4620:, p. 92.
4619:
4614:
4607:
4602:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4515:
4508:, p. 57.
4507:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4490:
4485:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4454:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4379:
4374:
4368:, p. 98.
4367:
4362:
4355:
4350:
4348:
4340:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4287:, p. 17.
4286:
4281:
4274:
4269:
4263:, p. 74.
4262:
4257:
4251:, p. 16.
4250:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4234:, p. 54.
4233:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4168:, p. 52.
4167:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4150:
4145:
4138:
4133:
4127:, p. 10.
4126:
4121:
4115:, p. 48.
4114:
4109:
4102:
4097:
4091:, p. 43.
4090:
4085:
4078:
4073:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4052:, p. 14.
4051:
4046:
4040:, p. 50.
4039:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3876:Valentinian I
3873:
3872:Constantine I
3869:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3836:Edward Gibbon
3833:
3832:Enlightenment
3825:
3821:
3816:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3783:Turnu Severin
3780:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3711:Constantine I
3704:
3703:Constantine I
3699:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3587:Constantine I
3584:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3535:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3515:
3510:
3503:
3502:De Caesaribus
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3263:Sălașu de Sus
3260:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:Eastern cults
3166:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:or perhaps a
2884:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2828:Dierna/Tierna
2825:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2551:(near modern
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2525:vexillationes
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:lingua franca
2432:
2427:
2423:
2422:Thraco-Dacian
2419:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2374:natione Dacus
2371:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2141:Cassius Dio:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2052:The reign of
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1985:Cassius Dio:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1933:Cassius Dio:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1849:in Romania).
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:Roșia Montană
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:under Trajan
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1142:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
922:Julius Caesar
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
844:
840:
830:
828:
824:
820:
817:, making the
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
748:
742:
738:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:two campaigns
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:Fertile Dacia
628:
624:
618:
617:Dacia Traiana
612:
611:
602:
578:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
547:
545:
544:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
523:Daco-Romanian
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
510:
507:
506:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
470:
467:
464:
463:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
422:
419:
416:
415:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
374:
371:
368:
367:
362:
361:Scythia Minor
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:Sarmizegetusa
334:
333:
332:
331:
328:
325:
324:
321:
316:
315:
311:
307:
306:
302:
296:
295:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
274:
272:Today part of
270:
254:
252:
251:Hunnic Empire
249:
248:
240:
238:
235:
234:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:
211:
208:
201:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
155:
151:
148:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
108:
103:
98:
95:
91:
87:
77:
76:Ancient Greek
65:
60:
46:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
12810:
12693:Architecture
12623:Prostitution
12593:Demographics
12497:construction
12372:Human rights
12352:Constitution
12219:World War II
12178:
12024:explorations
11963:
11952:Roman Crimea
11908:Roman Empire
11820:Vatican City
11773:Saudi Arabia
11762:
11745:North Africa
11310:
11245:
11010:Thraco-Roman
10868:Free Dacians
10863:
10784:Roman Empire
10682:Piroboridava
10628:Dacian Draco
10510:Dacian names
10442:civilization
10316:Zalmodegicus
10291:Dromichaetes
10204:Potulatenses
10149:Burs (Dacia)
10053:
10044:
10037:
10012:
9987:
9966:
9945:
9924:
9903:
9892:
9873:
9833:
9812:
9786:
9761:
9740:
9729:
9708:
9683:
9659:
9634:
9613:
9603:
9576:
9555:
9551:Pohl, Walter
9531:
9520:
9498:Random House
9496:. New York:
9492:
9471:
9438:
9434:
9403:
9393:
9389:
9358:
9333:
9300:
9296:
9268:
9249:
9220:
9191:
9165:
9161:
9147:
9127:
9117:
9092:
9063:
9059:
9032:
9027:
9002:
8982:
8961:
8936:
8912:
8886:
8862:
8835:
8810:
8789:
8764:
8738:
8705:
8691:
8680:
8647:
8618:
8593:
8557:
8553:
8517:
8508:the original
8483:
8479:
8447:
8426:
8415:
8390:
8375:
8343:
8318:
8289:
8261:
8236:
8208:
8179:
8155:
8131:
8112:
8107:
8094:
8089:
8075:
8062:
8057:
8030:
8025:
8012:
8007:
7994:
7989:
7976:
7971:
7954:Bibliography
7939:
7912:
7900:
7888:
7876:
7869:Köpeczi 1994
7864:
7857:Köpeczi 1994
7852:
7845:Köpeczi 1994
7840:
7833:Köpeczi 1994
7828:
7816:
7804:
7775:
7768:Niebuhr 1849
7763:
7751:
7739:
7727:
7715:
7703:
7691:
7679:
7667:
7655:
7643:
7631:
7619:
7607:
7580:
7553:
7541:
7512:
7485:
7473:
7461:
7434:
7422:
7410:
7383:
7339:
7327:
7315:
7303:
7291:
7264:
7237:
7225:
7220:, p. 6.
7213:
7206:Köpeczi 1994
7201:
7174:
7117:
7105:
7093:
7081:
7069:
7057:
7050:Köpeczi 1994
7045:
7033:
7021:
7009:
6997:
6985:
6973:
6966:Köpeczi 1994
6961:
6954:Heather 2010
6934:
6922:
6895:
6883:
6859:Köpeczi 1994
6854:
6842:
6815:
6808:Köpeczi 1994
6803:
6774:
6769:, p. 1.
6762:
6750:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6687:Opreanu 2006
6668:Opreanu 2006
6652:
6647:
6628:
6616:
6572:
6528:
6516:
6504:
6492:
6480:
6468:
6444:Köpeczi 1994
6439:
6427:
6415:
6343:
6331:
6319:
6314:, p. 8.
6290:
6278:
6266:
6254:
6247:Katsari 2011
6242:
6199:Köpeczi 1994
6184:Köpeczi 1994
6179:
6172:Köpeczi 1994
6167:
6160:Köpeczi 1994
6155:
6143:
6121:Erdkamp 2010
6116:
6104:
6092:
6080:
6053:
6041:
6029:
6017:
6005:
5993:
5981:
5969:
5938:
5931:Köpeczi 1994
5926:
5919:Köpeczi 1994
5914:
5887:
5860:
5848:
5843:, p. 7.
5811:
5799:
5787:
5775:
5763:
5756:Opreanu 2006
5751:
5744:Opreanu 2006
5739:
5710:
5698:
5686:
5679:Opreanu 2015
5674:
5667:Grumeza 2009
5662:
5650:
5643:Opreanu 2015
5638:
5631:Opreanu 2015
5626:
5614:
5572:
5545:
5533:
5507:Köpeczi 1994
5487:
5475:
5463:
5451:
5439:
5427:
5415:
5403:
5396:Mommsen 1999
5391:
5384:Köpeczi 1994
5358:
5346:
5334:
5322:
5310:
5298:
5271:
5259:
5247:
5205:
5193:
5122:
5110:
5098:
5091:Köpeczi 1994
5071:
5059:
5052:Köpeczi 1994
5047:
5035:
5023:
5011:
4984:
4972:
4911:
4899:
4887:
4856:
4849:Köpeczi 1994
4777:
4770:Bennett 1997
4765:
4736:
4697:Webster 1998
4692:
4680:
4668:
4656:
4649:Köpeczi 1994
4644:
4637:Bennett 1997
4618:Köpeczi 1994
4613:
4601:
4589:
4557:, p. 6.
4536:Köpeczi 1994
4491:, p. 5.
4484:
4463:
4453:
4429:
4419:
4395:
4385:
4378:Bennett 1997
4373:
4366:Bennett 1997
4361:
4354:Bennett 1997
4341:, p. 6.
4334:
4307:
4300:Bennett 1997
4280:
4273:Bennett 1997
4268:
4256:
4212:
4200:
4188:
4144:
4132:
4125:Schmitz 2005
4120:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4072:
4067:, p. 4.
4045:
4006:Opreanu 2015
3992:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3884:
3852:
3829:
3776:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3731:
3728:
3726:, Romania).
3708:
3680:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3631:
3607:
3546:
3540:
3528:
3519:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3465:
3447:
3446:Lactantius:
3439:
3425:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3396:Lactantius:
3382:, chosen by
3379:
3377:
3360:
3352:
3336:Danube Delta
3301:
3270:Christianity
3267:
3254:
3251:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3209:Dacian deity
3206:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3119:
3089:
3082:
3063:
3048:
3044:
3033:
3013:
3002:
3000:
2996:Vințu de Jos
2988:
2984:amphitheatre
2963:
2961:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2899:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2856:
2846:
2838:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2803:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2687:Ius Italicum
2685:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2645:amphitheatre
2627:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2577:
2574:quingenariae
2573:
2566:
2560:
2545:
2529:
2524:
2506:
2504:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2410:
2398:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2288:Free Dacians
2284:
2269:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2195:
2158:
2153:, the final
2148:
2142:
2135:
2110:
2098:
2096:
2091:ius Italicum
2089:
2085:
2080:(modern day
2072:, in modern
2070:Danube River
2063:
2051:
2022:
2011:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1965:
1955:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1886:
1879:
1838:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1774:
1767:
1737:
1726:
1713:
1702:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1639:
1631:
1625:with him to
1608:
1474:
1432:
1426:
1413:
1412:Fourteenth (
1405:
1397:
1385:
1371:
1368:gladiatorial
1361:
1341:
1336:Roman Empire
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1283:
1282:
1264:
1256:
1241:
1232:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1190:
1124:
1113:
1090:
1063:
1019:
981:Roman slaves
965:
942:
931:
895:
872:
803:Lower Moesia
756:
746:
734:
718:
715:
711:Free Dacians
659:Transylvania
651:Roman Empire
626:
616:
576:
575:
518:Thraco-Roman
500:Free Dacians
465:
427:Dromichaetes
394:Construction
192:Succeeded by
191:
186:
94:Roman Empire
36:
12858:Roman Dacia
12832: /
12608:Immigration
12452:Agriculture
12271:Earthquakes
12209:World War I
12189:Middle Ages
12179:Roman Dacia
12051:Scandinavia
11984:Netherlands
11979:Mesopotamia
11810:Switzerland
11776:(Classical)
11758:(Classical)
11680:(Classical)
11660:(Classical)
11411:'s reforms.
11343:Mesopotamia
11102:WikiProject
11035:Archaeology
10864:Roman Dacia
10648:Settlements
10440:Culture and
10364:(87–106 AD)
10340:(44 BC–???)
10259:Troglodytae
10214:Rhadacenses
10209:Predasenses
9363:Cluj-Napoca
9226:Oxfordshire
9170:Cluj-Napoca
8695:. Meridane.
8427:Roman World
8411:Cassius Dio
8076:The Caesars
8003:Cassius Dio
7881:Vékony 2000
7756:Gibbon 1816
7744:Whitby 1998
7732:Whitby 1998
7684:Lenski 2002
7672:Lenski 2002
7660:Lenski 2002
7648:Lenski 2002
7636:Lenski 2002
7624:Lenski 2002
7585:Barnes 1981
7558:Lenski 2002
7546:Găzdac 2010
7466:Lenski 2002
7439:Lenski 2002
7388:Moisil 2002
7332:Watson 2004
7320:Watson 2004
7308:Wilkes 2005
7296:Watson 2004
7179:Vékony 2000
7152:Watson 1853
7038:Wilkes 2005
7026:Oțetea 1970
7002:Vékony 2000
6888:Parker 1958
6847:Oltean 2007
6835:Oltean 2007
6820:Pârvan 1928
6779:Dorcey 1992
6767:Dorcey 1992
6609:Oltean 2007
6594:Oltean 2007
6577:Oltean 2007
6565:Oltean 2007
6548:Oltean 2007
6533:Oltean 2007
6521:Oltean 2007
6509:Oltean 2007
6408:Oltean 2007
6393:Oltean 2007
6378:Oltean 2007
6363:Oltean 2007
6324:Găzdac 2010
6295:Oltean 2007
6283:Oltean 2007
6271:Parker 2010
6085:Vékony 2000
6073:Găzdac 2010
6058:Vékony 2000
6010:Bunson 2002
5986:Oltean 2009
5974:Nemeti 2006
5962:Oltean 2007
5943:Vékony 2000
5907:Oltean 2007
5892:Oltean 2007
5880:Oltean 2007
5865:Parker 1958
5816:Vékony 2000
5804:Vékony 2000
5655:Parker 2010
5577:Bunson 2002
5550:Oltean 2007
5538:Oltean 2007
5432:Birley 2000
5420:Birley 2000
5408:Birley 2000
5363:Birley 2000
5339:Birley 2000
5327:McLynn 2011
5315:Birley 2000
5303:McLynn 2011
5291:Birley 2000
5240:Birley 2000
5225:Birley 2000
5210:Birley 2000
5198:Birley 2000
5163:Birley 2000
5146:Birley 2000
5127:Nemeth 2005
5040:Chapot 1997
5028:Potter 1998
5016:McLynn 2011
5004:Birley 2000
4977:Birley 2000
4904:Bunson 2002
4834:Oltean 2007
4803:Oltean 2007
4782:Mócsy 1974b
4606:Wilkes 2000
4594:Parker 2010
4506:Oltean 2007
4339:Gibbon 1816
4232:Oltean 2007
4166:Oltean 2007
4149:Pârvan 1928
4137:Bunson 2002
4113:Oltean 2007
4089:Oltean 2007
4038:Oltean 2007
3774:in 378 AD.
3750:in 447 AD.
3615:vexillation
3539:Eutropius:
3328:Gordian III
2736:Mureș River
2610:urban satus
2604:Roman villa
2586:Settlements
2508:vexillation
2471:Roman walls
2433:as the new
2238:settlements
2184:Daco-Romans
2126:Gaiobomarus
2117:Cassius Dio
1905:was also a
1775:Tres Daciae
1738:procurators
1633:across the
1444:Cluj-Napoca
1352:Roman roads
1348:Roman baths
1237:proclaimed:
849:Dacian Wars
823:Daco-Romans
789:(253–268).
719:Tres Daciae
627:Dacia Felix
577:Roman Dacia
528:Archaeology
466:Roman Dacia
442:Other kings
187:Preceded by
100:106–271/275
42:Roman Dacia
12847:Categories
12820:26°30′00″E
12817:45°42′00″N
12750:Philosophy
12735:Literature
12618:Minorities
12603:Healthcare
12516:(currency)
12492:automotive
12406:Parliament
12367:Government
12321:Topography
12234:Since 1989
12229:Revolution
11823:(Classical
11768:San Marino
11730:Montenegro
11705:Luxembourg
11668:(Classical
11617:(Classical
11495:Azerbaijan
11409:Diocletian
11221:Cappadocia
11064:Thracology
11005:Daco-Roman
10841:Second War
10653:Fortresses
10590:Pleistoros
10580:Gebeleizis
10311:Rubobostes
10120:Albocenses
9556:Die Awaren
9130:. Mirton.
8527:E.J. Brill
8105:(c. 109).
8087:(c. 320).
8085:Lactantius
8073:(c. 362).
8055:(c. 379).
8023:(c. 364).
8005:(c. 220).
7987:(c. 361).
7969:(c. 395).
7905:Price 2000
7893:Price 2000
7612:Odahl 2004
7573:Odahl 2004
7403:Burns 1991
7122:Mócsy 1974
7086:Burns 1991
6990:Odahl 2004
6978:Burns 1991
6915:Mócsy 1974
6900:Mócsy 1974
6707:: 104344.
6136:Burns 1991
6097:Andea 2006
5691:Scott 2008
5619:Mócsy 1974
5607:Scott 2008
5252:Grant 1996
5103:Oliva 1962
5064:Grant 1996
4950:Grant 1996
4714:Opper 2008
4685:Opper 2008
4582:Ellis 1998
4521:Burns 2003
4205:Jones 1992
4193:Jones 1992
4181:Burns 2003
4101:Burns 2003
4077:Mócsy 1974
4015:References
3998:Barbaricum
3918:Hungarians
3905:linguistic
3859:Daco-Roman
3671:Bessarabia
3666:foederatus
3653:Carpodacae
3613:, while a
3602:Diocletian
3583:Diocletian
3581:See also:
3384:Diocletian
3380:(Galerius)
3304:Elagabalus
3280:See also:
3247:mausoleums
3163:domesticus
3106:See also:
3036:Pax Romana
3029:wax tablet
2930:municipium
2914:municipium
2910:The Danube
2873:municipium
2857:municipium
2835:, Romania)
2821:municipium
2816:Porolissum
2808:Porolissum
2786:municipium
2766:municipium
2744:municipium
2728:Alba Iulia
2623:latifundia
2596:municipium
2590:See also:
2570:milliariae
2495:See also:
2483:sestertius
2389:See also:
2344:Cappadocia
2178:See also:
2159:praetorium
2034:See also:
1907:procurator
1895:Langobardi
1887:procurator
1870:Alba Iulia
1807:Marcomanni
1795:procurator
1754:See also:
1718:Porolissum
1697:See also:
1686:municipium
1666:praetorian
1651:Singidunum
1564:See also:
1456:Alba Iulia
1370:games (or
1225:along the
1150:See also:
1139:See also:
1059:Singidunum
949:Octavianus
847:See also:
833:Background
759:Sarmatians
747:procurator
485:Porolissum
12648:Romanians
12613:Languages
12598:Education
12562:Transport
12542:Squatting
12416:President
12384:Judiciary
12357:Elections
12301:Mountains
12244:Geography
11859:Medieval)
11851:Medieval)
11715:Macedonia
11643:Medieval)
11635:Medieval)
11621:Medieval)
11598:Medieval)
11590:Medieval)
11552:Medieval)
11538:Medieval)
11471:Medieval)
11328:Macedonia
11216:Britannia
11054:Dacianism
10820:First War
10714:relations
10633:Kogaionon
10495:Belagines
10469:bracelets
10451:Artifacts
10362:Decebalus
10344:Comosicus
10332:Burebista
10254:Tyragetae
10219:Saldenses
10169:Costoboci
9993:Routledge
9869:Eutropius
9839:Routledge
9689:Routledge
9454:0037-6795
9323:1047-7594
9274:Routledge
9230:Routledge
9182:1220-0492
9098:Routledge
9080:0982-1783
8893:Routledge
8816:Routledge
8745:Routledge
8584:0043-8243
8504:0069-3715
8242:Routledge
8185:Routledge
8108:Epistulae
8039:cite book
8021:Eutropius
7967:Anonymous
7720:Pohl 2002
7242:Webb 1927
7230:Bird 1994
7139:, IX, 15.
6259:Bury 1893
5458:, LXXIII.
5444:Bury 1893
5186:Bury 1893
5115:Bury 1893
5076:Bury 1893
4989:Bury 1893
4861:Bury 1893
4741:Bury 1893
4729:Bury 1893
4673:Bury 1893
4329:, VIII.2.
4002:Nicomedia
3888:Toponymic
3787:campaigns
3779:Justinian
3705:(306–337)
3604:(284–305)
3531:Illyricum
3516:(270–275)
3468:Gallienus
3462:(260–268)
3460:Gallienus
3389:New Dacia
3363:of Răcari
3349:(244–249)
3290:Gallienus
3236:aediculae
3221:aniconism
3159:silvester
3055:sandstone
2949:Germisara
2794:Caracalla
2704:Germisara
2699:Singidava
2660:municipia
2618:municipia
2456:princeps)
2402:Maramureș
2385:Colonists
2328:Britannia
2321:epigraphs
2310:Geography
2218:Eutropius
2216:Although
2210:Illyrians
2206:Thracians
2113:Caracalla
2086:municipia
2066:of Poiana
2040:Caracalla
2017:generals.
1635:Olt River
1468:garrisons
1418:legions.
1398:Macedonia
1332:provinces
1227:frontiers
1217:Sarmatian
1007:Decebalus
997:receives
973:merchants
934:Decebalus
914:civil war
891:Black Sea
883:Burebista
857:Decebalus
853:Burebista
819:Romanians
807:Romanized
787:Gallienus
783:Bastarnae
745:imperial
703:Maramureș
695:Decebalus
437:Decebalus
432:Burebista
327:Geography
237:Visigoths
12795:Category
12725:Folklore
12643:Religion
12638:Refugees
12537:Services
12487:Industry
12477:Forestry
12394:Military
12335:Politics
12266:Counties
12157:Timeline
12128:articles
12075:See also
11999:Scotland
11994:Slovakia
11916:Occupied
11796:Slovenia
11791:Slovakia
11781:Scotland
11755:Portugal
11604:Guernsey
11251:Dalmatia
11166:Aegyptus
11149:(117 AD)
11082:Category
11059:Dacology
11028:Research
10959:Alutanus
10794:Domitian
10687:Sucidava
10677:Cumidava
10672:Buridava
10667:Argidava
10615:Zalmoxis
10605:Seirenes
10595:Sabazios
10575:Dionysus
10570:Derzelas
10565:Deceneus
10545:Religion
10487:Language
10477:Clothing
10338:Deceneus
10306:Rhemaxos
10286:Cothelas
10244:Teurisci
10224:Scaugdae
10199:Piephigi
10174:Crobidae
10159:Ciaginsi
9871:(1853).
9783:(2000).
9681:(2001).
9553:(2002).
9518:(1928).
8934:(2000).
8883:(2000).
8735:(1996).
8703:(2003).
8678:(1816).
8640:(1991).
8413:(1927).
8373:(1893).
8295:New York
8287:(2002).
8234:(2000).
8206:(1994).
8177:(1997).
8153:(1981).
6755:Pop 1999
6637:Archived
6348:Pop 1999
6148:Pop 1999
5853:Pop 1999
5705:, LXXIX.
5266:, LXXII.
4427:(2019).
4393:(2011).
4285:Pop 1999
4249:Pop 1999
4050:Pop 1999
3948:See also
3895:and the
3893:Slovakia
3870:(son of
3846:and the
3720:Sucidava
3715:Licinius
3701:Emperor
3687:Ratiaria
3675:Dniester
3660:Tervingi
3600:Emperor
3537:—
3514:Aurelian
3512:Emperor
3498:—
3472:Postumus
3458:Emperor
3444:—
3434:Bulgaria
3410:Sucidava
3394:—
3372:Galerius
3345:Emperor
3294:Aurelian
3202:Matronae
3155:Silvanus
3102:Religion
3092:stibnite
3075:Micăsasa
3059:andesite
3024:Illyrian
2867:(modern
2864:Sucidava
2840:Tibiscum
2831:(modern
2777:Potaissa
2714:Bersovia
2709:Argidava
2694:Ulpianum
2656:coloniae
2614:coloniae
2568:cohortes
2557:Silistra
2553:Svishtov
2541:Turcoaia
2539:(modern
2537:Troesmis
2517:Berzovia
2414:Illyrian
2336:Parthian
2314:Dalmatia
2139:—
2130:Macrinus
2078:Cumidava
2074:Flămânda
2020:—
1983:—
1973:Commodus
1931:—
1903:Pertinax
1858:Pertinax
1856:Emperor
1845:(modern
1843:Tibiscum
1835:Aquileia
1821:(modern
1764:Pertinax
1760:Commodus
1514:110/111
1501:107/109
1442:(modern
1440:Potaissa
1372:lusiones
1356:colonies
1346:such as
1308:consular
1292:—
1273:—
1247:—
1202:—
1197:Dardania
1118:—
1026:Domitian
977:artisans
968:hostages
926:Parthian
887:Pannonia
877:and the
791:Aurelian
769:tribes (
767:Germanic
707:Moldavia
647:province
645:) was a
389:Religion
384:Language
351:Ziridava
346:Capidava
341:Argidava
300:a series
160:Aurelian
90:Province
12898:Oltenia
12779:Outline
12708:Cuisine
12688:Academy
12680:Culture
12670:Welfare
12653:Gypsies
12576:Society
12557:Tourism
12462:Exports
12440:Economy
12291:Islands
12261:Climate
12204:Kingdom
12162:ancient
12149:History
12124:Romania
12056:Somalia
12046:Ireland
11974:Germany
11969:Georgia
11957:Cherson
11947:Assyria
11837:Tunisia
11832:Ukraine
11763:Romania
11735:Morocco
11720:Moldova
11609:Hungary
11581:Germany
11576:Georgia
11543:Croatia
11510:Belgium
11505:Balkans
11500:Austria
11481:Andorra
11476:Algeria
11388:Thracia
11378:Sicilia
11358:Noricum
11261:Galatia
11226:Cilicia
11206:Assyria
11196:Armenia
11092:Commons
10998:Culture
10964:Moesiae
10748:Warfare
10712:Foreign
10610:Silenus
10553:Deities
10458:Coinage
10425:Dicomes
10407:Zyraxes
10350:Scorilo
10194:Peukini
10164:Clariae
10125:Anartes
9793:Toronto
9462:i391955
9259:2673975
9025:(ed.).
8644:(ed.).
8548:(ed.).
8453:Farnham
8113:Letters
7959:Ancient
7169:, 33.3.
6709:Bibcode
6651:(1976)
3901:Ukraine
3880:Dobruja
3868:Crispus
3791:Maurice
3760:Carsium
3724:Spanțov
3683:Sirmium
3673:on the
3635:Vandals
3623:Gratian
3611:Drobeta
3553:Serdica
3488:cohorts
3332:Histria
3182:Mithras
3135:Minerva
3127:Jupiter
3010:Economy
2992:Rădești
2976:Salinae
2934:colonia
2918:colonia
2901:Drobeta
2877:colonia
2869:Corabia
2848:Ampelum
2804:castrum
2790:colonia
2782:canabae
2770:colonia
2753:canabae
2748:colonia
2678:colonia
2426:Semites
2406:Crișana
2306:Ptolemy
2302:civitas
2280:La Tène
2198:Germans
2180:Dacians
2163:Mehadia
2155:Severan
2100:canabae
2002:castrum
1920:Astingi
1874:Romania
1831:Slăveni
1811:Noricum
1722:Moigrad
1714:colonia
1627:Parthia
1611:Antioch
1566:Hadrian
1406:Claudia
1404:Ninth (
1396:Fifth (
1376:triumph
1334:of the
1126:Letters
1086:Drobeta
1001:from a
875:Dacians
799:Serdica
775:Taifali
736:colonia
727:Balkans
699:Crișana
671:Hungary
667:Romania
655:Oltenia
649:of the
634:
533:Museums
418:History
409:Warfare
399:Pottery
370:Culture
279:Romania
165:271/275
116:Capital
92:of the
12800:Portal
12730:Humour
12703:Cinema
12633:Racism
12502:mining
12457:Energy
12311:Rivers
12256:Cities
12139:Topics
12126:
11989:Persia
11925:Arabia
11786:Serbia
11725:Monaco
11685:Kuwait
11677:Kosovo
11665:Jordan
11657:Jersey
11562:France
11373:Raetia
11318:Iudaea
11312:Italia
11256:Epirus
11241:Cyprus
11161:Achaia
10941:Castra
10928:Column
10921:Bridge
10915:Trajan
10885:Moesia
10812:Trajan
10737:Romans
10722:Greeks
10600:Semele
10560:Bendis
10402:Rholes
10379:Cotiso
10301:Oroles
10296:Moskon
10249:Trixae
10239:Terizi
10229:Senses
10144:Bessoi
10135:Biephi
10102:Tribes
10020:
9999:
9974:
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9845:
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9716:
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9667:
9646:
9621:
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9563:
9539:
9504:
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9460:
9452:
9443:London
9441:(52).
9411:
9373:
9342:
9321:
9311:
9280:
9257:
9236:
9207:
9180:
9134:
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9078:
9043:
9035:]
9010:
8989:
8969:
8948:
8920:
8899:
8869:
8847:
8822:
8797:
8776:
8751:
8721:
8711:London
8664:
8626:
8605:
8599:London
8582:
8572:
8533:
8523:Leiden
8502:
8488:Berlin
8480:Chiron
8463:
8434:
8398:
8381:Harper
8359:
8330:
8305:
8273:
8248:
8220:
8191:
8163:
8139:
8122:Modern
8071:Julian
8053:Festus
4472:
4468:: 77.
4441:
4407:
4004:– see
3897:steppe
3804:Phocas
3795:Slavic
3744:castra
3740:Valens
3644:Thrace
3639:Gepids
3627:Dierna
3422:Decius
3418:Apulum
3414:Romula
3361:castra
3296:, and
3245:, and
3242:tumuli
3230:stelae
3194:Gallic
3190:Thrace
3174:Cybele
3151:Libera
3143:Apollo
3114:, and
3070:brooch
3051:schist
3020:Trajan
2972:Cigmău
2925:Romula
2853:Zlatna
2833:Orșova
2792:under
2761:Napoca
2724:Apulum
2602:, and
2576:, and
2562:numeri
2418:Celtic
2354:, the
2330:. The
2265:Noșlac
2261:Obreja
2082:Brețcu
2064:castra
2046:, and
1952:Senate
1862:Apulum
1839:castra
1827:villas
1815:Raetia
1762:, and
1730:Romula
1720:(near
1681:Napoca
1587:Bronze
1436:Napoca
1414:Gemina
1410:, and
1286:Kriton
1267:Trajan
1222:castra
1205:Festus
1152:Trajan
1108:silver
1055:Burnum
1003:Dacian
999:homage
995:Trajan
957:Cotiso
938:Moesia
918:Pompey
867:Dacian
855:, and
805:. The
781:, and
779:Heruli
752:Apulum
683:Trajan
675:Serbia
673:, and
509:Legacy
490:Castra
452:Tribes
379:People
356:Moesia
284:Serbia
147:Trajan
72:
55:
12863:Dacia
12786:Index
12755:Sport
12745:Music
12740:Media
12588:Crime
12296:Lakes
12281:Flora
12276:Fauna
12174:Dacia
12041:India
12036:China
12004:Sudan
11964:Dacia
11865:Wales
11710:Malta
11695:Libya
11451:Roman
11383:Syria
11246:Dacia
11049:Books
10951:Limes
10727:Celts
10692:Davae
10585:Kotys
10396:Dapyx
10356:Duras
10281:Coson
10269:Kings
10189:Moesi
10184:Getae
10154:Carpi
10140:Bessi
10130:Apuli
10094:Dacia
10039:Dacia
9600:(PDF)
9458:JSTOR
9168:(1).
9068:Paris
9066:(3).
9037:(PDF)
9031:[
8111:[
8093:[
8061:[
8029:[
8011:[
7993:[
7975:[
3985:Notes
3914:Slavs
3324:Goths
3255:villa
3198:Epona
3178:Attis
3147:Liber
3139:Venus
3079:kilns
3003:villa
2980:Micia
2953:Aquae
2887:vicus
2882:pagus
2740:vicus
2600:vicus
2549:Novae
2431:Latin
2276:Cicău
2272:Cetea
2208:, or
2202:Celts
2105:marry
2014:Moors
2006:Gilău
1947:Tisza
1803:Quadi
1710:tiles
1615:Syria
1448:Turda
1427:limes
1364:Crito
1193:paces
1053:from
961:Julia
879:Getae
839:Dacia
811:Latin
771:Goths
763:Carpi
663:Banat
623:Latin
538:Books
447:Moesi
319:Dacia
59:Latin
12720:Flag
12713:Wine
12514:Leu
12377:LGBT
11614:Iraq
11453:and
11201:Asia
10762:Sica
10757:Falx
10234:Suci
10179:Daci
10115:Aedi
10106:List
10018:ISBN
9997:ISBN
9972:ISBN
9951:ISBN
9930:ISBN
9909:ISBN
9843:ISBN
9818:ISBN
9797:ISBN
9767:ISBN
9746:ISBN
9714:ISBN
9693:ISBN
9665:ISBN
9644:ISBN
9619:ISBN
9582:ISBN
9561:ISBN
9537:ISBN
9502:ISBN
9477:ISBN
9450:ISSN
9409:ISBN
9371:ISBN
9340:ISBN
9319:ISSN
9309:ISBN
9278:ISBN
9255:OCLC
9234:ISBN
9205:ISBN
9178:ISSN
9132:ISBN
9102:ISBN
9076:ISSN
9041:ISBN
9008:ISBN
8987:ISBN
8967:ISBN
8946:ISBN
8918:ISBN
8897:ISBN
8867:ISBN
8845:ISBN
8820:ISBN
8795:ISBN
8774:ISBN
8749:ISBN
8719:ISBN
8662:ISBN
8624:ISBN
8603:ISBN
8580:ISSN
8570:ISBN
8531:ISBN
8500:ISSN
8461:ISBN
8432:ISBN
8396:ISBN
8357:ISBN
8328:ISBN
8303:ISBN
8271:ISBN
8246:ISBN
8218:ISBN
8189:ISBN
8161:ISBN
8137:ISBN
8045:link
4470:ISBN
4439:ISBN
4405:ISBN
3938:-gl-
3936:and
3934:-cl-
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3866:and
3799:Avar
3797:and
3767:Huns
3619:Desa
3585:and
3575:and
3559:and
3476:Gaul
3259:Deva
3176:and
3161:and
3131:Juno
2964:vici
2957:Uroi
2643:The
2629:vici
2579:alae
2499:and
2393:and
2369:sica
2274:and
2263:and
2254:The
2182:and
2012:The
1969:Buri
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1897:and
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1805:and
1656:The
1568:and
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1537:114
1527:113
1524:112
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1498:105
1485:From
1482:Name
1446:and
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1330:The
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1104:gold
1036:and
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873:The
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841:and
661:and
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610:-shə
12698:Art
10650:and
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3922:Olt
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