Roman Dacia - Knowledge

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only a small number of earlier Dacian pottery styles were retained unchanged, such as pots and the low thick-walled drinking mug that has been termed the "Dacian cup". These artifacts were usually handmade; the use of the pottery wheel was rare. In the case of homes, the use of old Dacian techniques persisted, as did the sorts of ornaments and tools used prior to the establishment of Roman Dacia. Archaeological evidence from burial sites has demonstrated that the native population of Dacia was far too large to have been driven away or wiped out in any meaningful sense. It was beyond the resources of the Romans to have eliminated the great majority of the rural population in an area measuring some 300,000 km (120,000 sq mi). Silver jewellery uncovered in graves show that some of the burial sites are not necessarily native Dacian in origin, but are equally likely to have belonged to the Carpi or

2128:, the king of the Quadi, killed under the pretext of conducting peace negotiations. There may have been military conflict with one or more of the Danubian tribes. Although there are inscriptions that indicate that during Caracalla's visit there was some repair or reconstruction work undertaken at Porolissum and that the military unit stationed there, Cohors V Lingonum, erected an equestrian statue of the emperor, certain modern authors, such as Philip Parker and Ion Grumeza, claim that Caracalla continued to extend the Limes Transalutanus as well as add further territory to Dacia by pushing the border around 50 km (31 mi) east of the Olt River, though it is unclear what evidence they are using to support these statements, and the timeframes associated with Caracalla's movements do not support any extensive reorganization in the province. In 218, Caracalla's successor, 2799: 1928:

of the Costoboci by their arms; but upon conquering that people, they proceeded to injure Dacia no less than before. The Lacringi, fearing that Clemens in his dread of them might lead these newcomers into the land which they themselves were inhabiting, attacked them while off their guard and won a decisive victory. As a result, the Astingi committed no further acts of hostility against the Romans, but in response to urgent supplications addressed to Marcus they received from him both money and the privilege of asking for land in case they should inflict some injury upon those who were then fighting against him.

2323:, which were a central part of Roman cultural expression. In Dacia this causes a problem because the survival of epigraphs into modern times is one of the ways scholars develop an understanding of the cultural and social situation within a Roman province. Apart from members of the Dacian elite and those who wished to attain improved social and economic positions, who largely adopted Roman names and manners, the majority of native Dacians retained their names and their cultural distinctiveness even with the increasing embrace of Roman cultural norms which followed their incorporation into the Roman Empire. 1594: 1422: 1169: 3698: 1980:

were exhausted he made peace with them, receiving hostages and getting back many captives from the Buri themselves as well as 15,000 from the others, and he compelled the others to take an oath that they would never dwell in nor use for pasturage a 5-mile strip of their territory next to Dacia. The same Sabinianus also, when twelve thousand of the neighboring Dacians had been driven out of their own country and were on the point of aiding the others, dissuaded them from their purpose, promising them that some land in our Dacia should be given them.

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territories annexed to Moesia Inferior (Southern Moldavia, the south-eastern edge of the Carpathian Mountains and the plains of Muntenia and Oltenia) were returned to the Roxolani. As a result, Moesia Inferior reverted once again to the original boundaries it possessed prior to the acquisition of Dacia. The portions of Moesia Inferior to the north of the Danube were split off and refashioned into a new province called Dacia Inferior. Trajan's original province of Dacia was relabelled Dacia Superior. Hadrian moved the detachment of

1183: 11398: 2640: 2478: 3223:. Dacian citadels dated to the reigns of Burebista and Decebalus have yielded no statues in their sanctuaries. With the destruction of the main Dacian sacred site during Trajan's wars of conquest, no other site took its place. However, there were other cult sites of local spiritual significance, such as Germisara, which continued to be used during the Roman period, although religious practices at these sites were somewhat altered by Romanization, including the application of Roman names to the local spirits. 862: 2278:. Archaeological evidence taken from pottery show a continued occupation of native Dacians in these and other areas. Architectural forms native to pre-Roman Dacia, such as the traditional sunken houses and storage pits, remained during Roman times. Such housing continued to be erected well into the Roman period, even in settlements which clearly show an establishment after the Roman annexation, such as Obreja. Altogether, approximately 46 sites have been noted as existing on a spot in both the 2189: 1583: 11078: 1602: 1575: 12014: 991: 1327: 1161: 204: 310: 11098: 11088: 3940:, which in Romanian became ch and gh respectively. However, this phonetic evolution may have occurred later in the Romanian language than the 5th-6th centuries when the Slavs arrived, as evidenced by the partial survival of these consonant clusters in the closely related Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian, as well as in languages that borrowed from Romanian. However, of note there was also a 1942:

exposed position meant that the Romans had a greater reliance on the use of "client-states" to ensure its protection from invasion. While this worked in the case of the Roxolani, the use of the Roman-client relationships that allowed the Romans to pit one supported tribe against another facilitated the conditions that created the larger tribal federations that emerged with the Quadi and the Marcomanni.

3878:(364–375); meanwhile, local Daco-Romans continued to inhabit Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, fortifying the amphitheatre against barbarian raids. According to this theory, the Romanian people continued to develop under the influence of the Roman Empire until the beginning of the 6th century, and as long as the empire held territory on the southern bank of the Danube and in 3815: 1629:, Trajan had left Dacia and the remaining Danubian provinces below strength. The Roxolani allied themselves with the Iazyges to revolt against Rome, as they were angry over a Roman decision to cease payments to which Trajan had agreed. Therefore, Hadrian dispatched the armies from the east ahead of him, and departed Syria as soon as he was able. 3326:, whose movements had already been a cause of the Marcomannic Wars, and whose travels south towards the Danubian frontier continued to put pressure on the tribes who were already occupying this territory. Between 236 and 238, Maximinus Thrax campaigned in Dacia against the Carpi, only to rush back to Italy to deal with a civil war. While 3597: 3436:). Firmly entrenched in the territories along the lower Danube and the Black Sea's western shore, their presence affected both the non-Romanized Dacians (who fell into the Goth's sphere of influence) and Imperial Dacia, as the client system that surrounded the province and supported its existence began to break apart. 1098:, which surrendered and was destroyed. The Dacian king and a handful of his followers withdrew into the mountains, but their resistance was short-lived and Decebalus committed suicide. Other Dacian nobles, however, were either captured or chose to surrender. One of those who surrendered revealed the location of the 3441:

had then possessed themselves of Dacia and Moesia, he was suddenly surrounded by the barbarians, and slain, together with great part of his army; nor could he be honored with the rites of sepulture, but, stripped and naked, he lay to be devoured by wild beasts and birds, – a fit end for the enemy of God.

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provinces, like the Moesias, the Pannonias, and Syria, and the number of legions stationed in Moesia and Pannonia were not diminished after the creation of Dacia. However, once Dacia was incorporated into the empire and the frontier was extended northward, the central portion of the Danube frontier between

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According to those who posit the continued existence of a Romanized Dacian population after the Roman withdrawal, Aurelian's decision to abandon the province was solely a military decision with respect to moving the legions and auxiliary units to protect the Danubian frontier. The civilian population

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populace which did not completely abandon the province after the Roman withdrawal in 275 AD. Archaeological evidence obtained from burial sites and settlements supports the contention that a portion of the native population continued to inhabit what was Roman Dacia. Pottery remains dated to the years

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The first settlement at Sarmizegetusa was made up of Roman citizens who had retired from their legions. Based upon the location of names scattered throughout the province, it has been argued that, although places of origin are hardly ever noted in epigraphs, a large percentage of colonists originated

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in Roman Dacia, where indigenous peoples were organised into native townships, as evidence for the Roman depopulation of Dacia. Prior to its incorporation into the empire, Dacia was a kingdom ruled by one king, and did not possess a regional tribal structure that could easily be turned into the Roman

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There are such interpretations of archaeological evidence which shows the continuation of traditional Dacian burial practices; ceramic manufacturing continued throughout the Roman period, in both the province as well as the periphery where Roman control was non-existent. Differing interpretations can

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saw a measure of peace descend upon the province, with no foreign attacks recorded. Damage inflicted on the military camps during the extensive period of warfare of the preceding reigns was repaired. Severus extended the province's eastern frontier some 14 km (8.7 mi) east of the Olt River,

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With the emperor urgently needed elsewhere, Rome once again re-established its system of alliances with the bordering tribes along the empire's northern frontier. However, pressure was soon exerted again with the advent of Germanic peoples who started to settle on Dacia's northern borders, leading to

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in 175 AD. Conscious of the need to create a permanent solution to the problems on the empire's northern frontiers, Marcus Aurelius relaxed some of his restrictions on the Marcomanni and the Iazyges. In particular, he allowed the Iazyges to travel through imperial Dacia to trade with the Roxolani, so

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to attack the empire in 323 AD from their settlements in Dacia. They supported Licinius until his defeat in 324; he was fleeing to their lands in Dacia when he was apprehended. As a result, Constantine focused on aggressively pre-empting any barbarian activity on the frontier north of the Danube. By

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and Moesia had been depopulated, of being able to retain it. The Roman citizens, removed from the town and lands of Dacia, he settled in the interior of Moesia, calling that Dacia which now divides the two Moesiae, and which is on the right hand of the Danube as it runs to the sea, whereas Dacia was

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and Danube rivers were attacked by the Iazyges, followed by a battle in Pannonia in which the Iazyges were defeated. Consequently, Marcus Aurelius turned his full attention against the Iazyges and Quadi. He crushed the Quadi in 174 AD, defeating them in battle on the frozen Danube river, after which

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Dacia, with its northern, eastern, and western frontiers exposed to attacks, could not easily be defended. When barbarian incursions resumed during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, the defences in Dacia were hard pressed to halt all of the raids, leaving exposed the provinces of Upper and Lower Moesia.

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By 124, an additional province called Dacia Porolissensis was created in the northern portion of Dacia Superior, roughly located in north-western Transylvania. Since it had become tradition since the time of Augustus that former consuls could only govern provinces as imperial legates where more than

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campaign of 44 BC, he prepared to cross into Dacia and eliminate Burebista, thereby hopefully causing the breakup of his kingdom. Although this expedition into Dacia did not happen due to Caesar's assassination, Burebista failed to bring about any true unification of the tribes he ruled. Following a

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Driven off their lands in what is now the region of Oltenia in southwestern Romania, the Tervingi moved towards Transylvania and came into conflict with the Sarmatians. In 334, the Sarmatians asked Constantine for military help, after which he allowed the majority of them to settle peacefully south

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migrated into north-eastern Dacia, they were opposed by the Carpi and the non-Romanized Dacians. Defeating these tribes, they came into conflict with the Romans, who still attempted to maintain control along the Danube. Some of the semi-Romanized population remained and managed to co-exist with the

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The emperor Galerius once declared a complaint which the Romans were aware of: the Danube was the most challenging of all the empire's frontiers. Aside from its enormous length, great portions of it did not suit the style of fighting which the Roman legions preferred. To protect the provinces south

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for his son-in-law, was worse, not only than those two princes whom our own times have experienced, but worse than all the bad princes of former days. In this wild beast there dwelt a native barbarity and a savageness foreign to Roman blood; and no wonder, for his mother was born beyond the Danube,

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The region's natural resources generated considerable wealth for the empire, becoming one of the major producers of grain, particularly wheat. Linking into Rome's monetary economy, bronze Roman coinage was eventually produced in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa by about 250 AD (previously Dacia seems to

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Epigraphic evidence attests to large numbers of auxiliary units stationed throughout the Dacian provinces during the Roman period; this has given the impression that Roman Dacia was a strongly militarized province. Yet, it seems to have been no more highly militarized than any of the other frontier

2408:, and Moldavia, stood at the edges of Roman Dacia. Although its people did not have Roman legions stationed among them, they were still nominally under the control of Rome, politically, socially, and economically. These were the areas in which resided the Carpi, often referred to as "Free Dacians". 2285:

Where archaeology attests to a continuing Dacian presence, it also shows a simultaneous process of Romanization. Traditional Dacian pottery has been uncovered in Dacian settlements, together with Roman-manufactured pottery incorporating local designs. The increasing Romanization of Dacia meant that

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Throughout this period, the tribes bordering Dacia to the east, such as the Roxolani, did not participate in the mass invasions of the empire. Traditionally seen as a vindication of Trajan's decision to create the province of Dacia as a wedge between the western and eastern Danubian tribes, Dacia's

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The Astingi, led by their chieftains Raüs and Raptus, came into Dacia with their entire households, hoping to secure both money and land in return for their alliance. But failing of their purpose, they left their wives and children under the protection of Clemens, until they should acquire the land

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By 118, Hadrian himself had taken to the field against the Roxolani and the Iazyges, and although he defeated them, he agreed to reinstate the subsidies to the Roxolani. Hadrian then decided to abandon certain portions of Trajan's Dacian conquests. Most of the Banat was conceded to the Iazyges. The

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It is an excellent idea of yours to write about the Dacian war. There is no subject which offers such scope and such a wealth of original material, no subject so poetic and almost legendary although its facts are true. You will describe new rivers set flowing over the land, new bridges built across

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Decius appeared in the world, an accursed wild beast, to afflict the Church, – and who but a bad man would persecute religion? It seems as if he had been raised to sovereign eminence, at once to rage against God, and at once to fall; for, having undertaken an expedition against the Carpi, who

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In an attempt to fill the cities, cultivate the fields, and mine the ore, a large-scale attempt at colonization took place with colonists coming in "from all over the Roman world". The colonists were a heterogeneous mix: of the some 3,000 names preserved in inscriptions found by the 1990s, 74% (c.

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There were varying degrees of Romanization throughout Roman Dacia. The most Romanized segment was the region along the Danube, which was predominately under imperial administration, albeit in a form that was partially barbarized. The population beyond this zone, having lived with the Roman legions

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After its integration into the empire, Roman Dacia saw constant administrative division. In 119 under Hadrian, it was divided into two departments: Dacia Superior ("Upper Dacia") and Dacia Inferior ("Lower Dacia"; later named Dacia Malvensis). Between 124 and around 158, Dacia Superior was divided

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to all males throughout the empire, with the exception of slaves. In 213, on his way to the east to begin his Parthian campaign, Caracalla passed through Dacia. While there, he undertook diplomatic maneuvers to disturb the alliances between a number of tribes, in particular the Marcomanni and the

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Commodus granted peace to the Buri when they sent envoys. Previously he had declined to do so, in spite of their frequent requests, because they were strong, and because it was not peace that they wanted, but the securing of a respite to enable them to make further preparations; but now that they

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By this time, Hadrian had grown so frustrated with the continual problems in the territories north of the Danube that he contemplated withdrawing from Dacia. As an emergency measure, Hadrian dismantled Apollodorus' bridge across the Danube, concerned about the threat posed by barbarian incursions

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in Lower Moesia, or other provinces south of the Danube of the Roman Empire. Toponymic analysis of place names in the former Roman Dacia north of the Danube suggests that, on top of names which have a Thracian, Scytho-Iranian, Celtic, Roman and Slavonic origin, there are some un-Romanized Dacian

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changes tend to support a complete withdrawal from Roman Dacia, as the names for Roman towns, forts, and settlements fell completely out of use. Repeated archaeological investigations from the 19th century onwards have failed to uncover definitive proof that a large proportion of the Daco-Romans

2750:. Transformed into the capital of Dacia Apulensis region within Dacia Superior, its importance lay in being the location of the military high command for the tripartite province. It began to rival Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa during the reign of Septimius Severus, who allocated a part of Apulum's 3801:

raids, fortifying several settlements and fortresses along the river, but this also involved some victories over these enemies deeper into their lands to the north, including Pannonia as well. However, despite these successes in re-establishing the frontier, in 602 a mutiny within the exhausted

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and the Goths pressured them from the east and the northeast. This forced the older tribes to push into Roman territory, weakening the empire's already stretched defences further. To gain entry into the empire, the tribes alternated between beseeching the Roman authorities to allow them in, and

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During the period of Roman occupation, the pattern of settlement in the Mureș valley demonstrates a continual shift towards nucleated settlements when compared to the pre-Roman Iron Age settlement pattern. In central Dacia, somewhere between 10 and 28 villages have been identified as aggregated

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from various types of settlements, especially in the Oraștie Mountains, demonstrates the deliberate destruction of hill forts during the annexation of Dacia, but this does not rule out a continuity of occupation once the traumas of the initial conquest had passed. Hamlets containing traditional

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It is generally assumed that Trajan's reign saw the creation of the Roman road network within imperial Dacia, with any pre-existing natural communication lines quickly converted into paved Roman roads which were soon extended into a more extensive road network. However, only two roads have been

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The last major Roman incursion into the former province of Dacia occurred in 367 AD, when the emperor Valens used a diplomatic incident to launch a major campaign against the Goths. Hoping to regain the trans-Danubian beachhead which Constantine had successfully established at Sucidava, Valens

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colonists from South Dalmatia. New information surfaced in the form of wax-coated wooden writing tablets, several of which were discovered at Verespatak from 1786 and which bear a variety of commercial texts, contracts, and accounts dating to 131–167. The earliest reference to the town is on a

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invaded Dacia; after initially defeating the Costoboci, they continued their attacks on the province. The Romans negotiated a settlement with the Astingi, whereby they agreed to leave Dacia and settle in the lands of the Costoboci. In the meantime, plots of land were distributed to some 12,000

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Fighting continued in Dacia over the next two years, and by 169, the governor of the province Sextus Calpurnius Agricola, was forced to give up his command – it is suspected that he either contracted the plague or died in battle. The emperor decided to temporarily split the province once again

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While it is certain that colonists in large numbers were imported from all over the empire to settle in Roman Dacia, this appears to be true for the newly created Roman towns only. The lack of epigraphic evidence for native Dacian names in the towns suggests an urban–rural split between Roman

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Following a revolt around 158, Antoninus Pius undertook another reorganisation of the Dacian provinces. Dacia Superior was renamed Dacia Apulensis (in Banat and southern Transylvania), with Apulum as its capital, while Dacia Inferior was transformed into Dacia Malvensis (situated at Oltenia).

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and Pannonia caused the local governors and the emperors to undertake a number of punitive actions against the Dacians. All of this kept the Roman Empire and the Dacians in constant social, diplomatic, and political interaction during much of the late pre-Roman period. This saw the occasional

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It is often problematic to identify the dividing line between "Romanized" villages and those sites that can be defined as "small towns". Therefore, categorizing sites as small towns has largely focused on identifying sites that had some evidence of industry and trade, and not simply a basic

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in Dacia during this time, although his exact role is not known. Very unpopular in Dacia, Pertinax was eventually dismissed. By 170, Marcus Aurelius appointed Marcus Claudius Fronto as the governor of the entire Dacian province. Later that year, Fronto's command was extended to include the

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meant Aurelian needed to settle the situation along the Danube frontier. Reluctantly, and possibly only as a temporary measure, he decided to abandon the province. The traditional date for Dacia's official abandonment is 271; another view is that Aurelian evacuated his troops and civilian

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That same year (170) the Costoboci (whose lands were to the north or northeast of Dacia) swept through Dacia on their way south. The now weakened empire could not prevent the movement of tribespeople into an exposed Dacia during 171, and Marcus Aurelius was forced to enter into diplomatic

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workshop located in Napoca, while weapon smithies have been identified in Apulum. Glass manufacturing factories have been uncovered in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Tibiscum. Villages and rural settlements continued to specialise in craftwork, including pottery, and sites such as

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and the Dacians were conquered during his reign, and peace was established in the Pannonias, but all by his legates, since such was the manner of his life. The provincials in Britain, Dacia, and Germany attempted to cast off his yoke, but all these attempts were put down by his

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Highly Romanized urban centres brought with them Roman funerary practices, which differed significantly from those pre-dating the Roman conquest. Archaeological excavations have uncovered funerary art principally attached to the urban centres. Such excavations have shown that

2955:. Both Germisara and Aquae were sites where natural thermal springs were accessible, and each are still functioning today. The locations of Brucla, Blandiana, and Petris are not known for certain. In the case of Petris however, there is good reason to suppose it was located at 3490:

from the fifth Macedonica and thirteenth Gemina legions. The latest coins at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Porolissum bear his effigy, and the raising of inscribed monuments in the province virtually ceased in 260, the year that marked the temporary breakup of the empire.

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to the Romans may have commenced sometime during the first half of the 1st century BC, it was certainly occurring by Octavianus' reign and it continued to be practised during the late pre-Roman period. On the flip side, ancient sources have attested to the presence of Roman

3509: 2966:, settlements with connections to the entrenched military camps. This hypothesis has not been tested, as few such sites have been surveyed in any detail. However, in the mid-Mureș valley, associated civilian communities have been uncovered next to the auxiliary camps at 2559:, Bulgaria) was able to release much-needed troops to bolster Dacia's defences. Military documents report at least 58 auxiliary units, most transferred into Dacia from the flanking Moesian and Pannonian provinces, with a wide variety of forms and functions, including 3689:(near modern Archar, Bulgaria) and Durostorum. These camps were meant to provide protection of the principal crossing points across the river, to permit the movement of troops across the river, and to function as observation points and bases for waterborne patrols. 1999:

mentions a limited insurrection that erupted in Dacia approximately 185 AD. The same source also wrote of a defeat of the Dacian tribes who lived outside the province. Commodus' legates devastated a territory some 8 km (5.0 mi) deep along the north of the

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Hadrian, the subsequent emperor, shifted the fourth legion (Legio IV Flavia Felix) from Berzobis to Singidunum in Moesia Superior, suggesting that Hadrian believed the presence of one legion in Dacia would be sufficient to ensure the security of the province. The

2228:, which is the principal source for the depopulation of Roman Dacia after the conquest, are not consistent. Some versions describe the depletion of men after the war; other variants describe the depletion of things, or possibly resources, after Trajan's conquest. 1707:

saw the arrival of an emperor who took a cautious approach to the defense of some provinces. The large amount of milestones dated to his reign demonstrates that he was particularly concerned with ensuring that the roads were in a constant state of repair. Stamped

1284:"The Getae, a barbarian and vigorous people who rising against the Romans and humiliating them such as to compel them to pay a tribute, were later, at the time of king Decebal, destroyed by Trajan in such a way that their entire people was reduced to forty men as 3120:

Inscriptions and sculpture in Dacia reveal a wide variety in matters of religion. Deities of the official state religion of Rome appear alongside those originating in Greece, Asia Minor, and Western Europe; of these, 43.5% have Latin names. The major gods of the

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of Roman Dacia did not treat this as a prelude to a coming disaster; there was no mass emigration from the province, no evidence of a sudden withdrawal of the civilian population, and no widespread damage to property in the aftermath of the military withdrawal.

3762:, but was hampered by a flood on the Danube. He therefore spent his time rebuilding Roman forts along the Danube. In 369, Valens crossed the river into Gothia, and this time managed to engage the Tervingi, defeating them, and granting them peace on Roman terms. 1382:

and non-citizens from across the empire. Nevertheless, native Dacians remained at the periphery of the province and in rural settings, while local power elites were encouraged to support the provincial administration, as per traditional Roman colonial practice.

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in 161 AD, it was clear that trouble was brewing along Rome's northern frontiers, as local tribes began to be pressured by migrating tribes to their north. By 166 AD, Marcus had reorganized Dacia once again, merging the three Dacian provinces into one called

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In the years immediately after the withdrawal, Roman towns survived, albeit on a reduced level. The previous tribes which had settled north of the Danube, such as the Sarmatians, Bastarnae, Carpi, and Quadi were increasingly pressured by the arrival of the

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Linguistic analysis shows that at least a couple of places that retained their Latin name until the arrival of Slavic speaking communities were from an emerging Romance language different to Romanian. These toponyms, Cluj and Bigla, retained the clusters

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In early 336, Constantine personally led his armies across the Danube and crushed the Gothic tribes which had settled there, in the process recreating a Roman province north of the Danube. In honor of this achievement, the Senate granted him the title of

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rivers, and camps clinging to sheer precipices; you will tell of a king driven from his capital and finally to death, but courageous to the end; you will record a double triumph one the first over a nation hitherto unconquered, the other a final victory.

3882:, it influenced the region to the river's north. This process was facilitated by the trading of goods and the movement of peoples across the river. Roman towns endured in Dacia's middle and southern regions, albeit reduced in size and wealth. 3769:

put increased pressure on the Tervingi, who were forced to abandon the old Dacian province and seek refuge within the Roman Empire. Mismanagement of this request resulted in the death of Valens and the bulk of the eastern Roman army at the

1269:, after he had subdued Dacia, had transplanted thither an infinite number of people from the whole Roman world, to people the country and the cities; as the land had been exhausted of inhabitants in the long war maintained by Decebalus." 3885:

The competing theory states that the transfer of Dacia's diminished population overlapped with the requirement to repopulate the depleted Balkans. Although it is possible that some Daco-Romans remained behind, these were few in number.

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Byzantine army stationed north of the river in what was once Dacia (with the expectation that they would continue to stay and campaign there over the winter, despite pay cuts) caused the emperor to be overthrown by one of his generals,

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Mitthof, Fritz; Matei-Popescu, Florian (2023). "Gab es im Jahr 283 n. Chr. zwei dakische Provinzen südlich der Donau? Zur Lesung und Deutung der Inschrift AE 1912, 200 = ILBulg 188". In Mihailescu-Bîrliba, Lucreţiu; Piso, Ioan (eds.).

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sites within central Dacia is incomplete, as it is for the majority of the province. There are about 30 sites identified throughout the province which appear on published heritage lists, but this is felt to be a gross underestimation.

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local women; consequently, if the soldier was a Roman citizen, his children inherited his citizenship. For those soldiers who were not Roman citizens, both he and his children were granted citizenship upon his discharge from the army.

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composed of retired soldiers. However, excluding Trajan's attempts to encourage colonists to move into the new province, the imperial government did hardly anything to promote resettlement from existing provinces into Dacia.

1028:, saw an escalation in the level of conflict along the lower and middle Danube. In approximately 84 or 85 AD the Dacians, led by King Decebalus, crossed the Danube into Moesia, wreaking havoc and killing the Moesian governor 11897: 3369:

was probably abandoned during Philip the Arab's reign, as a result of the incursion of the Carpi into Dacia. Ongoing raids forced the emperor to leave Rome and take charge of the situation. The mother of the future emperor

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from Syria. Regardless of their place of origin, the settlers and colonists were a physical manifestation of Roman civilisation and imperial culture, bringing with them the most effective Romanizing mechanism: the use of

1817:, and drove through Dacia before bursting into Moesia. A conflict would spark in northern Dacia after 167 when the Iazyges, having been thrust out of Pannonia, focused their energies on Dacia and took the gold mines at 1044:

against Decebalus. Unable to finish the war due to troubles on the German frontier, Domitian concluded a treaty with the Dacians that was heavily criticized at the time. This would serve as a precedent to the emperor

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in the east to Oltenia in the west. Until the 320s, the Goths kept the terms of the treaty and proceeded to settle down in the former province of Dacia, and the Danube had a measure of peace for nearly a generation.

8475: 2224:, describes the widespread depopulation of the province after the siege of Sarmizegetusa Regia and the suicide of king Decebalus, there are issues with this interpretation. The remaining manuscripts of Eutropius' 1967:

the resumption of the northern war. In 178, Marcus Aurelius probably appointed Pertinax as governor of Dacia, and by 179 AD, the emperor was once again north of the Danube, campaigning against the Quadi and the

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long as they had the governor's approval. At the same time he was determined to implement a plan to annex the territories of the Marcomanni and the Iazyges as new provinces, only to be derailed by the revolt of

1777:("Three Dacias"), a move that was geared to consolidate an exposed province inhabited by numerous tribes in the face of increasing threats along the Danubian frontier. As the province now contained two legions ( 2380:

issued for Dacian soldiers discovered after 1990 indicate that veterans preferred to return to their place of origin; per usual Roman practice, these veterans were given Roman citizenship upon their discharge.

3758:

launched a raid into Gothic territory after crossing the Danube near Daphne around 30 May; they continued until September without any serious engagements. He tried again in 368 AD, setting up his base camp at

2998:, and Obreja. These show generally sunken houses in the Dacian manner, with some dwellings having evolved to becoming surface timber buildings. The second settlement layout followed Roman settlement patterns. 725:. New mines were opened and ore extraction intensified, while agriculture, stock breeding, and commerce flourished in the province. Roman Dacia was of great importance to the military stationed throughout the 3650:

west of their homeland. However, the Carpi were neither destroyed by other barbarian tribes, nor fully integrated into the Roman Empire. Those who survived on the borders of the empire were apparently called

3042:. Dacia evolved from a simple rural society and economy to one of material advancement comparable to other Roman provinces. There were more coins in circulation in Roman Dacia than in the adjacent provinces. 2136:

And the Dacians, after ravaging portions of Dacia and showing an eagerness for further war, now desisted, when they got back the hostages that Caracallus, under the name of an alliance, had taken from them.

4216:

Marko Popović (2011). Dragan Stanić (ed.). Српска енциклопедија, том 1, књига 2, Београд-Буштрање . Matica Srpska, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zavod za udžbenike, Novi Sad-Belgrade. p. 37. ISBN

3353:

Unable to deal militarily with this incursion, the empire was forced to buy peace in Moesia, paying an annual tribute to the Goths; this infuriated the Carpi who also demanded a payment subsidy. Emperor

2212:

in other provinces. There is relatively poor documentation surrounding the existence of native or indigenous Dacians in the Roman towns that were established after Dacia's incorporation into the empire.

3252:

This appears to be an urban feature only – the minority of cemeteries excavated in rural areas display burial sites that have been identified as Dacian, and some have been conjectured to be attached to

2654:

The province had about 10 Roman towns, all originating from the military camps that Trajan constructed during his campaigns. There were two sorts of urban settlements. Of principal importance were the

11890: 3302:

The 230s marked the end of the final peaceful period experienced in Roman Dacia. The discovery of a large stockpile of Roman coins (around 8,000) at Romula, issued during the reigns of Commodus and

1910:

governorship of Moesia Superior once again. He did not keep it for long; by the end of 170, Fronto was defeated and killed in battle against the Iazyges. His replacement as governor of Dacia was

1675:

Hadrian vigorously exploited the opportunities for mining in the new province. The emperors monopolized the revenue generated from mining by leasing the operations of the mines to members of the

900:

reached the lower Danube and proceeded to come into contact with the Dacians. Roman concern over the rising power and influence of Burebista was amplified when he began to play an active part in

3014:

Dacia required great expense for its military garrisons but the mineral deposits in Transylvania must have enhanced Dacia's economic importance to Rome and the most valuable resource was gold.

3031:

dated 6 February 131. Over time the mines began to see diminishing returns as the local gold reserves were exploited. Evidence points to the closure of the gold mines around the year 215 AD.

955:. Seeking to obtain an ally who could threaten Antonius' European provinces, in 35 BC Octavianus offered an alliance with the Dacians, whereby he would marry the daughter of the Dacian King, 11883: 1219:

allies to the north were still present in the area, requiring a number of campaigns that did not cease until 107 at the earliest; however, by the end of 106, the legions began erecting new

7944: 2959:

in Romania. If this were the case, it would have been a crucial site for trade, as well as being a vital component in facilitating communication from one part of the province to another.

3478:

after 260 meant that Gallienus' attention was principally focused on the Danubian frontier. Repeated victories over the Carpi and associated Dacian tribes enabled him to claim the title

1215:

With the annexation of Decebalus' kingdom, Dacia was turned into Rome's newest province, only the second such acquisition since the death of Augustus nearly a century before. Decebalus'

1668:

rank. This meant that the imperial legate of Dacia Superior only had one legion under his command, stationed at Apulum. Dacia Inferior and Dacia Porolissensis were under the command of

2990:

settlements whose primary function was agricultural. The settlement layouts broadly fall between two principal types. The first are those constructed in a traditional fashion, such as

2941:

agricultural economic unit that would almost exclusively produce goods for its own existence. Additional settlements along the principal route within Roman Dacia are mentioned in the

3520:

Coins were minted during the restoration of the empire (c. 270) under Aurelian which bear the inscription "DACIA FELIX" ("Fertile/Happy Dacia"). The pressing need to deal with the

3049:

Dacia also possessed salt, iron, silver, and copper mines dating to the period of the Dacian kings. The region also held large quantities of building-stone materials, including

1971:. Victorious, the emperor was on the verge of converting a large territory to the north-west of Dacia into Roman provinces when he died in 180. Marcus was succeeded by his son, 2904:

was the most important town of Dacia Inferior. Springing up in the vicinity of a stone camp housing 500 soldiers and established by Trajan to guard the northern approaches to

1825:, Romania). The last date found on the wax tablets discovered in the mineshafts there (which had been hidden when an enemy attack seemed imminent) is 29 May 167. The suburban 8507: 881:

frequently interacted with the Romans prior to Dacia's incorporation into the Roman Empire. However, Roman attention on the area around the lower Danube was sharpened when

3996:

Caracalla's activities in Dacia need to be placed within the verified dates in his progress to the east. On 11 August 213, Caracalla crossed the frontier at Raetia into

2855:, Romania) were important Roman towns. Although the biggest mining town in the region, Ampelum's legal status is unknown. Dierna was a customs station which was granted 2132:, returned a number of non-Romanized Dacian hostages whom Caracalla had taken, possibly as a result of some unrest caused by the tribes after Caracalla's assassination. 9433:; Jopson, Norman Brooke (1939). "The Slavonic and East European Review: a survey of the peoples of eastern Europe, their history, economics, philology and literature". 1797:

for Dacia Apulensis, all operating under the direct supervision of the consular legate, who was stationed at the new provincial capital at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa.

1911: 257: 243: 229: 10721: 3412:, the townspeople hurriedly erected a trapezoidal stone wall and defensive ditch, most likely the result of a raid by the barbarian tribes around 246 or 247. In 248 3806:, culminating in the eventual collapse of Roman control of the Balkans over the coming decades as attention had to be turned east to Persian and later Arab threats. 3609:

of the Danube, the Romans retained a few military forts on the northern bank of the Danube long after the withdrawal from Dacia Traiana. Aurelian kept a foothold at

1191:

Trajan conquered the Dacians, under King Decibalus, and made Dacia, across the Danube in the soil of barbary, a province that in circumference had ten times 100,000

1621:, ordered by Trajan to protect the new Dacian territories north of the Danube, had died there while on campaign. As a result of taking several legions and numerous 2505:

An estimated number of 50,000 troops were stationed in Dacia at its height. At the close of Trajan's first campaign in Dacia in 102, he stationed one legion, or a

12852: 3754:

of the Danube. The Roman armies inflicted a crushing defeat on the Tervingi. The Tervingi signed a treaty with the Romans, giving a measure of peace until 367.

3734:, and celebrated it along with the 30th anniversary of his accession as Roman Emperor in mid 336. The granting of this title has been seen by scholars such as 3306:, who was killed in 222 AD, has been taken as evidence that the province was experiencing problems before the mid-3rd century. Traditionally, the accession of 2819:

was situated between two camps, and laid alongside a walled frontier defending the main passageway through the Carpathian Mountains. It was transformed into a

2523:. However, there is no evidence to indicate when or where it was stationed, and it is unclear whether the legion was fully present, or whether it was only the 1923:

dispossessed and wandering tribespeople, in an attempt to prevent them from becoming a threat to the province if they continued to roam at the edges of Dacia.

1195:; but it was lost under Imperator Gallienus, and, after Romans had been transferred from there by Aurelian, two Dacias were made in the regions of Moesia and 11608: 6699:

Degryse, P.; Gonzalez, S.N.; Vanhaecke, F.; Dillis, S.; Van Ham-Meert, A. (2024). "The rise and fall of antimony: Sourcing the "colourless" in Roman glass".

4000:, while in 8 October 213, his victories over the Germanic tribes were announced at Rome, and sometime between 17 December 213 and 17 January 214, he was at 1852: 11440: 3658:

By 291 AD, the Goths had recovered from their defeat at the hands of Aurelian, and began to move into what had been Roman Dacia. When the ancestors of the

3358:(244–249) ceased payment in 245 and the Carpi invaded Dacia the following year, attacking the town of Romula in the process. The Carpi probably burned the 1378:. To compensate for the depletion of the population, the Romans carried out a program of official colonisation, establishing urban centres made up of both 8074: 3838:

that the population of Dacia Traiana was moved south when Aurelian abandoned the province. However, the fate of the Romanized Dacians, and the subsequent

3663:

Goths. By 295 AD, the Goths had managed to defeat the Carpi and establish themselves in Dacia, now called Gothia; the Romans recognised the Tervingi as a

2519:, Romania), and the Legio XIII Gemina stationed at Apulum. It has been conjectured that there was a third legion stationed in Dacia at the same time, the 1454:

indicates that this stretch of road was finished sometime during 109–110 AD. The second road was a major arterial road that passed through Apulum (modern

12917: 951:

this was tied up with the personal patronage of important Roman individuals. An example of this was seen in Octavianus' actions during his conflict with

2871:, Romania) was a town located at the site of an earthwork camp. Erected by Trajan, Sucidava was neither large enough nor important enough to be granted 2247:

On at least two occasions the Dacians rebelled against Roman authority: first in 117 AD, after Trajan's death, and in 158 AD when they were put down by

2975: 2684:. Its pre-eminence was guaranteed by its foundation charter and by its role as the administrative centre of the province, as well as its being granted 1890: 9071: 3681:

Around 295 AD, the emperor Diocletian reorganized the defences along the Danube, and established fortified camps on the far side of the river, from

12907: 11397: 11137: 10499: 10105: 2718: 1012: 2061:. The work included the construction of 14 fortified camps spread over a distance of approximately 225 km (140 mi), stretching from the 983:. This cultural and mercantile exchange saw the gradual spread of Roman influence throughout the region, most clearly seen in the area around the 12198: 12030: 10696: 6636: 1065: 3555:, previously belonging to Lower Moesia. A portion of the Romanized population settled in the new province south of the Danube. The provinces of 2376:. These could refer to individuals who were native Dacians, Romanized Dacians, colonists who had moved to Dacia, or their descendants. Numerous 3416:

enhanced the wall surrounding the settlement, again most likely as an additional defensive barrier against the Carpi. An epigraph uncovered in

2582:. This does not imply that all were positioned in Dacia at the same time, nor that they were in place throughout the existence of Roman Dacia. 11514: 10726: 2326:

As per usual Roman practice, Dacian males were recruited into auxiliary units and dispatched across the empire, from the eastern provinces to

929:

plot which saw him assassinated, his kingdom fractured into four distinct political entities, later becoming five, each ruled by minor kings.

793:(270–275) would formally relinquish Roman Dacia in 271 or 275 AD. He evacuated his troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and founded 785:) allied with them. All this made the province difficult for the Roman emperors to maintain, already being virtually lost during the reign of 10935: 2125: 1342:

Transforming Dacia into a province was a very resource-intensive process. Traditional Roman methods were employed, including the creation of

326: 12887: 11744: 3268:

Traditional Dacian funerary rites survived the Roman period and continued into the post-Roman era, during which time the first evidence of

3920:) and transmitted to the Romanians, in the same way that some Latin place names were transmitted to the Romanians via the Slavs (such as " 8024: 3891:

remained in Dacia after the evacuation; for example, traffic in Roman coins in the former province after 271 show similarities to modern

3046:

have been supplied with coins from central mints). The establishment of Roman roads throughout the province facilitated economic growth.

1072:, negotiations led to a peace settlement where Decebalus agreed to demolish his forts while allowing the presence of a Roman garrison at 2511:, at Sarmizegetusa Regia. With the conclusion of Trajan's conquest of Dacia, he stationed at least two legions in the new province: the 1462:

in the west and presumably beyond. Nevertheless, the arterial roads and other presumably unstable regions were controlled by a vast new

441: 10647: 3968: 2693: 1366:

wrote that approximately 500,000 Dacians were enslaved and deported, a portion of which were transported to Rome to participate in the

681:

on the borders of the empire. It is estimated that the population of Roman Dacia ranged from 650,000 to 1,200,000. It was conquered by

3874:) uncovered in Napoca demonstrate the continued survival of these towns. In Porolissum, Roman coinage began to circulate again under 3330:

eventually emerged as Roman Emperor, the confusion in the heart of the empire allowed the Goths, in alliance with the Carpi, to take

2535:

that erupted north of the Danube forced Marcus Aurelius to reverse this policy, permanently transferring the Legio V Macedonica from

2823:

during Septimius Severus' reign. Within Dacia Superior, Porolissum was a center of Dacia Prolissensis as Apulum for Dacia Apulensis.

1950:

they sued for peace. The emperor then turned his attention to the Iazyges; after defeating them and throwing them out of Dacia, the

12877: 12114: 11433: 11040: 3973: 3642:

intimidating them with the threat of invasion if their requests were denied. Ultimately, the Bastarnae were permitted to settle in

1945:

By 173 AD, the Marcomanni had been defeated; however, the war with the Iazyges and Quadi continued, as Roman strongholds along the

1140: 936:, Roman forces continued to clash against the Dacians and the Getae. Constant raiding by the tribes into the adjacent provinces of 12813: 12759: 12065: 3789:

which occurred there in the last two decades of the 6th century and beginning of the 7th century, particularly under the emperor

3722:

a new bridge across the Danube, and repaired the road from Sucidava to Romula. He also erected a military fort at Daphne (modern

3563:

would then be created out of the northern and southern parts of this province as it was re-organized over the following decades.

2916:, holding the same rights as an Italian town. During the middle 190s, Septimius Severus transformed the town into a full-fledged 11542: 12867: 11714: 10084: 9355:"The North Danube Regions from the Roman Province of Dacia to the Emergence of the Romanian Language (2nd–8th Centuries A. D.)" 8941: 3738:

as implying some level of reconquest of Roman Dacia. However, the bridge at Sucidava lasted less than 40 years, as the emperor

2097:

As part of his military reforms, Severus allowed Roman soldiers to live away from the fortified camps, within the accompanying

717:

into two provinces, Dacia Apulensis and Dacia Porolissensis. The three provinces would later be unified in 166 and be known as

563: 3777:

Although the region of Dacia to the north of the Danube was never re-conquered afterward, in the mid 6th century, the emperor

3742:

discovered when he attempted to use it to cross the Danube during his campaign against the Goths in 367 AD. Nevertheless, the

3233:

were the favoured style of funerary memorial. However, other more sophisticated memorials have also been uncovered, including

2447: 12233: 10021: 10000: 9975: 9954: 9912: 9846: 9821: 9800: 9770: 9749: 9717: 9696: 9668: 9647: 9622: 9585: 9564: 9540: 9505: 9480: 9412: 9374: 9343: 9312: 9281: 9237: 9208: 9105: 9011: 8990: 8970: 8949: 8921: 8900: 8870: 8848: 8823: 8798: 8777: 8752: 8722: 8665: 8627: 8606: 8573: 8534: 8464: 8435: 8399: 8360: 8331: 8306: 8274: 8249: 8221: 8192: 8164: 8140: 4473: 4442: 4408: 3842:, became mired in controversy, stemming from political considerations originating during the 18th and 19th centuries between 3765:

This was the final attempt by the Romans to maintain a presence in the former province. Soon after, the westward push by the

2734:

was established nearby, while at some point during the Trajanic period a civilian settlement sprang into existence along the

897: 2632:). The two principal towns of Roman Dacia, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Apulum, are on par with similar towns across the 809:

population still left was abandoned, and its fate after the Roman withdrawal is controversial. According to one theory, the

12466: 12410: 11929: 11494: 11130: 8619:

Monetary circulation in Dacia and the provinces from the Middle and Lower Danube from Trajan to Constantine I: (AD 106–337)

2196:

Evidence concerning the continued existence of a native Dacian population within Roman Dacia is not as apparent as that of

1885:, taking on the governorship of the central sub-province of Dacia Apulensis. Dacia Malvensis was possibly assigned to its 1094:

in 105–106 was very specific in its aim of expansion and conquest. The offensive targeted Sarmizegetusa Regia. The Romans

12872: 12398: 12346: 12255: 11426: 10652: 3486:, and Festus) write that Dacia was lost under his reign. He transferred from Dacia to Pannonia a large percentage of the 3319: 3404:

At the end of 247 the Carpi were decisively beaten in open battle and sued for peace; Philip the Arab took the title of

12425: 11470: 3169: 2798: 1434:

attested to have been created at Trajan's explicit command: one was an arterial road that linked the military camps at

11551: 3793:(reigned 582-602). The aim was to secure the Balkan provinces and Danubian frontier against continued incursions from 12531: 12506: 11091: 9933: 9135: 9044: 2157:

emperor. Under his reign, the Council of Three Dacias met at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, and the gates, towers, and

1975:, who had accompanied him. The young man quickly concluded a peace with the warring tribes before returning to Rome. 1467: 605: 11790: 11734: 2738:, approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) from the military encampment. The town evolved rapidly, transforming from a 1716:, was repaired under his rule. In addition, given the exposed position of the larger of the Roman fortifications at 12496: 12315: 12183: 11998: 11780: 10054: 8284: 3794: 3572: 2967: 2270:

Some settlements do show a clear continuity of occupation from pre-Roman times into the provincial period, such as

2236:, which either depicts a Dacian emigration, accelerating the depopulation of Dacia, or Dacians going back to their 11418: 4396:

A History of the Laws of War: Volume 2, The Customs and Laws of War with Regards to Civilians in Times of Conflict

3428:, the "restorer of Dacia". On 1 July 251, Decius and his army were killed by the Goths during their defeat in the 12922: 11772: 11767: 11123: 8491: 1712:

show that the amphitheatre at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, which had been built during the earliest years of the

1466:

for cohorts and auxiliary units, initially built in turf and wood and many of them later rebuilt in stone. Their

7970: 1362:

An immediate effect of the wars leading to the Roman conquest was a decrease in the population in the province.

757:

From its creation, Roman Dacia suffered great political and military threats. The Free Dacians, allied with the

12491: 12270: 12055: 11875: 11569: 9200: 8352: 8174: 2267:, have been dated to the 2nd century AD, implying that they arose at the same time as the Roman urban centres. 1076:(Grădiștea Muncelului, Romania) to ensure Dacian compliance with the treaty. Trajan also ordered his engineer, 3249:. The majority were highly decorated, with sculptured lions, medallions, and columns adorning the structures. 12551: 12285: 12223: 11699: 8044: 3786: 3111: 2400:

before their withdrawal, was substantially Romanized. The final zone, consisting of the northern portions of

1626: 1618: 1545: 17: 11504: 9964:

Wilkes, John (2005). "Provinces and Frontiers". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.).

9596: 885:(82–44 BC) unified the native tribes and began an aggressive campaign of expansion. His kingdom extended to 12912: 12361: 12300: 12156: 12107: 12060: 11978: 11836: 11704: 11684: 11616: 11342: 9943:

Wilkes, John (2000). "The Danube Provinces". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Rathbone, Dominic (eds.).

8414: 8388:

Campbell, Brian (2005). "The Severan Dynasty". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.).

8006: 4464: 1865: 1785:, stationed at Potaissa), the imperial legate had to be of consular rank, with Marcus apparently assigning 1622: 1506: 1390:, some 40 km (25 mi) west of the ruined Sarmizegetusa Regia. Initially serving as a base for the 1302: 848: 11146: 3157:

was of unusual importance, second only to Jupiter. He was frequently referred to in Dacia with the titles

12902: 12659: 12575: 12481: 12161: 12081: 11466: 11220: 11101: 11034: 9878: 9426: 9366: 8657: 8150: 3781:

built a large number of fortresses along the river to supplement border defenses, including the tower at

3735: 3311: 3039: 2672: 2648: 2343: 2295: 1646: 1387: 740: 527: 479: 119: 11795: 9597:"Procurators in Asia and Dacia under Marcus Aurelius: A Case Study of Imperial Initiative in Government" 3944:

variety that existed in the nearby province of Pannonia, which subsequently died out in Late Antiquity.

12627: 12501: 12461: 12388: 12305: 12290: 12188: 12003: 11689: 11327: 11048: 11014: 10504: 10077: 9430: 8840: 8213: 3530: 3322:

brought the empire to bankruptcy. As the 3rd century progressed, it saw the continued migration of the

2658:, whose free-born inhabitants were almost exclusively Roman citizens. Of secondary importance were the 2496: 2454:

and were under the jurisdiction of their own tribal leadership (with individual leaders referred to as

1786: 1463: 1155: 556: 537: 11754: 9173: 6633: 1242:

Alone I have defeated peoples from beyond the Danube and I have annihilated the people of the Dacians.

12892: 12664: 12420: 12310: 11983: 11739: 11250: 10462: 9639: 8376:

A history of the Roman Empire: from its foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C.–180 A.D.)

2500: 2313: 1724:, Romania), the camp was reconstructed using stone, and given sturdier walls for defensive purposes. 1319: 1196: 744: 532: 11603: 9148:

Lectures on the history of Rome: from the earliest times to the fall of the Western Empire, Volume 3

4459: 3529:

The province of Dacia, which Trajan had formed beyond the Danube, he gave up, despairing, after all

1793:

of Dacia Porolissensis and Dacia Malvensis continue in office, and added to their ranks was a third

12882: 12652: 12546: 12526: 12521: 12471: 12295: 12040: 11946: 11679: 11656: 11387: 11377: 11260: 11225: 11205: 11185: 10801: 10793: 10584: 9446: 9304: 8323: 3189: 3107: 2948: 2703: 2104: 1679:, who employed a large number of individuals to manage the operations. In 124, the emperor visited 1617:

when word came through of the death of Trajan. He could not return to Rome, as he was advised that

1041: 508: 456: 12622: 12592: 12371: 12351: 12218: 12100: 12050: 12045: 11499: 11475: 11332: 11317: 11255: 11170: 11160: 10940: 10889: 10846: 10811: 3863: 3847: 3839: 3823: 3576: 2255: 2120: 2115:, in order to increase tax revenue and boost his popularity (at least according to the historian 2047: 1394:, it soon was settled by the retired veterans who had served in the Dacian Wars, principally the 1095: 1077: 1046: 826: 806: 686: 474: 360: 11724: 3830:

Based on the written accounts of ancient authors such as Eutropius, it had been assumed by some

12607: 12451: 12376: 12208: 11556: 11305: 11165: 11115: 10825: 10736: 10544: 8732: 2608:

When considering provincial settlement patterns, the Romanized parts of Dacia were composed of

2567: 2377: 2248: 1882: 1614: 1519: 984: 729:

and became an urban province, with about ten cities known and all of them originating from old

388: 75: 31: 11831: 11719: 11709: 11407:

Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until

2628: 12739: 12692: 12617: 12602: 12405: 12393: 12366: 12320: 11200: 10101: 10070: 9868: 8020: 4434: 4400: 3710: 2900: 2764:

was the possible location of the military high command in Dacia Porolissensis. It was made a

2561: 2512: 2217: 1968: 1642: 1532: 1435: 1421: 1391: 1363: 1168: 1085: 1050: 913: 549: 9874:

Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius: literally translated, with notes and a general index

9026: 3818:

Linguistic map of the Balkans (4th–7th century). Pink areas indicate territories in which a

3219:

conception of deity, and that the Thraco-Dacian religion and their art was characterized by

3211:

entering the Roman pantheon of gods, and there is no evidence of any Dacian deity worshiped

2312:

may represent indigenous administrative structures, similar to those from Moesia, Pannonia,

12857: 12612: 12597: 12561: 12541: 12415: 12383: 12356: 12243: 12193: 12035: 11646: 11565: 11480: 11337: 11230: 10950: 10509: 10268: 9925:

The Emperor Maurice and his Historian – Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare

9196: 6708: 3843: 3831: 3771: 3212: 3193: 3154: 3115: 2943: 2633: 2578: 2450:) were brought in from Dalmatia. These Dalmatian miners were kept in sheltered communities 2309: 1861: 1323:

was responsible for managing the taxation of the province and expenditure by the military.

1261:

mentioned the fate of Dacians after the Roman victory in the Breviarium Historiae Romanae:

1226: 1029: 2103:, where they were allowed to tend nearby plots of land. He also permitted the soldiers to 1736:, Romania). As per Hadrian's earlier reorganisation, each zone was governed by equestrian 8: 12749: 12734: 12724: 12642: 12637: 12536: 12486: 12476: 12334: 12265: 12228: 12168: 11819: 11620: 11593: 11235: 11210: 10978: 10968: 10832: 10661: 10355: 8374: 8348: 8070: 3697: 3366: 3126: 2490: 2304:

system as used successfully in other provinces of the empire. Dacian tribes mentioned in

2221: 2058: 1837:

in 168 AD, the Iazyges had taken over 100,000 Roman captives and destroyed several Roman

1593: 1451: 1301:

Roman sources list Dacia as an imperial province on 11 August 106. It was governed by an

1176: 1073: 905: 335: 133: 9385: 6712: 3359: 2971: 12785: 12778: 12679: 12669: 12556: 12439: 12260: 12203: 12148: 12138: 12127: 11993: 11850: 11659: 11650: 11322: 11280: 11275: 10927: 10920: 10904: 10519: 10045: 9860: 9785: 9457: 9332: 8836:

The Roman Monetary System: The Eastern Provinces from the First to the Third Century AD

8714: 8700: 8646: 8456: 8380: 8052: 8038: 3963: 3953: 3560: 3429: 3341: 3262: 3150: 3015: 2991: 2905: 2413: 2233: 1822: 1782: 1395: 1343: 1294: 1285: 1204: 1099: 1081: 901: 8641: 3629:, possibly indicating that the town continued to function after the Roman withdrawal. 2279: 1064:

Trajan led the Roman legions across the Danube, penetrating Dacia and focusing on the

12702: 12632: 12456: 11939: 11809: 11489: 11367: 11362: 11290: 11285: 10840: 10604: 10529: 10476: 10017: 9996: 9971: 9950: 9929: 9908: 9856: 9842: 9817: 9796: 9780: 9766: 9745: 9713: 9692: 9664: 9643: 9618: 9581: 9560: 9536: 9501: 9476: 9449: 9408: 9370: 9339: 9318: 9308: 9277: 9254: 9233: 9204: 9177: 9131: 9101: 9075: 9040: 9007: 8986: 8966: 8945: 8917: 8896: 8885: 8866: 8858: 8844: 8819: 8794: 8773: 8748: 8737: 8718: 8661: 8623: 8602: 8579: 8569: 8530: 8499: 8495: 8460: 8431: 8395: 8370: 8356: 8327: 8302: 8270: 8245: 8217: 8188: 8160: 8136: 8102: 4469: 4438: 4424: 4404: 3908: 3790: 3185: 3138: 2425: 2421: 2394: 2351: 2150: 2053: 2043: 2035: 1993:

Conflict continued in Dacia during the reign of Commodus. The notoriously unreliable

1778: 1459: 1379: 1275: 1258: 1125: 1120: 1091: 814: 678: 9022: 3387:

and it was an inroad of the Carpi that obliged her to cross over and take refuge in

2372:, a distinctive Dacian weapon. In inscriptions the Dacian soldiers are described as 1918:

negotiations in an attempt to break up some of the barbarian alliances. In 171, the

12897: 12794: 12754: 12744: 12707: 12687: 12587: 12280: 12275: 11988: 11924: 11858: 11589: 11523: 11454: 11448: 11295: 11265: 10988: 10983: 10973: 10899: 10819: 10766: 10731: 10468: 10258: 8931: 8561: 8448:

From the Athenian tetradrachm to the euro: studies in European monetary integration

8266: 7966: 6716: 3819: 3759: 3647: 3521: 3470:(253–268) and the fracturing of the western half of the empire between himself and 3408:. Regardless of these victories, Dacian towns began to take defensive measures. In 3315: 3208: 3130: 2780:

was the camp of the Legio V Macedonica during the Marcomannic Wars. Potaissa saw a

2548: 2532: 2520: 2466: 2417: 2237: 2197: 2062: 1995: 1749: 1676: 1411: 1403: 1172: 1069: 842: 766: 722: 582: 9515: 9056:"The Danube Limes and the Barbaricum (294–498 A.D.) – A Study In Coin Circulation" 8622:. Volume 7 of Coins from Roman sites and collections of Roman coins from Romania. 8565: 7988: 4305: 3669:. They occupied what was the eastern portion of the old province and beyond, from 369: 12729: 12719: 12213: 11956: 11804: 11749: 11634: 11625: 11597: 11537: 11180: 10894: 10534: 10486: 10011: 9986: 9965: 9944: 9923: 9902: 9891: 9872: 9864: 9832: 9811: 9760: 9739: 9728: 9707: 9682: 9658: 9633: 9612: 9575: 9554: 9530: 9519: 9491: 9470: 9402: 9354: 9292: 9267: 9248: 9219: 9190: 9157: 9146: 9116: 9091: 9087: 9001: 8960: 8935: 8911: 8834: 8809: 8788: 8763: 8704: 8690: 8679: 8617: 8592: 8549: 8545: 8516: 8446: 8425: 8389: 8342: 8317: 8288: 8260: 8235: 8207: 8203: 8178: 8154: 8130: 8088: 7984: 6720: 6692: 6640: 4428: 4394: 3978: 3941: 3854: 3798: 3646:, while the Carpi which survived were permitted to settle in the new province of 3626: 3596: 3548: 3483: 3388: 3355: 3346: 3331: 3307: 3297: 3285: 3281: 3216: 3083: 2827: 2639: 2591: 2477: 2192:

Cast of a captive Dacian in the early 2nd century presented at the Pushkin Museum

2154: 1960: 1769: 1755: 1355: 1037: 1033: 1021: 998: 960: 925: 794: 735: 494: 489: 383: 222: 11905: 11664: 9759:

Treptow, Kurt W.; Bolovan, Ioan (1996). Treptow, Kurt W.; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.).

2995: 941:

granting of favoured status to the Dacians in the manner of being identified as

861: 106: 12862: 12799: 11846: 11840: 11822: 11775: 11667: 11642: 11519: 11509: 11270: 11190: 11081: 10958: 10909: 10747: 10228: 8769: 8653: 8637: 8231: 7910: 6621: 3958: 3747: 3618: 3556: 3122: 3065: 2979: 2730:) began as one of Trajan's legionary bases. Almost immediately, the associated 2390: 2088:

across the province, while Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Apulum acquired the

1818: 1704: 1698: 1657: 1569: 1493: 1331: 1234: 1182: 909: 810: 762: 690: 653:

from 106 to 271–275 AD. Its territory consisted of what are now the regions of

646: 622: 408: 298: 209: 89: 58: 9521:

Dacia: An Outline of the Early Civilization of the Carpatho-Danubian Countries

3334:

in 238 before sacking the economically important commercial centres along the

2735: 2008:

to establish a buffer in the hope of preventing further barbarian incursions.

2005: 1881:

between the three sub-provinces, with the imperial legate of Moesia Superior,

393: 12846: 12828: 12815: 12712: 11968: 11934: 11826: 11575: 11528: 11485: 11215: 11195: 11175: 10963: 10879: 10701: 10691: 10524: 10514: 9882: 9453: 9422: 9322: 9181: 9079: 8880: 8675: 8583: 8503: 8298: 8294: 5485: 3875: 3871: 3835: 3785:

on the northern bank, and there were several Eastern Roman (early Byzantine)

3782: 3702: 3586: 3374:

fled Dacia Malvensis at around this time before settling in Moesia Inferior.

3258: 3098:, the production of which ended after they lost control of its Dacian mines. 2435: 2327: 2073: 1375: 921: 522: 451: 250: 11676: 9890:

Webb, Percy Henry (1927). Mattingly, Harold; Sydenham, Edward Allen (eds.).

3547:

The end result was that Aurelian established a new province of Dacia called

3495:

Even the territories across the Danube, which Trajan had secured, were lost.

2662:, which were allowed a measure of judicial and administrative independence. 2362:

in Moesia Inferior. There are a number of preserved relics originating from

12697: 12513: 11951: 11907: 11854: 11785: 11729: 11638: 11585: 11547: 11533: 11450: 11240: 11106:

Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state

11009: 10867: 10783: 10681: 10627: 10457: 10315: 10290: 10203: 10153: 10148: 9678: 9497: 9258: 8861:; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor, eds. (1994). 8056: 4390: 3335: 3269: 2983: 2746:

during Marcus Aurelius' reign, with the emperor Commodus elevating it to a

2686: 2644: 2287: 2090: 2069: 1951: 1733: 1335: 1307: 1249: 980: 802: 710: 658: 650: 517: 499: 426: 93: 3207:

While the Dacians worshiped local divinities, there is no evidence of any

2401: 1134: 702: 11864: 11814: 11694: 11630: 11382: 11311: 10213: 10208: 9660:

Change and discontinuity within the Severan dynasty: The case of Macrinus

9550: 9362: 9225: 9169: 8768:. G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. 8410: 8002: 3921: 3904: 3614: 3327: 3095: 2760: 2622: 2603: 2470: 2271: 2188: 2183: 2116: 1826: 1680: 1443: 1351: 952: 893:

to the east, while to the south his authority extended into the Balkans.

825:(the Romanized population of Dacia). The opposing theory states that the 417: 398: 9006:. History of the provinces of the Roman Empire. Vol. 4. Routledge. 8985:. Philippika. Vol. 173. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 553–565. 8913:

Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D.

3822:

is spoken; shaded pink areas represent the possible distribution of the

3074: 1664:

one legion was present, Dacia Superior was administered by a senator of

1582: 1458:, Romania), and stretched from the Black Sea in the east all the way to 11671: 11561: 11408: 11063: 11004: 10589: 10579: 10310: 10119: 9493:

The Empire Stops Here: A Journey Along the Frontiers of the Roman World

9461: 9055: 8526: 8445:

Cottrell, P. L.; Notarás, Gerásimos; Casares, Gabriel Tortella (2007).

8106: 8084: 5773: 3997: 3917: 3858: 3670: 3665: 3601: 3582: 3417: 3383: 3303: 3035: 3028: 2909: 2815: 2807: 2727: 2595: 2507: 2482: 2013: 1894: 1869: 1806: 1717: 1685: 1650: 1455: 1216: 1058: 822: 758: 751: 484: 8550:"'Terra deserta': population, politics, and the colonization of Dacia" 8265:. Studies of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society. Leiden: 3723: 2405: 1830: 1601: 1574: 1317:

who were in charge of each of the two legions stationed in Dacia. The

698: 12647: 11757: 11300: 11053: 10632: 10494: 10361: 10343: 10331: 10253: 10218: 10168: 9992: 9838: 9688: 9273: 9229: 9097: 8892: 8815: 8744: 8241: 8184: 7162: 7160: 6102: 4001: 3887: 3778: 3467: 3459: 3289: 3246: 3235: 3220: 3054: 2793: 2698: 2320: 2209: 2205: 2112: 2039: 1833:

was destroyed by the Marcomanni. By the time Marcus Aurelius reached

1634: 1367: 1102:, which was of enormous value: 500,000 pounds (230,000 kilograms) of 1006: 933: 890: 882: 856: 852: 818: 786: 782: 694: 436: 431: 236: 30:"Dacia Felix" redirects here. For the Romanian Orthodox diocese, see 12013: 9396:(2). Cluj-Napoca, Romania: Institute of Archaeology and Art History. 8212:. Translated texts for historians. trans. Harry W. Bird. Liverpool: 2962:

It is assumed that Roman Dacia possessed a large number of military

2832: 2264: 2081: 1740:, and all were responsible to the senatorial governor in Apulensis. 1721: 990: 12092: 11973: 11800: 11613: 11580: 11058: 10686: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10614: 10594: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10337: 10305: 10285: 10243: 10223: 10198: 10173: 10158: 7408: 7091: 7007: 3892: 3719: 3714: 3686: 3674: 3659: 3513: 3471: 3433: 3409: 3371: 3293: 3201: 3091: 3058: 2863: 2839: 2713: 2708: 2556: 2552: 2540: 2536: 2516: 2244:

multi-ethnic urban centres and the native Dacian rural population.

2129: 2077: 1972: 1902: 1857: 1842: 1834: 1763: 1759: 1439: 1025: 972: 948: 886: 790: 743:

was the financial, religious, and legislative center and where the

706: 350: 345: 340: 159: 9272:. Routledge monographs in classical studies. London and New York: 8765:

Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe

7157: 5761: 3746:

at Sucidava remained in use until its destruction at the hands of

2952: 2620:, and rural settlements, principally villas with their associated 2275: 761:, made constant raids in the province. These were followed by the 12123: 11357: 10609: 10439: 10424: 10406: 10349: 10193: 10178: 10163: 10124: 9967:

The Cambridge ancient history: The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337

9792: 8681:

The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 1

8452: 8391:

The Cambridge ancient history: The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337

7701: 7132: 7130: 5991: 3900: 3879: 3867: 3682: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3552: 3365:

between 243 and 247. Evidence suggests the defensive line of the

3181: 3134: 3068:

foundries existed at Porolissum, Romula, and Dierna; there was a

3023: 2928:

was possibly the capital of Dacia Malvensis. It held the rank of

2868: 2847: 2752: 2335: 2305: 2290:

who are thought to have moved into Dacia sometime before 200 AD.

2179: 2162: 2149:

There are few epigraphs extant in Dacia dating from the reign of

2099: 1919: 1873: 1810: 1665: 1610: 1565: 1347: 1313: 1002: 976: 967: 874: 798: 774: 726: 670: 666: 654: 378: 309: 278: 11145: 9386:"Caracalla and Dacia: Imperial Visit, A Reality or Only Rumour?" 8790:

Empires and barbarians: the fall of Rome and the birth of Europe

7945:

Toponyms of Roman Origin in Transylvania and South-West Moldavia

5785: 3454: 2932:, possibly under the reign of Hadrian, before being elevated to 2220:, supported by minor references in the works of Cassius Dio and 1326: 1160: 11372: 11352: 11347: 10914: 10884: 10599: 10559: 10401: 10378: 10300: 10295: 10248: 10238: 10143: 10134: 9442: 9421: 8710: 8598: 8522: 8487: 8033:] (in Latin). Archived from the original on 3 October 2003. 7916: 7595: 7593: 7500: 7498: 7449: 7447: 7279: 7277: 7252: 7250: 6425: 5708: 5696: 5449: 3896: 3809: 3803: 3739: 3713:, the Tervingi took advantage of the civil war between him and 3643: 3638: 3421: 3413: 3241: 3173: 3142: 3069: 3050: 3019: 2924: 2852: 2260: 1814: 1743: 1729: 1586: 1266: 1221: 1192: 1151: 1107: 1054: 994: 956: 937: 917: 778: 730: 682: 674: 355: 283: 146: 9970:. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–268. 9949:. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press. pp. 577–603. 9904:

The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries A.D.

8478:[Soldiers of Dacian origin in the military diplomas]. 7529: 7527: 7525: 7189: 7187: 7127: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6698: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6209: 6207: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5560: 5558: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5461: 5257: 3275: 2084:

in Romania). His reign saw an increase in the number of Roman

1209:

Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People (VIII.2)

979:

in Dacia, while the region also served as a haven for runaway

924:

would turn his eye towards Dacia. As part of Caesar's planned

12173: 10395: 10280: 10188: 10183: 10139: 10129: 10093: 10038: 9067: 7067: 6015: 5875: 5873: 5269: 4960: 4958: 4926: 4924: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4322: 4320: 3913: 3448:

Of the Manner in which the Persecutors Died – Chapter IV

3398:

Of the Manner in which the Persecutors Died – Chapter IX

3323: 3229: 3197: 3177: 3146: 2881: 2776: 2599: 2430: 2412:

2,200) were Latin, 14% (c. 420) were Greek, 4% (c. 120) were

2201: 1946: 1802: 1447: 943: 878: 866: 838: 770: 662: 446: 317: 67: 8983:

Romans and Natives in the Danubian Provinces (1st–6th C. AD)

7689: 7590: 7495: 7444: 7420: 7274: 7247: 6920: 6131: 6129: 3857:

began with the Romanization of Dacia and the existence of a

1829:

at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa were burned, and the camp at

1589:

coin of the emperor Hadrian commemorating his visit to Dacia

10761: 10756: 10233: 10114: 9946:

The Cambridge ancient history: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192

9357:. In Pop, Ioan Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan; Andea, Susana (eds.). 8419:. Loeb Classical Library. London: Harvard University Press. 8394:. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–27. 7927: 7925: 7814: 7802: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7522: 7262: 7184: 6864: 6784: 6727: 6490: 6478: 6466: 6449: 6413: 6329: 6219: 6204: 5720: 5660: 5555: 5512: 5473: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 3766: 3617:

of the Thirteenth Legion (Legio XIII Gemina) was posted in

3508: 3475: 3184:, who was the most popular among soldiers. The cult of the 3078: 2956: 2485:

minted to commemorate the province of Dacia and its legions

2368: 1898: 1846: 1709: 1660:

was established as the eastern frontier of Dacia Superior.

1103: 966:

Although it is believed that the custom of providing royal

597: 591: 9253:. London and New York: Nakl. Československé akademie věd. 9195:. Transformation of the Classical Heritage. Vol. 21. 8863:

History of Transylvania – From the Beginnings to 1606

8814:. Roman Imperial Biographies Series. London and New York: 7653: 7483: 7471: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7354: 7352: 7325: 7103: 6949: 6947: 6813: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6039: 5870: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5797: 5587: 5585: 4955: 4921: 4909: 4885: 4866: 4746: 4317: 3621:

until at least 305 AD. Coins bearing the image of emperor

947:– "friends and allies" – of Rome, although by the time of 594: 9145:

Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1849). Schmitz, Leonhard (ed.).

8652:. Romanian literature and thought in translation series. 7886: 7773: 7605: 7381: 7147: 7145: 6830: 6828: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6663: 6661: 6604: 6602: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6543: 6541: 6388: 6386: 6373: 6371: 6358: 6356: 6194: 6192: 6126: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5902: 5900: 5684: 5672: 5502: 5500: 5425: 5401: 5296: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4531: 4529: 4349: 4347: 4295: 4293: 4254: 4142: 3525:

administration during 272–273, possibly as late as 275.

3318:

inaugurated by Septimius Severus continued apace and the

959:, and in exchange Cotiso would wed Octavianus' daughter, 403: 10062: 9741:

Romans and barbarians: the decline of the Western Empire

9192:

In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini

7922: 7785: 7568: 7566: 7510: 7398: 7396: 6932: 6910: 6908: 6403: 6401: 6068: 6066: 5967: 5858: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5235: 5233: 5220: 5218: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5086: 5084: 4999: 4997: 4844: 4842: 4654: 4560: 4060: 4058: 3814: 7862: 7850: 7838: 7826: 7761: 7364: 7349: 7199: 7055: 7043: 6944: 6852: 6801: 6300: 6177: 6165: 6153: 6114: 6027: 5924: 5912: 5821: 5602: 5600: 5582: 5437: 5286: 5284: 5120: 4982: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4678: 4516: 4514: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4176: 4174: 4161: 4159: 4157: 3482:. However, literary sources from antiquity (Eutropius, 2636:

in terms of socio-economic and architectural maturity.

2029: 1135:

Dacia under the Antonine and Severan emperors (106–235)

669:, except the last region which is split among Romania, 9580:. East European monographs. East European Monographs. 8444: 7874: 7749: 7737: 7725: 7677: 7665: 7641: 7629: 7617: 7578: 7551: 7459: 7432: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7211: 7172: 7142: 7031: 7019: 6995: 6959: 6881: 6840: 6825: 6673: 6658: 6599: 6582: 6553: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6502: 6437: 6383: 6368: 6353: 6288: 6276: 6264: 6240: 6189: 6078: 6051: 6003: 5948: 5936: 5897: 5885: 5809: 5749: 5737: 5648: 5636: 5624: 5543: 5531: 5497: 5389: 5344: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4763: 4724: 4722: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4623: 4541: 4526: 4482: 4389: 4371: 4344: 4290: 4266: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 813:

spoken in Dacia, mostly in modern Romania, became the

9090:(1999). Demandt, Barbara; Demandt, Alexander (eds.). 8476:"Soldats d'origine dace dans les diplômes militaires" 8063:

Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People

7898: 7563: 7539: 7393: 7115: 6905: 6893: 6772: 6634:

Zonal Urbanism Plan for Roșia Montană Industrial Area

6570: 6398: 6317: 6063: 5979: 5612: 5570: 5413: 5368: 5356: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5230: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5151: 5132: 5081: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4994: 4970: 4839: 4775: 4690: 4642: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4359: 4070: 4055: 3907:

data and place names attest to the beginnings of the

3466:

Continuing pressures during the reign of the emperor

2912:), the town was elevated by the emperor Hadrian to a 2543:

in Romania) in Moesia Inferior to Potaissa in Dacia.

2334:

accompanied the emperor Septimius Severus during his

1229:. Trajan returned to Rome in the middle of June 107. 606: 9250:

Pannonia and the onset of crisis in the Roman Empire

9158:"Scenarios on the Dacians: The Indigenous Districts" 8979: 8518:

The cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion

7713: 7344: 7235: 7079: 6983: 6971: 6760: 6252: 6090: 5597: 5281: 5096: 4897: 4808: 4787: 4511: 4494: 4457: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4220: 4198: 4186: 4171: 4154: 4130: 4118: 3853:

One theory states that the process which formed the

3081:

and hundreds of moulds for the manufacture of local

3034:

With the Roman army ensuring the maintenance of the

1374:) as part of the celebrations to mark the emperor's 588: 9893:

The Roman Imperial Coinage: Valerian – Florian

9188: 8240:. Roman imperial biographies. London and New York: 8183:. Roman imperial biographies. London and New York: 8101: 7414: 7223: 5245: 5168: 5108: 5069: 5057: 4936: 4854: 4734: 4719: 4702: 4666: 4332: 4311: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4020: 1559: 1164:

Roman province of Dacia in 107 AD with major cities

697:. However, the Romans did not occupy its entirety; 585: 9784: 9331: 8884: 8736: 8645: 7965: 6748: 6341: 6141: 5846: 5491: 4460:"Roman Dacia - The Making of a Provincial Society" 9472:A history of the Roman world from A.D. 138 to 337 9338:. London and New York: Harvard University Press. 9291:Oltean, Ioana Adina (2009). Hanson, W. S. (ed.). 9189:Nixon, C. E. V.; Saylor Rodgers, Barbara (1994). 9162:Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai – Historia 8473: 7983: 7166: 6620:Commerce and the Economy: the First Growth Phase 6108: 5997: 4423: 4278: 4237: 2676:was established by Trajan, was first to be given 1809:) began to pour across the Danube into Pannonia, 1801:Throughout 166 and 167 AD, barbarian tribes (the 1032:. Domitian responded by reorganising Moesia into 12844: 4430:Delphi Complete Works of Eutropius (Illustrated) 4043: 3591: 3312:a 50-year period of disorder in the Roman Empire 2319:Few local Dacians were interested in the use of 869:Kingdom around 100 AD, before the Roman conquest 9730:The Continuity of the Romanian People, Volume 2 9606:(123). University of Michigan: Habelt: 270–274. 9269:Dacia: landscape, colonisation and romanization 8521:. Columbia studies in the classical tradition. 8408: 5714: 5467: 5275: 3862:after 271 AD in Potaissa, and Roman coinage of 3215:. It is conjectured that the Dacians lacked an 2768:by Hadrian, and Commodus transformed it into a 920:meant that once the Pompeians were dealt with, 12853:States and territories established in the 100s 9758: 9114: 8962:Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor 7073: 3018:was founded by the Romans during the reign of 2784:established at the gates of the camp. Granted 1061:(modern Belgrade, Serbia) in Moesia Superior. 12108: 11891: 11434: 11131: 10078: 10009: 9705: 8739:The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition 8597:. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. 8001: 7707: 7695: 7599: 7504: 7453: 7426: 6926: 5779: 5702: 5455: 5263: 3566: 1024:, in particular the accession of the emperor 677:). During Roman rule, it was organized as an 557: 9809: 9684:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 9072:École des hautes études en sciences sociales 8451:. Studies in banking and financial history. 8083: 7097: 7013: 6655:, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică p. 27 6622:https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/15.html 3810:Controversy over the fate of the Daco-Romans 2023:Historia Augusta – The Life of Commodus 1744:Marcomannic Wars and their effects (161–193) 1106:and 1,000,000 pounds (450,000 kilograms) of 10010:Wolfram, Herwig; Dunlap, Thomas J. (1990). 9795:and Buffalo: Matthias Corvinus Publishing. 9293:"Dacian ethnic identity and the Roman Army" 9224:. Roman imperial biographies. New York and 8930: 8699: 8095:Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died 8019: 7820: 7808: 7533: 7268: 7193: 7136: 6875: 6795: 6742: 6496: 6484: 6472: 6460: 6431: 6419: 6335: 6234: 6213: 6045: 5767: 5731: 5564: 5525: 5479: 4964: 4930: 4915: 4891: 4879: 4757: 4260: 3276:Last decades of Dacia Traiana (235–271/275) 3064:Towns became key centres of manufacturing. 1987:Roman History – Epitome of Book LXXIII 1350:, forums and temples, the establishment of 1066:important area around the Orăștie Mountains 932:From the death of Burebista to the rise of 904:. His last minute decision just before the 630: 614: 48: 12918:270s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 12115: 12101: 11898: 11884: 11441: 11427: 11138: 11124: 10697:Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains 10085: 10071: 9813:Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1 9604:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 9390:Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 8474:Dana, Dan; Matei-Popescu, Florian (2009). 8344:Rome and the Barbarians: 100 B.C.–A.D. 400 8293:. Facts on File library of world history. 6701:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6626: 3969:List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia 3625:(reign 375–383 AD) have been uncovered at 3180:, along with more than 274 dedications to 3168:About 20% of Dacian inscriptions refer to 2143:Roman History – Epitome of Book LXXIX 1935:Roman History – Epitome of Book LXXII 1692: 1470:were drawn from many parts of the empire. 1145: 733:. Eight of these held the highest rank of 564: 550: 105: 9881:. trans. Rev. John Selby Watson. London: 9726: 9528: 8636: 7796: 7779: 6311: 6021: 5840: 4660: 4554: 4488: 4064: 2788:status by Septimius Severus, it became a 9984: 9810:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). 9737: 9677: 8879: 8692:The Making of the Romanian Unitary State 8688: 8387: 8258: 8069: 8051: 7931: 7516: 7489: 7477: 7375: 7358: 7283: 7256: 7217: 7109: 7061: 6938: 6033: 5791: 5591: 5350: 4326: 3974:List of Roman governors of Dacia Traiana 3813: 3696: 3692: 3595: 3507: 3453: 3340: 2797: 2638: 2476: 2465: 2187: 1851: 1600: 1592: 1581: 1573: 1420: 1325: 1181: 1167: 1159: 1141:List of Roman governors of Dacia Traiana 1128:(Book VIII, Letter 4: To Caninius Rufus) 1011: 989: 860: 12908:100s establishments in the Roman Empire 9900: 9896:. Vol. 5, Part 1. Spink & Son. 9733:. Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. 9706:Southern, Pat; Dixon, Karen R. (1996). 9631: 9614:Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe 9383: 9352: 9144: 9121:. Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. 9086: 8857: 8832: 8786: 8761: 8684:. New York: Abraham Small and M. Carey. 8590: 8173: 8058:Breviarium rerum gestarum populi Romani 7868: 7856: 7844: 7832: 7767: 7343:On the date of this reorganisation see 7205: 7049: 6965: 6953: 6858: 6807: 6686: 6667: 6443: 6246: 6198: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6120: 5930: 5918: 5755: 5743: 5678: 5666: 5642: 5630: 5506: 5395: 5383: 5090: 5051: 4848: 4769: 4696: 4648: 4636: 4617: 4535: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4299: 4272: 4124: 4005: 1450:, Romania). Epigraphic evidence on the 1386:Trajan established the Dacian capital, 829:actually lies on the Balkan Peninsula. 765:(a Dacian tribe) and the newly arrived 14: 12845: 10552: 9963: 9942: 9921: 9855: 9830: 9779: 9594: 9577:Romanians and Romania: A Brief History 9514: 9489: 9468: 9400: 9290: 9265: 9155: 9125: 9115:Muşat, Mircea; Ardeleanu, Ion (1985). 9053: 9020: 8958: 8942:The University of North Carolina Press 8909: 8674: 8615: 8514: 8423: 8283: 8230: 8149: 7880: 7755: 7743: 7731: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7623: 7584: 7557: 7545: 7465: 7438: 7387: 7331: 7319: 7307: 7295: 7178: 7151: 7037: 7025: 7001: 6887: 6846: 6834: 6819: 6778: 6766: 6608: 6593: 6576: 6564: 6547: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6407: 6392: 6377: 6362: 6323: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6084: 6072: 6057: 6009: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5942: 5906: 5891: 5879: 5864: 5815: 5803: 5654: 5576: 5549: 5537: 5431: 5419: 5407: 5362: 5338: 5326: 5314: 5302: 5290: 5239: 5224: 5209: 5197: 5162: 5145: 5126: 5039: 5027: 5015: 5003: 4976: 4903: 4833: 4802: 4781: 4605: 4593: 4505: 4338: 4231: 4165: 4148: 4136: 4112: 4088: 4037: 3912:place names which were adopted by the 2742:of Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa into a 2461: 2366:, with one inscription describing the 2168: 1789:. The reorganization saw the existing 750:(finance officer) had his seat, while 12096: 11879: 11422: 11119: 10066: 9656: 9610: 9435:The Slavonic and East European Review 9329: 9246: 9217: 8999: 8807: 8731: 8543: 8340: 8315: 8128: 7904: 7892: 7611: 7572: 7402: 7121: 7085: 6989: 6977: 6914: 6899: 6653:Dicționar de istorie veche a României 6135: 6096: 5690: 5618: 5606: 5251: 5102: 5063: 4949: 4713: 4684: 4581: 4520: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4100: 4076: 12122: 11750:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique) 11147:Provinces of the early Roman Empire 11087: 9889: 9638:. Enemies of Rome Monograph Series. 9549: 9469:Parker, Henry Michael Denne (1958). 9369:(Center for Transylvanian Studies). 9221:Constantine and the Christian Empire 9118:From Ancient Dacia to Modern Romania 8369: 8201: 7719: 7241: 7229: 6258: 5443: 5185: 5114: 5075: 4988: 4860: 4740: 4728: 4672: 3165:, which were also used in Pannonia. 2986:being discovered at the latter one. 2680:status, and was the province's only 2527:who were stationed in the province. 2293:Some scholars have used the lack of 2030:Revival under the Severans (193–235) 721:("Three Dacias") due to the ongoing 12888:Romanization of Southeastern Europe 11097: 10372:Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia 9573: 8262:The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus 6754: 6347: 6147: 5852: 4284: 4248: 4049: 2947:. These include Brucla, Blandiana, 2555:, Bulgaria) and Durostorum (modern 2443:from Noricum and western Pannonia. 2240:after yielding to Roman authority. 754:was Roman Dacia's military center. 158:• Withdrawal by Roman emperor 24: 11690:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique) 10418:southern Moldavia and Transylvania 10016:. University of California Press. 9404:The History of the Romanian people 9384:Opreanu, Coriolan Horațiu (2015). 9353:Opreanu, Coriolan Horațiu (2006). 9303:(The army and frontiers of Rome). 9128:Armata in sud-vestul Daciei Romane 9028:Pannónia a korai császárság idején 3038:, Roman Dacia prospered until the 1047:Trajan's wars of conquest in Dacia 896:By 74 BC, the Roman legions under 625:for 'Trajan’s Dacia'); or 25: 12934: 11626:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique) 9988:Diocletian and the Roman Recovery 9744:. University of Wisconsin Press. 9529:Petolescu, Constantin C. (2010). 3200:is attested in Dacia, as are the 2802:The reconstructed gateway of the 2173: 12012: 11815:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique) 11557:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique) 11396: 11096: 11086: 11077: 11076: 10463:Art, jewellery, treasures, tools 9559:(in German). München: C.H.Beck. 9093:A History of Rome under Emperors 9033:Pannonia during the Early Empire 8916:University of California Press. 8689:Giurescu, Constantin C. (1971). 8290:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire 7937: 7345:Mitthof & Matei-Popescu 2023 7337: 6645: 6614: 3990: 3573:Romania in the Early Middle Ages 3316:militarization of the government 2232:be made from the final scene on 1560:First re-organisations (117–138) 581: 308: 255: 241: 227: 202: 111:Roman province of Dacia (125 AD) 12878:Ancient history of Transylvania 10500:Words of possible Dacian origin 10416:Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and 8492:German Archaeological Institute 8347:. Ancient society and history. 8135:. Romanian Cultural Institute. 7953: 7415:Nixon & Saylor Rodgers 1994 4458:Ian Haynes; W.S. Hanson (204). 4451: 4417: 4383: 4210: 2515:positioned at Berzobis (modern 2165:, Romania) camp were restored. 1092:Trajan's second Dacian campaign 10325:Dacian nucleus in Transylvania 9907:University of Oklahoma Press. 9834:Aurelian and the Third Century 9359:History of Romania: Compendium 9218:Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). 9201:University of California Press 9151:. Taylor, Walton, and Maberly. 8910:Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). 8379:. Student's Series. New York: 8353:Johns Hopkins University Press 8132:History of Romania: compendium 4312:Pliny the Younger & 109 AD 3718:328 AD, he had constructed at 3125:are all represented in Dacia: 2585: 2424:, and another 2% (c. 60) were 1338:in 117, with Dacia highlighted 1049:. At this time Domitian moved 13: 1: 12868:Provinces of the Roman Empire 9532:Dacia – Un mileniu de istorie 9039:. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 8865:. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 8833:Katsari, Constantina (2011). 8594:A Companion to the Roman Army 8566:10.1080/00438243.1998.9980408 6109:Dana & Matei-Popescu 2009 5998:Dana & Matei-Popescu 2009 5492:Historia Augusta & 395 AD 4014: 3592:Consolidation of the frontier 3310:(235–238) marks the start of 3112:Imperial cult of ancient Rome 2259:Dacian architecture, such as 1546:Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus 832: 9765:. East European Monographs. 9635:The Dacian Threat 101–106 AD 9535:. Editura Academiei Române. 9427:Seton-Watson, Robert William 9334:Hadrian: empire and conflict 9297:Journal of Roman Archaeology 9266:Oltean, Ioana Adina (2007). 8159:. Harvard University Press. 8031:Abridgement of Roman History 7167:Aurelius Victor & 361 AD 6721:10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104344 4465:Journal of Roman Archaeology 3541:Abridgement of Roman History 3153:, and others. The Roman god 2936:status by Septimius Severus. 2879:status. The town remained a 2384: 2360:II Augusta Dacorum milliaria 2332:Vexillation Dacorum Parthica 2124:Quadi. At Porolissum he had 1866:National Museum of the Union 1768:Soon after the accession of 1507:Decimus Terentius Scaurianus 889:in the west and reached the 27:Roman province (106–271/275) 7: 12082:Borders of the Roman Empire 9928:. Oxford University Press. 9727:Stoicescu, Nicolae (1983). 9367:Romanian Cultural Institute 8793:. Oxford University Press. 8658:Ohio State University Press 8319:A History of the Ostrogoths 5715:Cary & Cassius Dio 1927 5468:Cary & Cassius Dio 1927 5276:Cary & Cassius Dio 1927 3947: 3101: 3040:Crisis of the Third Century 2859:status by Septimus Severus. 2673:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 2649:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 2473:, castra and roads in Dacia 2076:, Romania) in the south to 1647:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 1475:Legati Augusti pro praetore 1388:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 1311:standing, supported by two 1096:besieged Decebalus' capital 741:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 480:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 120:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 10: 12939: 12873:Ancient history of Romania 12399:Chief of the General Staff 11015:Eastern Romance substratum 9985:Williams, Stephen (2000). 9787:Dacians, Romans, Romanians 8841:Cambridge University Press 8214:Liverpool University Press 8026:Breviarium ab urbe condita 7958: 7074:Muşat & Ardeleanu 1985 3580: 3570: 3567:After the Roman withdrawal 3320:debasement of the currency 3279: 3105: 3009: 2589: 2497:List of castra by province 2494: 2488: 2388: 2358:in Roman Britain, and the 2226:Breviarium ab urbe condita 2177: 2033: 1787:Sextus Calpurnius Agricola 1753: 1747: 1696: 1563: 1425:Networks of roads, forts, 1156:List of castra by province 1149: 1138: 1082:a bridge across the Danube 846: 836: 68: 29: 12772: 12678: 12583: 12574: 12447: 12438: 12342: 12333: 12251: 12242: 12147: 12134: 12074: 12021: 12010: 11915: 11906:Territories with limited 11462: 11405: 11394: 11156: 11072: 11027: 10997: 10974:Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes) 10949: 10875: 10862: 10810: 10792: 10779: 10745: 10710: 10645: 10623: 10543: 10485: 10450: 10437: 10415: 10389:Dacian kingdom of Dobruja 10388: 10371: 10324: 10276: 10267: 10100: 10092: 9657:Scott, Andrew G. (2008). 9640:Armidale, New South Wales 9632:Schmitz, Michael (2005). 9611:Price, Glanville (2000). 9447:W.S. Maney & Son Ltd. 9407:. Scientific Pub. Hoose. 9003:Pannonia and Upper Moesia 8932:MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan 8616:Găzdac, Cristian (2010). 8560:(2). Routledge: 220–237. 8515:Dorcey, Peter F. (1992). 8341:Burns, Thomas S. (2003). 8316:Burns, Thomas S. (1991). 8121: 8043:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8015:] (in Ancient Greek). 7708:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990 7696:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990 7600:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990 7505:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990 7454:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990 7427:Wolfram & Dunlap 1990 6927:Southern & Dixon 1996 3061:, limestone, and marble. 2978:(modern Ocna Mureș), and 2501:List of castra in Romania 1954:awarded him the title of 615: 271: 181: 177: 173: 169: 156: 143: 139: 129: 125: 115: 104: 99: 88: 49: 41: 12426:Unification with Moldova 12347:Administrative divisions 11918:partially or temporarily 11186:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae 9922:Whitby, Michael (1998). 9901:Webster, Graham (1998). 9879:Bohn's Classical Library 9738:Thompson, E. A. (2002). 9574:Pop, Ioan Aurel (1999). 9330:Opper, Thorsten (2008). 9305:Portsmouth, Rhode Island 8808:Jones, Brian W. (1992). 8648:The Romanians: a history 8324:Indiana University Press 8259:de Blois, Lukas (1976). 8180:Trajan: optimus princeps 8156:Constantine and Eusebius 8090:De Mortibus Persecutorum 5780:Cassius Dio & 200 AD 5703:Cassius Dio & 200 AD 5456:Cassius Dio & 200 AD 5264:Cassius Dio & 200 AD 3984: 3637:in the north, while the 3108:Religion in ancient Rome 2612:settlements, made up of 2121:extended the citizenship 1912:Sextus Cornelius Clemens 1841:, including the fort at 1781:at Apulum was joined by 1732:was its capital (modern 1016:Roman Moesia after 87 AD 297:This article is part of 11333:Mauretania Caesariensis 10847:Battle of Sarmizegetusa 9991:. London and New York: 9837:. London and New York: 9831:Watson, Alaric (2004). 9816:. Infobase Publishing. 9687:. London and New York: 9642:: Caeros Pty, Limited. 9524:. The University Press. 9490:Parker, Philip (2010). 9401:Oțetea, Andrei (1970). 9174:Babeș-Bolyai University 9126:Nemeth, Eduard (2005). 9021:Mócsy, András (1974b). 8937:The Dacian Stones Speak 8887:The imperial Roman army 8787:Heather, Peter (2010). 8743:. London and New York: 8706:The Complete Roman Army 8601:: John Wiley and Sons. 8424:Chapot, Victor (1997). 7098:Lactantius & 320 AD 7014:Lactantius & 320 AD 3864:Marcus Claudius Tacitus 3848:Austro-Hungarian Empire 3840:origin of the Romanians 3824:Proto-Romanian language 3577:origin of the Romanians 3534:previously on the left. 3022:as a mining town, with 2894:Towns in Dacia Inferior 2666:Towns in Dacia Superior 2446:Specialist miners (the 2378:Roman military diplomas 2256:archaeological evidence 2048:Constitutio Antoniniana 1860:(193). Statue found at 1693:Consolidation (138–161) 1233:After the conflict the 1146:Establishment (106–117) 1078:Apollodorus of Damascus 1070:a series of engagements 1005:chieftain who betrayed 827:origin of the Romanians 12923:270s disestablishments 12532:Science and technology 11910:occupation and contact 11672:Late Antique/Medieval) 11515:Bosnia and Herzegovina 11306:Hispania Tarraconensis 10826:Second Battle of Tapae 9595:Potter, David (1998). 9475:. Methuen Publishing. 9156:Nemeti, Sorin (2006). 9054:Moisil, Delia (2002). 9000:Mócsy, András (1974). 8959:McLynn, Frank (2011). 8591:Erdkamp, Paul (2010). 7137:Eutropius & 364 AD 5768:Eutropius & 364 AD 4391:Alexander M. Gillespie 4314:, Book VIII, Letter 4. 3827: 3706: 3655:("Carps from Dacia"). 3605: 3545: 3517: 3506: 3463: 3452: 3402: 3378:But the other Maximian 3350: 3001:The identification of 2810: 2756:with municipal status. 2651: 2486: 2474: 2364:cohort I Aelia Dacorum 2356:cohort I Aelia Dacorum 2346:. Others included the 2340:cohort I Ulpia Dacorum 2338:expedition, while the 2249:Marcus Statius Priscus 2193: 2147: 2027: 1991: 1939: 1883:Marcus Claudius Fronto 1877: 1791:praesidial procurators 1670:praesidial procurators 1637:and a southward push. 1606: 1598: 1590: 1579: 1520:Gaius Avidius Nigrinus 1430: 1354:, and the creation of 1339: 1299: 1280: 1254: 1250:Alexander M. Gillespie 1213: 1187: 1179: 1165: 1132: 1080:, to design and build 1017: 1009: 908:to participate in the 898:Gaius Scribonius Curio 870: 32:Diocese of Dacia Felix 12316:Territorial evolution 12199:United Principalities 11457:in modern territories 10802:First Battle of Tapae 9247:Oliva, Pavel (1962). 8762:Grumeza, Ion (2009). 8544:Ellis, Linda (1998). 8416:Roman History, Vol. 9 8151:Barnes, Timothy David 8129:Andea, Susan (2006). 4435:Bloomsbury Publishing 4401:Bloomsbury Publishing 3903:. On the other hand, 3844:Romanian nationalists 3817: 3700: 3693:Late Roman incursions 3599: 3527: 3511: 3493: 3457: 3438: 3424:(reigned 249–251) as 3376: 3344: 3257:settlements, such as 2801: 2642: 2513:Legio IV Flavia Felix 2480: 2469: 2191: 2134: 2010: 1977: 1925: 1901:. The future emperor 1855: 1643:Legio IV Flavia Felix 1604: 1596: 1585: 1577: 1533:Quintus Baebius Macer 1424: 1392:Legio IV Flavia Felix 1329: 1288:tells in the Getica". 1281: 1255: 1231: 1189: 1185: 1171: 1163: 1112: 1100:Dacian royal treasury 1051:Legio IV Flavia Felix 1015: 993: 864: 12760:World Heritage Sites 11338:Mauretania Tingitana 11231:Corsica and Sardinia 11171:Africa proconsularis 10013:History of the Goths 9762:A History of Romania 9197:Berkeley, California 8811:The Emperor Domitian 8430:. Psychology Press. 3772:Battle of Adrianople 3709:During the reign of 3551:with its capital at 3420:salutes the emperor 3116:interpretatio romana 2944:Tabula Peutingeriana 2634:Western Roman Empire 2416:, 2.3% (c. 70) were 2296:civitates peregrinae 1864:. On display at the 1683:and made the city a 1649:back to its base at 1344:urban infrastructure 1186:Trajan's Column Rome 1030:Gaius Oppius Sabinus 797:with its capital at 689:that devastated the 475:Trajan's Dacian Wars 12913:100s establishments 12829:45.7000°N 26.5000°E 12825: / 12169:Prehistoric Romania 11647:Sardinia (Classical 11520:Bulgaria (Classical 11236:Crete and Cyrenaica 11211:Bithynia and Pontus 10833:Battle of Adamclisi 9709:The late Roman army 9617:. Wiley-Blackwell. 8715:Thames & Hudson 8709:. Complete Series. 8701:Goldsworthy, Adrian 8349:Baltimore, Maryland 8209:Liber de Caesaribus 8079:(in Ancient Greek). 7995:Book of the Caesars 7895:, pp. 120–121. 7710:, pp. 126–128. 7662:, pp. 127–128. 7614:, pp. 228–229. 7334:, pp. 156–157. 7286:, pp. 120–121. 7259:, pp. 225–226. 6822:, pp. 140–142. 6713:2024JArSR..53j4344D 6434:, pp. 131–132. 6138:, pp. 110–111. 6111:, pp. 234–235. 6024:, pp. 108–109. 5882:, pp. 211–212. 5806:, pp. 103–104. 5792:Julian & 362 AD 5693:, pp. 114–115. 5669:, pp. 210–211. 5446:, pp. 548–549. 5434:, pp. 208–209. 5410:, pp. 206–207. 5305:, pp. 331–332. 4991:, pp. 542–543. 4584:, pp. 220–237. 4327:Festus & 379 AD 4151:, pp. 157–158. 3834:historians such as 3685:(modern Serbia) to 3426:restitutor Daciarum 3367:Limes Transalutanus 3314:, during which the 2491:Roman army in Dacia 2462:Roman army in Dacia 2282:and Roman periods. 2222:Julian the Apostate 2169:Life in Roman Dacia 2068:(situated near the 2059:Limes Transalutanus 1893:, who defeated the 1623:auxiliary regiments 1605:Dacia Porolissensis 1578:Map of Dacia 124 AD 1478: 1452:milliarium of Aiton 1177:Civitas Tropaensium 1074:Sarmizegetusa Regia 1020:The arrival of the 906:Battle of Pharsalus 821:descendants of the 709:remained under the 134:Classical Antiquity 12903:107 establishments 12552:Telecommunications 12467:Foreign investment 12286:Historical regions 12061:Sub-Saharan Africa 11566:Corsica (Classical 11486:Armenia (Classical 11467:Albania (Classical 11323:Lycia et Pamphylia 11301:Hispania Lusitania 11281:Gallia Narbonensis 11276:Gallia Lugdunensis 10905:Dacia Mediterranea 10520:Sinaia lead plates 10505:Dacian plant names 10046:History of Romania 9857:Watson, John Selby 9060:Histoire et Mesure 8457:Ashgate Publishing 8371:Bury, John Bagnell 7943:Dragoș Moldovanu: 7390:, pp. 79–120. 6639:2007-09-28 at the 4687:, pp. 55, 67. 4217:978-86-7946-097-4. 3964:History of Romania 3954:Dacia Mediterranea 3916:(possibly via the 3828: 3707: 3606: 3561:Dacia Mediterranea 3518: 3464: 3430:Battle of Abrittus 3351: 3272:begins to appear. 3213:under a Roman name 3188:was imported from 2811: 2652: 2487: 2475: 2452:(Vicus Pirustarum) 2420:, 2% (c. 60) were 2348:II Aurelia Dacorum 2194: 2111:The next emperor, 2057:and completed the 1956:Sarmaticus Maximus 1878: 1783:Legio V Macedonica 1734:Reșca Dobrosloveni 1672:of ducenary rank. 1607: 1599: 1597:Map of Roman Dacia 1591: 1580: 1473: 1431: 1340: 1320:procurator Augusti 1295:Lucian of Samosata 1188: 1180: 1166: 1018: 1010: 871: 457:Conflict with Rome 145:• Annexed by 12808: 12807: 12768: 12767: 12570: 12569: 12434: 12433: 12411:Political parties 12362:Foreign relations 12329: 12328: 12224:Communist Romania 12184:Early Middle Ages 12090: 12089: 12066:Equatorial Africa 11940:Byzantine Armenia 11930:Caucasian Albania 11873: 11872: 11855:Thrace (Classical 11847:Turkey (Classical 11639:Sicily (Classical 11586:Greece (Classical 11548:Cyprus (Classical 11534:Crimea (Classical 11529:Britain (England) 11416: 11415: 11368:Pannonia Superior 11363:Pannonia Inferior 11291:Germania Superior 11286:Germania Inferior 11150: 11113: 11112: 11023: 11022: 10858: 10857: 10775: 10774: 10641: 10640: 10530:Thracian language 10433: 10432: 10061: 10060: 10055:Early Middle Ages 10051:Succeeded by 10023:978-0-520-06983-1 10002:978-0-415-91827-5 9977:978-0-521-30199-2 9956:978-0-521-26335-1 9914:978-0-8061-3000-2 9848:978-0-415-30187-9 9823:978-0-8160-4964-6 9802:978-1-882785-13-1 9772:978-0-88033-345-0 9751:978-0-299-08704-3 9719:978-0-7134-7047-5 9698:978-0-415-23943-1 9670:978-0-549-89041-6 9649:978-0-9758445-0-2 9624:978-0-631-22039-8 9587:978-0-88033-440-2 9566:978-3-406-68426-5 9542:978-973-27-1999-2 9507:978-1-4090-1632-8 9482:978-0-416-43690-7 9414:978-0-8057-5920-4 9376:978-973-7784-12-4 9345:978-0-674-03095-4 9314:978-1-887829-74-8 9283:978-0-415-41252-0 9239:978-0-415-17485-5 9210:978-0-520-08326-4 9107:978-0-415-20647-1 9013:978-0-7100-7714-1 8992:978-3-447-39440-6 8972:978-1-4464-4933-2 8951:978-0-8078-4939-2 8923:978-0-520-23332-4 8902:978-0-415-22295-2 8872:978-963-05-6703-9 8850:978-0-521-76946-4 8825:978-0-415-04229-1 8800:978-0-19-973560-0 8779:978-0-7618-4465-5 8754:978-0-415-13814-7 8724:978-0-500-05124-5 8667:978-0-8142-0511-2 8629:978-606-543-040-2 8608:978-1-4443-3921-5 8575:978-0-415-19809-7 8554:World Archaeology 8536:978-90-04-09601-1 8496:Walter de Gruyter 8466:978-0-7546-5389-9 8437:978-0-415-15583-0 8401:978-0-521-30199-2 8362:978-0-8018-7306-5 8333:978-0-253-20600-8 8308:978-0-8160-4562-4 8276:978-0-415-22812-1 8251:978-0-415-17125-0 8223:978-0-85323-218-6 8194:978-0-415-16524-2 8166:978-0-674-16531-1 8142:978-973-7784-12-4 8115:] (in Latin). 8103:Pliny the Younger 8097:] (in Latin). 8065:] (in Latin). 7997:] (in Latin). 7979:] (in Latin). 7917:Pares et al. 1939 7492:, pp. 76–77. 7480:, pp. 72–77. 7112:, pp. 33–34. 5976:, pp. 93–95. 5867:, pp. 12–19. 5681:, pp. 18–19. 5494:, Commodus 13, 5. 5129:, pp. 52–54. 4475:978-1-887829-56-4 4444:978-1-78877-961-6 4425:Flavius Eutropius 4410:978-1-84731-862-6 4079:, pp. 17–18. 3909:Romanian language 3899:in what is today 3500:Aurelius Victor: 3432:(modern Razgard, 3096:decolourize glass 3077:could possess 26 2968:Orăștioara de Sus 2448:Pirusti tribesmen 2395:Roman citizenship 2352:Pannonia Superior 2151:Alexander Severus 2054:Septimius Severus 2044:Alexander Severus 2036:Septimius Severus 1779:Legio XIII Gemina 1703:The accession of 1645:that had been at 1557: 1556: 1460:Pannonia Inferior 1276:Flavius Eutropius 1259:Flavius Eutropius 1121:Pliny the Younger 985:Orăștie Mountains 815:Romanian language 679:imperial province 574: 573: 292: 291: 267: 266: 263: 262: 215: 214: 16:(Redirected from 12930: 12893:History of Banat 12840: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12834:45.7000; 26.5000 12830: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12821: 12818: 12788: 12781: 12660:Social structure 12581: 12580: 12517: 12482:Great Depression 12445: 12444: 12340: 12339: 12249: 12248: 12194:Early Modern Era 12117: 12110: 12103: 12094: 12093: 12016: 11900: 11893: 11886: 11877: 11876: 11801:Spain (Classical 11631:Italy (Classical 11594:Crete (Classical 11455:Byzantine Empire 11443: 11436: 11429: 11420: 11419: 11400: 11296:Hispania Baetica 11266:Gallia Aquitania 11148: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11117: 11116: 11100: 11099: 11090: 11089: 11080: 11079: 11043: 11041:sites in Romania 10989:Brazda lui Novac 10936:Towns and cities 10930: 10923: 10900:Diocese of Dacia 10873: 10872: 10849: 10835: 10828: 10790: 10789: 10767:Thracian warfare 10550: 10549: 10471: 10448: 10447: 10398:(1st-century BC) 10346:(9 BC(?)–30s AD) 10274: 10273: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10064: 10063: 10035:Preceded by 10032: 10031: 10027: 10006: 9981: 9960: 9939: 9918: 9897: 9886: 9852: 9827: 9806: 9790: 9776: 9755: 9734: 9723: 9702: 9674: 9653: 9628: 9607: 9601: 9591: 9570: 9546: 9525: 9511: 9486: 9465: 9431:Williams, Harold 9418: 9397: 9380: 9349: 9337: 9326: 9287: 9262: 9243: 9214: 9185: 9152: 9141: 9122: 9111: 9088:Mommsen, Theodor 9083: 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Random House. 8955: 8927: 8906: 8890: 8876: 8854: 8829: 8804: 8783: 8758: 8742: 8728: 8696: 8685: 8671: 8651: 8642:Călinescu, Matei 8633: 8612: 8587: 8546:Shennan, Stephen 8540: 8511: 8506:. Archived from 8470: 8441: 8420: 8405: 8384: 8366: 8337: 8322:. Midland Book. 8312: 8280: 8267:Brill Publishers 8255: 8227: 8202:Bird, Harry W.; 8198: 8170: 8146: 8116: 8098: 8080: 8066: 8048: 8042: 8034: 8016: 7998: 7980: 7977:Augustan History 7972:Historia Augusta 7948: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7821:MacKendrick 2000 7818: 7812: 7809:MacKendrick 2000 7806: 7800: 7794: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7534:MacKendrick 2000 7531: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7362: 7356: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7272: 7269:MacKendrick 2000 7266: 7260: 7254: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7194:MacKendrick 2000 7191: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7155: 7149: 7140: 7134: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6876:MacKendrick 2000 6873: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6796:MacKendrick 2000 6793: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6743:MacKendrick 2000 6740: 6725: 6724: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6671: 6665: 6656: 6649: 6643: 6632:PROIECT Alba SA 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6597: 6591: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6551: 6545: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6497:MacKendrick 2000 6494: 6488: 6485:MacKendrick 2000 6482: 6476: 6473:MacKendrick 2000 6470: 6464: 6461:MacKendrick 2000 6458: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6432:MacKendrick 2000 6429: 6423: 6420:MacKendrick 2000 6417: 6411: 6405: 6396: 6390: 6381: 6375: 6366: 6360: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6336:MacKendrick 2000 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6235:MacKendrick 2000 6232: 6217: 6214:MacKendrick 2000 6211: 6202: 6196: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6046:Goldsworthy 2003 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5782:, LXVIII, 14, 4. 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5732:MacKendrick 2000 5729: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5595: 5589: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5565:MacKendrick 2000 5562: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5526:MacKendrick 2000 5523: 5510: 5504: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5480:MacKendrick 2000 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5228: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5166: 5160: 5149: 5143: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4965:MacKendrick 2000 4962: 4953: 4947: 4934: 4931:MacKendrick 2000 4928: 4919: 4916:MacKendrick 2000 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4892:MacKendrick 2000 4889: 4883: 4880:MacKendrick 2000 4877: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4837: 4831: 4806: 4800: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4758:MacKendrick 2000 4755: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4717: 4711: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4558: 4552: 4539: 4533: 4524: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4261:MacKendrick 2000 4258: 4252: 4246: 4235: 4229: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4169: 4163: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4009: 4008:, pp. 18–19 3994: 3820:Romance language 3648:Pannonia Valeria 3543: 3522:Palmyrene Empire 3504: 3450: 3406:Carpicus Maximus 3400: 3192:and Moesia. The 3172:such as that of 3090:The Romans used 2732:canabae legionis 2726:(predecessor of 2533:Marcomannic Wars 2521:Legio I Adiutrix 2145: 2025: 1996:Historia Augusta 1989: 1937: 1891:Macrinius Avitus 1750:Marcomannic Wars 1677:Equestrian order 1619:Quadratus Bassus 1479: 1472: 1464:network of forts 1297: 1278: 1257:Roman historian 1252: 1211: 1130: 1068:. In 102, after 1040:and launching a 843:History of Dacia 723:Marcomannic Wars 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 620: 619: 613:; also known as 609: 604: 603: 600: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 566: 559: 552: 320: 312: 301: 294: 293: 259: 258: 245: 244: 231: 230: 219: 218: 206: 205: 199: 198: 183: 182: 109: 80: 79: 71: 70: 63: 62: 54: 53: 52: 39: 38: 21: 12938: 12937: 12933: 12932: 12931: 12929: 12928: 12927: 12883:Roman frontiers 12843: 12842: 12833: 12831: 12827: 12824: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12804: 12791: 12784: 12777: 12764: 12674: 12628:Public holidays 12566: 12527:Property bubble 12515: 12430: 12389:Law enforcement 12325: 12306:Protected areas 12238: 12214:Greater Romania 12143: 12130: 12121: 12091: 12086: 12070: 12023: 12017: 12008: 11917: 11911: 11904: 11874: 11869: 11827:Early Medieval) 11740:The Netherlands 11651:Early Medieval) 11570:Early Medieval) 11458: 11449:History of the 11447: 11417: 11412: 11401: 11392: 11353:Moesia Superior 11348:Moesia Inferior 11181:Alpes Maritimae 11152: 11144: 11114: 11109: 11068: 11039: 11019: 10993: 10945: 10926: 10919: 10895:Dacia Aureliana 10854: 10845: 10831: 10824: 10806: 10786: 10782: 10771: 10750: 10741: 10732:Germanic tribes 10715: 10713: 10706: 10655: 10651: 10637: 10619: 10539: 10535:Thraco-Illyrian 10481: 10467: 10444: 10441: 10429: 10417: 10411: 10384: 10381:(c. 40–c. 9 BC) 10367: 10320: 10263: 10096: 10091: 10052: 10036: 10030: 10024: 10003: 9978: 9957: 9936: 9915: 9865:Cornelius Nepos 9849: 9824: 9803: 9773: 9752: 9720: 9699: 9671: 9650: 9625: 9599: 9588: 9567: 9543: 9508: 9483: 9415: 9377: 9346: 9315: 9284: 9240: 9211: 9138: 9108: 9047: 9036: 9023:Harmatta, János 9014: 8993: 8973: 8952: 8924: 8903: 8873: 8851: 8826: 8801: 8780: 8755: 8725: 8668: 8638:Georgescu, Vlad 8630: 8609: 8576: 8537: 8510:on 1 July 2013. 8467: 8438: 8409:Cary, Earnest; 8402: 8363: 8334: 8309: 8285:Bunson, Matthew 8277: 8252: 8237:Marcus Aurelius 8232:Birley, Anthony 8224: 8204:Aurelius Victor 8195: 8175:Bennett, Julian 8167: 8143: 8124: 8119: 8036: 8035: 8008:Historia Romana 7985:Aurelius Victor 7961: 7956: 7951: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7903: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7879: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7795: 7786: 7778: 7774: 7766: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7706: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7598: 7591: 7583: 7579: 7571: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7532: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7425: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7374: 7365: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7158: 7150: 7143: 7135: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7048: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6996: 6988: 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4727: 4720: 4712: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4561: 4553: 4542: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4437:. p. 120. 4422: 4418: 4411: 4403:. p. 160. 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4238: 4230: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4172: 4164: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4021: 4017: 4012: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3979:Roman provinces 3950: 3942:Pannonian Latin 3855:Romanian people 3812: 3732:Dacicus Maximus 3695: 3594: 3589: 3579: 3571:Main articles: 3569: 3549:Dacia Aureliana 3544: 3538: 3505: 3499: 3484:Aurelius Victor 3480:Dacicus Maximus 3451: 3445: 3401: 3395: 3356:Philip the Arab 3347:Philip the Arab 3308:Maximinus Thrax 3300: 3298:Dacia Aureliana 3286:Philip the Arab 3282:Maximinus Thrax 3278: 3217:anthropomorphic 3118: 3104: 3084:terra sigillata 3012: 2982:, with a small 2906:Trajan's Bridge 2843:(Jupa, Romania) 2682:colonia deducta 2606: 2592:Colonia (Roman) 2588: 2503: 2493: 2464: 2397: 2387: 2234:Trajan's Column 2186: 2176: 2171: 2146: 2140: 2050: 2032: 2026: 2021: 1990: 1984: 1961:Avidius Cassius 1938: 1932: 1770:Marcus Aurelius 1766: 1756:Marcus Aurelius 1752: 1746: 1701: 1695: 1609:Hadrian was at 1572: 1562: 1314:legati legionis 1303:imperial legate 1298: 1293: 1279: 1274: 1263: 1262: 1253: 1248: 1239: 1238: 1212: 1203: 1173:Trajan's Trophy 1158: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1119: 1057:to its base at 1038:Moesia Superior 1034:Moesia Inferior 1022:Flavian dynasty 953:Marcus Antonius 944:amicii et socii 859: 845: 837:Main articles: 835: 795:Dacia Aureliana 685:(98–117) after 642: 639: 636: 633: 607: 584: 580: 570: 495:Dacia Aureliana 318: 299: 288: 256: 242: 228: 223:Dacia Aureliana 203: 162: 149: 110: 84: 83: 73: 66: 56: 51:Provincia Dacia 50: 47: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12936: 12926: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12802: 12797: 12790: 12789: 12782: 12774: 12773: 12770: 12769: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12684: 12682: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12667: 12665:Urban planning 12662: 12657: 12656: 12655: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12584: 12578: 12572: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12547:Stock Exchange 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12511: 12510: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12448: 12442: 12436: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12428: 12423: 12421:Prime Minister 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12402: 12401: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12343: 12337: 12331: 12330: 12327: 12326: 12324: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12252: 12246: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12153: 12151: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12141: 12135: 12132: 12131: 12120: 12119: 12112: 12105: 12097: 12088: 12087: 12085: 12084: 12078: 12076: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12031:Canary Islands 12027: 12025: 12022:Contacts & 12019: 12018: 12011: 12009: 12007: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11960: 11959: 11949: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11932: 11927: 11921: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11903: 11902: 11895: 11888: 11880: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11844: 11841:Roman Carthage 11834: 11829: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11674: 11662: 11654: 11628: 11623: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11559: 11554: 11545: 11540: 11531: 11526: 11524:High Medieval) 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11446: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11423: 11414: 11413: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11271:Gallia Belgica 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11191:Arabia Petraea 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11143: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11120: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11104: 11094: 11084: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11031: 11029: 11025: 11024: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11001: 10999: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10955: 10953: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10924: 10912: 10910:Dacia Ripensis 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10876: 10870: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10829: 10816: 10814: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10804: 10798: 10796: 10787: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10753: 10751: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10718: 10716: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10658: 10656: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10630: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10556: 10554: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10491: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10479: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10460: 10454: 10452: 10445: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10427: 10421: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10392: 10390: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10359: 10353: 10352:(c. 30s–70 AD) 10347: 10341: 10335: 10328: 10326: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10111: 10109: 10098: 10097: 10090: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10067: 10059: 10058: 10049: 10042: 10029: 10028: 10022: 10007: 10001: 9982: 9976: 9961: 9955: 9940: 9934: 9919: 9913: 9898: 9887: 9853: 9847: 9828: 9822: 9807: 9801: 9777: 9771: 9756: 9750: 9735: 9724: 9718: 9703: 9697: 9675: 9669: 9654: 9648: 9629: 9623: 9608: 9592: 9586: 9571: 9565: 9547: 9541: 9526: 9516:Pârvan, Vasile 9512: 9506: 9487: 9481: 9466: 9423:Pares, Bernard 9419: 9413: 9398: 9381: 9375: 9350: 9344: 9327: 9313: 9288: 9282: 9263: 9244: 9238: 9215: 9209: 9186: 9153: 9142: 9136: 9123: 9112: 9106: 9084: 9051: 9045: 9018: 9012: 8997: 8991: 8977: 8971: 8956: 8950: 8928: 8922: 8907: 8901: 8881:Le Bohec, Yann 8877: 8871: 8855: 8849: 8830: 8824: 8805: 8799: 8784: 8778: 8770:Hamilton Books 8759: 8753: 8733:Grant, Michael 8729: 8723: 8697: 8686: 8676:Gibbon, Edward 8672: 8666: 8654:Columbus, Ohio 8634: 8628: 8613: 8607: 8588: 8574: 8541: 8535: 8512: 8471: 8465: 8442: 8436: 8421: 8406: 8400: 8385: 8367: 8361: 8338: 8332: 8313: 8307: 8281: 8275: 8256: 8250: 8228: 8222: 8199: 8193: 8171: 8165: 8147: 8141: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8099: 8081: 8067: 8049: 8017: 7999: 7981: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7936: 7934:, p. 325. 7921: 7919:, p. 149. 7909: 7907:, p. 120. 7897: 7885: 7883:, p. 144. 7873: 7871:, p. 147. 7861: 7859:, p. 144. 7849: 7847:, p. 127. 7837: 7835:, p. 125. 7825: 7823:, p. 128. 7813: 7811:, p. 163. 7801: 7797:Georgescu 1991 7784: 7782:, p. 115. 7780:Georgescu 1991 7772: 7770:, p. 300. 7760: 7758:, p. 331. 7748: 7746:, p. 184. 7736: 7734:, p. 165. 7724: 7722:, p. 154. 7712: 7700: 7688: 7686:, p. 132. 7676: 7674:, p. 129. 7664: 7652: 7650:, p. 145. 7640: 7638:, p. 127. 7628: 7626:, p. 125. 7616: 7604: 7589: 7587:, p. 250. 7577: 7575:, p. 233. 7562: 7560:, p. 121. 7550: 7538: 7536:, p. 165. 7521: 7519:, p. 276. 7509: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7468:, p. 120. 7458: 7443: 7441:, p. 122. 7431: 7419: 7417:, p. 116. 7407: 7405:, p. 111. 7392: 7380: 7363: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7322:, p. 157. 7312: 7310:, p. 239. 7300: 7298:, p. 156. 7288: 7273: 7271:, p. 117. 7261: 7246: 7244:, p. 253. 7234: 7222: 7210: 7208:, p. 119. 7198: 7196:, p. 115. 7183: 7181:, p. 121. 7171: 7156: 7154:, p. 521. 7141: 7126: 7124:, p. 205. 7114: 7102: 7090: 7078: 7066: 7054: 7052:, p. 118. 7042: 7040:, p. 224. 7030: 7028:, p. 116. 7018: 7006: 7004:, p. 120. 6994: 6982: 6970: 6958: 6956:, p. 127. 6943: 6941:, p. 196. 6931: 6919: 6917:, p. 209. 6904: 6902:, p. 185. 6892: 6890:, p. 141. 6880: 6878:, p. 122. 6863: 6861:, p. 116. 6851: 6849:, p. 190. 6839: 6837:, p. 193. 6824: 6812: 6810:, p. 115. 6800: 6798:, p. 190. 6783: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6745:, p. 187. 6726: 6691: 6672: 6657: 6644: 6625: 6613: 6611:, p. 122. 6598: 6596:, p. 144. 6581: 6569: 6567:, p. 155. 6552: 6550:, p. 153. 6537: 6535:, p. 152. 6525: 6523:, p. 151. 6513: 6511:, p. 150. 6501: 6499:, p. 121. 6489: 6487:, p. 245. 6477: 6475:, p. 116. 6465: 6463:, p. 132. 6448: 6436: 6424: 6422:, p. 130. 6412: 6397: 6395:, p. 170. 6382: 6380:, p. 164. 6367: 6365:, p. 165. 6352: 6340: 6338:, p. 108. 6328: 6316: 6312:Georgescu 1991 6299: 6297:, p. 174. 6287: 6285:, p. 119. 6275: 6273:, p. 238. 6263: 6261:, p. 429. 6251: 6239: 6237:, p. 126. 6218: 6216:, p. 107. 6203: 6188: 6186:, p. 104. 6176: 6174:, p. 103. 6164: 6162:, p. 106. 6152: 6140: 6125: 6123:, p. 442. 6113: 6101: 6089: 6087:, p. 108. 6077: 6062: 6060:, p. 109. 6050: 6038: 6026: 6022:Stoicescu 1983 6014: 6012:, p. 167. 6002: 6000:, p. 244. 5990: 5978: 5966: 5964:, p. 227. 5947: 5945:, p. 110. 5935: 5933:, p. 112. 5923: 5921:, p. 113. 5911: 5909:, p. 213. 5896: 5894:, p. 212. 5884: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5841:Georgescu 1991 5820: 5818:, p. 106. 5808: 5796: 5794:, XXVIII, 327. 5784: 5772: 5760: 5748: 5736: 5734:, p. 133. 5719: 5717:, p. 405. 5707: 5695: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5657:, p. 223. 5647: 5635: 5623: 5621:, p. 199. 5611: 5596: 5581: 5569: 5567:, p. 153. 5554: 5552:, p. 221. 5542: 5540:, p. 222. 5530: 5528:, p. 142. 5511: 5496: 5484: 5482:, p. 135. 5472: 5460: 5448: 5436: 5424: 5422:, p. 206. 5412: 5400: 5398:, p. 275. 5388: 5367: 5365:, p. 183. 5355: 5343: 5341:, p. 177. 5331: 5329:, p. 360. 5319: 5317:, p. 175. 5307: 5295: 5280: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5242:, p. 170. 5229: 5227:, p. 169. 5214: 5212:, p. 168. 5202: 5200:, p. 165. 5190: 5188:, p. 545. 5167: 5165:, p. 164. 5150: 5148:, p. 161. 5131: 5119: 5117:, p. 544. 5107: 5105:, p. 275. 5095: 5080: 5078:, p. 543. 5068: 5056: 5044: 5042:, p. 275. 5032: 5030:, p. 274. 5020: 5018:, p. 324. 5008: 5006:, p. 145. 4993: 4981: 4979:, p. 132. 4969: 4967:, p. 114. 4954: 4935: 4933:, p. 112. 4920: 4918:, p. 152. 4908: 4896: 4894:, p. 127. 4884: 4882:, p. 206. 4865: 4863:, p. 500. 4853: 4838: 4807: 4786: 4784:, p. 105. 4774: 4772:, p. 167. 4762: 4760:, p. 139. 4745: 4743:, p. 493. 4733: 4731:, p. 499. 4718: 4701: 4689: 4677: 4675:, p. 490. 4665: 4663:, p. 170. 4661:Petolescu 2010 4653: 4641: 4639:, p. 169. 4622: 4610: 4608:, p. 591. 4598: 4596:, p. 266. 4586: 4559: 4555:Georgescu 1991 4540: 4538:, p. 102. 4525: 4523:, p. 103. 4510: 4493: 4489:Georgescu 1991 4481: 4474: 4450: 4443: 4416: 4409: 4382: 4380:, p. 105. 4370: 4358: 4356:, p. 104. 4343: 4331: 4316: 4304: 4302:, p. 103. 4289: 4277: 4275:, p. 102. 4265: 4253: 4236: 4219: 4209: 4207:, p. 192. 4197: 4195:, p. 138. 4185: 4183:, p. 183. 4170: 4153: 4141: 4139:, p. 165. 4129: 4117: 4105: 4103:, p. 195. 4093: 4081: 4069: 4065:Georgescu 1991 4054: 4042: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4010: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3959:Dacia Ripensis 3956: 3949: 3946: 3811: 3808: 3748:Attila the Hun 3736:Timothy Barnes 3694: 3691: 3593: 3590: 3568: 3565: 3557:Dacia Ripensis 3536: 3497: 3443: 3393: 3277: 3274: 3265:, and Cincis. 3196:horse goddess 3186:Thracian Rider 3123:Roman pantheon 3103: 3100: 3066:Bronze casting 3016:Alburnus Maior 3011: 3008: 2951:, Petris, and 2938: 2937: 2921: 2908:across Ister ( 2896: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2860: 2844: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2773: 2757: 2721: 2719:Alburnus major 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2668: 2667: 2626:and villages ( 2587: 2584: 2489:Main article: 2463: 2460: 2391:Roman colonies 2386: 2383: 2342:was posted to 2316:, or Noricum. 2175: 2174:Native Dacians 2172: 2170: 2167: 2161:of Ad Mediam ( 2138: 2031: 2028: 2019: 2004:at modern day 1982: 1930: 1819:Alburnus Maior 1748:Main article: 1745: 1742: 1705:Antoninus Pius 1699:Antoninus Pius 1694: 1691: 1658:Limes Alutanus 1570:Limes Alutanus 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1494:Julius Sabinus 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1429:and frontiers) 1380:Roman citizens 1291: 1272: 1246: 1235:Emperor Trajan 1201: 1147: 1144: 1136: 1133: 1117: 916:by supporting 910:Roman Republic 902:Roman politics 834: 831: 731:military camps 705:, and most of 691:Dacian Kingdom 665:(today all in 572: 571: 569: 568: 561: 554: 546: 543: 542: 541: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 512: 511: 505: 504: 503: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 469: 468: 462: 461: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 421: 420: 414: 413: 412: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 373: 372: 366: 365: 364: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 330: 329: 323: 322: 314: 313: 305: 304: 290: 289: 287: 286: 281: 275: 273: 269: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 253: 247: 246: 239: 233: 232: 225: 216: 213: 212: 210:Dacian Kingdom 207: 195: 194: 189: 179: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 157: 154: 153: 150: 144: 141: 140: 137: 136: 131: 130:Historical era 127: 126: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 102: 101: 97: 96: 86: 85: 82: 81: 69:Ἐπαρχία Δακίας 64: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12935: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12841: 12838: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12792: 12787: 12783: 12780: 12776: 12775: 12771: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12711: 12710: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12681: 12677: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12650: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12573: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12522:National Bank 12520: 12518: 12512: 12508: 12507:petrochemical 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12489: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12472:Foreign trade 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12437: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12400: 12397: 12396: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12332: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12241: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12163: 12160: 12159: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12118: 12113: 12111: 12106: 12104: 12099: 12098: 12095: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12073: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12020: 12015: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11935:Roman Armenia 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11922: 11920: 11914: 11909: 11901: 11896: 11894: 11889: 11887: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11866: 11863: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11845: 11842: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11805:Late Antique) 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11700:Liechtenstein 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11669: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11655: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11618: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11490:Late Antique) 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11464: 11461: 11456: 11452: 11444: 11439: 11437: 11432: 11430: 11425: 11424: 11421: 11410: 11404: 11399: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11176:Alpes Cottiae 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11155: 11151: 11141: 11136: 11134: 11129: 11127: 11122: 11121: 11118: 11105: 11103: 11095: 11093: 11085: 11083: 11075: 11074: 11071: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11042: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10996: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10984:Trajan's Wall 10982: 10980: 10979:Transalutanus 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10969:Porolissensis 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10952: 10948: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10929: 10925: 10922: 10918: 10917: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10890:Scythia Minor 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10880:Dacia Traiana 10878: 10877: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10848: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10839: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10817: 10815: 10813: 10809: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10785: 10781:Wars with the 10778: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10744: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10709: 10703: 10702:Murus Dacicus 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10662:Sarmizegetusa 10660: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10622: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10542: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10525:Daco-Thracian 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10515:Dacian script 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10478: 10475: 10470: 10466: 10465: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10446: 10443: 10436: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10414: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10387: 10380: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10363: 10360: 10358:(c. 69–87 AD) 10357: 10354: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10342: 10339: 10336: 10334:(82/61–44 BC) 10333: 10330: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10266: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10088: 10083: 10081: 10076: 10074: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10057: 10056: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10043: 10041: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10025: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10008: 10004: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9983: 9979: 9973: 9969: 9968: 9962: 9958: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9941: 9937: 9935:0-19-822945-3 9931: 9927: 9926: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9899: 9895: 9894: 9888: 9884: 9883:Henry G. Bohn 9880: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9829: 9825: 9819: 9815: 9814: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9794: 9789: 9788: 9782: 9781:Vékony, Gábor 9778: 9774: 9768: 9764: 9763: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9743: 9742: 9736: 9732: 9731: 9725: 9721: 9715: 9712:. Routledge. 9711: 9710: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9679:Southern, Pat 9676: 9672: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9655: 9651: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9636: 9630: 9626: 9620: 9616: 9615: 9609: 9605: 9598: 9593: 9589: 9583: 9579: 9578: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9558: 9557: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9534: 9533: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9494: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9406: 9405: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9382: 9378: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9336: 9335: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9289: 9285: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9270: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9143: 9139: 9137:973-661-691-6 9133: 9129: 9124: 9120: 9119: 9113: 9109: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9046:963-05-0293-3 9042: 9034: 9030: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9015: 9009: 9005: 9004: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8984: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8964: 8963: 8957: 8953: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8914: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8894: 8889: 8888: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8859:Köpeczi, Béla 8856: 8852: 8846: 8842: 8839:. Cambridge: 8838: 8837: 8831: 8827: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8812: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8785: 8781: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8740: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8595: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8482:(in French). 8481: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8393: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8345: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8304: 8300: 8299:Facts On File 8296: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8013:Roman History 8010: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7990:De Caesaribus 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7947:, pages 12-37 7946: 7940: 7933: 7932:Southern 2001 7928: 7926: 7918: 7913: 7906: 7901: 7894: 7889: 7882: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7846: 7841: 7834: 7829: 7822: 7817: 7810: 7805: 7799:, p. 10. 7798: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7781: 7776: 7769: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7745: 7740: 7733: 7728: 7721: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7698:, p. 72. 7697: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7661: 7656: 7649: 7644: 7637: 7632: 7625: 7620: 7613: 7608: 7602:, p. 61. 7601: 7596: 7594: 7586: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7567: 7559: 7554: 7548:, p. 66. 7547: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7518: 7517:Southern 2001 7513: 7507:, p. 60. 7506: 7501: 7499: 7491: 7490:Williams 2000 7486: 7479: 7478:Williams 2000 7474: 7467: 7462: 7456:, p. 59. 7455: 7450: 7448: 7440: 7435: 7429:, p. 57. 7428: 7423: 7416: 7411: 7404: 7399: 7397: 7389: 7384: 7378:, p. 51. 7377: 7376:Williams 2000 7372: 7370: 7368: 7361:, p. 77. 7360: 7359:Williams 2000 7355: 7353: 7346: 7340: 7333: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7309: 7304: 7297: 7292: 7285: 7284:Southern 2001 7280: 7278: 7270: 7265: 7258: 7257:Southern 2001 7253: 7251: 7243: 7238: 7232:, p. 33. 7231: 7226: 7219: 7218:Southern 2001 7214: 7207: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7188: 7180: 7175: 7168: 7163: 7161: 7153: 7148: 7146: 7138: 7133: 7131: 7123: 7118: 7111: 7110:de Blois 1976 7106: 7100:, Chapter IV. 7099: 7094: 7088:, p. 29. 7087: 7082: 7076:, p. 59. 7075: 7070: 7064:, p. 75. 7063: 7062:Southern 2001 7058: 7051: 7046: 7039: 7034: 7027: 7022: 7016:, Chapter IX. 7015: 7010: 7003: 6998: 6992:, p. 19. 6991: 6986: 6980:, p. 26. 6979: 6974: 6968:, p. 44. 6967: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6948: 6940: 6939:Le Bohec 2000 6935: 6929:, p. 11. 6928: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6909: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6860: 6855: 6848: 6843: 6836: 6831: 6829: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6781:, p. 78. 6780: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6757:, p. 26. 6756: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6689:, p. 84. 6688: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6670:, p. 85. 6669: 6664: 6662: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6610: 6605: 6603: 6595: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6579:, p. 71. 6578: 6573: 6566: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6549: 6544: 6542: 6534: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6510: 6505: 6498: 6493: 6486: 6481: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6446:, p. 94. 6445: 6440: 6433: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6410:, p. 58. 6409: 6404: 6402: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6379: 6374: 6372: 6364: 6359: 6357: 6350:, p. 25. 6349: 6344: 6337: 6332: 6326:, p. 30. 6325: 6320: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6249:, p. 69. 6248: 6243: 6236: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6215: 6210: 6208: 6201:, p. 79. 6200: 6195: 6193: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6150:, p. 23. 6149: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6130: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6105: 6099:, p. 74. 6098: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6075:, p. 59. 6074: 6069: 6067: 6059: 6054: 6048:, p. 76. 6047: 6042: 6036:, p. 25. 6035: 6034:Giurescu 1971 6030: 6023: 6018: 6011: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5988:, p. 95. 5987: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5920: 5915: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5866: 5861: 5855:, p. 22. 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5817: 5812: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5781: 5776: 5770:, VIII, 6, 2. 5769: 5764: 5758:, p. 78. 5757: 5752: 5746:, p. 74. 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5668: 5663: 5656: 5651: 5645:, p. 18. 5644: 5639: 5633:, p. 17. 5632: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5609:, p. 26. 5608: 5603: 5601: 5594:, p. 18. 5593: 5592:Campbell 2005 5588: 5586: 5579:, p. 95. 5578: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5509:, p. 91. 5508: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5470:, p. 77. 5469: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5386:, p. 89. 5385: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5364: 5359: 5353:, p. 13. 5352: 5351:Thompson 2002 5347: 5340: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5304: 5299: 5293:, p. 21. 5292: 5287: 5285: 5278:, p. 17. 5277: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5254:, p. 65. 5253: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5128: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5093:, p. 86. 5092: 5087: 5085: 5077: 5072: 5066:, p. 35. 5065: 5060: 5054:, p. 87. 5053: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4952:, p. 20. 4951: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4932: 4927: 4925: 4917: 4912: 4906:, p. 24. 4905: 4900: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4862: 4857: 4851:, p. 68. 4850: 4845: 4843: 4836:, p. 56. 4835: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4805:, p. 55. 4804: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4742: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4716:, p. 67. 4715: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4699:, p. 65. 4698: 4693: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4651:, p. 63. 4650: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4620:, p. 92. 4619: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4508:, p. 57. 4507: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4379: 4374: 4368:, p. 98. 4367: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4287:, p. 17. 4286: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4263:, p. 74. 4262: 4257: 4251:, p. 16. 4250: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4234:, p. 54. 4233: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4168:, p. 52. 4167: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4127:, p. 10. 4126: 4121: 4115:, p. 48. 4114: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4091:, p. 43. 4090: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4052:, p. 14. 4051: 4046: 4040:, p. 50. 4039: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3876:Valentinian I 3873: 3872:Constantine I 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836:Edward Gibbon 3833: 3832:Enlightenment 3825: 3821: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783:Turnu Severin 3780: 3775: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3711:Constantine I 3704: 3703:Constantine I 3699: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3661: 3656: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3598: 3588: 3587:Constantine I 3584: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3502:De Caesaribus 3496: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3263:Sălașu de Sus 3260: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170:Eastern cults 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2885:or perhaps a 2884: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2828:Dierna/Tierna 2825: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2551:(near modern 2550: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2526: 2525:vexillationes 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2484: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2436:lingua franca 2432: 2427: 2423: 2422:Thraco-Dacian 2419: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2374:natione Dacus 2371: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2141:Cassius Dio: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2052:The reign of 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1988: 1985:Cassius Dio: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1933:Cassius Dio: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1849:in Romania). 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823:Roșia Montană 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1603: 1595: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477:under Trajan 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1409: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1260: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1236: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1184: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1142: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 945: 939: 935: 930: 927: 923: 922:Julius Caesar 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 868: 863: 858: 854: 850: 844: 840: 830: 828: 824: 820: 817:, making the 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 748: 742: 738: 737: 732: 728: 724: 720: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687:two campaigns 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 640:Fertile Dacia 628: 624: 618: 617:Dacia Traiana 612: 611: 602: 578: 567: 562: 560: 555: 553: 548: 547: 545: 544: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 523:Daco-Romanian 521: 519: 516: 515: 514: 513: 510: 507: 506: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 471: 470: 467: 464: 463: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 423: 422: 419: 416: 415: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 371: 368: 367: 362: 361:Scythia Minor 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 336:Sarmizegetusa 334: 333: 332: 331: 328: 325: 324: 321: 316: 315: 311: 307: 306: 302: 296: 295: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 274: 272:Today part of 270: 254: 252: 251:Hunnic Empire 249: 248: 240: 238: 235: 234: 226: 224: 221: 220: 217: 211: 208: 201: 200: 197: 196: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 155: 151: 148: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 124: 121: 118: 114: 108: 103: 98: 95: 91: 87: 77: 76:Ancient Greek 65: 60: 46: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Dacia Traiana 12810: 12693:Architecture 12623:Prostitution 12593:Demographics 12497:construction 12372:Human rights 12352:Constitution 12219:World War II 12178: 12024:explorations 11963: 11952:Roman Crimea 11908:Roman Empire 11820:Vatican City 11773:Saudi Arabia 11762: 11745:North Africa 11310: 11245: 11010:Thraco-Roman 10868:Free Dacians 10863: 10784:Roman Empire 10682:Piroboridava 10628:Dacian Draco 10510:Dacian names 10442:civilization 10316:Zalmodegicus 10291:Dromichaetes 10204:Potulatenses 10149:Burs (Dacia) 10053: 10044: 10037: 10012: 9987: 9966: 9945: 9924: 9903: 9892: 9873: 9833: 9812: 9786: 9761: 9740: 9729: 9708: 9683: 9659: 9634: 9613: 9603: 9576: 9555: 9551:Pohl, Walter 9531: 9520: 9498:Random House 9496:. New York: 9492: 9471: 9438: 9434: 9403: 9393: 9389: 9358: 9333: 9300: 9296: 9268: 9249: 9220: 9191: 9165: 9161: 9147: 9127: 9117: 9092: 9063: 9059: 9032: 9027: 9002: 8982: 8961: 8936: 8912: 8886: 8862: 8835: 8810: 8789: 8764: 8738: 8705: 8691: 8680: 8647: 8618: 8593: 8557: 8553: 8517: 8508:the original 8483: 8479: 8447: 8426: 8415: 8390: 8375: 8343: 8318: 8289: 8261: 8236: 8208: 8179: 8155: 8131: 8112: 8107: 8094: 8089: 8075: 8062: 8057: 8030: 8025: 8012: 8007: 7994: 7989: 7976: 7971: 7954:Bibliography 7939: 7912: 7900: 7888: 7876: 7869:Köpeczi 1994 7864: 7857:Köpeczi 1994 7852: 7845:Köpeczi 1994 7840: 7833:Köpeczi 1994 7828: 7816: 7804: 7775: 7768:Niebuhr 1849 7763: 7751: 7739: 7727: 7715: 7703: 7691: 7679: 7667: 7655: 7643: 7631: 7619: 7607: 7580: 7553: 7541: 7512: 7485: 7473: 7461: 7434: 7422: 7410: 7383: 7339: 7327: 7315: 7303: 7291: 7264: 7237: 7225: 7220:, p. 6. 7213: 7206:Köpeczi 1994 7201: 7174: 7117: 7105: 7093: 7081: 7069: 7057: 7050:Köpeczi 1994 7045: 7033: 7021: 7009: 6997: 6985: 6973: 6966:Köpeczi 1994 6961: 6954:Heather 2010 6934: 6922: 6895: 6883: 6859:Köpeczi 1994 6854: 6842: 6815: 6808:Köpeczi 1994 6803: 6774: 6769:, p. 1. 6762: 6750: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6687:Opreanu 2006 6668:Opreanu 2006 6652: 6647: 6628: 6616: 6572: 6528: 6516: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6468: 6444:Köpeczi 1994 6439: 6427: 6415: 6343: 6331: 6319: 6314:, p. 8. 6290: 6278: 6266: 6254: 6247:Katsari 2011 6242: 6199:Köpeczi 1994 6184:Köpeczi 1994 6179: 6172:Köpeczi 1994 6167: 6160:Köpeczi 1994 6155: 6143: 6121:Erdkamp 2010 6116: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6053: 6041: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5969: 5938: 5931:Köpeczi 1994 5926: 5919:Köpeczi 1994 5914: 5887: 5860: 5848: 5843:, p. 7. 5811: 5799: 5787: 5775: 5763: 5756:Opreanu 2006 5751: 5744:Opreanu 2006 5739: 5710: 5698: 5686: 5679:Opreanu 2015 5674: 5667:Grumeza 2009 5662: 5650: 5643:Opreanu 2015 5638: 5631:Opreanu 2015 5626: 5614: 5572: 5545: 5533: 5507:Köpeczi 1994 5487: 5475: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5396:Mommsen 1999 5391: 5384:Köpeczi 1994 5358: 5346: 5334: 5322: 5310: 5298: 5271: 5259: 5247: 5205: 5193: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5091:Köpeczi 1994 5071: 5059: 5052:Köpeczi 1994 5047: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4984: 4972: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4856: 4849:Köpeczi 1994 4777: 4770:Bennett 1997 4765: 4736: 4697:Webster 1998 4692: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4649:Köpeczi 1994 4644: 4637:Bennett 1997 4618:Köpeczi 1994 4613: 4601: 4589: 4557:, p. 6. 4536:Köpeczi 1994 4491:, p. 5. 4484: 4463: 4453: 4429: 4419: 4395: 4385: 4378:Bennett 1997 4373: 4366:Bennett 1997 4361: 4354:Bennett 1997 4341:, p. 6. 4334: 4307: 4300:Bennett 1997 4280: 4273:Bennett 1997 4268: 4256: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4144: 4132: 4125:Schmitz 2005 4120: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4067:, p. 4. 4045: 4006:Opreanu 2015 3992: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3884: 3852: 3829: 3776: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3743: 3731: 3728: 3726:, Romania). 3708: 3680: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3631: 3607: 3546: 3540: 3528: 3519: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3479: 3465: 3447: 3446:Lactantius: 3439: 3425: 3405: 3403: 3397: 3396:Lactantius: 3382:, chosen by 3379: 3377: 3360: 3352: 3336:Danube Delta 3301: 3270:Christianity 3267: 3254: 3251: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3209:Dacian deity 3206: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3119: 3089: 3082: 3063: 3048: 3044: 3033: 3013: 3002: 3000: 2996:Vințu de Jos 2988: 2984:amphitheatre 2963: 2961: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2899: 2886: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2856: 2846: 2838: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2803: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2723: 2687:Ius Italicum 2685: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2645:amphitheatre 2627: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2577: 2574:quingenariae 2573: 2566: 2560: 2545: 2529: 2524: 2506: 2504: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2410: 2398: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2339: 2331: 2325: 2318: 2301: 2294: 2292: 2288:Free Dacians 2284: 2269: 2253: 2246: 2242: 2230: 2225: 2215: 2195: 2158: 2153:, the final 2148: 2142: 2135: 2110: 2098: 2096: 2091:ius Italicum 2089: 2085: 2080:(modern day 2072:, in modern 2070:Danube River 2063: 2051: 2022: 2011: 2001: 1994: 1992: 1986: 1978: 1965: 1955: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1926: 1916: 1906: 1886: 1879: 1838: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1774: 1767: 1737: 1726: 1713: 1702: 1684: 1674: 1669: 1662: 1655: 1639: 1631: 1625:with him to 1608: 1474: 1432: 1426: 1413: 1412:Fourteenth ( 1405: 1397: 1385: 1371: 1368:gladiatorial 1361: 1341: 1336:Roman Empire 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1283: 1282: 1264: 1256: 1241: 1232: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1190: 1124: 1113: 1090: 1063: 1019: 981:Roman slaves 965: 942: 931: 895: 872: 803:Lower Moesia 756: 746: 734: 718: 715: 711:Free Dacians 659:Transylvania 651:Roman Empire 626: 616: 576: 575: 518:Thraco-Roman 500:Free Dacians 465: 427:Dromichaetes 394:Construction 192:Succeeded by 191: 186: 94:Roman Empire 36: 12858:Roman Dacia 12832: / 12608:Immigration 12452:Agriculture 12271:Earthquakes 12209:World War I 12189:Middle Ages 12179:Roman Dacia 12051:Scandinavia 11984:Netherlands 11979:Mesopotamia 11810:Switzerland 11776:(Classical) 11758:(Classical) 11680:(Classical) 11660:(Classical) 11411:'s reforms. 11343:Mesopotamia 11102:WikiProject 11035:Archaeology 10864:Roman Dacia 10648:Settlements 10440:Culture and 10364:(87–106 AD) 10340:(44 BC–???) 10259:Troglodytae 10214:Rhadacenses 10209:Predasenses 9363:Cluj-Napoca 9226:Oxfordshire 9170:Cluj-Napoca 8695:. Meridane. 8427:Roman World 8411:Cassius Dio 8076:The Caesars 8003:Cassius Dio 7881:Vékony 2000 7756:Gibbon 1816 7744:Whitby 1998 7732:Whitby 1998 7684:Lenski 2002 7672:Lenski 2002 7660:Lenski 2002 7648:Lenski 2002 7636:Lenski 2002 7624:Lenski 2002 7585:Barnes 1981 7558:Lenski 2002 7546:Găzdac 2010 7466:Lenski 2002 7439:Lenski 2002 7388:Moisil 2002 7332:Watson 2004 7320:Watson 2004 7308:Wilkes 2005 7296:Watson 2004 7179:Vékony 2000 7152:Watson 1853 7038:Wilkes 2005 7026:Oțetea 1970 7002:Vékony 2000 6888:Parker 1958 6847:Oltean 2007 6835:Oltean 2007 6820:Pârvan 1928 6779:Dorcey 1992 6767:Dorcey 1992 6609:Oltean 2007 6594:Oltean 2007 6577:Oltean 2007 6565:Oltean 2007 6548:Oltean 2007 6533:Oltean 2007 6521:Oltean 2007 6509:Oltean 2007 6408:Oltean 2007 6393:Oltean 2007 6378:Oltean 2007 6363:Oltean 2007 6324:Găzdac 2010 6295:Oltean 2007 6283:Oltean 2007 6271:Parker 2010 6085:Vékony 2000 6073:Găzdac 2010 6058:Vékony 2000 6010:Bunson 2002 5986:Oltean 2009 5974:Nemeti 2006 5962:Oltean 2007 5943:Vékony 2000 5907:Oltean 2007 5892:Oltean 2007 5880:Oltean 2007 5865:Parker 1958 5816:Vékony 2000 5804:Vékony 2000 5655:Parker 2010 5577:Bunson 2002 5550:Oltean 2007 5538:Oltean 2007 5432:Birley 2000 5420:Birley 2000 5408:Birley 2000 5363:Birley 2000 5339:Birley 2000 5327:McLynn 2011 5315:Birley 2000 5303:McLynn 2011 5291:Birley 2000 5240:Birley 2000 5225:Birley 2000 5210:Birley 2000 5198:Birley 2000 5163:Birley 2000 5146:Birley 2000 5127:Nemeth 2005 5040:Chapot 1997 5028:Potter 1998 5016:McLynn 2011 5004:Birley 2000 4977:Birley 2000 4904:Bunson 2002 4834:Oltean 2007 4803:Oltean 2007 4782:Mócsy 1974b 4606:Wilkes 2000 4594:Parker 2010 4506:Oltean 2007 4339:Gibbon 1816 4232:Oltean 2007 4166:Oltean 2007 4149:Pârvan 1928 4137:Bunson 2002 4113:Oltean 2007 4089:Oltean 2007 4038:Oltean 2007 3774:in 378 AD. 3750:in 447 AD. 3615:vexillation 3539:Eutropius: 3328:Gordian III 2736:Mureș River 2610:urban satus 2604:Roman villa 2586:Settlements 2508:vexillation 2471:Roman walls 2433:as the new 2238:settlements 2184:Daco-Romans 2126:Gaiobomarus 2117:Cassius Dio 1905:was also a 1775:Tres Daciae 1738:procurators 1633:across the 1444:Cluj-Napoca 1352:Roman roads 1348:Roman baths 1237:proclaimed: 849:Dacian Wars 823:Daco-Romans 789:(253–268). 719:Tres Daciae 627:Dacia Felix 577:Roman Dacia 528:Archaeology 466:Roman Dacia 442:Other kings 187:Preceded by 100:106–271/275 42:Roman Dacia 12847:Categories 12820:26°30′00″E 12817:45°42′00″N 12750:Philosophy 12735:Literature 12618:Minorities 12603:Healthcare 12516:(currency) 12492:automotive 12406:Parliament 12367:Government 12321:Topography 12234:Since 1989 12229:Revolution 11823:(Classical 11768:San Marino 11730:Montenegro 11705:Luxembourg 11668:(Classical 11617:(Classical 11495:Azerbaijan 11409:Diocletian 11221:Cappadocia 11064:Thracology 11005:Daco-Roman 10841:Second War 10653:Fortresses 10590:Pleistoros 10580:Gebeleizis 10311:Rubobostes 10120:Albocenses 9556:Die Awaren 9130:. Mirton. 8527:E.J. Brill 8105:(c. 109). 8087:(c. 320). 8085:Lactantius 8073:(c. 362). 8055:(c. 379). 8023:(c. 364). 8005:(c. 220). 7987:(c. 361). 7969:(c. 395). 7905:Price 2000 7893:Price 2000 7612:Odahl 2004 7573:Odahl 2004 7403:Burns 1991 7122:Mócsy 1974 7086:Burns 1991 6990:Odahl 2004 6978:Burns 1991 6915:Mócsy 1974 6900:Mócsy 1974 6707:: 104344. 6136:Burns 1991 6097:Andea 2006 5691:Scott 2008 5619:Mócsy 1974 5607:Scott 2008 5252:Grant 1996 5103:Oliva 1962 5064:Grant 1996 4950:Grant 1996 4714:Opper 2008 4685:Opper 2008 4582:Ellis 1998 4521:Burns 2003 4205:Jones 1992 4193:Jones 1992 4181:Burns 2003 4101:Burns 2003 4077:Mócsy 1974 4015:References 3998:Barbaricum 3918:Hungarians 3905:linguistic 3859:Daco-Roman 3671:Bessarabia 3666:foederatus 3653:Carpodacae 3613:, while a 3602:Diocletian 3583:Diocletian 3581:See also: 3384:Diocletian 3380:(Galerius) 3304:Elagabalus 3280:See also: 3247:mausoleums 3163:domesticus 3106:See also: 3036:Pax Romana 3029:wax tablet 2930:municipium 2914:municipium 2910:The Danube 2873:municipium 2857:municipium 2835:, Romania) 2821:municipium 2816:Porolissum 2808:Porolissum 2786:municipium 2766:municipium 2744:municipium 2728:Alba Iulia 2623:latifundia 2596:municipium 2590:See also: 2570:milliariae 2495:See also: 2483:sestertius 2389:See also: 2344:Cappadocia 2178:See also: 2159:praetorium 2034:See also: 1907:procurator 1895:Langobardi 1887:procurator 1870:Alba Iulia 1807:Marcomanni 1795:procurator 1754:See also: 1718:Porolissum 1697:See also: 1686:municipium 1666:praetorian 1651:Singidunum 1564:See also: 1456:Alba Iulia 1370:games (or 1225:along the 1150:See also: 1139:See also: 1059:Singidunum 949:Octavianus 847:See also: 833:Background 759:Sarmatians 747:procurator 485:Porolissum 12648:Romanians 12613:Languages 12598:Education 12562:Transport 12542:Squatting 12416:President 12384:Judiciary 12357:Elections 12301:Mountains 12244:Geography 11859:Medieval) 11851:Medieval) 11715:Macedonia 11643:Medieval) 11635:Medieval) 11621:Medieval) 11598:Medieval) 11590:Medieval) 11552:Medieval) 11538:Medieval) 11471:Medieval) 11328:Macedonia 11216:Britannia 11054:Dacianism 10820:First War 10714:relations 10633:Kogaionon 10495:Belagines 10469:bracelets 10451:Artifacts 10362:Decebalus 10344:Comosicus 10332:Burebista 10254:Tyragetae 10219:Saldenses 10169:Costoboci 9993:Routledge 9869:Eutropius 9839:Routledge 9689:Routledge 9454:0037-6795 9323:1047-7594 9274:Routledge 9230:Routledge 9182:1220-0492 9098:Routledge 9080:0982-1783 8893:Routledge 8816:Routledge 8745:Routledge 8584:0043-8243 8504:0069-3715 8242:Routledge 8185:Routledge 8108:Epistulae 8039:cite book 8021:Eutropius 7967:Anonymous 7720:Pohl 2002 7242:Webb 1927 7230:Bird 1994 7139:, IX, 15. 6259:Bury 1893 5458:, LXXIII. 5444:Bury 1893 5186:Bury 1893 5115:Bury 1893 5076:Bury 1893 4989:Bury 1893 4861:Bury 1893 4741:Bury 1893 4729:Bury 1893 4673:Bury 1893 4329:, VIII.2. 4002:Nicomedia 3888:Toponymic 3787:campaigns 3779:Justinian 3705:(306–337) 3604:(284–305) 3531:Illyricum 3516:(270–275) 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