456:
923:
2905:
418:
2005:
2313:
3212:, there are two other theories on how the group was established. A second theory is based on an August 1947 report that Yeom gave to US General Albert Wedemeyer. It stated that the WSS was founded on August 2, 1942, and had over 67,300 members, including 26,000 in North Korea and Manchuria and 41,300 in South Korea. Jung expressed skepticism about the claims of the group's size, although he did not doubt that it had a presence in both North Korea and Manchuria by 1947. A third theory is based on the June 29, 1949, Cilley report, in which an American intelligence agent who interviewed Yeom claims that the core of the group was founded in 1935.
2866:
3033:
2092:
by the fact that sporadic acts of violence against the Soviet occupation and the communists in northern Korea were staged by and other right-wing elements from southern Korea in spring 1946 and that the U.S. military intelligence and, later, the CIA sent agents into northern Korea as early as 1946... As for the
American intelligence and counter-intelligence activities in northern Korea, these seemed to have been mainly for purposes of gathering information and most likely did not give support to oppositional elements in northern Korea.
732:
443:
405:
1885:
1001:
1897:
469:
850:
79:
181:
38:
2967:. Other agents worked as firefighters, merchants, industrialists, and farmers. Yeom also recruited members of labor unions in the South. Cilley speculated that the group operated not only within the Korean peninsula but also in Manchuria, although he noted there was uncertainty in both the scope and size of the group.
2091:
An aspect of the popular resistance against the Soviet rule that made such resistance difficult was the fact that it received very little or almost no support—either financial or in terms of personnel—from nationalists in southern Korea or from the U.S. military government. This needs to be qualified
2912:
The
Northwest Youth League (NYL) is also considered to be closely tied to the WSS. The NYL was an anti-communist youth group founded via a merger of several smaller groups on November 30, 1946. Their members were mostly if not entirely from North Korea, and were infamously violent. They had a number
2080:(USFK) in training and sending spies to North Korea. About 20 men were dispatched each month. Ahn also noted that in early May 1946, WSS agents infiltrated the North to gather intelligence on Northern troop deployments. Of particular interest was learning what equipment had been sent by the Soviets.
959:
While it is now the general consensus that
Daedongdan was behind the assassination, until the 1990s, it was widely believed that left-wing forces were behind the attack, particularly due to the confusion over the uniform. However, consensus shifted after the publication of Lee Yeong-shin's 1994 book
2884:
organization that operated under the KPG's
Ministry of Internal Affairs. Their objective was to influence politics, usually through means of intelligence or violence, to the favor of both the KPG and even Sin personally. However, the two organizations were not explicitly linked; Sin reportedly even
2778:. The selection criteria were strict; all selectees were required to be able to fluently speak in the local dialect of the region they were being sent to. For each province, two native-born agents would be selected. According to Ahn, Park Hyeon-yeong served as the administrator for the training.
967:
In 2021, Jung theorized that the murder occurred primarily due to the factional conflicts in
Pyongyang security shortly after the war. Paek's older brother was the head of a police faction that was in conflict with the organization led by Hyŏn. Jung thus speculated that the motive was two-fold:
2725:
Cilley claimed the organization had a "Revolutionary Group" or "Special Attack Corps". The Corps' commandoes were divided into five groups, with each group containing four members. When an assassination order came through, commandoes would swear a blood oath to give their lives to the cause if
3010:) were sentenced to 1 year and 6 months in prison and 3 years of probation for an attempted robbery. They were released on November 30, 1946. They attempted another robbery on January 5, 1947, that was thwarted, although they managed to escape. On February 12, 1947, they extorted over 100,000
2201:
2797:
According to a written statement by Yeom, the WSS worked with the CIC since
January 1946. The declassified Cilley report confirmed that Cilley had known Yeom since approximately October 1947. The report also confirmed WSS agents were used for in CIC initiatives between 1947 and 1948.
2738:
According to Ahn Gi-seok, the group had a secret initiation ritual. The initiation would be held in a secret room inside the headquarters that had two locks on the door. The initiate would meet Yeom first, kneel, and raise their right hand. They'd then make the following pledge:
2842:
proposed that the WSS take up the espionage role instead. Yeom's main link to the CIC became Lee's superior officer Major
Whitaker, the head of the Seoul branch of the CIC, who promised to protect the WSS as long as it provided the U.S. information on the North.
908:). According to the scholar Ahn Gi-seok, Yeom recruited most of the other members, among whom were some middle school students. There is no evidence, including from later testimonies, that the group participated in any pro-Korean independence activities.
2233:
in August 1948, the role of the WSS and other private militant organizations began to decrease. While most agents had other jobs to return to, around 100 agents had no other place to go. A former WSS member who became an intelligence officer at the
709:. Some Koreans went into exile, especially in China, where they fought against the Japanese. The ideological gap between left and right-leaning Koreans intensified while they were abroad. Many of the right-leaning Koreans became associated with the
2016:, the WSS made a number of assassination attempts on North Korean politicians within a span of two weeks. According to interviews with former members of the WSS, these assassination attempts were done in collaboration with the CPTF and KPG.
3046:" Kim Du-han has been considered functionally a member of the group. During his lifetime, he denied being a member, and called himself an "advisor" at best. However, according to Lee Yeong-shin's 1994 book, Yeom considered Kim a "lackey" (
4807:[Assassination of Hyun Junhyuk and Assassination Attempt on Kim Ilsung: ‘The Frustrated Golden Days’ of Pyongnam Korean Committee for the Preparation of the Re-establishment of the State and the Origin of White Shirts Society],
3090:
Based on information currently available on the subject, the White Shirts
Society collaborated sporadically with U.S. forces in obtaining intelligence north of the 38th parallel. Due to lack of evidence, any cooperation beyond this is
2991:
Yeom also made a point of hiding the identity of members from each other. Ahn Gi-seok notes that, because of this, there is a theory that there were over 30,000 members of the WSS by 1948, but that the theory is impossible to verify.
2035:
on March 12. Choe and Kang would later become key allies for Kim Il Sung. However, the attacks made the WSS infamous and brought them to the attention of both the U.S. and USSR. According to a March 22, 1946, Soviet report about the
641:
in
November 1945. It was the successor to Daedongdan, which was also founded by Yeom in 1944. A number of prominent assassinations and assassination attempts have been attributed to the group, including an assassination attempt on
2125:, assassinated Lyuh Woon-hyung on July 19, 1947. According to most sources, the WSS was behind the murder. However, the scholar Ahn Gi-seok contradicted this narrative in 2005 by claiming Han was not a member of the WSS.
636:
Because the group operated in secret, much of the information on it is derived from interviews and limited documents, and is still subject to uncertainty and debate. According to most scholars, the group was founded by
769:
and not the
Japanese. Despite this disagreement, all sources agree that the torture caused Yeom to lose his eyesight. Eventually, Yeom was somehow able to secure his release and return to his hometown of Pyongyang.
665:. According to multiple interviews from former members of the group, the group trained and sent spies to the North to both gather military information for the U.S. and South Korea as well as stir local discontent.
4504:
1945:
The general consensus is that Yeom founded and became leader of the White Shirts Society (WSS) in either October or November 1945, with most sources citing the November founding date. The group was founded in
2212:. According to Cilley, Ahn had been an informant and then an agent of the CIC, and may have been ordered by Yeom to assassinate Kim. Cilley also alleged that the Yeom and Kim had been plotting a military
3328:
2959:
Members shared the WSS's desire to eliminate all communist and anti-government politicians. Most were right-leaning defectors that came from North Korea, and a majority of them were followers of Kim Ku.
2220:
before Kim's death. However, Ahn Gi-seok casts doubt on whether Yeom ordered Kim's killing, citing the fact that Yeom's feelings towards Kim were mixed and that many WSS members highly respected Kim Ku.
3000:
Members of the WSS were arrested for petty crime on several occasions. While they claimed their crimes were unrelated to the WSS, Jung speculated that they were intended to procure funds for the group.
739:
Yeom Dong-jin was among the Koreans who went into exile in China and aligned themselves with the KPG and KMT. In 1934, he enrolled in a joint KPG–KMT course for Korean independence fighters at the
945:
The assassins were never caught and fled to the South. Yeom was briefly arrested in suspicion of being connected to the murder, but was soon released. He then fled south along with other members.
2928:
765:
and tortured. Under duress from the torture, Yeom then agreed to become a spy on behalf of the Japanese. However, according to U.S. military intelligence, Yeom was captured and tortured by the
5287:
2235:
673:
2937:
2970:
They were sworn to secrecy in their activities, and constantly monitored to ensure they kept secrets and obeyed orders. Those accused of wrongdoing were examined via "comrade trials" (
2885:
offered Yeom a position in the group, which Yeom declined in order to avoid explicitly associating the WSS with the KPG. Lee Seong-ryeol, a WSS agent, said in an early 2000s interview:
4777:[Lyom Dongjin, Spy of Kwantung Army Kempeitai vs. Kim Hyuk, Independence Fighter: Cross Rancor of Alumni of Luoyang Military Academy and Origins of the White Shirts Society],
2774:
According to interviews with group members, the WSS and CIC collaborated on training and sending spies to the North. According to Ahn, the training was held at a WSS stronghold in
3284:
Korean scholars and Cilley are in widespread agreement that these assassinations were done by the WSS, although Cilley notes there is no concrete evidence linking the WSS to them.
4372:
874:
2982:): solitary confinement in a guarded cell within the headquarters for either ten days or a month. If found guilty of a greater crime, they would be subject to expulsion (
2171:. Yeom enlisted the help of Kim Ku, who in turn reached out to his long-time ally Chiang Kai-shek. However, this plan never came to pass due to Chiang's 1949 loss in the
5582:
5521:
3100:
RG 319, Entry 85A, Army Intelligence Document File, 1944–45 (ID File) no. 573339, Kim Koo: Background Information Concerning Assassination". The current events magazine
2873:
Many of the WSS leadership were either actively or previously associated with the KPG. The groups were particularly linked via the long-time friendship between Yeom and
619:
4494:
758:, Yeom worked in the statistical survey department for the National Revolutionary Army. The group performed espionage and information-gathering activities for the KMT.
2933:
1965:
occurred. Over a hundred anti-communist students eventually defected to the South in the aftermath, and many joined either the militant Central Political Task Force (
968:
firstly it was an opportunity to portray Hyŏn's group in a negative light, and secondly it was an opportunity for Yeom and the group to eliminate a communist leader.
5693:
3245:
According to Weisser, a recent article by Ki Kwang-seo found that, other than for Kim Il Sung’s assassination attempt, the dates are hard to pin down with certainty.
4147:
3939:
Lebedev, Vasilii (June 15, 2021), "War and peace in liberated North Korea: Soviet military administration and the creation of North Korean police force in 1945",
2831:, who wanted Sin to either disband his political organization or use it to spy on the North for the US. Furious, Sin stormed out of the room. However, Sin's aide
2128:
In 2021, Jung Byung Joon noted that Park Gyeong-gu, the WSS's Deputy Commander, had said in an undated interview that Lyuh was assassinated by order of the WSS.
1847:
1977:) in the KPG and/or the WSS. Jung speculated that part of this was because they gravitated towards other North Korean escapees and respected Yeom's reputation.
3189:
Conflicting reports of dates over several decades, including 2, 3, 4, 18, and September 28, but Jung claims it is 3, based on a photo of Hyŏn's tombstone. See
2880:
The two groups were particularly linked via a group founded by Sin on December 6, 1945, called the Central Political Task Force (CPTF). The CPTF was a covert
2271:
2040:
is under the direct leadership of Kim Ku. It includes Koreans who returned from China and members of some youth groups. Their goal is to kill members of the
1927:
1236:
4614:
3765:
754:, a secret militant fascist group within the KMT. According to the later testimonies of former White Shirts Society agents, after the 1937 outbreak of the
5292:
3162:
2084:
1787:
747:, one of the administrators of the course. After a scandal emerged in which Kim was accused of embezzling funds, Yeom became a prominent critic of Kim.
5592:
3018:, which Jung speculated was to fund the WSS's espionage operations. On February 27, while attempting another robbery, they were caught and arrested in
3596:
5648:
4793:
4763:
4726:
4692:
3202:
2460:
2131:
Yeom was first introduced to the men who would assassinate Lyuh via an advisor of the group, Kim Yeong-cheol. The assassins, including Shin Dong-un (
2060:
at the Koryo Hotel. But Cho reportedly refused to escape, and said "If I go south, who will our comrades in the North have to rely on for survival?"
455:
4804:
4774:
4737:
2256:, sent an envoy to Yeom and requested they work together to acquire information on the North. As a result of this interaction, on June 1, 1949, the
4868:
4232:
3222:
2801:
According to Ahn, Yeom was first connected to the CIC via Sin Ik-hui, with whom he had been close during their exile in China. Sin invited Yeom to
2013:
942:. For the assassination, Paek was wearing the uniform of a left-wing militant group run by Hyŏn. Paek ran up to Hyŏn, shot him, and slipped away.
2847:
2087:
believed it was unlikely that the U.S. supported the WSS's terrorist attacks on North Korea which occurred within the same timeframe. Lee wrote:
710:
423:
2746:
One, for the sake of the establishment of an independent government in the fatherland, I will risk my life to complete any mission given to me.
3533:
3314:『나는 백의사 단원으로 입단하면서 다음과 같이 서약한다. 하나, 나는 조국의 자주적인 정부수립을 위해 목숨을 걸고 맡은 바 임무를 완수한다. 하나, 나는 목숨을 걸고 백의사의 명령에 복종한다. 하나, 나는 어떠한 경우에도 조국과 백의사를 배반하지 않는다.』
2817:
2641:
1782:
892:
624:
2963:
Members came from many employment backgrounds. Yeom made a significant effort to have members become police officers or join the South Korean
5282:
4421:
2832:
2115:
860:
In Pyongyang in August 1944, Yeom founded the anti-communist group Daedongdan, which was the direct predecessor to the White Shirts Society.
5678:
5673:
2802:
2240:
678:
658:
5546:
3327:, the house was used as the headquarters of the Intelligence Detachment of the South Korean Armed Forces as a secret training ground for
2943:
2286:
1271:
5628:
5307:
2964:
2592:
5658:
5407:
5277:
4362:
3915:
1920:
1498:
5688:
4255:
3551:
A Walk Through Modern Korean History, 1940s Vol. 1: From the 15 August Liberation until the Eve of the Korean War (Revised Edition)
3455:
A Walk Through Modern Korean History, 1940s Vol. 1: From the 15 August Liberation until the Eve of the Korean War (Revised Edition)
348:
143:
3506:
115:
2096:
These cross-border espionage activities stopped due to financial difficulties, training issues, and tightened security at the
5567:
5536:
5526:
4717:
4676:
4655:
4294:
3558:
3521:
Criticism of the Sanctification of Legitimacy Theory of the Provisional Government of Korea and the Rise of 'ROK Nationalism'
3462:
687:, the South Korean military's intelligence unit. Yeom disappeared and was likely killed in the early days of the Korean War.
96:
51:
4300:
4062:
3564:
3468:
2360:
For leadership, it is widely agreed that Yeom served as the commander-in-chief. According to several sources, Park Jin-goo (
122:
5297:
4861:
4603:[When Angry, the Left is Scarier Than the Right... Youth Groups Led the Anti-communist Struggle After Liberation],
4472:
3656:
1996:
via three armed trucks. A politician from Jeonju also claimed on February 8 that the WSS was a right-wing terrorist group.
1913:
1543:
980:
460:
376:
3989:
5698:
1852:
5683:
4925:
4137:
1862:
1538:
129:
5653:
5633:
4920:
4838:
3067:
1619:
1115:
253:
235:
162:
65:
213:
4554:
3011:
1645:
1640:
1624:
1570:
1558:
1183:
930:
On September 3, 1945, the general consensus is that Daedongdan members Paek, Seonu, and Park Jin-yang assassinated
3417:
2267:. Yeom did not evacuate the city and disappeared, with most scholars speculating that he was captured and killed.
761:
The general consensus among Korean scholars is that Yeom was then captured by the military police of the Japanese
5397:
4854:
4600:
4244:"The Internalization of the Cold War in Korea: Entangling the Domestic Politics with the Global Cold War in 1946"
3751:
3294:
2904:
2478:
2290:
1832:
1777:
1044:
922:
111:
5531:
4116:
3980:
3152:
Lebedev gives the founding year as 1943, but the majority of Korean-language sources give a 1944 starting date.
1357:
820:
589:
525:
100:
4885:
743:
Military Academy, and trained as a guerrilla. It is during this period when Yeom came into close contact with
735:
Yeom Dong-jin, upon his 1935 graduation from the Military Academy. One of two known photos of him, as of 2021.
5668:
5663:
5623:
5505:
4930:
2512:
2320:
The group's name was inspired by the names of other fascist organizations, but especially by the name of the
2100:. However, the CIC continued to collaborate with the WSS on other activities until the latter's dissolution.
2068:
According to a written statement by Yeom, from January to September 1946, the WSS collaborated with the U.S.
2004:
654:
in 1949. But there is disagreement on whether the group was responsible for many of its attributed attacks.
5572:
5541:
4893:
3586:
3333:
2168:
1809:
696:
320:
2324:. The Blue Shirts were in turn inspired by other fascist groups with similar names, including the Italian
2020:
5643:
5638:
5495:
5302:
1634:
1629:
1528:
1078:
988:
964:
and the 2002 release of a 1986 audio recording of a Daedongdan member confessing to plotting the murder.
630:
5490:
5392:
2312:
2077:
2045:
1772:
1767:
1729:
1655:
1051:
1015:
954:
867:, which was then a hotbed for both left- and right-wing nationalist gatherings. The monk Park Go-bong (
209:
17:
2889:
In terms of organizational management, it would not be an exaggeration to say that the WSS = the CPTF.
5577:
4121:
3985:
3272:
2069:
1857:
1226:
1056:
706:
700:
662:
338:
217:
57:
3520:
2347:
2339:
5092:
2041:
2024:
1724:
1714:
1660:
1609:
1553:
1503:
1392:
1254:
1137:
1029:
935:
755:
205:
4411:
3367:
Cilley stated that he had known Yeom for around 20 months prior to writing the June 1949 document.
2865:
2147:
pistols for the mission. Afterwards, Yeom worked with a pro-Japanese police officer Roh Deok-sul (
136:
5349:
4988:
4905:
3032:
2976:). If found guilty of a lesser crime, the member would be subjected to a "cripple's punishment" (
2433:
2352:), which refers to everyday Korean people, as Korean commoners historically wore white clothing.
2307:
2230:
1869:
1523:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1175:
879:
766:
669:
201:
89:
3754:[The Korean and Chinese anti-communists who fought fiercely and disappeared like mist],
3323:
The house was an isolated mansion that used to be a villa for a wealthy Japanese man. After the
2758:
One, no matter the circumstance, I will never betray the fatherland or the White Shirts Society.
5474:
5333:
4877:
3324:
2899:
2685:
2097:
1980:
On February 19, 1946, the WSS appeared in a U.S. military intelligence report. The head of the
1695:
1599:
1061:
939:
611:
2316:
The White Shirts Society was named for the white clothes historically worn by Korean commoners
197:
5562:
5371:
5361:
3489:
3043:
2264:
2249:
1993:
1989:
1614:
1588:
1198:
1039:
834:
539:
3101:
1090:
5500:
4499:
3422:
2792:
2257:
1650:
1299:
750:
All sources agree that, after graduating from the Academy, Yeom became associated with the
684:
657:
In 2001, South Korean researchers discovered a declassified document published by the U.S.
3905:
2270:
After the war, the group's headquarters passed into the ownership of the Attorney General
8:
5587:
4142:
3268:
2321:
1889:
1564:
1533:
1518:
1266:
1073:
1034:
931:
751:
4243:
2908:
Northwest Youth League publicly demanding the withdrawal of Soviet troops (May 31, 1948)
5464:
4824:
4798:
4768:
4731:
4697:
4546:
4237:
3538:
3227:
3207:
3167:
2852:
2837:
2822:
2807:
2755:], I will obey the commands of the White Shirts Society even at the risk of death.
2646:
2120:
2109:
2073:
1901:
1792:
1508:
897:
381:
363:
358:
333:
4834:
4745:
4713:
4672:
4651:
4538:
4290:
3958:
3554:
3458:
2253:
2172:
2052:
In addition, Bae alleged that around this time, several WSS agents attempted to help
1342:
917:
4953:
4111:
3190:
2213:
5194:
4915:
3948:
2813:
1962:
1276:
1193:
1132:
864:
891:
Yeom and Park Go-bong led the group together. Early members of the group included
5703:
5168:
5158:
4703:
4666:
4645:
4610:
4468:
4416:
4284:
4052:
3910:
3761:
3652:
3544:
3448:
3072:
3019:
2775:
2333:
1746:
1690:
1678:
1548:
1513:
1337:
1304:
1066:
885:
647:
579:
4458:
3642:
3275:
was set only after the Korean War and based on the pre-War 38th parallel border.
2336:. The name is also a reference to the Korean expression "white-clothed people" (
1958:
house that the wealthy Oh Dong-jin purchased from a Japanese man for the group.
5439:
5230:
5225:
5209:
5173:
5153:
5117:
5082:
5026:
4968:
4958:
4740:[The Background of Assassination of Kim Koo and White-Shirts Society],
4605:
3975:
3756:
2655:
2179:
1955:
1427:
1110:
615:
328:
4465:
Full translation of "Kim Koo: Background Information Concerning Assassination"
3953:
3649:
Full translation of "Kim Koo: Background Information Concerning Assassination"
2289:
took ownership of the property. It later served as the exact site of the 1979
873:) suggested that a right-leaning group be created to counter the left-leaning
731:
5617:
5469:
5449:
5127:
5107:
5102:
5056:
5011:
4963:
4749:
4542:
4280:
4055:[In Times of Chaos, Does Consolidated Leadership Really Not Exist?],
3962:
3233:
2919:, a likely cadre in the WSS, led one of the groups that merged into the NYL.
2828:
2401:
2276:
2144:
2032:
1702:
1594:
1475:
1452:
1447:
1432:
1412:
1372:
1362:
1347:
1332:
1314:
1203:
762:
726:
638:
410:
297:
713:(KPG), the self-proclaimed government-in-exile that aligned itself with the
5240:
5199:
5112:
5066:
5061:
5036:
5031:
4993:
4978:
4898:
3052:) and issued him instructions and missions to forward the goals of the WSS.
2881:
2763:
2217:
2057:
1842:
1493:
1470:
1442:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1377:
1367:
1294:
1169:
1127:
1122:
1084:
603:
448:
5597:
5454:
5444:
5434:
5402:
5245:
5235:
5178:
5163:
5148:
5122:
5087:
5046:
5041:
5021:
5016:
4983:
4910:
4846:
2916:
2727:
2454:
2325:
2282:
2195:
2053:
1947:
1736:
1719:
1437:
1402:
1387:
1154:
1147:
853:
643:
474:
190:
4550:
4526:
3022:. On June 1, 1947, they each received sentences to two years in prison.
2477:
Yu later became a representative for multiple terms in the South Korean
1000:
5602:
5312:
5250:
5204:
5097:
5051:
4973:
3039:
3015:
2874:
2436:, worked officially as Deputy Commander of the National Defense Corps.
2329:
1741:
1422:
1352:
1309:
1231:
1159:
849:
714:
607:
5288:
International Coalition to Stop Crimes Against Humanity in North Korea
4363:"How right-wing terrorists nearly killed North Korea's future leaders"
3908:[The Legendary White Terrorists Who Gave Kim Il Sung Chills],
3505:백의사도 자신의 정당성을 '정의'에서 찾았다. 백의사의 강령은 '조국의 자주적인 정부수립'을 명시하고, 암살자들은 민주한국과
2167:), in which they would build a right-wing guerrilla army north of the
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530:
2191:
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2008:
Kim Il Sung (second from left) in 1945, with Soviet military officers
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As an initiate of the White Shirts Society, I pledge the following.
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From Stalin to Kim Il Sung: The Formation of North Korea, 1945-1960
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was established. The remaining WSS agents ended up working there.
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Shortly after the WSS's establishment, on November 23, 1945, the
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of high-profile clashes with both the left-wing and the police.
2019:
All of the WSS's assination attempts in early 1946 failed. They
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1985:
1981:
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in August 1948. Many of its members went on to join either the
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4495:"Assassin of Kim Gu Had Links Both to U.S. and to Terror Unit"
3358:. He had been a member of Daedongdan before he joined the WSS.
2369:
In 2021, Jung Byung Joon described the leadership as follows:
1999:
2161:
Between 1946 and 1948, the WSS created the "Manchuria Plan" (
1951:
804:
509:
5583:
List of fact-finding reports on human rights in North Korea
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Deportation of North Koreans by the South Korean government
4647:
The Partition of Korea After World War II: A Global History
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The WSS has also been linked to the right-wing labor union
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The Korean Provisional Government upon its founding in 1919
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According to Ahn and Jung, after the establishment of the
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Not to be confused with the 1919 group of the same name,
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3232:. Also called "Department of Political Intelligence" by
2942:(GKILL). GKILL was founded in response to the left-wing
2922:
2781:
4744:(in Korean), vol. 128, 한국사연구회 , pp. 257–296,
4601:""화나면 좌익보다 더 무서운 것이 우익 …, 해방 후 반공투쟁 앞장선 것도 우익청년단체들이었다""
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The initiate would then make a cut on their finger and
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police department claimed the WSS was headquartered in
4781:(in Korean), vol. 135, 역사문제연구소 , pp. 289–331
4568:
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Yongmyongsa was later destroyed during the Korean War.
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Born in Pyongyang. One of the Daedongdan assassins of
4527:""Fascism" in China: The Blue Shirts Society 1932-37"
2012:
Shortly after the establishment of the Soviet-backed
668:
Its activities slowed after the establishment of the
4091:
2719:. Second son of a post office manager in Pyongyang.
593:
5293:
Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights
4361:Weiser, Martin (June 1, 2022), Betts, Bryan (ed.),
4127:
3546:한국 현대사 산책 1940년대편 1 : 8·15 해방에서 6·25 전야까지(개정판)
3450:한국 현대사 산책 1940년대편 1 : 8·15 해방에서 6·25 전야까지(개정판)
3004:
On May 2, 1946, Seonu Bong and member Kim Yung-gi (
2511:) had been a member of the KPG's militant wing the
2103:
863:The group was first conceptualized at the Buddhist
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4668:Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey: A Short History
4386:
3418:"남의사(藍衣社)와 백의사(白衣社): 치열하게 살다 안개처럼 사라져간 韓·中의 反共투사들"
2846:The group was also connected to another CIC agent
2827:. Lee conveyed a request to Sin from U.S. General
911:
4775:"관동군 밀정 염동진과 독립투사 김혁―낙양군관학교 동기생의 엇갈린 운명과 백의사의 기원"
2178:Most sources also believe the group assassinated
5615:
3104:has a Korean translation of the document online.
2860:
2548:. Ahn was officially the head of a labor union (
2263:On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began with the
705:From 1910 to the end of World War II, Korea was
3934:
3932:
2496:) was previously Director of Special Dispatch (
2245:recruited many WSS members for his department.
424:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
193:of the claims made in this article is disputed.
5593:North–South differences in the Korean language
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4275:
4273:
3267:The border around the time of the WSS was the
2730:was a member of the first group of the Corps.
5283:Database Center for North Korean Human Rights
4862:
4792:
4341:
4320:
4035:
3036:Kim Du-han, the "political gangster", in 1955
2014:Provisional People's Committee of North Korea
1921:
955:Hyon Chun-hyok § Historiography of death
602:terrorist organization that operated between
5694:South Korea–United States military relations
4831:Secret Society White Shirts Society (Part 2)
4405:
4403:
4401:
4289:, Rutgers University Press, pp. 24–25,
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3293:Organization was later involved in the 1951
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2132:
1972:
1966:
903:
868:
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659:National Archives and Records Administration
583:
515:
499:
5547:Visa requirements for North Korean citizens
4811:(in Korean), no. 136, pp. 342–388
4805:"현준혁 암살과 김일성 암살시도―평남 건준의 좌절된 '해방황금시대'와 백의사"
4347:
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3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3587:"Meet the man who saved Kim Il Sung's life"
2944:General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea
2208:On June 26, 1949, Ahn Doo-hee assassinated
2063:
2000:1946 assassination attempts and Cho Man-sik
1783:Korean Federation of Teachers' Associations
1272:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5308:People for Successful Corean Reunification
4876:
4869:
4855:
3329:operatives that would infiltrate the North
2224:
2185:
1928:
1914:
216:. Relevant discussion may be found on the
27:1945–c.1950 Korean fascist terrorist group
5278:Committee for Human Rights in North Korea
4398:
3952:
3392:『조직 운영에 있어서는 ‘백의사=중앙정치공작대’라고 해도 과언이 아니었다』
2893:
2291:assassination of President Park Chung Hee
254:Learn how and when to remove this message
236:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
5649:Organizations for North Korean defectors
4664:
4592:
4041:
3844:
3785:
3694:
3688:
3676:
3585:Young, Benjamin R. (December 12, 2013),
3553:] (in Korean), 인물과사상사, p. 326,
3457:] (in Korean), 인물과사상사, p. 326,
3031:
3025:
2903:
2864:
2311:
2252:, the chief of intelligence for General
2199:
2003:
1848:Controversy over National Foundation Day
962:Secret Organization White Shirts Society
949:Identity of attackers and historiography
921:
848:
730:
349:Korean Provisional Government Legitimism
4665:Robinson, Michael E. (April 30, 2007),
4248:International Journal of Korean History
3938:
14:
5616:
5408:North Korean People's Liberation Front
4524:
4457:Cilley, George E. (January 11, 2005),
4456:
4360:
4279:
3941:International Journal of Asian Studies
3641:Cilley, George E. (January 11, 2005),
3640:
3599:from the original on December 13, 2013
3567:from the original on December 15, 2023
3471:from the original on December 15, 2023
5568:Balloon propaganda campaigns in Korea
5537:North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004
4850:
4710:Biography of Mongyang Lyuh Woon-hyung
4424:from the original on January 24, 2024
4303:from the original on January 24, 2024
4150:from the original on December 3, 2021
3584:
2929:Great Korean Independent Labor League
2923:Great Korean Independent Labor League
2782:Relationship with other organizations
2726:needed. He claimed Kim Ku's assassin
5298:North Korea Intellectuals Solidarity
4762:
4725:
4691:
4586:
4493:Jung, Chang-hyun (January 5, 2003),
4492:
4409:
4231:
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4200:
4085:
4016:
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3821:
3802:
3628:
3616:
3532:
3446:
3412:
3410:
2021:attempted to assassinate Kim Il Sung
377:Assassination attempt on Kim Il Sung
174:
101:adding citations to reliable sources
72:
31:
5679:1940s establishments in North Korea
5674:1940s establishments in South Korea
4822:
4644:Lee, Jongsoo James (May 13, 2006).
4643:
4598:
4574:
4392:
4050:
3903:
3749:
3447:Kang, Jun-man (November 13, 2006),
3305:Hangul for birth name not provided.
2236:Republic of Korea Army Headquarters
2156:
24:
4617:from the original on June 12, 2023
4258:from the original on July 28, 2023
4051:Lee, Gye-hong (October 19, 2019),
3523:(in Korean). Retrieved 2024-08-07.
3490:"폭력, 어떻게 볼 것인가 - 1.폭력의 기원과 한국근대정치"
3256:『내가 월남하면 북조선 동포들은 누굴 의지해서 산단 말인가?』
2793:Yeom Dong-jin § Cilley report
2287:Korean Central Intelligence Agency
614:to South Korea. It was militantly
610:. It was mostly composed of young
25:
5715:
5629:Far-right politics in South Korea
5527:North Korea–South Korea relations
4557:from the original on May 21, 2023
4507:from the original on May 22, 2023
4475:from the original on June 3, 2023
4065:from the original on June 9, 2023
3992:from the original on May 22, 2023
3918:from the original on May 31, 2023
3904:Ahn, Gi-seok (January 11, 2005),
3768:from the original on May 15, 2023
3659:from the original on June 3, 2023
3407:
3068:Korean National Youth Association
2769:
461:People's Committee of North Korea
47:This article has multiple issues.
5659:Korean nationalist organizations
4823:Lee, Yeong-shin (June 1, 1993),
4375:from the original on May 9, 2023
4140:[White Shirts Society],
4114:[White Shirts Society],
2954:
2114:An alleged member of the group,
2104:Assassination of Lyuh Woon-hyung
1940:
1895:
1883:
1625:New National Participation Party
999:
720:
661:that linked the WSS to the U.S.
620:opposed the trusteeship of Korea
467:
454:
441:
416:
403:
382:Assassination of Lyuh Woon-hyung
179:
77:
36:
5689:United States military scandals
5398:Fighters for a Free North Korea
4518:
4486:
4410:Park, Robert (March 18, 2019),
4225:
3968:
3750:Bae, Jin-yeong (October 2016),
3509:의 부활을 방해하는 자들을 제거했다는 정당성을 내세웠다.
3384:
3370:
3361:
3341:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3295:National Defense Corps incident
3287:
3278:
3273:Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
3261:
3248:
3239:
3221:Translation of group name from
3215:
3195:
3183:
3174:
3155:
3146:
3113:Testimonies from Paek Kwan-ok (
3107:
3094:
934:, the head of committee of the
912:Assassination of Hyŏn Chun-hyŏk
711:Provisional Government of Korea
88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
4671:, University of Hawaii Press,
4117:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
3981:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
3752:"치열하게 살다 안개처럼 사라져간 韓·中의 反共투사들"
3578:
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3348:
3255:
3139:
3133:
3127:
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2163:
2149:
2139:
2133:
1973:
1967:
904:
869:
811:
795:
674:South Korean Army Headquarters
584:
516:
500:
13:
1:
5506:Reconnaissance General Bureau
4637:
4599:Bae, Jin-yeong (April 2017),
3400:
3381:; English spelling uncertain.
2861:Korean Provisional Government
2733:
2522:Director of the Organization
2513:Korean Patriotic Organization
2231:First Republic of South Korea
1988:, and had a presence in both
773:
690:
5542:South Korean nationality law
4685:
4589:, pp. 290–293, 367–369.
2965:Ministry of National Defense
2693:Director of General Affairs
2593:Ministry of National Defense
2366:) was the Deputy Commander.
2355:
2216:against incumbent President
2143:), were given American-made
2110:Lyuh Woon-hyung § Death
1810:North-West Youth Association
697:Korean independence movement
650:in 1947, and the killing of
7:
5532:North Korean Defectors' Day
5496:Human rights in North Korea
5303:North Korea Strategy Center
3906:"金日成 간담 서늘케 한 전설적 백색 테러리스트"
3137:), and Seon-woo Gil-yeong (
3056:
2812:and introduced Yeom to the
1635:Our Republican Party (2020)
1630:Our Republican Party (2017)
1499:Democratic Republican Party
918:Hyon Chun-hyok § Death
840:
826:
631:Soviet Civil Administration
594:
545:
531:
10:
5720:
5699:Allied occupation of Korea
5491:Hamhung concentration camp
5393:Donkey Squads (Korean War)
4632:
4281:Lankov, Andrei Nikolaevich
3978:[Yeom Eung-taek],
2949:
2897:
2790:
2764:sign a contract with blood
2305:
2248:In February 1949, General
2189:
2107:
2078:United States Forces Korea
2048:, and the leaders of the .
1773:Christian Council of Korea
1768:Center for Free Enterprise
1656:Unification National Party
971:
952:
915:
875:Korean Independence League
724:
694:
5684:State-sponsored terrorism
5578:Korean Demilitarized Zone
5555:
5514:
5483:
5425:
5385:
5342:
5321:
5270:
5263:
5218:
5187:
5136:
5075:
5002:
4946:
4939:
4884:
4412:"Unsettled assassination"
4122:Academy of Korean Studies
4053:"혼돈의 시기, 통합적 리더십은 정말 없는가"
3986:Academy of Korean Studies
3954:10.1017/S1479591421000127
2787:Counterintelligence Corps
2559:Director of Intelligence
2098:North–South Korean border
2070:Counterintelligence Corps
1954:, and headquartered in a
1858:Liberalism in South Korea
1227:Four Major Rivers Project
833:
819:
803:
787:
780:
701:Korea under Japanese rule
663:Counterintelligence Corps
556:
552:
538:
524:
508:
492:
487:
483:
433:
395:
369:
357:
319:
311:
303:
293:
273:
268:
5654:Anti-communist terrorism
5634:Terrorism in South Korea
5573:China–North Korea border
4833:] (in Korean), 알림문,
4061:(in Korean), 프레시안협동조합 ,
3078:
2585:. Later a Bureau Chief (
2169:China–North Korea border
2153:) to cover up the case.
2064:Espionage in North Korea
2042:Communist Party of Korea
1725:Maeil Business Newspaper
1715:The Korea Economic Daily
1661:United Liberal Democrats
1610:Korea Independence Party
1514:Democratic Liberal Party
1504:Democratic Justice Party
1138:Economic interventionism
979:This article is part of
936:Communist Party of Korea
756:Second Sino-Japanese War
646:in 1946, the killing of
5350:Ministry of Unification
4712:] (in Korean), 한울,
2434:South Hamgyong Province
2308:White clothing in Korea
2301:
2225:Decline and dissolution
2186:Assassination of Kim Ku
2137:) and Kim Heung-seong (
2046:People's Party of Korea
2027:on March 5 or March 7,
1890:Conservatism portal
1870:Politics of South Korea
1524:Korea Nationalist Party
884:, which was created by
767:Chinese Communist Party
670:First Republic of Korea
387:Assassination of Kim Ku
359:Political position
334:Korean ultranationalism
5334:Liberty in North Korea
4878:North Korean defectors
4525:Elkins, W. F. (1969),
3325:Second Battle of Seoul
3037:
3014:from a businessman in
2909:
2900:Northwest Youth League
2894:Northwest Youth League
2891:
2870:
2760:
2686:North Pyongan Province
2591:) in the South Korean
2317:
2205:
2094:
2050:
2009:
1902:South Korea portal
1833:Anti-Chinese sentiment
1600:Korea Democratic Party
1544:New Conservative Party
940:South Pyongan Province
927:
857:
736:
612:North Korean defectors
112:"White Shirts Society"
5563:Anti-Korean sentiment
5484:North Korean response
5372:Heavenly Dream School
5362:Hangyeore High School
4531:Science & Society
3543:(November 13, 2006),
3035:
3026:Other notable members
2907:
2887:
2868:
2741:
2664:Director of Training
2474:All were former KPG.
2315:
2265:First Battle of Seoul
2203:
2182:on December 2, 1947.
2089:
2074:military intelligence
2038:
2007:
1994:South Jeolla Province
1990:North Jeolla Province
1853:National Security Act
1615:Korean National Party
1589:Dawn of Liberty Party
1554:People's Future Party
1237:Mutual Defense Treaty
925:
852:
734:
280:White Clothes Society
5669:1940s in South Korea
5664:1940s in North Korea
5624:White Shirts Society
5413:White Shirts Society
4500:Korea JoongAng Daily
4460:'김구 암살 관련 배경정보' 전문번역
3644:'김구 암살 관련 배경정보' 전문번역
2258:Korea Liaison Office
1815:White Shirts Society
1539:National Association
1519:Grand National Party
1488:Parties (mainstream)
1116:Anti-North sentiment
821:Revised Romanization
685:Korea Liaison Office
629:, especially by the
576:White Shirts Society
526:Revised Romanization
269:White Shirts Society
204:its references and
198:improve this article
97:improve this article
5588:North Korean famine
5137:Authors and artists
4911:Former Soviet Union
4577:, pp. 103–107.
4467:] (in Korean),
4344:, pp. 369–373.
4323:, pp. 367–369.
4222:, pp. 267–270.
4203:, pp. 290–293.
4143:Doosan Encyclopedia
4088:, pp. 360–366.
4038:, pp. 344–349.
4019:, pp. 257–259.
3841:, pp. 486–488.
3824:, pp. 270–274.
3805:, pp. 293–301.
3651:] (in Korean),
3631:, pp. 259–263.
3619:, pp. 289–290.
3269:38th parallel north
3191:Hyon Chun-hyok#Date
2600:Executive Director
2391:Commander-in-chief
2377:Position (English)
2373:
2322:Blue Shirts Society
2192:Kim Ku § Death
1759:Other organizations
1571:United Future Party
1534:Liberty Korea Party
1267:October Restoration
752:Blue Shirts Society
707:under Japanese rule
283:White Shirt Society
214:support the article
5644:Ethnic nationalism
5639:Clandestine groups
5465:Norbert Vollertsen
5428:(Non-North Korean)
4947:Former politicians
4342:Jung (August) 2021
4321:Jung (August) 2021
4036:Jung (August) 2021
3044:political gangster
3038:
2910:
2871:
2626:, birth name 韓哲民.
2380:Position (Korean)
2372:
2334:Spanish Blueshirts
2318:
2250:Charles Willoughby
2206:
2023:on March 1, 1946,
2010:
1793:Unification Church
1641:People First Party
1559:People Power Party
1509:Future Korea Party
928:
858:
737:
5611:
5610:
5421:
5420:
5259:
5258:
4738:"백범 김구암살 배경과 백의사"
4719:978-89-460-2229-4
4678:978-0-8248-3174-5
4657:978-1-4039-8301-5
4296:978-0-8135-3117-5
3788:, pp. 52–55.
3691:, pp. 52–53.
3679:, pp. 32–35.
3560:978-89-5906-044-3
3464:978-89-5906-044-3
2723:
2722:
2479:National Assembly
2410:Deputy Commander
2254:Douglas MacArthur
2173:Chinese Civil War
2085:James Jongsoo Lee
1938:
1937:
1343:Choung Byoung-gug
847:
846:
835:McCune–Reischauer
572:
571:
540:McCune–Reischauer
264:
263:
256:
246:
245:
238:
208:any that are not
173:
172:
165:
147:
70:
16:(Redirected from
5711:
5556:Related articles
5343:Resettlement aid
5268:
5267:
5195:Choi Kwang-hyouk
4944:
4943:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4802:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4772:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4735:
4722:
4701:
4681:
4661:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4454:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4407:
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4384:
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4380:
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4159:
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4134:
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4089:
4083:
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4073:
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4070:
4048:
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4033:
4020:
4014:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3972:
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3956:
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3927:
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3806:
3800:
3789:
3783:
3777:
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3775:
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3747:
3692:
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3680:
3674:
3668:
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3582:
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3512:
3511:
3502:
3500:
3486:
3480:
3479:
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3476:
3444:
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3437:
3432:
3430:
3414:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3382:
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3374:
3368:
3365:
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3356:
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3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3143:), among others.
3142:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3119:), Paek Kŭn-ok (
3118:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3051:
3050:
3042:– The infamous "
3009:
3008:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2941:
2856:
2841:
2826:
2811:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2631:Chief Secretary
2625:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2468:
2463:
2448:
2447:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2398:
2397:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2280:
2244:
2166:
2165:
2157:Other activities
2152:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2031:on March 9, and
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1963:Sinuiju Incident
1930:
1923:
1916:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1277:Taegukgi rallies
1194:Moral absolutism
1133:Communitarianism
1003:
993:
976:
975:
907:
906:
902:and Seonu Bong (
901:
888:in August 1944.
883:
872:
871:
865:Yongmyong Temple
843:
829:
814:
813:
798:
797:
778:
777:
682:
628:
597:
587:
586:
560:Preceded by
548:
534:
519:
518:
503:
502:
473:
471:
470:
459:
458:
447:
445:
444:
422:
420:
419:
409:
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406:
266:
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259:
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234:
230:
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183:
175:
168:
161:
157:
154:
148:
146:
105:
81:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5551:
5510:
5479:
5427:
5417:
5381:
5338:
5317:
5255:
5214:
5183:
5169:Masaji Ishikawa
5159:Kim Cheol-woong
5132:
5071:
5004:
4998:
4935:
4880:
4875:
4841:
4814:
4812:
4803:(August 2021),
4796:
4794:Jung Byung Joon
4784:
4782:
4766:
4764:Jung Byung Joon
4754:
4752:
4729:
4727:Jung Byung Joon
4720:
4695:
4693:Jung Byung Joon
4688:
4679:
4658:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4620:
4618:
4611:The Chosun Ilbo
4597:
4593:
4585:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4560:
4558:
4523:
4519:
4510:
4508:
4491:
4487:
4478:
4476:
4455:
4436:
4427:
4425:
4417:The Korea Times
4408:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4378:
4376:
4359:
4348:
4340:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4306:
4304:
4297:
4278:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4207:
4199:
4162:
4153:
4151:
4136:
4135:
4128:
4110:
4109:
4092:
4084:
4077:
4068:
4066:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4023:
4015:
4004:
3995:
3993:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3937:
3930:
3921:
3919:
3911:The Dong-a Ilbo
3902:
3845:
3837:
3828:
3820:
3809:
3801:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3771:
3769:
3762:The Chosun Ilbo
3748:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3600:
3583:
3579:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3465:
3445:
3441:
3428:
3426:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3346:
3342:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3266:
3262:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3205:
3203:Jung Byung Joon
3200:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3131:), Jo Jae-guk (
3125:), Choe Ui-ho (
3112:
3108:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3073:Korean conflict
3059:
3028:
3020:Jongno District
2998:
2957:
2952:
2931:
2925:
2902:
2896:
2863:
2850:
2835:
2820:
2814:Korean-American
2805:
2795:
2789:
2784:
2776:Jeongneung-dong
2772:
2736:
2704:Jeong Byeong-mo
2703:
2674:
2654:
2644:
2610:
2569:
2533:Ahn Byeong-seok
2532:
2471:
2467:Kim Yeong-cheol
2466:
2461:Baek Chang-seop
2459:
2416:
2358:
2328:, the Romanian
2310:
2304:
2299:
2274:
2238:
2227:
2198:
2188:
2159:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2066:
2002:
1943:
1934:
1896:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1747:Ilbe Storehouse
1674:
1666:
1665:
1584:
1583:Parties (minor)
1576:
1575:
1549:New Korea Party
1489:
1481:
1480:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1338:Chung Mong-joon
1328:
1320:
1319:
1305:Park Heong-joon
1290:
1282:
1281:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1199:Pro-Americanism
1106:
1098:
1097:
1067:Christian right
1011:
991:
989:
974:
957:
951:
920:
914:
895:
886:Lyuh Woon-hyung
877:
815:
799:
776:
729:
723:
703:
693:
676:
648:Lyuh Woon-hyung
622:
598:) was a secret
568:
567:
562:
520:
504:
479:
468:
466:
453:
442:
440:
429:
417:
415:
404:
402:
391:
370:Notable attacks
353:
294:Founding leader
289:
260:
249:
248:
247:
242:
231:
225:
222:
195:
184:
169:
158:
152:
149:
106:
104:
94:
82:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5717:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5501:Kin punishment
5498:
5493:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5440:Choe Deok-geun
5437:
5431:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5231:Jang Yeong-jin
5228:
5226:Cho Myung-chul
5222:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5210:Yun Myung-chan
5207:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5174:Seong Hye-rang
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5154:Kang Chun-hyok
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5118:Shin Dong-hyuk
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5083:Jeong Kwang-il
5079:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5027:Jin Gyeong-suk
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4969:Kang Chol-hwan
4966:
4961:
4959:Hwang Jang-yop
4956:
4954:Chŏng Sang-jin
4950:
4948:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4931:United Kingdom
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4874:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4820:
4790:
4760:
4723:
4718:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4662:
4656:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4606:Monthly Chosun
4591:
4579:
4567:
4537:(4): 426–433,
4517:
4485:
4434:
4397:
4395:, p. 138.
4385:
4346:
4325:
4313:
4295:
4269:
4233:Park Myung-lim
4224:
4205:
4160:
4126:
4090:
4075:
4040:
4021:
4002:
3967:
3947:(1): 121–122,
3928:
3843:
3826:
3807:
3790:
3778:
3757:Monthly Chosun
3693:
3681:
3669:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3577:
3559:
3525:
3513:
3481:
3463:
3439:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3383:
3369:
3360:
3340:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3286:
3277:
3271:; the current
3260:
3247:
3238:
3223:Park Myung-Lim
3214:
3194:
3182:
3173:
3154:
3145:
3106:
3093:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3027:
3024:
2997:
2994:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2924:
2921:
2895:
2892:
2862:
2859:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2771:
2770:Training spies
2768:
2735:
2732:
2721:
2720:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2656:Hyon Chun-hyok
2651:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2503:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2419:
2417:Park Gyeong-gu
2414:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2357:
2354:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2226:
2223:
2204:Kim Ku in 1949
2187:
2184:
2180:Chang Deok-soo
2158:
2155:
2105:
2102:
2072:(CIC) and the
2065:
2062:
2001:
1998:
1956:Gungjeong-dong
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:Related topics
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:National Youth
1617:
1612:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:Park Chung Hee
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1111:Anti-communism
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
992:in South Korea
985:
984:
973:
970:
953:Main article:
950:
947:
932:Hyŏn Chun-hyŏk
913:
910:
845:
844:
837:
831:
830:
823:
817:
816:
809:
807:
801:
800:
793:
791:
785:
784:
775:
772:
725:Main article:
722:
719:
692:
689:
633:in the North.
616:anti-communist
570:
569:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
542:
536:
535:
528:
522:
521:
514:
512:
506:
505:
498:
496:
490:
489:
485:
484:
481:
480:
478:
477:
464:
451:
437:
435:
431:
430:
428:
427:
413:
399:
397:
393:
392:
390:
389:
384:
379:
373:
371:
367:
366:
361:
355:
354:
352:
351:
346:
345:
344:
331:
329:Anti-communism
325:
323:
317:
316:
313:
309:
308:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
290:
288:
287:
284:
281:
277:
275:
271:
270:
262:
261:
244:
243:
187:
185:
178:
171:
170:
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5716:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:Kim Dong-shik
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5450:Hyeon Soo Lim
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:Organizations
5262:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5128:Yoo Sang-joon
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Park Sang-hak
5106:
5104:
5103:Lee Hyeon-seo
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5093:Kim Seong-min
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Oh Chong-song
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:An Myeong-jin
5010:
5009:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:Jang Jin-sung
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:United States
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4867:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4842:
4840:9788985278010
4836:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4680:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4616:
4612:
4609:(in Korean),
4608:
4607:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4571:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4489:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4394:
4389:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4322:
4317:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4149:
4146:(in Korean),
4145:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4123:
4120:(in Korean),
4119:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4045:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3984:(in Korean),
3983:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3933:
3917:
3914:(in Korean),
3913:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3787:
3786:Robinson 2007
3782:
3767:
3763:
3760:(in Korean),
3759:
3758:
3753:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3690:
3689:Robinson 2007
3685:
3678:
3677:Robinson 2007
3673:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3613:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3581:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3508:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3436:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3387:
3373:
3364:
3344:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3251:
3242:
3235:
3234:Andrei Lankov
3229:
3224:
3218:
3209:
3204:
3201:According to
3198:
3192:
3186:
3177:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3110:
3103:
3097:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2848:Jang Seok-yun
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2829:John R. Hodge
2824:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2779:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:One [
2747:
2744:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2614:
2611:Han Seung-gyu
2609:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2573:
2570:Kim Myeong-uk
2568:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2504:
2502:) in the KPG.
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:Yeom Dong-jin
2400:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2309:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2285:in 1961, the
2284:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2154:
2146:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2033:Kang Ryang-uk
2030:
2026:
2025:Choe Yong-gon
2022:
2017:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1941:Establishment
1931:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:JoongAng Ilbo
1701:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Saenuri Party
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Free Korea 21
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:Saenuri Party
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:Liberal Party
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1476:Park Sang-hak
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1453:Yoon Suk Yeol
1451:
1449:
1448:Suh Chung-won
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:Park Geun-hye
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Kim Young-sam
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Lee Myung-bak
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:Lee Hoi-chang
1361:
1359:
1358:Lee Beom-seok
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Hwang Kyo-ahn
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Chun Doo-hwan
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1315:Yoo Seong-min
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:Intellectuals
1286:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Protectionism
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1091:neo-Confucian
1089:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:Paternalistic
1050:
1046:
1045:State-aligned
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:Authoritarian
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
987:
986:
982:
978:
977:
969:
965:
963:
956:
946:
943:
941:
937:
933:
924:
919:
909:
899:
894:
889:
887:
881:
876:
866:
861:
855:
851:
842:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
792:
790:
786:
783:
779:
771:
768:
764:
763:Kwantung Army
759:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
733:
728:
727:Yeom Dong-jin
721:Yeom Dong-jin
718:
716:
712:
708:
702:
698:
688:
686:
680:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
640:
639:Yeom Dong-jin
634:
632:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
591:
581:
577:
565:
561:
555:
551:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
527:
523:
513:
511:
507:
497:
495:
491:
486:
482:
476:
465:
462:
457:
452:
450:
439:
438:
436:
432:
425:
414:
412:
411:United States
401:
400:
398:
394:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
372:
368:
365:
362:
360:
356:
350:
347:
343:
341:
337:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:November 1945
306:
302:
299:
298:Yeom Dong-jin
296:
292:
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274:Also known as
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191:verifiability
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114: –
113:
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108:Find sources:
102:
98:
92:
91:
86:This article
84:
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75:
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67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
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34:
33:
30:
19:
5412:
5241:Kyong Won-ha
5200:Li Gyong-hui
5113:Phillip Buck
5067:Zhu Xianjian
5062:Son Jong-nam
5037:Kim Hyon-hui
5032:Joo Seong-ha
5003:Former spies
4994:Thae Yong-ho
4989:Ryu Hyun-woo
4979:Pak Sung-won
4899:Abai Village
4886:Destinations
4830:
4825:
4813:, retrieved
4808:
4783:, retrieved
4778:
4773:(May 2021),
4753:, retrieved
4741:
4709:
4704:
4667:
4650:. Springer.
4646:
4619:, retrieved
4604:
4594:
4582:
4570:
4559:, retrieved
4534:
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4509:, retrieved
4498:
4488:
4477:, retrieved
4464:
4459:
4426:, retrieved
4415:
4388:
4377:, retrieved
4366:
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4305:, retrieved
4285:
4260:. Retrieved
4251:
4247:
4227:
4152:, retrieved
4141:
4115:
4067:, retrieved
4056:
3994:, retrieved
3979:
3970:
3944:
3940:
3920:, retrieved
3909:
3781:
3770:, retrieved
3755:
3684:
3672:
3661:, retrieved
3648:
3643:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3601:, retrieved
3590:
3580:
3569:, retrieved
3550:
3545:
3534:Kang Jun-man
3528:
3516:
3504:
3497:. Retrieved
3493:
3484:
3473:, retrieved
3454:
3449:
3442:
3435:극우 테러조직인 백의사
3434:
3427:. Retrieved
3421:
3386:
3372:
3363:
3343:
3319:
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3250:
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3086:
3003:
2999:
2990:
2969:
2962:
2958:
2926:
2915:
2911:
2888:
2882:paramilitary
2879:
2872:
2845:
2818:Lee Sun-yong
2800:
2796:
2773:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2724:
2642:Paek Kwan-ok
2368:
2359:
2319:
2281:. After the
2269:
2262:
2247:
2228:
2218:Syngman Rhee
2207:
2177:
2160:
2130:
2127:
2113:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2067:
2058:house arrest
2051:
2039:
2018:
2011:
1979:
1960:
1944:
1843:Chojoongdong
1814:
1798:
1797:
1762:
1646:People Party
1603:
1494:Bareun Party
1471:Ha Tae-keung
1443:Syngman Rhee
1418:Na Kyung-won
1408:Kim Moo-sung
1398:Kim Jong-pil
1378:Kim Chong-in
1368:Lee Jun-seok
1295:Kim Seong-su
1184:Japanophobia
1170:Japanophilia
1128:Confucianism
1123:Asian values
1085:Hongik Ingan
1083:
1020:
990:Conservatism
966:
961:
958:
944:
929:
926:Hyŏn in 1935
893:Paek Kwan-ok
890:
862:
859:
781:
760:
749:
738:
704:
667:
656:
635:
604:World War II
575:
573:
563:
559:
449:Soviet Union
339:
250:
232:
223:
196:Please help
188:
159:
150:
140:
133:
126:
119:
107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
5598:Tumen River
5475:Robert Park
5455:Kenneth Bae
5445:Hannah Song
5435:Adrian Hong
5403:Free Joseon
5246:Ri Jong-yol
5236:Jihyun Park
5179:Yi Han-yong
5164:Lee Soon-ok
5149:Jaehoon Ahn
5123:Yeonmi Park
5088:Ji Seong-ho
5047:Lee Sang-jo
5042:Kim Shin-jo
5022:Jeong Su-il
5017:Jang Gil-su
5005:or soldiers
4984:Ryu Mi-yong
4921:Philippines
4894:South Korea
4826:비밀결사 백의사(중)
4797: [
4767: [
4730: [
4696: [
4469:Shin Dong-a
4307:October 30,
4236: [
4154:December 3,
3976:"염응택 (廉應澤)"
3653:Shin Dong-a
3537: [
3332: [
3226: [
3206: [
3166: [
3102:Shin Dong-a
2996:Petty crime
2955:Description
2932: [
2917:Yu Chin-san
2851: [
2836: [
2833:Jo Jung-seo
2821: [
2806: [
2728:Ahn Doo-hee
2675:Seon U-bong
2645: [
2455:Yu Chin-san
2330:Greenshirts
2326:Blackshirts
2297:Description
2283:May 16 coup
2275: [
2239: [
2214:coup d'état
2196:Ahn Doo-hee
2145:.45 caliber
2119: [
2116:Han Ji-geun
2056:escape his
2054:Cho Man-sik
1948:Nagwon-dong
1737:Munhwa Ilbo
1720:Kukmin Ilbo
1691:Dong-a Ilbo
1679:Chosun Ilbo
1567:(2012–2017)
1438:Roh Tae-woo
1403:Kim Kyu-sik
1393:Kim Jin-pyo
1388:Kim Kyu-sik
1327:Politicians
1300:B. R. Myers
1188:"Old Right"
1155:Familialism
1148:Meritocracy
1079:Traditional
896: [
878: [
854:Yongmyongsa
677: [
644:Kim Il Sung
623: [
592::
582::
488:Korean name
475:North Korea
463:(1946–1948)
426:(1945–1948)
342:nationalism
315:Around 1950
226:August 2024
153:August 2024
5618:Categories
5603:Yalu River
5322:Escape aid
5313:Rimjingang
5251:MoFa Seven
5205:Mun Ki-nam
5098:Lee Ae-ran
5052:No Kum-sok
4974:Oh Kil-nam
4638:In English
4254:(1): 335.
3401:References
3163:Daedongdan
3040:Kim Du-han
3016:Donam-dong
2898:See also:
2875:Sin Ik-hui
2816:CIC agent
2791:See also:
2734:Initiation
2684:. Born in
2432:. Born in
2383:Holder(s)
2332:, and the
2306:See also:
2190:See also:
2108:See also:
2083:Historian
1742:Segye Ilbo
1423:Oh Se-hoon
1353:Kim Du-han
1310:Yi Munyeol
1232:Korean War
1160:Free trade
1105:Principles
916:See also:
841:Taedongdan
827:Daedongdan
782:Daedongdan
774:Daedongdan
715:Kuomintang
695:See also:
691:Background
608:Korean War
564:Daedongdan
304:Foundation
212:or do not
123:newspapers
52:improve it
18:Daedongdan
5426:Activists
5076:Activists
4940:Defectors
4750:1226-296X
4686:In Korean
4587:Jung 2021
4543:0036-8237
4220:Jung 2005
4201:Jung 2021
4086:Jung 2021
4017:Jung 2005
3963:1479-5914
3839:Jung 1995
3822:Jung 2005
3803:Jung 2021
3629:Jung 2005
3617:Jung 2021
3499:August 7,
3429:August 7,
2803:his house
2441:Advisors
2356:Structure
2029:Kim Chaek
1696:Channel A
1684:TV Chosun
1637:(present)
1591:(present)
1561:(present)
1465:Activists
1241:Republic
1209:Tradition
1176:New Right
1165:Hierarchy
1062:Religious
1030:Corporate
618:and also
600:far-right
434:Opponents
364:Far-right
312:Dissolved
286:Baikyi-sa
218:talk page
202:verifying
58:talk page
5460:Mike Kim
5386:Militant
5367:HanVoice
5329:Durihana
5271:Advocacy
5188:Athletes
4926:Thailand
4736:(2005),
4702:(1995),
4621:June 12,
4615:archived
4575:Lee 1993
4555:archived
4551:40401439
4505:archived
4473:archived
4422:archived
4393:Lee 2006
4373:archived
4301:archived
4283:(2002),
4262:July 29,
4256:Archived
4242:(2001).
4148:archived
4063:archived
4058:Pressian
3990:archived
3916:archived
3766:archived
3657:archived
3597:archived
3565:archived
3469:archived
3091:unclear.
3063:Ilminism
3057:See also
1863:template
1604:de facto
1057:Populist
1040:National
1022:Ilminism
981:a series
606:and the
595:Baeguisa
546:Paegŭisa
532:Baeguisa
321:Ideology
210:reliable
206:removing
5377:Saejowi
5355:Hanawon
5144:An Hyuk
4785:June 4,
4755:May 22,
4705:몽양여운형평전
4633:Sources
4561:May 21,
4511:May 21,
4479:May 22,
4428:May 11,
4379:May 11,
4368:NK News
4069:June 9,
3996:May 21,
3922:May 31,
3772:May 15,
3663:June 2,
3603:May 15,
3592:NK News
3571:May 15,
3475:May 15,
2979:앉은뱅이 형벌
2950:Members
2551:노총 조직부장
2076:of the
1838:Chaebol
1805:Hanahoe
1799:Defunct
1221:History
1143:Elitism
1010:Schools
972:History
741:Luoyang
717:(KMT).
683:or the
137:scholar
5704:Kim Ku
5515:Policy
4837:
4815:May 9,
4748:
4742:한국사연구
4716:
4675:
4654:
4549:
4541:
4293:
3961:
3557:
3507:한국민족주의
3461:
3352:;
2713:;
2620:;
2579:;
2542:;
2490:;
2484:Baek (
2426:;
2386:Notes
2344:;
2272:Lee In
2210:Kim Ku
2194:, and
2044:, the
1986:Jeonju
1982:Gunsan
1971:;
1763:Active
1383:Kim Gu
1255:Fourth
1074:Social
1035:Fiscal
789:Hangul
745:Kim Ku
652:Kim Ku
588:;
580:Korean
566:(1943)
494:Hangul
472:
446:
421:
408:
396:Allies
340:Minjok
139:
132:
125:
118:
110:
5219:Other
4906:China
4829:[
4809:역사비평
4801:]
4779:역사비평
4771:]
4734:]
4708:[
4700:]
4547:JSTOR
4463:[
4240:]
4138:"백의사"
4112:"백의사"
3647:[
3549:[
3541:]
3494:대학원신문
3453:[
3336:]
3230:]
3210:]
3170:]
3079:Notes
2973:동지 재판
2940:]
2855:]
2840:]
2825:]
2810:]
2649:]
2505:Kim (
2499:특파사무국
2279:]
2243:]
2123:]
1974:政治工作隊
1968:정치공작대
1952:Seoul
1788:NKnet
1673:Media
1260:Fifth
1250:Third
1245:First
900:]
882:]
805:Hanja
681:]
627:]
510:Hanja
144:JSTOR
130:books
4835:ISBN
4817:2023
4787:2023
4757:2023
4746:ISSN
4714:ISBN
4673:ISBN
4652:ISBN
4623:2023
4563:2023
4539:ISSN
4513:2023
4481:2023
4430:2023
4381:2023
4309:2023
4291:ISBN
4264:2023
4156:2021
4071:2023
3998:2023
3959:ISSN
3924:2023
3774:2023
3665:2023
3605:2023
3573:2023
3555:ISBN
3501:2024
3477:2023
3459:ISBN
3431:2024
3423:조선일보
3140:선우길영
2698:총무국장
2669:훈련국장
2636:비서실장
2605:집행국장
2564:정보국장
2527:조직국장
2413:부사령
2348:白衣民族
2340:백의민족
2302:Name
2164:만주계획
2036:WSS:
1992:and
1778:FFNK
1708:JTBC
938:for
699:and
574:The
189:The
116:news
3949:doi
3378:위테커
3355:朴玄英
3349:박현영
3134:조재국
3128:최의호
3122:백근옥
3116:백관옥
3012:won
3007:김융기
2988:).
2752:sic
2716:鄭柄模
2710:정병모
2681:선우봉
2623:韓承奎
2617:한승규
2582:金明煜
2576:김명욱
2554:).
2545:安炳奭
2539:안병석
2508:김영철
2493:白昌燮
2487:백창섭
2429:朴經九
2423:박경구
2396:총사령
2363:박진구
2150:노덕술
2140:김흥성
2134:신동운
1730:MBN
905:선우봉
870:박고봉
812:大同團
796:대동단
585:백의사
517:白衣社
501:백의사
200:by
99:by
5620::
4799:ko
4769:ko
4732:ko
4698:ko
4613:,
4553:,
4545:,
4535:33
4533:,
4529:,
4503:,
4497:,
4471:,
4437:^
4420:,
4414:,
4400:^
4371:,
4365:,
4349:^
4328:^
4299:,
4272:^
4250:.
4246:.
4238:ko
4208:^
4163:^
4129:^
4093:^
4078:^
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4024:^
4005:^
3988:,
3957:,
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3931:^
3846:^
3829:^
3810:^
3793:^
3764:,
3696:^
3655:,
3595:,
3589:,
3563:,
3539:ko
3503:.
3492:.
3467:,
3433:.
3420:.
3409:^
3334:ko
3228:ko
3208:ko
3168:ko
3049:꼬봉
2985:출당
2946:.
2938:ja
2936:;
2934:ko
2877:.
2857:.
2853:ko
2838:ko
2823:ko
2808:ko
2766:.
2688:.
2659:.
2647:ko
2595:.
2588:과장
2446:고문
2293:.
2277:ko
2241:ko
2175:.
2121:ko
1950:,
983:on
898:ko
880:ko
679:ko
625:ko
590:RR
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4870:e
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4856:v
4660:.
4266:.
4252:2
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151:(
141:·
134:·
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93:.
68:)
64:(
20:)
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