407:"captured the imagination of the world press. American Indians were attacking active military forts along with one of the nation's leading opponents of United States involvement in the Vietnam War." Her presence transformed "an effort to secure a land base for urban Indians" into "a bizarre, ready-for-prime-time, movie scenario, complete with soldiers, modern-day Indians, and anti-war activists. Without really appreciating it at the time, the Indian movement had achieved through Jane Fonda's presence, a long-sought credibility which would not have been possible otherwise."
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339:(BIA). As Whitebear later wrote, "This action displayed their ignorance of both the BIA's restricted service policy, which excluded urban Indians, and also the disregard and disfavor urban Indians held for the BIA." The City said that the Indian Center in a former church near Stewart Street downtown was an adequate facility for Seattle's Indians. The members of the Magnolia Community Club, a group with significant political clout, were opposed to an Indian presence on the Fort Lawton land.
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433:(UIATF) with Whitebear as executive director, the Indians used tactics ranging from politicking to occupation of land to celebrity appearances to gain more support. For three months, activists engaged in what Whitebear later described as "Invasion, arrests, jailings, letters of expulsion from military property, physical escort off the fort, re-invasion." The Army cordoned off the fort with
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legal protest outside the gates. Some of the invaders reached the base chapel, where a Sunday service was in progress, but in general, skirmish lines were quickly formed and the military police contained the invasion. Some of the invaders failed to maintain non-violence, especially when confronted by what
Whitebear characterized as "overly aggressive handling by the
297:, reducing the previous 50-100 percent cost of acquiring surplus federal government property to 0-50 percent, so that such property might be acquired by bodies other than real estate developers. The property would initially be transferred to the city but was not constrained in use. In that period of Indian activism, many of Seattle's
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buildings, to be known as the People's Lodge. This was
Whitebear's final dream project before he died of cancer in 2000. But in 2006, after agreements had been reached between the tribes, the city and nearby residents on a reduced size for the new project, the Center decided to postpone construction indefinitely for lack of funds.
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On the evening of March 7, 1970, at a pow-wow held at the
Filipino Community Hall in south Seattle, invasion plans were announced. The following day, March 8, 1970, about 100 "Native Americans and sympathizers" confronted military police in riot gear at the fort, while about 500 supporters staged a
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Whitebear was soon elected as CEO of the UIATF, and undertook fundraising (including a one million dollar grant from the state), and supervision of design and construction. Whitebear's brother Lawney Reyes joined with architects of Arai
Jackson to design the facility, which used traditional Native
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When the federal government officially put the surplus land up for offers, UIATF filed to acquire a portion of the fort directly from the federal government. Thanks to
Whitebear's maneuvering, UIATF's application to acquire part of the land was technically filed prior to the City's application for
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and one that preferred to wait until the city acquired the land, in order to conduct negotiations. Prominent among those who preferred to wait was Pearl Warren, founder of the
American Indian Women's Service League, who was concerned that a militant attitude would result in the city's reducing its
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The existing building, a work of modern architecture incorporating many elements of traditional
Northwest Native architecture, was designed by Arai Jackson Architects and Planners and completed in 1977. In 2004, plans were approved to supplement it with a complex of three additional related
481:, which handled the surplus process, ultimately insisted that the City and UIATF come up with a joint plan for the property. In November 1971, the parties agreed that the city would grant UIATF with a 99-year lease on 20 acres (81,000 m²) in what would become Seattle's
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to approach the BIA and request a freeze on plans to transfer land at Fort Lawton until the issue between UIATF and the City was resolved. BIA commissioner Louis Bruce imposed such a freeze for a time, but eventually backed off at the behest of his boss, the
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encampment outside the fort. Mayor Uhlman and
Senator Jackson held a press conference about the Fort Lawton property, promising a city park at the site above Puget Sound. They did not refer to the Indian action.
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Warren lost the next election for presidency of the
Service League to Joyce Reyes, who was aligned with those promoting direct action. All significant Seattle Indian organizations agreed on taking action.
364:, initially a rival to Whitebear for the top leadership role. A group vote settled on Whitebear as leader. Some of the Indians of All Tribes traveled to Seattle from Alcatraz for the action, including
711:
Whitebear 1994, p. 5. Typos in the original have been corrected; it said "modem day-Indians"; this has been corrected to "modern-day
Indians"; also, Fonda's name was typoed in one place as "Fcinda".
416:". MPs (Military Police), aided by regular Army troops and Seattle Police, initially placed the invaders in the fort stockade, then ejected them from the fort. The Indian activists established a
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Kinatechitapi's first efforts to open discussions about the property with the City of Seattle, in advance of surplus land being transferred to the city, failed. The City, under mayor
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were concerned to gain a land base within the city. (As of the early 21st century, about 25,000 Indians from a variety of tribes live in the Seattle area.)
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school program, and an art gallery. The center's permanent art collection includes a variety of large art works by and about Native Americans, notably
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while another scaled the fence near the Lawton Wood community on the north side of the base. The group committed to nonviolence in this action.
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The more militant faction, led by Bernie Whitebear, soon adopted the name "American Indian Fort Lawton Occupation Forces". The faction included
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supported the Indians' efforts. Gary and Beverly Beaver, Randy Lewis, Grace Thorpe, Douglas Remington, and Bernie Whitebear testified before a
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Bernie Whitebear, "Self-Determination: Taking Back Fort Lawton. Meeting the Needs of Seattle's Native American Community Through Conversion",
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In 1970, the U.S. federal government was in the process of reviewing military needs and planned to declare as surplus much of the grounds of
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and other Native Americans, who staged a generally successful self-styled "invasion" and occupation of the land in 1970. Most of the former
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Daybreak Star, a major nucleus of Native American cultural activity in its region, functions as a conference center, a location for
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provision of services to urban Indians. Members agreed that those who wished to take more extreme action would not use the name
254:, Whitebear's brother. It was commissioned by and hung prominently for more than 30 years at the Bank of California building in
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helped plan the occupation. The group planned to invade the base from two directions, with one group scaling the bluffs from
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Pan-Tribal Activism in the Pacific Northwest: The Power of Indigenous Protest and the Birth of Daybreak Star Cultural Center
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514:"Fort Lawton military police clash with Native American and other protesters in the future Discovery Park on March 8, 1970"
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Bernie Whitebear is memorialized by the Bernie Whitebear Memorial Ethnobotanical Garden next to the Center building.
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for "All Indians"; the name referred to the Indians of All Tribes (IAT), a group of mostly student activists then
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as "an urban base for Native Americans in the Seattle area." Located on 20 acres (81,000 m²) in Seattle's
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from Seattle. Whitebear forged a relationship with Tom McLaughlin, deputy regional director of the
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came to Seattle at the time of the invasion of Fort Lawton. According to Whitebear, her presence
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Dancers in regalia during the grand entry of the 2007 Seafair Indian Days Pow Wow.
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provides several anecdotes about the fundraising for Daybreak Star.
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Kinatechitapi members split between a faction that called for
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American elements in a modern building. It opened in 1977.
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United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
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American Indian soldiers and others were protesting at
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By this time more than 40 non-Indian organizations in
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Bernie Whitebear: An Urban Indian's Quest for Justice
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Facing The End, Activist Reflects On Life's Victories
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neighborhood, the center developed from activism by
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https://www.unitedindians.org/daybreak-star-center/
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556:, December 2, 1997. Accessed 25 October 2007.
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1108:Coast Salish museums in Washington (state)
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
832:, University of Washington Press, 2002.
304:A group arose, initially identifying as
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702:Reyes 2006, pp. 99–100.
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494:Seattle Arts Commission
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66:·
39:.
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