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want to end sex work in general. Some argue that sex work is the reason for
Amsterdam's rising sex trafficking issues. According to a 2019 article representing this problem, no one is aware just how many women are in the industry, and it is described as a "'dark number."' They also say that many of these girls are doing so against their will: "Some researchers say 4,000, others say 8,000. Some say 10% are trafficked, others say 90%. Even with that lowest figure, 400 girls are selling sex against their will." It raises questions about whether or not it is a positive idea to try to bring different types of people into an industry that keeps a lot in the dark.
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316:, but prostitution was not outlawed. Once again it was driven underground and tolerated as long it did not cause a disturbance. With the closure of many parlors in De Wallen some women moved to De Pijp. In 1935 it was estimated that there were around 150 disguised parlors. Fronts included massage, pedicure, manicure, and beauty treatments. Sex workers continued to work around the Oudekerksplein. Instead of being visible as they are today they would stand behind closed curtains and peer through a small crack looking for customers. If they stood in the doorway they would be arrested.
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currently have to register, it has been suggested making escorts and kamer workers register, which has been opposed by some sex worker groups out of concern it would favor pimps over the workers themselves. Jan Fisher of Red Thread commented: "The ones who want to work know how devastating the stigma could be, and will be. They will try to work outside this system and they'll be vulnerable when they're detected by the police and tax office, and the ones who are trafficked may be forced by their pimps to register so they have a kind of legal status."
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668:, a former Amsterdam prostitute who is now a city councilor said: "There are people who are really proud of the red light district as a tourist attraction. It's supposed to be such a wonderful, cheery place that shows just what a free city we are. But I think it's a cesspit. There's a lot of serious criminality. There's a lot of exploitation of women, and a lot of social distress. That's nothing to be proud of."
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274:. The women would then take the men back to the parlors where they came from. However, these were often unappealing to a gentleman of means. A solution to this problem was for the gambling houses to provide board for the women. This suited everyone including the authorities. The gambling houses invested in luxury furnishings and gradually they became
407:, organized two "open days" in February 2006 and March 2007, allowing visitors access to some window brothels and peep shows and informing them about the working conditions there. Majoor was also instrumental in having the world's first monument to sex workers installed in the red light district. The bronze statue was unveiled on the
628:, concerned about trafficking and pimping in the area, forced the owner Charlie Geerts to close 51 prostitution windows, reducing the total number of windows in De Wallen by a third. Amsterdam authorities bought 18 properties from Geerts, with the aim of developing the area with fashion designers and other upscale businesses.
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The Red Light
District, in general, has been controversial since its existence. The internal struggles have differed from the desire to increase inclusion & LGBTQ+ influence into the district & therefore promote safe sex work for all types of people & all types of identities, to those who
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In 2004, Amsterdam authorities commissioned research into pimping and human trafficking in
Amsterdam. The Willem Plompe institution took up that job. The researchers, under the leadership of professor Frank Bovenkerk, found that women under the control of a pimp can be easily put to work in the legal
596:
TAMPEP research into the origin of migrant sex workers records 60% of workers in the
Netherlands are foreign-born, with the highest proportion of these (43%) from elsewhere in Europe. This represents a decrease from 70% migrants in sex work as recorded in 2006. The report cites high internal mobility
442:
Men cannot be found in the red light district at all. Instead, they offer their services in parks or gay clubs or through various sex-related websites. These are called "paydates" & refer to websites such as "bullchat.nl" and "chatboy.nl". Men are not referred to as prostitutes, as only women can
348:
Between Sint
Jansstraat and Sint Annenstraat and running parallel to them are Leidekkerssteeg, Gooijersteeg, Blaauwlakensteeg, and Zwartlakensteeg. At least three of these had red light windows which were closed in the 1970s. Today these alleys are blocked by locked gates although the remains of some
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She proposed several different options for residents, sex workers, business owners and everyone else involved. A report called "The Future of Window
Prostitution in Amsterdam" outlined four changes to the district that would become under serious consideration. "We must dare to think big – also about
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At the end of 2008, mayor Job Cohen announced plans to close half of the city's 400 prostitution windows because of suspected criminal gang activity; part of the city's 70 cannabis cafes and sex clubs will also be closed. Mayor Job Cohen: "It is not that we want to get rid of our red-light district.
482:
licensing, some began openly selling cannabis. The first coffee shops opened in the 1970s. These faced trouble from police and the local councils with frequent closures. In 1976, the government of the
Netherlands began to take steps to decriminalize the use and possession of cannabis by changing the
446:
There is one day, however, in recent years where men have been showcased in windows to promote equality. They have notoriously done this on August 3, the day that coincides with
Amsterdam's pride celebration. Men are in the window for the day not to actually work in any way other than model, but to
383:
citizens or foreign permanent residents. A non-EU citizen can work legally in the
Netherlands without a work permit in certain circumstances, for instance, if they are the spouse of a local citizen. From January 2013 the legal working age of a prostitute in the Netherlands was raised from 18 to 21.
266:
deemed punishable. Sex workers were banned and forced underground. They would work for a madam who provided room and board, protection and advice. Often the madam and girls would venture out at night visiting pubs and inns to pick up clients. Parlours remained illegal but tolerated if kept hidden.
574:
Groups of sex workers have also worked to raise awareness of their rights. The
Prostitute Information Centre, founded in the 1990s, is a prostitute-led organisation offering tours of the area and information concerning safety and the rights of the people involved. While sex workers in brothels
239:
which marks the spot where a bridge was built across the river in 1270. It had doors which were used to dam the river at certain times to avoid flooding. The Damrak then became a harbor and it was around this area that the red-light district first appeared. The walled canals led to the names
188:(red-light areas) of Amsterdam. Of these De Wallen is the oldest and largest area. It is one of the city's major tourist attractions. Thursday through Sunday access to De Wallen is restricted at 1:00 am, with bars and restaurants closing at 2:00 am and brothels at 3:00 am.
399:
testing in the Netherlands. Some brothels and clubs have their sex workers screened at a regular basis, but no formal guidelines exist. Brothel owners and room operators often require health certificates such as the SERVSAFE test before employing or leasing rooms.
671:
But in 2013 Metje Blaak, who worked in the sex trade for 25 years before turning to filmmaking, says closing legal brothels will push women out onto the streets. "In the window is safe, open. You can see your clients. You can see everything," she says.
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strip club in the area. Local business owners have formed the group "Platform 1012" (named after the zipcode of the area) to oppose the efforts of the Amsterdam government. In the end, the actions of the city government resulted in the closure of the
332:
in the west. Prostitution takes place within this area in the following streets: Barndesteeg, Bethlehemsteeg, Bloedstraat, Boomsteeg (now closed), Dollebegijnensteeg, Enge Kerksteeg, Goldbergersteeg, Gordijnensteeg, Molensteeg, Monnikenstraat,
571:, the former mayor of Amsterdam, "We've realized this is no longer about small-scale entrepreneurs, but those big crime organizations are involved here in trafficking women, drugs, killings, and other criminal activities".
605:
with the brothel owners being aware that the women are controlled by pimps. The general setup of window prostitution was said to be helpful to pimps, as it facilitates the direct control of the women by their pimp.
592:
to employment in the Netherlands in any work. Citizens of other countries must already have a valid residence permit (not visitor visa) to work legally in the sex trade as work permits are not issued for the jobs.
471:. Some may serve small packaged food, or even whole meals infused with cannabis. The sale of tobacco on its own is not permitted, but many offer pre-rolled joints filled with a mix of cannabis and tobacco.
450:
The police close down several male brothels each year, so it is difficult to determine how many still operate in the country. However, there is only one legal brothel still in use, called "Club 21".
439:
women sex workers use blue lights. This is to help customers differentiate between the two. Bloedstraat, a street in De Wallen, has numerous transgender women working in it using blue lights.
305:. They were given a red card which was a permit to work. If found to be infected the card was taken until they could prove they were disease free. Because there was no reliable treatment for
688:
ending prostitution in the Red Light District", said Mayor Femke Halsema. "Unacceptable situations have arisen, and the council is ready to consider far-reaching solutions."
846:
1276:
251:
Historically because of proximity to the harbor the area has attracted both prostitution and migrant populations and these are the features it is best known for today.
1885:
1434:
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About 75% of Amsterdam's prostitutes are from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia, according to a former prostitute who produced a report about the sex trade.
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960:
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raise awareness for the Red Light District's lack of male and gay representation, as the vast majority of its sex workers are cisgender, straight women.
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1506:
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have decried the decision, claiming it would not reduce crime but would only lead to higher rent and more competition for the remaining windows.
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were not allowed to operate in certain cities near the borders of Germany and Belgium because it was felt soft drug use might raise crime there.
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Trade remained small-scale though spread across the city. Well-known areas were De Haarlemmerdijk, De Houttuinen, Zeedijk and around the harbor.
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1234:
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1723:
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were the main clients for prostitutes in De Wallen. Regulation was introduced and there were compulsory health checks to protect soldiers from
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2381:
1878:
2912:
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In the 1990s parts of Sint Annenstraat and Sint Annendwarsstraat were demolished. The rooms in Goldbergersteeg were opened after this time.
2775:
312:
In the early 20th century religious organizations ran campaigns to try to end prostitution. In 1911 a law was passed banning brothels and
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being shut down for flouting rules, with no licenses issued to new operators. This approach has continued since 1995. In the 1990s, the
801:
1705:
2679:
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1204:
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bricked over windows can be seen in the architecture. In the 1990s Slapersteeg was also closed and a gate now blocks the alley.
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2235:
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owners organized themselves into a union, the Bond van cannabis Detaillisten or BCD, set up to represent the interests of the
2811:
2422:
943:
1013:
2951:
1576:
2669:
2176:
2154:
1913:
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are not issued in the form of a green card for prostitution; therefore legally working in the trade is limited mostly to
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as reported destinations for trafficked victims. Five of these countries are in Western Europe (in alphabetical order):
258:
times, the trade started to be restricted. Married men and priests were forbidden to enter the area. In 1578 during the
89:
1653:
785:
760:
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61:
108:
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2689:
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1557:
819:
701:
617:) has set up a special 'pal'-program for prostitutes in which the pals help the women build a new social network.
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324:
The total area is approximately 6,500 square metres (1.6 acres), limited by the Niezel in the north, the sea dike/
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2254:
2074:
1908:
1894:
706:
632:
404:
68:
878:
2567:
2515:
2507:
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2079:
1043:
680:
In July 2019, more than ten years after Asscher's efforts to bring change to the Red Light District, new mayor
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302:
46:
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The government of Netherlands has continually been under pressure from different western countries to rein in
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who offer their sexual services from behind a window or glass door, typically illuminated with red lights and
2623:
2526:
2217:
1410:
1095:
2795:
2750:
2699:
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2427:
1957:
557:
392:
75:
1467:
2816:
2376:
2366:
298:
1355:
662:
In 2009, the Dutch justice ministry announced plans to close 320 prostitution "windows" from Amsterdam.
659:
We want to reduce it. Things have become unbalanced and if we do not act we will never regain control".
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2448:
985:
42:
1537:
57:
2628:
2465:
2386:
1242:
2684:
2664:
2607:
2039:
1972:
1179:
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law so that possession of up to 30 grams (1 oz) of cannabis was no longer a criminal offense.
463:
1601:
286:. For those who could not afford entry to these houses, there were still women to be found around
2694:
2361:
2147:
2034:
1967:
621:
338:
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In the 18th century, wealthy men would meet prostitutes at gambling houses on De Gelderskade and
130:
35:
1315:
1263:
2831:
2755:
2500:
2407:
2246:
2231:
1998:
1929:
907:
589:
2537:
1378:
933:
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In January 2008, the city council announced plans to close the Rosso live sex theatre and the
290:
and unofficial policies of tolerance remained, although prostitution was technically illegal.
2484:
2288:
2196:
1277:"Safe Sex for Sale: Is Legalizing Sex Work the Answer to Sex Trafficking in the Netherlands?"
549:
540:
412:
342:
212:
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in the De Wallen area had to close their doors between 1 September 2012 and 31 August 2015.
157:. It consists of a network of alleys containing approximately 300 one-room cabins rented by
2846:
2432:
2298:
2192:
8:
2659:
2437:
2121:
166:
126:
1212:
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employing up to 30 women. Famous brothels included De Pijl in Pijlstraat, De Fonteyn in
2897:
2884:
2674:
2617:
2572:
2562:
2511:
2412:
2323:
2273:
2242:
2140:
2049:
472:
174:
150:
82:
1119:
With reference to the citation index, ten countries in the Trafficking Database score
309:
at this time this led to dangerous treatments such as mercury baths to ease symptoms.
2790:
2633:
2293:
2250:
2202:
2019:
1962:
1934:
939:
851:
781:
756:
652:
636:
561:
467:
in the RLD and elsewhere in the Netherlands are licensed to sell cannabis and serve
2223:
2044:
1288:
1863:
169:
is the most visible and typical kind of red-light district sex work in Amsterdam.
2725:
2592:
2541:
2496:
2442:
2417:
2303:
1825:
1777:
1533:
1021:
726:
208:
2024:
1724:"'Humiliated, Laughed At': Amsterdam Mayor Proposes Red Light District Overhaul"
1159:(South-Eastern Asia). The other very highly reported destination country is the
2587:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2227:
1977:
1627:
1106:
665:
579:
552:
by Els Rijerse. The inscription reads "Respect sex workers all over the world."
380:
334:
294:
287:
145:
2945:
2927:
2914:
2826:
2760:
2488:
1160:
681:
640:
329:
283:
255:
345:, Sint Annendwarsstraat, Sint Annenstraat, Stoofsteeg, and Trompettersteeg.
2861:
2821:
2765:
2577:
2116:
2014:
1542:
1293:
1051:
778:
Imagining Global Amsterdam, History, Culture, and Geography in a World City
368:
259:
961:"Just Business? The unknown world of male prostitution in the Netherlands"
121:
2841:
2836:
2745:
2730:
2654:
2597:
2530:
2492:
2054:
2029:
1511:
1140:
1073:
436:
388:
376:
372:
263:
196:
158:
588:
European citizens of the 27 member EU states have the legal right under
423:
2866:
2856:
2780:
2770:
2735:
2720:
2207:
1801:
1281:
International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities
610:
468:
415:
at the open day in March 2007 and shows a woman standing in a doorway.
325:
279:
236:
204:
162:
613:
organization of aid workers named the 'Scharlaken Koord' (in English,
2740:
2343:
2163:
2095:
1993:
1349:
820:"Amsterdam to raise prostitution age, bring in brothel closing hours"
625:
568:
432:
200:
154:
24:
2613:
1156:
602:
306:
192:
435:
women sex workers illuminate their windows with red lights, while
2545:
2391:
1481:
1128:
1124:
275:
271:
180:
1760:"Amsterdam proposes 'fundamental' changes to red light district"
2262:
2212:
1858:
1846:
1148:
1144:
1132:
582:
with the inscription "Respect sex workers all over the world".
232:
228:
1074:"BBC NEWS - Special Reports - UN highlights human trafficking"
847:"Amsterdam Red Light District turns spotlight on its practice"
403:
To counter negative publicity, Mariska Majoor, founder of the
2638:
2333:
1264:
http://rodedraad.nl/nieuws/de-wet-regulering-prostitutie.html
1152:
1136:
262:
against Spanish rule a Protestant city board was formed with
224:
2132:
1001:
Coffeeshops are not permitted to sell alcohol or hard drugs.
535:
1507:"Dimming the Red Light: Amsterdam Cuts Prostitute Displays"
313:
1538:"Amsterdam closes a window on its red-light tourist trade"
1180:"Amsterdam Tries Upscale Fix for Red-Light District Crime"
427:
Red lights are also used by businesses such as peep shows.
396:
1797:"The world-famous Red Light District is about to change"
525:
which were under constant pressure from local councils.
1628:"Amsterdam courts ready to clean up red light district"
502:
did not sell hard drugs, they were allowed to operate.
1706:"Amsterdam mayor considers closing red-light district"
1680:"Amsterdam turns out the red lights in famed district"
1654:"The Dark Side of the Red Light District in Amsterdam"
328:
in the east, the Sint Jansstraat in the south and the
16:
Largest and best known red-light district in Amsterdam
1742:"Is it curtains for Amsterdam's red light district?"
578:
In 2007 a statue called "Belle" was unveiled on the
293:
In 1811 the ban on prostitution was lifted. In this
1893:
1006:
753:
Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work, Volume 1
727:"Amsterdam bans cannabis in its red light district"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1354:
1602:"Amsterdam court says Yab Yum brothel must close"
1500:
1498:
1143:. Among Asian countries that score very high are
1109:Office on Drugs and Crime. April 2006. p. 63
925:
375:, with the exception of street prostitution, but
2943:
1435:"'Loverboys' of modern pooierschap in Amsterdam"
802:"Legal age for prostitution raised in Amsterdam"
597:within the EU as the reason for this decrease.
556:Netherlands has been listed by a report of the
1495:
931:
879:"Red Light District holds 2nd annual Open Day"
2148:
1879:
1345:"Half of Amsterdam's red-light windows close"
418:
1795:Couzy, Ruben; Koops, Michiel (3 July 2019).
1338:
1336:
932:Steves, Rick; Openshaw, Gene (23 May 2017).
172:De Wallen, together with prostitution areas
1466:(in Dutch). NRC-handelsblad. Archived from
1316:"History of Amsterdam's Red Light District"
935:Rick Steves Amsterdam & the Netherlands
855:. The Seattle Times Company. Archived from
780:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 316.
755:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 782.
231:run along the original course of the river
2155:
2141:
1886:
1872:
1794:
1788:
1778:"Amsterdam mayor seeks red light closures"
1645:
1333:
1292:
1096:"Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns"
908:"Statue in honor of prostitutes unveiled"
844:
536:Abuses, human rights and tourism nuisance
475:are not permitted inside of coffeeshops.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2680:Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences
1826:"Tough Times for Amsterdam Sex Business"
1823:
1805:(in Dutch). Translated by Paola Westbeek
1574:
902:
900:
775:
539:
422:
359:
120:
1532:
1457:
1342:
1235:"Sex workers say 'no' to licensing law"
1173:
1171:
750:
453:
387:There is no compulsory requirement for
2957:Red-light districts in the Netherlands
2944:
2372:Amsterdam regional transport authority
1703:
1677:
1504:
1177:
498:licensing which meant that as long as
2136:
1867:
1575:Zijlstra, Thamar (21 February 2008).
1558:"Casa Rosso is next red light target"
1505:Hawley, Charles (21 September 2007).
1320:amsterdam-red-light-district-maps.com
1274:
897:
845:Mutsvairo, Bruce (23 February 2006).
144:
1651:
1343:Charter, David (December 27, 2008).
1178:Simons, Marlise (24 February 2008).
1168:
1046:[Street-oriented approach].
938:. Avalon Publishing. pp. 117–.
560:as a top destination for victims of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2670:Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten
2177:Index of Amsterdam-related articles
1914:Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean
129:and other sex businesses along the
13:
1824:Holligan, Anna (19 January 2019).
1383:prostitutiehulpverleningutrecht.nl
14:
2968:
1840:
1440:. 12 January 2012. Archived from
958:
702:Hash, Marihuana & Hemp Museum
2891:
2880:
2879:
2690:Amsterdam University of the Arts
2272:
1845:
1458:Hopkins, Ruth (1 October 2005).
684:announced a different approach.
149:) is the largest and best known
23:
2624:National Monument on Dam Square
2075:Prostitution Information Center
1909:Prostitution in the Netherlands
1895:Prostitution in the Netherlands
1859:Prostitution Information Centre
1817:
1770:
1752:
1734:
1716:
1704:Boffey, Daniel (July 4, 2019).
1697:
1671:
1620:
1594:
1568:
1550:
1526:
1474:
1451:
1427:
1396:
1371:
1308:
1268:
1257:
1227:
1197:
1088:
1066:
1036:
978:
952:
707:Prostitution in the Netherlands
633:Prostitution Information Center
405:Prostitution Information Center
34:needs additional citations for
2568:Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam
2080:The Red Thread (De Rode Draad)
1852:Red-light district (Amsterdam)
1577:"Red Light district Amsterdam"
871:
838:
812:
794:
769:
744:
719:
528:A recent policy meant that 26
191:The area also has a number of
1:
2162:
1652:Kane, Sierra (8 April 2016).
712:
2700:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
1546:– via theguardian.com.
558:UN Office on Drugs and Crime
393:sexually transmitted disease
7:
2952:Neighbourhoods of Amsterdam
1951:Brothel owners & madams
1678:Mallen, Sean (6 May 2013).
1460:"Slavenhandel op de wallen"
1151:(Western Asia and Turkey);
695:
635:and representatives of the
355:
319:
299:French Imperial Naval Corps
10:
2973:
2812:Basilica of Saint Nicholas
1275:Gibly, Jessica N. (2012).
1050:(in Dutch). Archived from
419:Red lights and blue lights
282:and Madame Therese on the
235:. These two roads meet in
218:
2875:
2804:
2708:
2647:
2458:
2400:
2387:Royal Palace of Amsterdam
2354:
2281:
2270:
2185:
2172:
2109:
2088:
2067:
2007:
1986:
1950:
1943:
1922:
1901:
751:Ditmore, Melissa (2006).
622:city council of Amsterdam
2685:Netherlands Film Academy
2665:Royal Tropical Institute
2040:Jurjentje Aukes Rauwerda
1973:Jurjentje Aukes Rauwerda
776:de Waard, Marco (2012).
211:museum, and a number of
2695:University of Amsterdam
2035:Marie Jonas de la Motte
1968:Marie Jonas de la Motte
1044:"Straatgerichte aanpak"
675:
624:at the behest of mayor
620:In September 2007, the
339:Oudezijds Achterburgwal
131:Oudezijds Achterburgwal
2928:52.373417°N 4.898056°E
2898:Netherlands portal
2247:Amsterdam Science Park
2232:Stelling van Amsterdam
1536:(September 23, 2007).
1294:10.7710/2168-0620.1004
631:Mariska Majoor of the
553:
428:
365:
134:
2709:Parks and open spaces
2485:Het Scheepvaartmuseum
2466:Books about Amsterdam
1854:at Wikimedia Commons
1764:thelondoneconomic.com
986:"Policy: Coffeeshops"
543:
513:, leading to several
426:
363:
343:Oudezijds Voorburgwal
124:
2852:Portuguese Synagogue
2282:Boroughs & areas
1404:"Sex work in Europe"
1018:coffeeshopsrated.com
965:humanityinaction.org
859:on 24 September 2011
478:Before the onset of
364:Sex worker at a door
215:that sell cannabis.
146:[dəˈʋɑlə(n)]
142:Dutch pronunciation:
125:Crowds walking past
43:improve this article
2933:52.373417; 4.898056
2924: /
2660:Esprit Scholengroep
2538:Royal Theater Carré
2471:Tourist attractions
2122:Window prostitution
2089:Red-light districts
1999:Etta Palm d'Aelders
1447:on August 30, 2006.
1024:on 19 February 2014
473:Alcoholic beverages
337:, Oudekennissteeg,
167:Window prostitution
127:window prostitution
2675:Sandberg Institute
2618:Johan Cruyff Arena
2573:Albert Cuyp Market
2476:Outdoor sculptures
2251:Port of Amsterdam
2243:Euronext Amsterdam
2050:Adriana Valkenburg
1632:digitaljournal.com
1564:. 17 January 2008.
1184:The New York Times
554:
429:
366:
151:red-light district
135:
133:canal in De Wallen
2907:
2906:
2550:Theater Amsterdam
2377:Metropolitan area
2236:tallest buildings
2203:Van Amstel family
2130:
2129:
2063:
2062:
2020:Xaviera Hollander
1963:Xaviera Hollander
1850:Media related to
1209:PIC-amsterdam.com
990:City of Amsterdam
945:978-1-63121-608-4
912:DutchAmsterdam.nl
883:Dutchamsterdam.nl
852:The Seattle Times
637:sex worker rights
562:human trafficking
303:venereal diseases
119:
118:
111:
93:
2964:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2883:
2882:
2817:Begijnhof Chapel
2751:Hortus Botanicus
2423:Railway stations
2276:
2224:Amsterdam School
2166:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2045:Anna Smitshuizen
1948:
1947:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1849:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:The Jakarta Post
1738:
1732:
1731:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1608:. 4 January 2008
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1534:Asthana, Anushka
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1409:. Archived from
1408:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1353:. Archived from
1340:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1241:. Archived from
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1211:. Archived from
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1155:(Eastern Asia);
1116:
1114:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1020:. Archived from
1010:
1004:
1003:
998:
996:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
956:
950:
949:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
904:
895:
894:
892:
890:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
816:
810:
809:
798:
792:
791:
773:
767:
766:
748:
742:
741:
739:
738:
723:
548:in front of the
492:tolerance policy
411:in front of the
371:is legal in the
248:(little walls).
148:
143:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2942:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2892:
2890:
2871:
2805:Religious sites
2800:
2726:Amsterdamse Bos
2704:
2643:
2593:Amsterdammertje
2542:Stadsschouwburg
2497:Van Gogh Museum
2454:
2396:
2350:
2277:
2268:
2181:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2131:
2126:
2105:
2084:
2059:
2003:
1982:
1939:
1918:
1897:
1892:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1793:
1789:
1784:. July 3, 2019.
1776:
1775:
1771:
1766:. July 4, 2019.
1758:
1757:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1730:. July 4, 2019.
1722:
1721:
1717:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1573:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1503:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1482:"home algemeen"
1480:
1479:
1475:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1359:on June 1, 2010
1341:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1248:
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1233:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1169:
1163:(North America)
1112:
1110:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1054:on 24 July 2012
1042:
1041:
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1027:
1025:
1012:
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1007:
994:
992:
984:
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979:
969:
967:
957:
953:
946:
930:
926:
916:
914:
906:
905:
898:
888:
886:
877:
876:
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862:
860:
843:
839:
829:
827:
818:
817:
813:
800:
799:
795:
788:
774:
770:
763:
749:
745:
736:
734:
725:
724:
720:
715:
698:
678:
666:Karina Shaapman
590:internal market
538:
459:
443:use this term.
421:
358:
322:
297:, men from the
221:
141:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2887:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
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2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:SAIL Amsterdam
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2534:
2519:
2516:Eye Filmmuseum
2504:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2401:Transportation
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
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2347:
2346:
2338:
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2336:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2239:
2228:Grachtengordel
2222:Architecture (
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2169:
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2145:
2137:
2128:
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2125:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
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2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1978:Madame Therese
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1958:Charles Geerts
1954:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
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1932:
1926:
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1920:
1919:
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1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1842:
1841:External links
1839:
1836:
1835:
1816:
1787:
1769:
1751:
1733:
1715:
1696:
1670:
1644:
1619:
1593:
1567:
1549:
1525:
1512:Spiegel Online
1494:
1473:
1470:on 2013-07-29.
1450:
1426:
1395:
1370:
1332:
1307:
1267:
1256:
1226:
1196:
1167:
1107:United Nations
1087:
1065:
1035:
1005:
977:
951:
944:
924:
896:
885:. 9 March 2007
870:
837:
811:
793:
787:978-9089643674
786:
768:
762:978-0313329692
761:
743:
717:
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711:
710:
709:
704:
697:
694:
677:
674:
580:Oudekerksplein
544:Bronze statue
537:
534:
458:
452:
431:In De Wallen,
420:
417:
409:Oudekerksplein
357:
354:
335:Oudekerksplein
321:
318:
295:Napoleonic era
288:Oudekerksplein
220:
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31:
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15:
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2828:
2827:He Hua Temple
2825:
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2797:
2794:
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2779:
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2769:
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2764:
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2761:Rembrandtpark
2759:
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2287:
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2280:
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2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:RAI Amsterdam
2252:
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2240:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
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2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
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2201:
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2178:
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2123:
2120:
2118:
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2112:
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2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:Organisations
2066:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
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1971:
1969:
1966:
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1961:
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1514:
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1508:
1501:
1499:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1416:on 2015-07-14
1412:
1405:
1399:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1260:
1245:on 2014-05-28
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1215:on 2016-04-26
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1161:United States
1158:
1154:
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1146:
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1138:
1134:
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1126:
1122:
1108:
1104:
1097:
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1045:
1039:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1002:
991:
987:
981:
966:
962:
959:Cheng, Lily.
955:
947:
941:
937:
936:
928:
913:
909:
903:
901:
884:
880:
874:
858:
854:
853:
848:
841:
825:
821:
815:
807:
803:
797:
789:
783:
779:
772:
764:
758:
754:
747:
732:
728:
722:
718:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
693:
689:
685:
683:
682:Femke Halsema
673:
669:
667:
663:
660:
656:
654:
649:
644:
642:
641:De Rode Draad
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
607:
604:
598:
594:
591:
586:
583:
581:
576:
572:
570:
567:According to
565:
563:
559:
551:
547:
542:
533:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
494:gave rise to
493:
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330:Warmoesstraat
327:
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296:
291:
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284:Prinsengracht
281:
277:
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261:
257:
256:late medieval
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70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2916:52°22′24.3″N
2909:
2889:
2862:Westermoskee
2822:De Krijtberg
2786:Wertheimpark
2766:Sarphatipark
2629:Coat of arms
2602:
2578:Noordermarkt
2523:music venues
2501:Wereldmuseum
2330:Urban areas
2117:Sex drive-in
2100:
2025:Yvette Laclé
2015:Blonde Dolly
1930:Campo Alegre
1844:
1829:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1800:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1710:The Guardian
1709:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
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