914:
the representative should have a stake in a very substantial shared venture with the child; (2) the representative should be personally familiar with the needs and circumstances of the child; (3) the child should have ready and frequent access to the representative so the child can express herself in her own terms whenever possible; (4) the representative should be accountable to the child in some fashion, either emotionally or legally; and (5) the representative should share an emotional bond with the child that promotes caring, sympathy, and empathy."
786:. On 2 March 2011, the Centre for Intergenerational Studies at Hitotsubashi University hosted a conference on Demeny voting. Aoki and Vaithianathan have also conducted a number of surveys on voter attitude to Demeny Voting and found that a considerable percentage of respondents would cast their children's vote differently to their own. In July 2013, Nikkei in Japan wrote a major editorial supporting the idea as part of a debate on constitutional reform in Japan.
636:
824:
authority to the parent is perfectly reasonable. Olsson also argues that there are other areas where parents are delegated authority such as what the child eats, where he goes to school, and children are regularly represented in a court of law by parents. He says that "Arguing that parents cannot act as their children's representative because they might abuse their position becomes absurd in comparison to all the other
39:
736:. Demeny argued that children "should not be left disenfranchised for some 18 years: let custodial parents exercise the children's voting rights until they come of age". Demeny's motivation behind proposing such a system was to "make the political system more responsive to the young generation's interests" and was part of a broader set of policy proposals aimed at combating the low
865:'. They point to the fact that children below the minimum voting age can hold different political opinions and thus prefer different parties to their parents. There is no evidence that parents would split their votes. Instead, they would have plural votes for the same party they prefer (and have formerly preferred).
801:
given civil and political rights. He suggests that given the evidence that households where mothers control the purse-strings spend more on their children, it is mothers who ought to be given the proxy vote until the child comes of age. Professor Corak's thesis has been taken up by journalist-turned-politician
876:
to 13 or 14 or lower would be more beneficial, as many children are able to express complex opinions at that age. Further, law professor Vivian
Hamilton argues that in light of findings from research in developmental psychology and cognitive and social neuroscience, governments can "no longer justify
904:
has argued that if the justification for Demeny is on the basis of consequences, then said consequences should be voted on, rather than changing the voting demographic. His argument is that to advance Demeny voting on the grounds that it leads to desirable consequences is pointless, since it will be
913:
In 1998, family law professor Jane
Rutherford considered proxy voting on behalf of children as a means of achieving fair representation of their interests in political debate in the context of the United States. As criteria for who should hold proxies for children, she suggested the following: "(1)
881:
argues for lowering the voting age to 6. Some scholars advocate a 'flexible voting age' building on the willingness of minors to participate in elections. The 'flexible voting age' proposal contains a need for adolescents to register in voting lists and so differs from proposals that come under the
800:
Paul Demeny discussed the idea on a CBC interview. Professor Miles Corak from the
University of Ottawa has also written a blog on the idea and promoted it in Canada. He suggests that it is supported on a humanitarian basis since the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child provides that children be
765:
Pieter
Vanhuysse (head of research and Deputy Director at the European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, Vienna) argued in 2013 that in Austria, where there are relatively strong pro-elderly policies, that "the time is ripe for at least opening a clear-headed and empirically informed
917:
In 2014, childhood studies professor John Wall put forward a proposal for proxy-claim suffrage, in which a child could actively claim their right to vote from their proxy-holder, rather than passively waiting for age-based voting qualification. He further developed this idea and its relation to
823:
argues that "the delegation of the children's right to vote is not any stranger than when adults delegate political authority to their elected representative. After the election, the representatives have the right to make use of this authority." (page 71). He suggests that delegating a child's
755:
In
Germany the idea was even first discussed in the 1910s. In the 1970s and the 1980s lawyers and political scientists began a discussion which is still going on. In 2003 and 2008 the German parliament held a vote on whether to introduce such a right (called
1437:
5. Tremmel, Jörg / Wilhelm, James (2015): Democracy or
Epistocracy? Age as a Criterion of Voter Eligibility. In: Tremmel, Jörg / Mason, Antony / Dimitrijoski, Igor / Godli, Petter (eds.): Youth Quotas in Ageing Societies. Dordrecht, NL: Springer, pp.
860:
Some writers argue that, like marrying or making a will, voting is an exercise of the informed will and cannot legitimately be done by proxy. Some opponents see Demeny voting as a violation of a fundamental normative principle of democracy:
1288:
769:
Japan has discussed Demeny voting as a possible answer to its aging population, which gives disproportionate voice to the elderly as a result of their increasing numbers. This follows the publication of a paper by
1717:
1295:
1225:
2156:
882:
name of 'voting from birth on' or 'voting age zero'. It takes into account that infants, small children and many younger adolescents will have no interest in political participation.
1911:
1916:
1896:
1886:
1647:
1906:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1263:
Olsson, Stefan, 2008,"Children's
Suffrage: A Critique of the Importance of Voters' Knowledge for the Well-Being of Democracy", The International Journal of Children's Rights
766:
democratic debate about the radical idea of giving each parent one half extra vote, to be used on behalf of each under-age child until that child reaches legal voting age".
2542:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1844:
847:
than older voters. Finally, extending the vote to children may increase their involvement in politics, encouraging children to grow up and be more active citizens.
1848:
1840:
2262:
1777:
2185:
2133:
1836:
817:. They calculate that Demeny voting in Japan would increase the parent voting bloc from 24% to 37% and lower the over-55-year-old voter-bloc from 43% to 35%.
1832:
926:. Wall co-founded the ongoing [ Children's Voting Colloquium with Robin Chen to bring together in virtual society discussants of minimum voting age reform.
2151:
1714:
1412:
2547:
2168:
1826:
993:
1197:
1811:
1386:
2537:
898:. Some people worry that the power of older votes will be diluted and the interests of children might be prioritised above those of the elderly.
2045:
1806:
1087:
1222:
877:
the electoral exclusion of mid-adolescents by claiming that they lack the relevant competencies". In the United
Kingdom, politics professor
2531:
771:
2050:
356:
2342:
2198:
2190:
1747:
1742:
2102:
1791:
321:
351:
190:
748:
The idea, however, is older than Demeny's idea; it was regularly discussed in France in the 1920s and was almost adopted by the
2019:
293:
2090:
2347:
2055:
1772:
1113:
Parijs, Philippe van, 1999 ,"The
Disenfranchisement of the Elderly, and Other Attempts to Secure Intergenerational Justice",
1063:
973:
2141:
1821:
1699:
2280:
2224:
2173:
1796:
1737:
1679:
496:
2163:
1816:
1786:
1732:
1709:
1528:
797:
has been advocating Demeny voting, but admitted in April 2011 that it probably won't come into practice for some time.
2275:
835:
but which will only be paid back by future generations. It may ensure that the needs of children, such as education,
2203:
2004:
1963:
1722:
1652:
664:
1801:
2239:
2146:
1875:
1752:
1669:
1642:
2300:
1674:
1632:
1616:
1275:
341:
2578:
1167:"A Snapshot of Intergenerational Justice - Downloads - European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research"
1019:
831:
It has been suggested it would make it harder for elderly voters to vote in governments that borrow money for
2383:
1727:
1704:
1694:
1659:
1484:
2352:
2295:
1757:
1689:
1684:
1664:
618:
278:
1223:
Politics.hu, April 4th, 2011: "Fidesz official urges body set up to examine giving extra vote to families"
2526:
2436:
2407:
2322:
2245:
2117:
1586:
1201:
749:
269:
1100:
Demeny, P. 1986 "Pronatalist
Policies in Low-Fertility Countries: Patterns, Performance and Prospects,"
905:
blocked by exactly those groups who will block the desired consequences (e.g. raising the pension age).
2253:
1566:
994:"Family Voting as a Solution to Low Fertility? Experiences from France and Germany | In Custodia Legis"
298:
235:
2070:
2060:
2040:
1853:
1319:
491:
250:
1372:
1999:
1953:
1330:
935:
326:
1241:
2521:
2513:
2457:
2362:
2035:
1984:
1958:
775:
312:
2441:
2413:
2269:
1521:
783:
506:
407:
288:
1351:
705:, though the concept predates him. It is often proposed as a measure to ensure the (indirect)
2573:
2014:
1637:
1359:
1129:
Hinrichs, Karl, 2002,"Do the Old Exploit the Young? Is Enfranchising Children a Good Idea?",
361:
346:
245:
2449:
2418:
2357:
2211:
1581:
844:
794:
737:
657:
1485:
Why Children and Youth Should Have the Right to Vote: An Argument for Proxy-Claim Suffrage
8:
2317:
1994:
1561:
779:
402:
2489:
2426:
2327:
2107:
1551:
1166:
1081:
706:
613:
572:
162:
147:
101:
96:
69:
1252:
1185:
2465:
2388:
2332:
2217:
1989:
1606:
1514:
1347:
1069:
1059:
1027:
976:
969:
862:
839:, and healthcare, are better taken into account. It could also make governments more
802:
582:
562:
501:
450:
331:
283:
217:
142:
132:
111:
106:
23:
2498:
2378:
2337:
2311:
2285:
2230:
2179:
2085:
2080:
2009:
1611:
1556:
895:
516:
445:
397:
240:
226:
1152:
2568:
2305:
1979:
1767:
1289:"Low Fertility and Population Aging in Germany and Japan: Prospects and Policies"
1229:
832:
825:
718:
717:, parents would cast a proxy vote for their child, possibly allowing for a split
650:
640:
567:
550:
486:
412:
366:
64:
1413:"Votes for children! Why we should lower the voting age to six | David Runciman"
1344:"Democratic Inclusion, Cognitive Development, and the Age of Electoral Majority"
813:
Aoki and Vaithianathan argue that Demeny voting is justified because it reduces
2431:
2112:
2095:
2075:
2065:
1576:
1571:
1142:
Rupprecht, I. "Das Wahlrecht für Kinder", Baden-Baden 2012, Nomos-Verlag: 26–32
945:
878:
869:
710:
698:
511:
455:
260:
255:
200:
195:
1073:
2562:
1031:
820:
714:
608:
526:
521:
181:
157:
152:
74:
1473:
2481:
2473:
1447:
Schrag, F., 2004, "Children and Democracy: Theory and Practice Politics",
1343:
1053:
980:
940:
814:
690:
603:
587:
535:
426:
417:
392:
172:
137:
890:
Others have argued that with the right to vote comes other obligations of
1601:
891:
733:
702:
577:
460:
440:
167:
1496:
635:
1591:
901:
873:
730:
435:
303:
127:
87:
2290:
1387:"Lower voting age to six to tackle bias against young, says academic"
836:
83:
1537:
919:
694:
336:
1253:
EconPapers: Is Demeny Voting the Answer to Low Fertility in Japan?
1186:
EconPapers: Is Demeny Voting the Answer to Low Fertility in Japan?
840:
790:
55:
30:
2506:
1460:
Elster, Jon (1986) "Comment on van der Veen and Van Parijs",
701:
to vote on their behalf. The term is named after demographer
38:
1506:
843:
conscious as younger people will be more affected by poor
2543:
Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States
855:
828:
parents already have over their children." (page 72).
1125:
1123:
885:
2263:
Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain
1120:
1055:Give Children the Vote: On Democratizing Democracy
1052:Wall, John (2022). "Ch. 7: The Proxy-Claim Vote".
966:Give Children the Vote: On Democratizing Democracy
924:Give Children the Vote: on Democratizing Democracy
1181:
1179:
1020:"Opinion | The Minimum Voting Age Should Be Zero"
964:Wall, John (2022). "Ch. 1: Voting over History".
2560:
2548:Music and women's suffrage in the United States
2169:Women's suffrage organizations and publications
774:of the Centre for Intergenerational Studies at
2056:National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)
1176:
1522:
658:
757:
1276:Should Parents Vote for Kids? | Tokyo Notes
367:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
2199:Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial
1529:
1515:
1086:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
665:
651:
332:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
270:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
16:Type of proxy voting on behalf of children
2532:Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar
1286:
850:
2103:1920 United States presidential election
1474:One Child, One Vote: Proxies for Parents
1341:
721:if the parents' political views differ.
2343:Women's Rights National Historical Park
2561:
2020:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign
1331:No Right Turn: Lowering the voting age
991:
2061:Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)
1876:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
1510:
1287:Sanderson, Warren (20 January 2008).
1017:
808:
762:), but both proposals were defeated.
2414:"The March of the Women" (1910 song)
2142:List of suffragists and suffragettes
2005:Women's Coronation Procession (1911)
1320:No Right Turn: Against Demeny voting
1051:
856:Enfranchising children is preferable
697:for children by allowing parents or
13:
2384:National Voting Rights Museum (US)
2348:Women's Suffrage National Monument
2164:Historiography of the Suffragettes
2118:Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)
886:Suffrage should only be for adults
227:Plurality and majoritarian systems
14:
2590:
2276:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial
1102:Population and Development Review
1018:Stone, Lyman (1 September 2021).
868:Yet others have argued that more
337:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
2427:"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)
2225:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument
2071:Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)
2041:Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
1198:"一橋大学経済研究所 世代間問題研究機構 ｜ 世代間問題研究会"
1104:, vol. 12 (supplement): 335–358.
634:
37:
2240:Kate Sheppard National Memorial
2000:Battle of Downing Street (1910)
1643:1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act
1489:
1478:
1467:
1454:
1441:
1431:
1405:
1379:
1335:
1324:
1313:
1280:
1269:
1257:
1246:
1235:
1216:
1190:
1159:
992:Gesley, Jenny (19 April 2018).
2051:Ohio Women's Convention (1850)
2036:Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
1242:CBC interview with Paul Demeny
1145:
1136:
1131:Archives of European Sociology
1107:
1094:
1045:
1011:
985:
958:
342:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1:
1115:Philosophy and Public Affairs
951:
908:
729:Demeny voting is named after
2157:in majority-Muslim countries
2147:Timeline of women's suffrage
2086:Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)
2015:Open Christmas Letter (1914)
1964:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
1536:
1342:Hamilton, Vivian E. (2012).
724:
619:End-to-end verifiable voting
279:Single non-transferable vote
7:
2527:New Zealand ten-dollar note
2194:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue)
2108:"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)
2046:Rochester Convention (1848)
1831:Constitutional amendments:
1617:Women's liberation movement
929:
477:Voting patterns and effects
10:
2595:
2066:Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)
743:
707:representation of children
299:Single transferable voting
236:First-past-the-post voting
2534:(2020 U.S. commemorative)
2397:
2371:
2353:International Women's Day
2130:
2028:
1972:
1871:
1864:
1625:
1544:
693:where the provision of a
492:Voting advice application
322:Mixed-member proportional
251:Plurality-at-large voting
2437:Women's suffrage in film
2408:The Women's Marseillaise
2296:Suffragette Handkerchief
2174:Women's rights activists
1954:Hong Kong 1 July marches
1449:Philosophy and Economics
936:Intergenerational equity
357:Rural–urban proportional
352:Dual-member proportional
327:Additional member system
2538:2020 US ten-dollar bill
2522:Susan B. Anthony dollar
2459:Not for Ourselves Alone
2081:Suffrage Special (1916)
2010:Great Pilgrimage (1913)
1959:2014 Hong Kong protests
1557:Right to run for office
1153:"Wahlrecht für Kinder?"
998:The Library of Congress
776:Hitotsubashi University
2205:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1854:1965 Voting Rights Act
1367:Cite journal requires
851:Arguments made against
784:University of Auckland
758:
740:in certain countries.
507:Passive electioneering
408:Straight-ticket voting
2186:Belmont–Paul Monument
2113:Freedom Summer (1964)
1990:Women's Sunday (1908)
1228:11 March 2012 at the
362:Majority bonus system
347:Alternative Vote Plus
246:Instant-runoff voting
2451:Shoulder to Shoulder
2420:The Mother of Us All
2363:Women's Equality Day
2358:Susan B. Anthony Day
2212:Suffragette Memorial
1817:District of Columbia
1587:Non-resident citizen
1232:Retrieved 2011-06-23
1117:, vol. 27,: 292–333.
863:one person, one vote
845:environmental policy
313:Mixed-member systems
2318:Hunger Strike Medal
1995:Black Friday (1910)
780:Rhema Vaithianathan
709:who are considered
641:Politics portal
403:Split-ticket voting
2461:(1999 documentary)
2328:Suffrage jewellery
1552:Universal suffrage
1462:Theory and Society
1419:. 16 November 2021
1265:, vol. 16,: 55–76.
1204:on 31 January 2011
1024:The New York Times
872:, by lowering the
809:Arguments in favor
614:Voter registration
573:Voter intimidation
97:Write-in candidate
70:Provisional ballot
2579:Children's rights
2556:
2555:
2467:Iron Jawed Angels
2389:Umbrella Movement
2333:Suffragette penny
2247:Millicent Fawcett
2218:Portrait Monument
2126:
2125:
1980:WSPU march (1906)
1797:African Americans
1715:Spain (Civil War,
1607:Compulsory voting
1393:. 6 December 2018
1346:. Rochester, NY.
1065:978-1-350-19630-8
974:978-1-350-19630-8
803:Chrystia Freeland
750:National Assembly
713:. Under a Demeny
711:too young to vote
675:
674:
626:
625:
583:Voter suppression
563:Ballot harvesting
541:
540:
502:Paradox of voting
468:
467:
451:None of the above
383:Voting strategies
374:
373:
284:Cumulative voting
218:Electoral systems
208:
207:
143:Electronic voting
133:Compulsory voting
2586:
2379:Age of candidacy
2312:Holloway Jingles
2286:Pankhurst Centre
2257:(2008 sculpture)
2180:Leser v. Garnett
1985:Mud March (1907)
1869:
1868:
1802:Native Americans
1612:Disfranchisement
1531:
1524:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:"Find an Expert"
1493:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1301:on 13 March 2012
1300:
1294:. Archived from
1293:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1200:. Archived from
1194:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
989:
983:
962:
896:military service
761:
667:
660:
653:
639:
638:
557:
556:
517:Political apathy
481:
480:
446:Election boycott
387:
386:
241:Two-round system
223:
222:
52:
51:
41:
19:
18:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2517:(upcoming film)
2443:Votes for Women
2399:
2393:
2367:
2306:Holloway brooch
2301:Holloway banner
2132:
2122:
2091:Night of Terror
2024:
1968:
1860:
1621:
1540:
1535:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1230:Wayback Machine
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1155:. 30 July 2024.
1151:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
990:
986:
963:
959:
954:
932:
911:
888:
858:
853:
833:social security
811:
759:Kinderwahlrecht
746:
727:
695:political voice
689:) is a type of
683:parental voting
677:
671:
633:
628:
627:
568:Ballot stuffing
554:
551:Electoral fraud
543:
542:
487:Coattail effect
478:
470:
469:
413:Tactical voting
384:
376:
375:
289:Binomial system
220:
210:
209:
88:Ballot measures
65:Absentee ballot
49:
24:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
2592:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2510:(2022 musical)
2503:
2502:(2018 musical)
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2432:Suffrage plays
2429:
2424:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2255:Great Petition
2251:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2192:Rise up, Women
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2096:Prison Special
2093:
2083:
2078:
2076:Suffrage Torch
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1748:Cayman Islands
1738:United Kingdom
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1488:
1477:
1466:
1453:
1440:
1430:
1404:
1378:
1369:|journal=
1334:
1323:
1312:
1279:
1268:
1256:
1245:
1234:
1215:
1189:
1175:
1158:
1144:
1135:
1119:
1106:
1093:
1064:
1058:. London, UK.
1044:
1010:
984:
968:. London, UK.
956:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
946:Youth suffrage
943:
938:
931:
928:
910:
907:
887:
884:
879:David Runciman
870:youth suffrage
857:
854:
852:
849:
810:
807:
745:
742:
738:fertility rate
726:
723:
673:
672:
670:
669:
662:
655:
647:
644:
643:
630:
629:
624:
623:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
598:
597:
593:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
555:
553:and prevention
549:
548:
545:
544:
539:
538:
532:
531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
512:Vote splitting
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
465:
464:
463:
458:
456:Refused ballot
453:
448:
443:
438:
430:
429:
423:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
372:
371:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
316:
315:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
273:
272:
266:
265:
264:
263:
261:Usual judgment
258:
256:General ticket
253:
248:
243:
238:
230:
229:
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
206:
205:
204:
203:
201:Voting machine
198:
193:
185:
184:
178:
177:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
122:
121:
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
91:
90:
80:
79:
78:
77:
72:
67:
59:
58:
50:
47:
46:
43:
42:
34:
33:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2591:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:(2013 sitcom)
2476:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:(1974 series)
2452:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:United States
1785:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:Liechtenstein
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Demeny voting
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1434:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1374:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1316:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
999:
995:
988:
982:
978:
975:
971:
967:
961:
957:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
927:
925:
921:
915:
906:
903:
899:
897:
893:
883:
880:
875:
871:
866:
864:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
822:
821:Stefan Olsson
818:
816:
806:
804:
798:
796:
793:, the ruling
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
767:
763:
760:
753:
751:
741:
739:
735:
732:
722:
720:
719:weighted vote
716:
715:voting system
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:family voting
684:
681:(also called
680:
679:Demeny voting
668:
663:
661:
656:
654:
649:
648:
646:
645:
642:
637:
632:
631:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:Secret ballot
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
599:
595:
594:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
558:
552:
547:
546:
537:
536:Protest votes
534:
533:
528:
527:Voter turnout
525:
523:
522:Voter fatigue
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
482:
474:
473:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
428:
427:Protest votes
425:
424:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:Fusion voting
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
380:
379:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
314:
311:
310:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
271:
268:
267:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
228:
225:
224:
219:
214:
213:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:
183:
180:
179:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
158:Postal voting
156:
154:
153:Polling place
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
119:
118:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
89:
85:
82:
81:
76:
75:Sample ballot
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
54:
53:
45:
44:
40:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
2574:Minimum ages
2514:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2475:Up the Women
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2422:(1947 opera)
2419:
2338:Suffrage Oak
2323:Justice Bell
2310:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2216:
2204:
2191:
2178:
1878:conferences
1596:
1545:Basic topics
1491:
1480:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:the Guardian
1416:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:the Guardian
1390:
1381:
1360:cite journal
1337:
1326:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1282:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1248:
1237:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:the original
1192:
1161:
1147:
1138:
1130:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1054:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1023:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
987:
965:
960:
941:Proxy voting
923:
922:in the book
916:
912:
900:
889:
867:
859:
841:ecologically
830:
819:
815:gerontocracy
812:
799:
788:
768:
764:
754:
747:
728:
691:proxy voting
686:
682:
678:
676:
604:Election ink
588:Voter caging
497:Likely voter
418:Vote pairing
393:Issue voting
191:Popular vote
173:Voting booth
138:Early voting
22:Part of the
2493:(2015 film)
2491:Suffragette
2485:(2014 film)
2469:(2004 film)
2445:(1912 film)
2281:Eagle House
2134:(memorials)
1822:Puerto Rico
1733:Switzerland
1710:New Zealand
1602:Suffragette
1582:Non-citizen
1464:pp.709- 722
1208:14 February
892:citizenship
734:Paul Demeny
731:demographer
703:Paul Demeny
578:Vote buying
461:Spoilt vote
441:Donkey vote
168:Vote center
148:Open ballot
2563:Categories
2270:Resilience
1812:foreigners
1718:Francoist)
1648:aboriginal
1626:By country
1592:Voting age
1423:17 January
1397:17 January
1305:30 January
1074:1262678642
1037:20 January
981:1262678642
952:References
909:Variations
902:Jon Elster
894:, such as
874:voting age
772:Reiko Aoki
596:Prevention
436:Abstention
304:Spare vote
294:Party-list
128:Ballot box
120:Collection
102:Electorate
84:Candidates
2291:Paulsdale
1723:Sri Lanka
1680:Hong Kong
1638:Australia
1082:cite book
1032:0362-4331
837:childcare
795:coalition
725:Etymology
699:guardians
48:Balloting
1753:Scotland
1670:Colombia
1538:Suffrage
1438:125–147.
1226:Archived
930:See also
920:childism
182:Counting
163:Precinct
2515:Lioness
2400:culture
2398:Popular
2372:Related
2232:Forward
1675:Ecuador
1633:Austria
1352:2086875
1133:Vol 23.
791:Hungary
782:of the
744:History
56:Ballots
2569:Voting
2499:Sylvia
2249:statue
2234:statue
2207:statue
1865:Events
1827:states
1807:felons
1728:Sweden
1705:Mexico
1695:Kuwait
1660:Canada
1350:
1072:
1062:
1030:
1003:17 May
979:
972:
826:powers
112:Ticket
31:Voting
2507:Suffs
2483:Selma
2131:Women
1792:women
1764:laws
1758:Wales
1743:women
1690:Japan
1685:India
1665:Chile
1653:women
1577:Youth
1572:Black
1562:Women
1451:Vol 3
1299:(PDF)
1292:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
196:Tally
107:Slate
1947:14th
1942:13th
1937:12th
1932:11th
1927:10th
1849:26th
1845:24th
1841:23rd
1837:19th
1833:15th
1778:1928
1773:1918
1768:1832
1425:2023
1399:2023
1373:help
1348:SSRN
1307:2011
1210:2011
1088:link
1070:OCLC
1060:ISBN
1039:2023
1028:ISSN
1005:2023
977:OCLC
970:ISBN
778:and
86:and
1922:9th
1917:8th
1912:7th
1907:6th
1902:5th
1897:4th
1892:3rd
1887:2nd
1882:1st
1839:,
1567:Men
789:In
685:or
2565::
2152:US
2029:US
1973:UK
1847:,
1843:,
1835:,
1415:.
1389:.
1364::
1362:}}
1358:{{
1178:^
1122:^
1084:}}
1080:{{
1068:.
1026:.
1022:.
996:.
805:.
752:.
2410:"
2406:"
1530:e
1523:t
1516:v
1499:.
1427:.
1401:.
1375:)
1371:(
1354:.
1309:.
1212:.
1172:.
1090:)
1076:.
1041:.
1007:.
861:'
666:e
659:t
652:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
