688:) to Article 45 of the constitution. ("Four Freedoms" or "Four Big" was a political slogan during the Cultural Revolution, which means people have the rights to freedom of speech, freedom of debate, and freedom of putting up big character posters.) From June to July 1978, big character posters were widely spread on major universities of Beijing. The posters were initially encouraged to criticize the Gang of Four and previous failed government policies as part of Deng Xiaoping's struggle to gain political power. In September, foreign journalists reported that they were allowed free contact with the Chinese people. This report was reproduced in the CCP's internal journal,
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constitutional rights: freedom of speech and freedom of the press without retaliation. These freedoms were never realized. On
January 28, the members of seven unofficial journals in Beijing organized a joint conference to counter the criticism against their literature on Democracy Wall. These members then met weekly to discuss recent public issues. However, this was still a very loose organization and their opinions varied to the point of not achieving their objectives.
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1081:(Chinese: 群众参考消息) calculated in May 1979, they had some 300-400 subscribers and had received almost 1000 letters from readers in two months. However, compared to wall posters, journals were more substantial than the numbers of subscribers, because people usually hand copy and re-send to other people, which caused the unofficial journal to be widely spread all over China. The most complete collection of the unofficial documents today is the 20-volume
292:
609:". Hua claimed that they would honor Mao's policy and his instruction to the full extent. On the other hand, on July 21, 1977, during the 3rd Plenary Session of the CCP's 10th Central Committee, Deng Xiaoping resumed his positions as Prime Minister of the State Council and Vice-Chairman of the CCP. After Deng came back to work, he started to fix some political decisions of Mao's era. During the spring of 1978, 130,000 victims of the
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there was no single movement" and ideological views were often sharply-divided. While
Democracy Wall participants agreed that "democracy" was the means to resolve the conflict between the bureaucratic class and the people, the nature of the proposed democratic institutions was a major source of disagreement. A majority of participants in the movement viewed the movement as part of a struggle between correct and incorrect notions of
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walls throughout the country. On
November 23, Lü Pu (Chinese: 吕朴) posted his writings on the Democracy Wall in Xidan. He critiqued Mao Zedong and pointed out that the real reasons behind the April 5 Movement were a backward economy, rigid thought control, and the poor living conditions of the people. This poster was called the "Fire Lighter of Democracy Wall". On November 25, 1978, the Democracy Assembly Group was formed by
1933:
742:, was posted on Democracy Wall. This long article strongly criticized the undemocratic practice of Mao and Deng. It also emphasized that (1) the history of Germany, Russia and China proved that anti-democracy was the cause of the poor living conditions of the people; and (2) the political system of Yugoslavia would be a good model for bringing economic wellbeing to the people.
501:. The 67 pages of the paper focused on: (1) Damage to the citizens caused by bureaucratic corruptions of the Chinese Communist Party during the Cultural Revolution; and (2) the need to practice democracy and a legal system in China. This big character poster proved that people started to re-evaluate the Cultural Revolution and political system of China.
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the same walls and tried to draw attention from the central government to solve their individual cases. However, because this kind of posters were written by less educated people, except for some articles which were re-published in unofficial journals, most of the petitioner's posters were torn off afterwards.
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that, according to the
Constitution, the Democracy Wall activities were legal. However, he noted that some party comrades did not want to criticize Mao, and he agreed. Deng's attitude caused more and more people gathering in Democracy Wall and put up poster to express their opinions and support Deng.
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The wall posters and the underground journals' connections were intimately linked. It was a common practice to print posters in the journals, as well as to post the printed pages on the Xidan Wall. The editors also sold their journals near the
Democracy Wall. Printing and publishing journals was not
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Besides the big character posters, that talk about the democracy, freedom, and human rights, there were also many posters written by petitioners detailing the suffering and persecution endured during the
Cultural Revolution and bureaucratic corruption of local officials. They put up their posters on
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Unofficial "people's journals" published by activists were the ideological core of the movement. These journals likewise discussed a wide range of topics and ideological stances, including commentaries on socialism, democracy, Marxism, civil rights, and morality, socioeconomic conditions (including
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Thus, demands for "democracy" were frequent but without an agreed-upon meaning. Participants in the movement variously associated the concept of democracy with socialism, communism, liberal democracy, capitalism, and
Christianity. They drew on a diverse range of intellectual resources "ranging from
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who had been removed from their positions in 1957, recovered their social statuses. Deng continued to challenge Hua's legitimacy and fight for the domination in ideological field. For example, Deng wrote an essay on May 24, 1977 titled "The 'Two
Whatever' Policy Does Not Accord With Marxism". Under
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On
October 1, 1978, the words "to liberate thought, to provide the best service to the people are the duties of CCP members", a theme for the CCP Party, was posted on the Xidan Wall in Beijing by civilians. Since then, people were allowed to post their opinions and free-style literature on street
644:
The
Democracy Wall movement framed the key issue as the elimination of bureaucratism and the bureaucratic class. However, the movement lacked ideological cohesion. It involved many individuals and small groups with diverse political views and areas of concern. "From an organizational standpoint,
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Until this period, most of the big character posters were criticizing the Gang of Four, Mao Zedong, and Hua Guofeng, rather than Deng Xiaoping. So, Deng was still supporting the Democracy Wall movement, during this time, as he remarked to several leaders. On November 26, he told the Japanese
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Since early 1979, unofficial journals became the backbone of the Democracy Wall Movement. The activities were also seeking to organize together to form a stronger concentrated structure. On January 15, 1979, six leading unofficial journals announced their intention to fight for the basic
785:(Chinese: 四五论坛) published its first issue. Soon, different groups of activities formed their own editorial organizations to express different political opinions. The arguments concerning political reforms could be divided into three general categories according to their attitudes towards
759:
Academic Liu Sheng-chi writes that the journals of the Democracy Wall movement fall into three categories: (1) the radical left, (2) moderates, and (3) the radical right. The first two categories of journals strayed within the political tradition of
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and eight other youths. Two days later they gathered at Xidan Democracy Wall and led a public march to Tiananmen Square. Over 10,000 participants demanded democracy and human rights for China. This date marks the beginning of the Democracy Wall.
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Another format of the debate and demonstration was also rapidly developing in China: the "unofficial journals", also known as "people's journals," "independent journals," or "underground journals" (Chinese: 地下刊物). On November 26, 1978,
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570:
After Mao Zedong's death occurred on September 9, 1976, with Hua Guofeng as Mao's successor, he felt threatened by the politically domineering Gang of Four. On October 6, under the support of
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an easy task due to the lack of technicians and funding. So, the journals' circulation was relatively small, usually from 200 to 500 copies per issue. As, for example, the editors of
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to publish the article "Pragmatism is the Only Standard in Measuring Truth" on May 10, 1978, which marked the key difference between Deng and Hua. This article was re-published in
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by a joint meeting of the First Secretaries of the Provincial Party Committees and the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CCP. For proving his legitimacy, Hua instructed
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Criticism of Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution were the most common complaint by movement participants. Some participants, however, revived the Cultural Revolution-era “
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From the winter of 1978 to spring 1981, over 50 unofficial journals appeared in Beijing alone. The following list includes some famous journals during the movement:
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578:, and other members of the Politburo, Hua Guofeng arrested the Gang of Four. On the following day, Hua was voted in as chairman of the CCP and chairman of the
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Under the influence of the official discussion, the general public also started to put up big character posters to cause a debate. On August 18, 1977, the
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314:
1297:
1913:
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1889:
Opletal, Helmut (2021-12-30). "The 1978-1981 Democracy Wall Movement and the Reformists in the Communist Party Leadership after Mao's Death".
1979:
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would assume Deng's positions as Prime Minister of the State Council and the Vice-Chairman of the CCP. The committee adopted both proposals.
20:
1260:
489:" to exile the student "Red Guards" to rural areas. This movement caused a lot of red guards to feel purposely abandoned by Mao. In 1971,
2411:
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However, besides the pro-Deng group, there was also anti-Deng voice. On December 5, 1978, the most famous poster of the Democracy Wall, "
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for inspiration. The Democracy Wall movement also included non-Marxists and anti-Marxists, although these participants were a minority.
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attempted coup and death deeply shook the collective peoples' faith on Mao and the Cultural Revolution's ideology. On November 19, 1974,
256:
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classical Marxist and socialist traditions to Enlightenment philosophers, experiments in Yugoslavia, and Western liberal democracy."
534:. They wrote poems and put up big character posters in Tiananmen Square to mourn for Zhou and express their anger towards the impious
555:
319:
201:
1085:(Chinese: 大陆地下刊物汇编), which was edited by the Taiwanese Institution for the Study of Chinese Communist Problems from 1980 to 1985.
2475:
2173:
434:, and demonstrations, were also soon spreading out in major cities of China. This movement can be seen as the beginning of the
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2110:
716:
1972:
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1730:
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324:
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2022:
781:. Later it was reprinted in Beijing in January 1979. On December 16, 1978, another very famous unofficial journal,
486:
348:
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2618:
2404:
1156:
430:). Under acquiescence of the Chinese government, other kinds of protest activities, such as unofficial journals,
281:
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2603:
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Throughout late 1978 and early 1979, crowds would gather to buy or exchange issues of these people's journals.
1788:"The 1978-1981 Democracy Wall Movement and the Reformists in the Communist Party Leadership after Mao's Death"
2653:
2515:
2390:
276:
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and soon caused a huge discussion movement in China, which was called The Discussion on Criteria of Truth .
473:, millions of middle school, high school, and college students answered Mao's call, being organized as the "
2744:
2470:
2460:
2027:
1965:
218:
1942:
543:
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wage reform, inequality, and consumer and housing shortages) as well as artistic and literary matters.
435:
343:
329:
43:
1289:
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1948:
1917:
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2440:
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2120:
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to disperse the people, and around four thousand were arrested. This incident was also called the
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39:
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2002:
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1626:"The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy"
1579:"The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy"
1532:"The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy"
1356:"The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy"
1197:"The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy"
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was announced as the "black hand" of the movement. On April 7, Mao Zedong proposed that the
2485:
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2314:
2007:
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8:
2535:
2495:
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1988:
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470:
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2012:
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485:. But, in 1969, after using students in restoring the social order, Mao launched the "
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2017:
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1412:
1387:
1375:
1228:
1216:
970:
790:
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527:
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526:, a widely respected senior CCP leader, died on January 8, 1976. On April 5, at the
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35:
1832:. Stanford, California: East Asian Collection, Hoover Institution. p. 15.
1775:. Stanford, California: East Asian Collection, Hoover Institution. p. 13.
1641:
1594:
1547:
1371:
1249:. Stanford, California: East Asian Collection, Hoover Institution. p. 12.
1212:
1184:. Stanford, California: East Asian Collection, Hoover Institution. p. 11.
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2500:
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1937:
1909:
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Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century (Vol 2)
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Unofficial Documents of the Democracy Movement in Communist China 1978-1981
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Unofficial Documents of the Democracy Movement in Communist China 1978-1981
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Unofficial Documents of the Democracy Movement in Communist China 1978-1981
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Unofficial Documents of the Democracy Movement in Communist China 1978-1981
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535:
145:
1953:
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1290:"The "Two-Whatever" Policy Does Not Accord With Marxism -- Beijing Review"
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The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis
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The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis
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The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis
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The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis
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Collection of Underground Publications Circulated on Chinese Mainland
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Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
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119:
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1936:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
984:
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786:
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401:
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From November 1978 to December 1979, thousands of people put up "
64:
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of the CCP denounce Deng Xiaoping's official positions and that
2669:
2126:
Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
1722:
Mao's China and after : a history of the People's Republic
442:". This short period of political liberation was known as the "
421:
777:(Chinese: 启蒙), the first unofficial publication, appeared in
405:
393:
364:
239:
234:
68:
1725:. Maurice J. Meisner (3rd ed.). New York. p. 436.
1891:
The Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies
1792:
The Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies
504:
The core of the Democracy Movement was composed of former
1847:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 497–500.
738:: Democracy and Others" written by writer and activist
723:
695:
565:
404:, to protest about the political and social issues of
377:
2010 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest
372:
2007 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest
109:
End to government corruption and socio-economic reform
1095:
History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)
1071:
709:
1149:"Advance Through Retreat: The Li Yi Zhe Manifesto"
1105:The Democracy Wall of City University of Hong Kong
106:Increased civil rights and political participation
2609:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group
684:recommended adding the "Four Freedoms" (Chinese:
672:” argument against China’s “bureaucratic class.”
511:
2759:
2692:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
315:December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong
803:
530:, thousands of Beijing's residents gathered in
542:. In response, Mao ordered the police and the
216:
1973:
1908:
1125:"The Chinese democracy movement of 1978-1981"
202:
21:Democracy Wall (City University of Hong Kong)
2412:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits
745:
257:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
112:Calls for rehabilitation of victims of the
1980:
1966:
1753:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
605:to publish an editorial now known as the "
454:
209:
195:
320:Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement
2717:3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee
1870:
1623:
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1353:
1194:
1987:
1842:
1785:
1718:
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987:, Liu Nianchun, Xu Xiao, Chen Maiping
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1961:
1875:. Turku: Turun Yliopisto. p. 89.
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266:2011 crackdown on dissidents in China
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118:Challenging the ideological lines of
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1240:
1238:
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1173:
767:
696:The beginning of the Democracy Wall
566:The Discussion on Criteria of Truth
262:2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests
252:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
16:1978–1979 protest movement in China
13:
2111:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
1914:"Visions of China: Democracy Wall"
1861:
1818:
1761:
1679:
1664:
1490:
1481:
1448:
1433:
1400:
1319:"实践是检验真理的唯一标准 --中国共产党新闻--中国共产党新闻网"
764:, while the third challenged it.
556:Politburo of the Central Committee
14:
2794:
1827:
1770:
1340:
1244:
1235:
1179:
1170:
1072:Impact of the unofficial journals
710:Deng's attitudes at the beginning
682:11th National Congress of the CCP
325:2010 Hong Kong democracy protests
2740:
2739:
2675:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
2521:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
2051:Down to the Countryside Movement
2023:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
1931:
1901::10.25365/jeacs.2021.2.127-167.
1062:
872:Chinese Alliance of Human Rights
487:Down to the Countryside Movement
357:
305:1970s Hong Kong student protests
290:
233:
55:November 1978 – Spring 1981
2405:Six Articles of Public Security
1836:
1779:
1712:
1617:
1570:
1523:
1394:
1329:from the original on 2016-10-07
1300:from the original on 2016-06-24
1271:from the original on 2016-08-09
1159:from the original on 2016-09-15
1129:pekinger-fruehling.univie.ac.at
675:
497:'s paper appeared on a wall in
408:; the wall became known as the
282:2022 COVID-19 protests in China
126:'s continued authoritarian rule
2644:Worker-Peasant-Soldier student
2604:Central Case Examination Group
2086:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
1916:. www.time.com. Archived from
1786:Opletal, Helmut (2021-12-30).
1311:
1282:
1253:
1188:
1141:
1117:
649:. Many participants advocated
634:People's Liberation Army Daily
614:the support of Deng Xiaoping,
595:People's Liberation Army Daily
512:The Tiananmen Incident of 1976
426:
1:
2654:Xiang River Storm and Thunder
2516:Learn from Daqing in industry
2391:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
1883:
1804:10.25365/jeacs.2021.2.127-167
1630:Journal of Contemporary China
1583:Journal of Contemporary China
1536:Journal of Contemporary China
1360:Journal of Contemporary China
1201:Journal of Contemporary China
639:
477:" to rebel and root out the "
449:
277:Beijing Sitong Bridge protest
2471:Continuous Revolution Theory
2461:Cow demons and snake spirits
2384:Quotations from Chairman Mao
2028:Socialist Education Movement
1719:Meisner, Maurice J. (1999).
804:Lists of unofficial journals
349:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
7:
2768:Chinese democracy movements
1088:
618:indicated a party journal,
438:. It is also known as the "
10:
2799:
2773:Political posters of China
1873:In the Vanguard of History
1843:De Bary, Theodore (1999).
1265:www.modernchinastudies.org
820:Editors (Romanized names)
727:
717:Democratic Socialist Party
580:Central Military Committee
515:
458:
436:Chinese Democracy Movement
392:" on a long brick wall of
344:2016 Mong Kok civil unrest
330:Hong Kong new year marches
44:Chinese Democracy Movement
18:
2783:Cold War history of China
2735:
2662:
2599:Cultural Revolution Group
2544:
2428:
2368:
2217:
2144:
2056:Cleansing the Class Ranks
2043:
1995:
1949:Federal Research Division
1642:10.1080/10670560701562325
1595:10.1080/10670560701562325
1548:10.1080/10670560701562325
1372:10.1080/10670560701562325
1213:10.1080/10670560701562325
724:"The Fifth Modernization"
417:
228:
158:
153:
132:
94:
75:
59:
49:
33:
28:
2649:May Seventh Cadre School
2441:Newborn socialist things
2377:Bombard the Headquarters
2187:Shaoyang County Massacre
2121:1975 Banqiao Dam failure
1871:Paltemaa, Lauri (2005).
1688:Harvard University Press
1624:Paltemaa, Lauri (2007).
1577:Paltemaa, Lauri (2007).
1530:Paltemaa, Lauri (2007).
1499:Harvard University Press
1457:Harvard University Press
1409:Harvard University Press
1354:Paltemaa, Lauri (2007).
1195:Paltemaa, Lauri (2007).
1110:
823:Editors (Chinese names)
793:, eclectic Marxism, and
783:The Forum of April Fifth
746:Petitioners' wall poster
310:Hong Kong 1 July marches
103:Political liberalisation
2619:Revolutionary committee
2169:Inner Mongolia incident
2136:1976 Tiananmen Incident
2106:Black Painting incident
2071:February Countercurrent
1079:People's Reference News
1035:Seeking Truth Newspaper
996:Masses' Reference Forum
817:Journal (Chinese name)
814:Journal (English name)
736:The Fifth Modernization
730:The Fifth Modernization
653:views that drew on the
518:1976 Tiananmen Incident
483:Chinese Communist Party
455:The Cultural Revolution
440:Democracy Wall Movement
339:2014 Hong Kong protests
272:Egg fried rice protests
173:Chinese Communist Party
29:Democracy Wall Movement
2589:May Sixteenth elements
2003:Anti-Rightist Campaign
611:Anti-Rightist Movement
100:Opposing bureaucratism
2624:8341 Special Regiment
2531:Five Black Categories
2197:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
2131:1976 Nanjing incident
931:, Lu Lin, Yang Guang
839:, Liu Qing, Zhao Nan
690:Reference Information
390:big character posters
40:Reform and Opening Up
2557:Conservative Faction
2486:One Divides into Two
2456:Big-character poster
2008:Great Chinese Famine
1686:. Cambridge, Mass.:
1680:Wu, Yiching (2014).
1497:. Cambridge, Mass.:
1491:Wu, Yiching (2014).
1455:. Cambridge, Mass.:
1449:Wu, Yiching (2014).
1411:. pp. 213–214.
1407:. Cambridge, Mass.:
1401:Wu, Yiching (2014).
1153:MCLC Resource Center
947:Hu Ping, Jiang Hong
538:and the destructive
167:Li Yizhe (Pen name)
19:For other uses, see
2536:Five Red Categories
2398:May 16 Notification
2101:10th Party Congress
1989:Cultural Revolution
1920:on January 29, 2001
1294:www.bjreview.com.cn
1049:Voice of the People
755:Unofficial journals
540:Cultural Revolution
471:Cultural Revolution
461:Cultural Revolution
221:democracy movements
138:Political crackdown
114:Cultural Revolution
85:Cultural Revolution
83:, cessation of the
2712:Morning Sun (film)
2687:Great Leap Forward
2577:Ultra-Left Faction
2526:Stinking Old Ninth
2174:Guangdong Massacre
2081:9th Party Congress
2033:Taoyuan Experience
2013:Great Leap Forward
620:Theoretical Trends
548:April 5th Movement
499:Guangdong Province
481:" from within the
479:capitalist roaders
427:Xīdān mínzhǔ qiáng
165:(Activist, writer)
2753:
2752:
2702:Sino-Soviet split
2562:Little Red Guards
2506:Capitalist roader
2496:Eight model plays
2193:Yunnan Massacres
2116:Hangzhou incident
2096:Lin Biao incident
2018:Lushan Conference
1697:978-0-674-41985-8
1508:978-0-674-41985-8
1466:978-0-674-41985-8
1418:978-0-674-41985-8
1323:cpc.people.com.cn
1060:
1059:
990:北岛，芒克，刘念春，徐晓，陈迈平
890:Democracy and Law
829:April Fifth Forum
791:classical Marxism
768:Original journals
715:delegates of the
651:classical Marxist
528:Qingming Festival
385:
384:
335:Umbrella Movement
185:
184:
2790:
2778:1970s in Beijing
2743:
2742:
2481:Violent Struggle
2476:Seizure of power
2466:Bloodline theory
2446:Struggle session
2419:On Class Origins
2202:Shadian incident
2182:Daoxian massacre
2178:Hunan Massacres
2164:Guangxi Massacre
1982:
1975:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1859:
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1242:
1233:
1232:
1207:(53): 602, 610.
1192:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1121:
811:
810:
532:Tiananmen Square
428:
419:
398:Xicheng District
363:
361:
360:
296:
294:
293:
238:
237:
223:
211:
204:
197:
188:
187:
26:
25:
2798:
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2793:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2731:
2727:Scar literature
2722:Boluan Fanzheng
2658:
2639:Barefoot doctor
2629:Sent-down youth
2582:Xiaoyao Faction
2540:
2424:
2364:
2213:
2209:Ruijin Massacre
2157:Daxing Massacre
2140:
2039:
1991:
1986:
1944:Country Studies
1941:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1841:
1837:
1826:
1819:
1784:
1780:
1769:
1762:
1746:
1745:
1733:
1717:
1713:
1698:
1690:. p. 214.
1678:
1665:
1622:
1618:
1575:
1571:
1528:
1524:
1509:
1501:. p. 215.
1489:
1482:
1467:
1459:. p. 213.
1447:
1434:
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1399:
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1352:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1261:""民主墙运动"及其历史地位"
1259:
1258:
1254:
1243:
1236:
1193:
1189:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1091:
1074:
1065:
860:, Zhou Weimin,
806:
770:
757:
748:
732:
726:
712:
698:
678:
642:
625:Guangming Daily
568:
520:
514:
463:
457:
452:
386:
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358:
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291:
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286:
232:
224:
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71:
54:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2751:
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2748:
2747:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:Class struggle
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2663:Related topics
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Five Man Group
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:Scarlet Guards
2569:
2564:
2559:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2491:Democracy Wall
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:Feudal fascism
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2415:
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2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
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2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2261:
2259:Zhang Chunqiao
2256:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
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2199:
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2148:
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2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:Wuhan incident
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1929:
1912:(1999-09-27).
1906:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1860:
1853:
1835:
1828:I, Mu (1986).
1817:
1778:
1771:I, Mu (1986).
1760:
1731:
1711:
1696:
1663:
1616:
1569:
1522:
1507:
1480:
1465:
1432:
1417:
1393:
1339:
1310:
1281:
1252:
1245:I, Mu (1986).
1234:
1187:
1180:I, Mu (1986).
1169:
1155:. 2015-02-13.
1140:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1100:Beijing Spring
1097:
1090:
1087:
1073:
1070:
1064:
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1037:
1031:
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1024:
1018:
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1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:People's Forum
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
992:
991:
988:
978:
975:
966:
965:
963:
961:
958:
952:
951:
948:
945:
942:
936:
935:
934:魏京生，刘京生，路林，杨光
932:
922:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
892:
886:
885:
882:
877:
874:
868:
867:
864:
855:
852:
850:Beijing Spring
846:
845:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
824:
821:
818:
815:
805:
802:
769:
766:
756:
753:
747:
744:
728:Main article:
725:
722:
711:
708:
697:
694:
677:
674:
641:
638:
630:People's Daily
589:People's Daily
567:
564:
516:Main article:
513:
510:
465:In 1966, when
459:Main article:
456:
453:
451:
448:
444:Beijing Spring
410:Democracy Wall
383:
382:
380:
379:
374:
368:
367:
352:
351:
346:
341:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
300:
285:
284:
279:
274:
269:
259:
254:
249:
247:Beijing Spring
243:
242:
240:Mainland China
229:
226:
225:
214:
213:
206:
199:
191:
183:
182:
170:
160:
159:
156:
155:
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142:
139:
134:
130:
129:
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116:
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107:
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101:
96:
92:
91:
87:post death of
77:
73:
72:
63:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
36:Beijing Spring
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2795:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Two Whatevers
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
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2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
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2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Rebel Faction
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Loyalty dance
2499:
2497:
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2492:
2489:
2487:
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2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Wang Dongxing
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
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2278:
2276:
2273:
2270:
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2255:
2251:
2248:
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2245:Deng Xiaoping
2243:
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2236:
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2231:
2228:
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2084:
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2077:
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2069:
2067:
2066:January Storm
2064:
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2061:12-3 incident
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1938:public domain
1930:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:Wei Jingsheng
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1854:0-231-11271-8
1850:
1846:
1839:
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1824:
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1732:0-02-920870-X
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1063:Organizations
1056:
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959:
957:
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953:
949:
946:
943:
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938:
937:
933:
930:
929:Liu Jingsheng
926:
925:Wei Jingsheng
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:Enlightenment
901:
900:
897:
895:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
881:
878:
875:
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870:
869:
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822:
819:
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813:
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809:
801:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:Enlightenment
765:
763:
752:
743:
741:
740:Wei Jingsheng
737:
731:
721:
718:
707:
704:
693:
691:
687:
683:
673:
671:
666:
662:
658:
656:
655:Paris Commune
652:
648:
637:
635:
631:
627:
626:
621:
617:
612:
608:
607:Two Whatevers
604:
602:
597:
596:
591:
590:
585:
584:Wang Dongxing
581:
577:
573:
563:
561:
557:
553:
552:Deng Xiaoping
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
519:
509:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
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476:
472:
469:launched the
468:
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177:Deng Xiaoping
174:
168:
164:
163:Wei Jingsheng
157:
152:
147:
143:
140:
137:
136:
135:
131:
125:
124:Deng Xiaoping
121:
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52:
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45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2755:
2634:61 Renegades
2490:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2335:Yang Chengwu
2269:Wang Hongwen
2250:Gang of Four
2044:Major events
1943:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:the original
1894:
1890:
1872:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1772:
1721:
1714:
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1586:
1582:
1572:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1493:
1451:
1403:
1396:
1363:
1359:
1331:. Retrieved
1322:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1293:
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1264:
1255:
1246:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1181:
1161:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:
1119:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1066:
1048:
1034:
1021:
1008:
995:
969:
955:
940:Fertile Soil
939:
917:Explorations
916:
902:
889:
871:
866:陈子明，周为民，王军涛
849:
828:
807:
799:
795:anti-Marxism
782:
774:
771:
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676:Wall posters
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536:Gang of Four
521:
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171:
161:
154:Lead figures
146:Gang of Four
144:Fall of the
2511:Yiku sitian
2360:Ye Jianying
2355:Hua Guofeng
2350:Mao Yuanxin
2340:Chen Zaidao
2275:Peng Dehuai
2264:Yao Wenyuan
2218:Key figures
2091:Project 571
1897:: 151–154.
1798:: 151–154.
1636:(53): 620.
1589:(53): 611.
1542:(53): 623.
1366:(53): 611.
880:Ren Wanding
862:Wang Juntao
858:Chen Ziming
797:radicals.
703:Ren Wanding
586:to let the
576:Li Xiannian
572:Ye Jianying
560:Hua Guofeng
133:Resulted in
2762:Categories
2680:Mango cult
2552:Red Guards
2345:Kang Sheng
2330:Qiu Huizuo
2310:Ji Dengkui
2254:Jiang Qing
2235:Zhou Enlai
2230:Liu Shaoqi
2225:Mao Zedong
2152:Red August
1924:2008-01-06
1905:2709-9946.
1884:References
1333:2016-06-12
1304:2016-06-12
1275:2016-06-12
1163:2016-06-12
1134:2023-08-09
842:徐文立，刘青，赵南
670:ultra-left
640:Ideologies
616:Hu Yaobang
524:Zhou Enlai
506:Red Guards
491:Lin Biao's
475:Red Guards
467:Mao Zedong
450:Background
89:Mao Zedong
81:Zhou Enlai
2436:Four Olds
2369:Documents
2325:Wu Faxian
2305:Xie Fuzhi
2295:Chen Boda
2285:Peng Zhen
2145:Massacres
1812:2709-9946
1749:cite book
1706:881183403
1658:143933209
1650:1067-0564
1611:143933209
1603:1067-0564
1564:143933209
1556:1067-0564
1517:881183403
1475:881183403
1427:881183403
1388:143933209
1380:1067-0564
1229:143933209
1221:1067-0564
876:《中国人权同盟》
432:petitions
298:Hong Kong
79:Death of
76:Caused by
2745:Category
2429:Concepts
2320:Qi Benyu
2240:Lin Biao
1741:13270932
1327:Archived
1298:Archived
1269:Archived
1157:Archived
1089:See also
837:Xu Wenli
603:magazine
601:Red Flag
522:Premier
495:Li Yizhe
396:Street,
120:Lin Biao
60:Location
42:and the
34:Part of
2315:Wang Li
2290:Tao Zhu
1996:Prelude
1022:Science
985:Mang Ke
981:Bei Dao
973:(Today)
971:Jintian
956:Harvest
854:《北京之春》
833:《四五论坛》
787:Marxism
779:Guiyang
762:Marxism
647:Marxism
414:Chinese
402:Beijing
219:Chinese
141:Arrests
65:Beijing
2670:Maoism
2545:Groups
2280:Wu Han
1940:.
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1039:《求是报》
950:胡平，姜洪
632:, and
598:, and
424::
422:pinyin
416::
362:
295:
1654:S2CID
1607:S2CID
1560:S2CID
1384:S2CID
1225:S2CID
1111:Notes
977:《今天》
960:《秋实》
944:《沃土》
921:《探索》
907:《启蒙》
418:西单民主墙
406:China
394:Xidan
365:Macau
95:Goals
69:China
53:1978
1903:ISSN
1849:ISBN
1808:ISSN
1755:link
1737:OCLC
1727:ISBN
1702:OCLC
1692:ISBN
1646:ISSN
1599:ISSN
1552:ISSN
1513:OCLC
1503:ISBN
1471:OCLC
1461:ISBN
1423:OCLC
1413:ISBN
1376:ISSN
1217:ISSN
884:任畹町
686:四大自由
122:and
50:Date
1899:doi
1800:doi
1638:doi
1591:doi
1544:doi
1368:doi
1209:doi
544:PLA
446:".
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