498:
244:
3899:
256:
181:
2734:, and other arguments outside of core arguments. Both core and oblique arguments attach to the verb via prefixes which must occur in a certain order. In Denaʼina, obliques are prefixes to the verb which occur between the object prefix and the inner subject pronoun prefix and/or the outer subject pronoun.
2714:
A full clause can be expressed in the verb. In the verb, the verb stem is last, and even when embedded in the verb, the object and subject necessarily come first. In Denaʼina, all verbs require a nominative (subject) and an accusative (object), which indicates a nominative-accusative case. This means
2889:
Contributing factors to the endangerment include the policy of early territorial schools to not let native students speak their own language, especially in regards to the Kenai dialect. This policy was often enforced via corporal punishment; the trauma caused elders, all within one generation, to
2706:
Word order in the basic Denaʼina sentence is subject-object-verb (SOV). Because of this, there is a low danger of referential ambiguity. It is rare to have both the subject and the objects as nouns; instead, one or both usually occur as pronouns. Some sentences differ from the SOV structure. In
1553:
Denaʼina indicates classification with obligatory verb prefixes, meaning the root verb appears at the end of the word. The verb will always specify a classification and often person, gender, or object prefixes that indicate aspects of the noun or object for transitive verbs, and aspects of the
1602:
Verbs fall into many categories that are broadly lumped into "active" and "neuter", where an active verb indicates movement, a state of being incomplete, something being made, or in the production of sound, and a neuter verb indicates a general state of being that is complete. Categories of
1229:
In the Inland dialect, syllables at the end of a semantic unit are often longer, lower in pitch, and have longer rhymes. The onset of a syllable has consonant clusters of up to three, such as CCCVC, though these are rare and more commonly, a syllable onset is one or two consonants.
1931:
However, there are other categories of classification or instrumentation that indicate how an action was done or aspects about the outcome of the action. Many instrumental affixes have become causative over time. Causality is expressed by changing a classifier in the verb to
2503:
Aspect conveys information about how the action happened, and works in conjunction with tense. The most common aspects are conclusive, momentaneous, neuter, onomatopoetic, and semelfactive. The morpheme attached to the root verb can also change depending on aspect.
1603:
classification that are affixed to a verb also can refer to certain characteristics of the object of that verb. Depending on the gender affix that follows the classificatory affix, the nature of the object can change, as indicated by the following chart:
2751:
nouns and non-verbs. Inherently possessed words consist of a prefix and a stem which are abound morphemes. For example, "shunkda" means "my mother", where "sh-" is the possessive pronoun meaning "my", and "-unkda" is the possessed root meaning "mother".
2857:: safe; endangered, where the language is being learned by children but requires community effort to maintain it; and moribund, where the language is not being learned by children. According to this classification, the Denaʼina is a moribund language.
2885:, there is a language class on the Cook Inlet dialect. As of October 2014, there are only 15 students, all young adults, in the class, but this indicates momentum. The class's curriculum is formed from the collected grammars published by linguists.
2710:
An example sentence structure: object pronoun (argument) + outer subject pronoun (argument) + (other prefixes) + inner subject pronoun (argument) + ... verb stem (predicate). This example shows multiple arguments attaching to a single predicate.
2795:
Non-inherent possession occurs with proper nouns as the possessor, shown by -a or -'a attached as a suffix to the possessed noun. Possessive pronouns are attached as a prefix to the possessed noun and the -'a is added at the end of the word.
2324:
Mode indicates when the action happens. Normal mode is also referred to as tense, and is given by mode/aspect prefix positions in the verbs. The tense modes are the imperfect (present), perfect (past) and the future represented by 4 types of
487:. While the apostrophe which joins the two parts of this word ordinarily indicates a glottal stop, most speakers pronounce this with a diphthong, so that the second syllable of the word rhymes with English 'nine' (as in the older spelling
2715:
the marked morphemes, or those that change to convey more specific meanings, are those that indicate the object. Distinction occurs between the nominative and accusative, and each would have its own core argument.
2707:
subject-verb (SV), the object is embedded in the verb as a pronoun, or the sentence doesn't require an object. In object-verb (OV), the subject is a pronoun contained in the verb, and the object is a noun.
2811:(e.g.: in English, "that" or "which"). Complement clauses exist as subordinate clauses and bare clauses, as with other languages in the Athabaskan language family. Some complement clauses are marked by
3034:
Kalifornsky, Peter. 1991 "Kʼtlʼeghʼi Sukdu, A Denaʼina Legacy: The
Collected Writings of Peter Kalifornsky" edited by James Kari and Alan Boraas. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
516:
3940:
2869:
The Denaʼina
Archiving, Training and Access grant (DATA) aims to archive and provide access to Denaʼina materials. It also attempts to train community members in technology.
3877:
3872:
3867:
1346:
Verbs are the most elaborate part of speech in the Denaʼina language, which vary in verb paradigms which vary by subject, object, or aspect. The following example is of
391:. It is geographically unique in Alaska as the only Alaska Athabaskan language to include territory which borders salt water. Four dialects are usually distinguished:
1217:
Generally, the vowels i, a, and u are considered 'long' vowels and are fully pronounced in words, however the e is considered a reduced vowel similar to the
English
2878:
Some books are being published on Denaʼina language and culture, and there is a yearly Denaʼina festival, followed by a three-week intensive course led by elders.
514:
2910:
2015:
Independent postpositions follow a noun. For example, "miłni det" (without water) is composed of the noun "miłni" (water) and the post position "det" (without).
515:
3945:
3137:
Townsend, Joan B. 1981. "Tanaina." In June Helm, ed., Subarctic: Handbook of North
American Indians, vol. 6. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
3196:
3009:
2936:
3236:
3700:
3159:
266:
1554:
speaker for intransitive verbs. Person can also be indicated by suffixes on the noun; the singular person suffix on a noun is generally
1238:
Dena'ina uses a variant of the Latin alphabet, though a Dena'ina artist, Argent
Kvasnikoff, created a custom alphabet for the language.
2846:
The population of Denaʼina is 900. As of 2007, there are 75-90 speakers, and in 1970 there were only 10 speakers of the Kenai dialect.
3204:
3935:
3930:
2011:
Denaʼina shows space relations through the addition of morphemes that are either independent or bound, known as postpositions.
2818:
Relative suffixes are attached to nouns or verbs, and are one of the few suffixes on verbs. Common relative suffixes include:
3950:
3053:
2872:
2018:
Bound postpositions follow a pronoun or a noun, but are said and written as one word, and are often related to directionals.
17:
1599:. Denaʼina specifies between 1st person singular/plural, 2nd person singular/plural, 3rd person singular/plural, and areal.
2204:
The directional system in Denaʼina is based upon river flows, and are used with directional prefixes, roots, and suffixes.
928:
694:
3000:
1593:
For examples of person indication on the verb, see the chart under the morphology section above concerning the verb root
1064:
848:
288:
3476:
3442:
3229:
868:
3693:
3131:
3090:
3082:
2248:
For example, yunit means "at a place far upstream", and is composed of the prefix "yu", root "ni", and suffix "t".
948:
714:
3119:
Tenenbaum, Joan. 1978. Morphology and semantics of the
Tanaina verb. (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University).
915:
278:
3015:
Qʼudi Heyi Niłchʼdiluyi Sukduʼa: "This Years
Collected Stories.(Denaʼina Stories from Tyonek and Illiamna Lake).
117:
3735:
3408:
3583:
3578:
3563:
3253:
3222:
1021:
133:
3903:
3686:
2064:
Space relations can also be marked by demonstratives pronouns, which indicate proximal/distal distinction.
997:
938:
704:
230:
2999:, ed. by Olga Müller. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Anchorage: Alaska Native Heritage Center.
1160:
1075:
978:
858:
2623:
Modality is most commonly and easily seen in evidentials which usually appear at the end of a sentence.
1246:
Denaʼina is a polysynthetic language where a single word can mean the entirety of an
English sentence.
1206:
1086:
968:
684:
673:
3882:
3423:
3164:
3110:
2979:
1011:
958:
3172:
3780:
3336:
2997:
Denaʼina Qenaga Duʼidnaghelnik (Denaʼina Words Sound Pretty). Denaʼina
Phrases 1: Nondalton Dialect
1169:
734:
3191:
3740:
3717:
3709:
3593:
2882:
1590:. Inanimate plurals are unable to be indicated by a noun suffix, and instead attach to the verb.
1041:
724:
3413:
1938:". Instrumental affixes that indicate the manner or motion of an action include the following: "
3841:
3631:
3029:
Sukdu Neł Nuhtghelnek: I'll Tell You A Story: Stories I Recall From
Growing Up On Iliamna Lake.
2700:
1129:
The 4 vowels of Denaʼina. Close vowels are more open in the environment of a uvular consonant.
1096:
1031:
838:
445:
Of the total Denaʼina population of about 900 people, only 75–95 members still speak Denaʼina.
3800:
3790:
3548:
3341:
3316:
2854:
1054:
633:
623:
400:
3462:
2373:. There are also 4 modal variations: neuter, inceptive, optative-intentional, and negative.
1974:", which all indicate that the object being referred to was used in an instrumental sense; "
3245:
3186:
888:
545:
384:
128:
3925:
3815:
3294:
123:
8:
3846:
3775:
3305:
3063:
Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. Includes good bibliography and many photographs
2696:
2261:
Temporal adverbs convey information about when an action or intent of the verb occurred.
901:
878:
815:
805:
795:
785:
775:
765:
756:
661:
3201:
3070:
2nd ed. Anchorage: Alaska Park Service. Ethnobotany and much other cultural information.
3795:
3770:
3609:
3357:
3331:
3289:
2021:
Sheł ("with me") is composed of the pronoun sh ("me") and the postposition eł ("with").
829:
222:
89:
3805:
3456:
3367:
3326:
3321:
3127:
3086:
3078:
3049:
2954:
2850:
2804:
2727:
1185:
990:
602:
589:
574:
458:
454:
424:
284:
3862:
3785:
3750:
3745:
3730:
3654:
3534:
3511:
3504:
3418:
3392:
3311:
584:
569:
564:
507:
350:
3825:
3588:
3541:
3528:
3449:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3362:
3208:
3176:
3154:
3114:
617:
579:
404:
396:
109:
3810:
3299:
2433:
perfective - often used with motion verbs when action has reached terminal state
243:
235:
3820:
3760:
3725:
3669:
3646:
3614:
3492:
3372:
3268:
2808:
656:
449:
has done extensive work on the language since 1972, including his edition with
156:
1572:. Plurals for non-persons that are animate are indicated by the noun suffixes
3919:
3755:
3498:
2980:"In a word: Revival — Language class speaks to effort to revitalize Denaʼina"
2731:
2382:
Imperfective mode - action was started and is continuing at the present time
1142:
907:
1944:", which refers to clubbing an object or leaving a depression in the snow; "
2723:
744:
556:
The consonants of Denaʼina in practical orthography, with IPA equivalents.
439:
428:
77:
1352:
the verb "to be" in the imperfective aspect and in the Nondalton dialect.
206:
1154:
1137:
450:
321:
311:
3214:
2916:. Alaska Native Language Preservation & Advisory Council. p. 6
2807:
are clauses that act as the direct object of the verb, introduced by a
2748:
1198:
1147:
531:
446:
388:
73:
69:
3678:
461:
also conducted extensive field research on the language in the 1970s.
3181:
3006:
An Introduction to Denaʼina Grammar: The Kenai (Outer Inlet) Dialect.
2441:
perfective - generally means the actions have achieved a stable state
2396:
imperfective - generally means the action in moving toward completion
1751:
blanket, net, paper, open sleeping bag, empty sack, skin without hair
1177:
435:
215:
199:
2454:
Future mode - action has yet to happen. Used with a future stem, a "
255:
2812:
2175:
Adverbs of location and direction can also convey space relations.
2024:
Object + -ch' (towards the object, in the direction of the object)
1950:", which refers to causing an object to leave, disappear, or die; "
609:
418:
296:
2485:
Inceptive mode - "beginning to" in the imperfect and perfect modes
292:
2056:
Postpositions can also be incorporated into a verb as a prefix.
3197:
Denaʼina basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
3107:, ed. by James Kari. Anchorage: Alaska Native Heritage Center.
1891:
sg. uncoiled rope, pl. coiled ropes, beads, berries, roe, snare
408:
263:
186:
65:
3041:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 17:49-55.
2657:= "The Denaʼina, they say, had some beliefs about the animals"
2755:
The pronouns used with inherently possessed bound morphemes:
1218:
414:
2417:
Perfect mode - action was started and completed in the past
3144:
Anchorage: National Bilingual Materials Development Center.
3059:
Kari, James, Priscilla Russell Kari and Jane McGary. 1983.
3017:
Anchorage: National Bilingual Materials Development Center.
371:
365:
3202:
Wrangell's 1839 Comparative Word-List of Alaskan languages
3108:
2425:
perfective - most common perfect structure in most aspects
295:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
356:
3169:
2875:
maintains a catalog of audio recordings of the language.
1956:", which refers to affecting an object with the mouth; "
3182:
Dena'ina Language Home Page (Kenai/Outer Inlet dialect)
3142:
Nuvendaltun Htʼana Sukduʼa: Nondalton People's Stories.
2703:
usually refer to those words outside of the predicate.
2494:
Neuter - applicable to neuter verbs, and "to be" neuter
248:
Map of Alaskan languages, with Dena'ina near the center
2911:"2020 Biennial Report to the Governor and Legislature"
2865:
There are various efforts to revitalize the language.
2482:
Optative-intentional mode - expresses an intent to act
2678:
2667:
2652:
2644:
2630:
2310:
2302:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2040:
2027:
368:
362:
3941:
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
3165:
Denaʼina Qenaga Du'idnaghelnik (Denaʼina Phrasebook)
353:
262:
Tanaina is classified as Severely Endangered by the
2815:, and are always embedded as part of the sentence.
2699:refers to the main verb and auxiliary verbs, while
2412:
imperfective - generally means the action is static
359:
3126:3rd ed. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
2937:"Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official"
2691:
3100:Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 16.
3917:
3098:Contributions to the Ethnography of the Tanaina.
3024:Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
1888:eggs, plates, cups, words, tobacco, songs, waves
481:, meaning 'person' and the human plural suffix
3022:Nuvendaltin Quhtʼana: The People of Nondalton.
3694:
3230:
2627:Evidentials - words that emphasize certainty
2467:
2461:
2455:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1906:
1878:
1850:
1822:
1794:
1766:
1744:
1716:
1688:
1660:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1356:
1347:
1253:
482:
476:
470:
45:
27:Athabaskan language spoken in the cook inlet
3020:Ellanna, Linda & Andrew Balluta. 1992.
2089:- this/these things, non-human and close by
3701:
3687:
3237:
3223:
3048:Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
2790:
2081:- that/these things, non-human and distant
548:which does not distinguish phonemic tone.
254:
242:
3077:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3031:Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
2995:Balluta, Alex & Gladys Evanoff. 2004.
2860:
2404:imperfective - associated w/ motion verbs
2182:nes yanił chet = "he shoved the boat out"
1992:", which refers to a wiping motion; and "
1560:, whereas the plural suffix is generally
1548:
1339:again- you- FUT- see- FUT- I- CL- see/FUT
3244:
3155:Alaska Native Language Center - Denaʼina
3039:A classification of the Tanaina dialects
2934:
2449:perfective - used in transitional themes
2193:ye'un ti'ilgguk = "he went out the door"
1986:)", which refers to a pointing motion; "
1679:house, plot of land, situation, weather
267:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3708:
289:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
3918:
2742:
1998:", which refers to the use of a hand.
1698:pole, plate, cane, quill, pencil stick
3682:
3218:
3105:Upper Inlet Denaʼina Language Lessons
3075:The languages of Native North America
3068:Tanaina Plantlore: Denaʼina Kʼetʼuna.
2905:
2903:
2799:
2509:
1723:knife, full sack, rolled sleeping bag
1224:
561:
2664:Emphatics - words that add emphasis
2654:Denaʼina łu k'elen hqghe'n ninya egh
2638:ł - it is said, it seems, apparently
1869:pile of refuse, area of soft ground
1673:berry, bread, roe, coiled rope, head
1330:
1299:
1280:
3946:Endangered Dené–Yeniseian languages
3192:An Introduction to Dena'ina Grammar
2476:
2256:
2137:- these persons, human and close by
1897:houses, objects over area, freight
1857:mud, rotted food, wet cloth, butter
1729:sack of berries, flour or fish eggs
1117:is only found in English loanwords.
522:Gladys Evanoff pronouncing Denaʼina
24:
3013:Chickalusion, Maxim, et al. 1980.
2900:
2129:- those persons, human and distant
2001:
1676:rock, ring, mirror, box, whetstone
1667:ball, trap, hat, sun, beaver lodge
1318:
1233:
496:
25:
3962:
3148:
3061:Denaʼina Ełnena: Tanaina Country.
2683:= "I am Albert, this is who I am"
2251:
2121:- this person, human and close by
2059:
2045:= "He spent the whole summer day"
2037:Object + -a (object spends time)
1205:
1184:
1168:
1159:
1085:
1074:
1063:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1010:
996:
977:
967:
957:
947:
937:
927:
914:
887:
877:
867:
857:
847:
837:
814:
804:
794:
784:
774:
764:
743:
733:
723:
713:
703:
693:
683:
672:
632:
622:
3898:
3897:
2935:Chappell, Bill (21 April 2014).
2105:- that person, human and distant
2006:
544:Denaʼina is one of seven Alaska
530:Problems playing this file? See
512:
349:
179:
3066:Kari, Priscilla Russell. 1987.
2989:
2841:
2692:Predicates, arguments, and case
2679:
2668:
2653:
2645:
2631:
2460:" in the mode position, and a "
2311:
2303:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2199:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
3936:Indigenous languages of Alaska
2972:
2947:
2928:
1111:
13:
1:
3931:Northern Athabaskan languages
2893:
2890:avoid speaking the language.
2737:
1241:
551:
453:of the collected writings of
3951:Official languages of Alaska
3046:Denaʼina Topical Dictionary.
2831:-h = "at, to a general area"
2472:)" in the inceptive position
2349:—and 4 types of perfectives—
2048:Be = "him/her" (be + a = ba)
2041:
2032:= "He is walking towards us"
2028:
1863:fish eggs (not in container)
1776:eggs or wood chips in bucket
1695:needle, sled, boat, bow, gun
539:
7:
3187:An introduction to Denaʼina
2718:
2618:
1801:person, dog, doll, crucifix
1779:berries or roe in container
1756:hair, fur, caribou mat
1336:nu- n- t- n- gh- sh- l- 'ił
464:
47:Denaʼina Qenaga, Denaʼinaqʼ
10:
3967:
2445:
2386:
2369:
2327:
2170:
1620:
387:of the region surrounding
3893:
3855:
3834:
3716:
3663:
3645:
3623:
3602:
3571:
3562:
3521:
3484:
3475:
3434:
3401:
3350:
3282:
3261:
3252:
3140:Wassillie, Albert. 1980.
3096:Osgood, Cornelius. 1937.
3008:Kenai Peninsula College.
2853:provides three levels of
2530:
2511:
2498:
1773:sugar, water in container
1613:
1610:
1608:
1523:
1124:
1053:
900:
655:
616:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
335:
327:
317:
307:
275:
253:
241:
229:
213:
197:
192:
174:Official language in
172:
167:
163:Latin (Denaʼina alphabet)
153:
106:
96:
84:
61:
53:
44:
39:
34:
3402:Central British Columbia
3073:Mithun, Marianne. 1999.
2873:Lake Clark National Park
2747:Denaʼina has inherently
2376:
1894:rocks, whetstones, boxes
3170:Denaʼina Qenaga Website
3160:Denaʼina Language Guide
3122:Tenenbaum, Joan. 2006.
3027:Johnson, Walter. 2004.
2978:Neyman, Jenny. (2014).
2883:Kenai Peninsula College
2828:-na = "the people that"
2822:-en = "the person that"
2791:Non-inherent possession
2468:
2462:
2456:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2319:
2097:- there in the distance
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1907:
1879:
1851:
1829:piece of meat, dry fish
1823:
1795:
1782:rocks or coal in bucket
1767:
1765:Object in open vessel;
1745:
1717:
1689:
1661:
1659:Single compact object;
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1595:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1526:
1500:
1479:
1453:
1432:
1406:
1385:
1357:
1348:
1342:"I will see you again."
1254:
483:
477:
471:
413:Outer Inlet, spoken in
395:Upper Inlet, spoken in
46:
3842:American Sign Language
3435:Other North Athabaskan
2861:Revitalization efforts
2228:du or t'e - downstream
2190:ye'un = "away from it"
2187:en - off or away from
2179:nes - out from center
1726:pillow, mattress, lake
1549:Grammatical categories
501:
277:This article contains
3485:California Athabaskan
3443:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
3103:Stephan, Sava. 2005.
2834:-i = "the thing that"
2825:-t = "the place that"
2242:-t - at, the place of
2158:= "that person calls"
1611:Classificatory verbs
500:
3283:Central Alaska–Yukon
3246:Athabaskan languages
3004:Boraas, Alan. 2009.
2765:n- = your (singular)
2491:Perfective inceptive
2307:= "I worked all day"
2239:-ch' - towards, form
2225:n'e or ni - upstream
1743:Fabric-like object;
546:Athabaskan languages
3710:Languages of Alaska
3351:Northwestern Canada
3211:(includes Denaʼina)
3044:Kari, James. 2007.
3037:Kari, James. 1975.
2837:-hdi = "then, next"
2786:nił- = each other's
2743:Inherent possession
2488:Imperfect inceptive
2150:= "those mountains"
1735:q+d ravine, valley
1366:
1363:imperfective aspect
873:⟨ch'⟩
863:⟨ts'⟩
853:⟨tl'⟩
475:is composed of the
423:Iliamna, spoken in
385:Athabaskan language
134:Northern Athabaskan
3847:Inuk Sign Language
3409:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
3207:2012-11-19 at the
3175:2008-12-01 at the
3113:2007-09-28 at the
2805:Complement clauses
2800:Complement clauses
2783:h- = your (plural)
1905:Multiple objects;
1885:traps, boots, dogs
1832:beaver's food pile
1701:dentalium necklace
1687:Elongated object;
1365:Nondalton dialect
1361:, the verb "to be"
1355:
1225:Syllable structure
1046:⟨gh⟩
1026:⟨zh⟩
953:⟨sh⟩
893:⟨q'⟩
883:⟨k'⟩
843:⟨t'⟩
800:⟨ch⟩
790:⟨ts⟩
780:⟨tl⟩
739:⟨gg⟩
709:⟨dz⟩
699:⟨dl⟩
502:
434:Inland, spoken in
3913:
3912:
3883:Ninilchik dialect
3676:
3675:
3670:extinct languages
3641:
3640:
3558:
3557:
3542:Upper Rogue River
3535:Lower Rogue River
3522:Oregon Athabaskan
3471:
3470:
3327:Southern Tutchone
3322:Northern Tutchone
3054:978-1-55500-091-2
2959:Argent Kvasnikoff
2851:Michael E. Krauss
2774:de- = his/her own
2616:
2615:
2390:imperfective and
1929:
1928:
1913:sand, glacier ice
1715:Enclosed object;
1546:
1545:
1215:
1214:
1190:⟨e⟩
1107:
1106:
1091:⟨y⟩
1080:⟨r⟩
1069:⟨l⟩
1036:⟨ŷ⟩
1016:⟨z⟩
1002:⟨v⟩
993:
983:⟨ĥ⟩
973:⟨h⟩
963:⟨x⟩
943:⟨s⟩
933:⟨ɬ⟩
920:⟨f⟩
910:
832:
820:⟨q⟩
810:⟨k⟩
770:⟨t⟩
759:
749:⟨'⟩
729:⟨g⟩
719:⟨j⟩
689:⟨d⟩
678:⟨b⟩
668:
638:⟨n⟩
628:⟨m⟩
612:
605:
598:
517:
459:Joan M. Tenenbaum
455:Peter Kalifornsky
343:
342:
303:
302:
285:rendering support
281:phonetic symbols.
18:Dena’ina language
16:(Redirected from
3958:
3901:
3900:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3655:Proto-Athabaskan
3603:Eastern Apachean
3572:Western Apachean
3569:
3568:
3482:
3481:
3424:Southern Carrier
3262:Southern Alaskan
3259:
3258:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3124:Denaʼina Sukduʼa
2983:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2955:"Qena Sint'isis"
2951:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2907:
2780:deh- = their own
2768:k'e- = someone's
2682:
2681:
2680:Albert shi shida
2671:
2670:
2656:
2655:
2649:= "I am the one"
2648:
2647:
2634:
2633:
2507:
2506:
2477:Modal variations
2471:
2465:
2459:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2268:
2257:Temporal adverbs
2165:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2044:
2031:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1910:
1882:
1877:Plural objects;
1854:
1826:
1798:
1793:Animate object;
1770:
1748:
1720:
1692:
1664:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1622:
1614:Gender prefixes
1606:
1605:
1598:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1332:
1320:
1301:
1282:
1257:
1209:
1191:
1188:
1172:
1163:
1132:
1131:
1118:
1115:
1092:
1089:
1081:
1078:
1070:
1067:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1003:
1000:
989:
984:
981:
974:
971:
964:
961:
954:
951:
944:
941:
934:
931:
921:
918:
906:
894:
891:
884:
881:
874:
871:
864:
861:
854:
851:
844:
841:
828:
821:
818:
811:
808:
801:
798:
791:
788:
781:
778:
771:
768:
755:
750:
747:
740:
737:
730:
727:
720:
717:
710:
707:
700:
697:
690:
687:
679:
676:
666:
639:
636:
629:
626:
608:
601:
596:
559:
558:
519:
518:
499:
486:
480:
474:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
305:
304:
269:
258:
246:
225:
209:
202:
185:
183:
182:
159:
112:
49:
32:
31:
21:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3889:
3851:
3830:
3781:Upper Kuskokwim
3712:
3707:
3677:
3672:
3659:
3637:
3624:Plains Apachean
3619:
3598:
3554:
3517:
3467:
3430:
3397:
3346:
3337:Upper Kuskokwim
3278:
3248:
3243:
3209:Wayback Machine
3177:Wayback Machine
3151:
3115:Wayback Machine
2992:
2987:
2986:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2863:
2844:
2802:
2793:
2745:
2740:
2721:
2694:
2621:
2533:
2501:
2479:
2379:
2322:
2312:nunigi ch'qeyan
2304:janiq'e ghestnu
2259:
2254:
2202:
2173:
2062:
2042:Ba shan hghizet
2009:
2004:
2002:Space relations
1670:egg, song, word
1551:
1542:
1532:
1516:
1506:
1495:
1485:
1469:
1459:
1448:
1438:
1422:
1412:
1401:
1391:
1364:
1362:
1344:
1334:
1323:
1312:
1304:
1293:
1285:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1234:Writing systems
1227:
1189:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1090:
1079:
1068:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1001:
982:
972:
962:
952:
942:
932:
919:
892:
882:
872:
862:
852:
842:
819:
809:
799:
789:
779:
769:
748:
738:
728:
718:
708:
698:
688:
677:
660:
637:
627:
554:
542:
537:
536:
528:
526:
525:
524:
523:
520:
513:
510:
503:
497:
467:
427:, Old Iliamna,
352:
348:
339:Dena'ina Ełnena
331:Denaʼina Qenaga
283:Without proper
271:
270:
261:
249:
221:
205:
198:
180:
178:
175:
168:Official status
160:
155:
149:
113:
110:Language family
108:
99:
98:Native speakers
90:Denaʼina people
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3964:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3856:Non-Indigenous
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3835:Sign languages
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:Siberian Yupik
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3647:Proto-language
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3594:Western Apache
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3149:External links
3147:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3120:
3117:
3101:
3094:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3002:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2971:
2946:
2927:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2809:complementizer
2801:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2720:
2717:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2673:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2639:
2636:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2378:
2375:
2325:imperfectives—
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:= "always fog"
2308:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Time and tense
2250:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:= "this woman"
2159:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2113:- here, nearby
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2061:
2060:Demonstratives
2058:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1927:
1926:
1925:earth, clouds
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:wet tea leaves
1858:
1855:
1849:Mushy object;
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1324:
1313:
1305:
1294:
1286:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1093:
1083:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1004:
994:
986:
985:
975:
965:
955:
945:
935:
925:
923:
911:
904:
898:
897:
895:
885:
875:
865:
855:
845:
835:
833:
825:
824:
822:
812:
802:
792:
782:
772:
762:
760:
752:
751:
741:
731:
721:
711:
701:
691:
681:
669:
664:
653:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
630:
620:
614:
613:
606:
599:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
553:
550:
541:
538:
527:
521:
511:
506:
505:
504:
495:
494:
493:
466:
463:
443:
442:
432:
421:
411:
341:
340:
337:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
319:
315:
314:
309:
301:
300:
287:, you may see
273:
272:
260:
259:
251:
250:
247:
239:
238:
233:
227:
226:
219:
211:
210:
203:
195:
194:
193:Language codes
190:
189:
176:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:Writing system
154:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
118:Dené–Yeniseian
116:
114:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
86:
82:
81:
63:
59:
58:
55:
54:Native to
51:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3963:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3906:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:Central Yupik
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3633:
3632:Plains Apache
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Pacific Coast
3474:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3132:1-55500-090-8
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:0-521-29875-X
3088:
3084:
3083:0-521-23228-7
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2981:
2975:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2891:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:be- = his/her
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:instrumentals
2725:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2677:
2676:
2675:For example:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2641:For example:
2640:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2570:momentaneous
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2536:continuative
2535:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:For example:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2211:ey - unmarked
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2160:
2155:ghunen uniłni
2152:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2141:For example:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:Postpositions
1999:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:chips of wood
1915:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1005:
999:
995:
992:
988:
987:
980:
976:
970:
966:
960:
956:
950:
946:
940:
936:
930:
926:
924:
917:
912:
909:
905:
903:
899:
896:
890:
886:
880:
876:
870:
866:
860:
856:
850:
846:
840:
836:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
817:
813:
807:
803:
797:
793:
787:
783:
777:
773:
767:
763:
761:
758:
754:
753:
746:
742:
736:
732:
726:
722:
716:
712:
706:
702:
696:
692:
686:
682:
675:
670:
665:
663:
658:
654:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
635:
631:
625:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
600:
595:
594:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
560:
557:
549:
547:
535:
533:
509:
492:
490:
485:
479:
473:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
392:
390:
386:
382:
376:
347:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
320:
316:
313:
310:
306:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
280:
274:
268:
265:
257:
252:
245:
240:
237:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
218:
217:
212:
208:
204:
201:
196:
191:
188:
177:
171:
166:
162:
158:
152:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
119:
115:
111:
105:
102:5 (2020)
101:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:United States
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3902:
3801:Upper Tanana
3791:Lower Tanana
3765:
3665:
3630:
3549:Upper Umpqua
3547:
3540:
3533:
3510:
3503:
3491:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3342:Upper Tanana
3317:Lower Tanana
3304:
3273:
3141:
3123:
3104:
3097:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3045:
3038:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2990:Bibliography
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2958:
2949:
2940:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2888:
2864:
2855:endangerment
2848:
2845:
2842:Endangerment
2817:
2803:
2794:
2754:
2746:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2635:- then it is
2622:
2502:
2323:
2297:
2260:
2247:
2214:yu - distant
2203:
2200:Directionals
2174:
2147:ghini dghili
2140:
2063:
2055:
2029:Nach' gheyuł
2010:
1930:
1755:
1732:box of rocks
1601:
1592:
1552:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1493:he/she/it is
1492:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1255:nuntnghel'ił
1245:
1237:
1228:
1216:
1128:
1113:
555:
543:
529:
488:
468:
444:
440:Lime Village
429:Lake Iliamna
417:, Kustatan,
380:
345:
344:
276:
214:
138:
78:Lake Iliamna
29:
3358:Dene Suline
2762:qu- = their
2600:repetitive
2236:∅ - towards
2163:gunen qisen
1474:3rd person
1467:you all are
1427:2nd person
1380:1st person
1055:Approximant
451:Alan Boraas
291:instead of
3920:Categories
3776:Holikachuk
3718:Indigenous
3579:Chiricahua
3306:Holikachuk
3290:Deg Hitʼan
2894:References
2738:Possession
2646:shi shughu
2233:Suffixes:
2208:Prefixes:
1754:skin with
1242:Morphology
552:Consonants
532:media help
447:James Kari
389:Cook Inlet
383:, is the
129:Athabaskan
74:Lake Clark
70:Cook Inlet
3826:Tsimshian
3796:Tanacross
3771:Deg Xinag
3668:indicate
3610:Jicarilla
3584:Mescalero
3463:Tsuutʼina
3414:Chilcotin
3332:Tanacross
2849:Linguist
2813:enclitics
2749:possessed
2732:locatives
2726:indicate
2701:arguments
2697:Predicate
2553:durative
2526:optative
2517:imperfect
2286:- all day
2217:du - near
1372:Singular
908:voiceless
902:Fricative
757:aspirated
662:Affricate
540:Phonology
469:The word
457:in 1991.
436:Nondalton
425:Pedro Bay
216:Glottolog
200:ISO 639-3
85:Ethnicity
3926:Denaʼina
3904:Category
3816:Gwichʼin
3806:Tsetsaut
3766:Denaʼina
3564:Southern
3457:Tsetsaut
3295:Gwichʼin
3274:Denaʼina
3254:Northern
3205:Archived
3173:Archived
3111:Archived
2920:12 March
2777:na = our
2759:sh- = my
2724:Obliques
2719:Obliques
2619:Modality
2270:- always
2267:ch'qeyan
1514:they are
830:ejective
610:sibilant
508:Denaʼina
472:Denaʼina
465:Ethnonym
419:Seldovia
346:Denaʼina
328:Language
322:Denaʼina
297:Help:IPA
236:Dena'ina
223:tana1289
139:Denaʼina
72:region,
35:Denaʼina
3878:Russian
3873:Tagalog
3868:Spanish
3863:English
3786:Koyukon
3751:Tlingit
3746:Inupiaq
3731:Alutiiq
3666:Italics
3512:Wailaki
3505:Mattole
3393:Tahltan
3368:Dunneza
3312:Koyukon
3085:(hbk);
2881:At the
2585:neuter
2520:perfect
2294:- still
2278:- never
2222:Roots:
2171:Adverbs
1919:berries
1540:area is
1446:you are
1375:Plural
1143:Central
657:Plosive
603:lateral
590:Glottal
575:Palatal
489:Tanaina
405:Susitna
397:Eklutna
381:Tanaina
379:, also
336:Country
293:Unicode
124:Na-Dené
40:Tanaina
3589:Navajo
3529:Tolowa
3450:Nicola
3419:Dakelh
3388:Tagish
3383:Slavey
3378:Sekani
3363:Dogrib
3130:
3089:
3081:
3052:
2964:16 May
2672:- I am
2632:shughu
2532:Aspect
2523:future
2499:Aspect
2291:janq'u
2283:janiq'
2102:ghunen
2073:- that
1968:, and
1821:Food;
1704:mirror
1584:, and
1521:areal
1420:we are
1264:again-
1125:Vowels
991:voiced
585:Uvular
570:Dental
565:Labial
409:Tyonek
318:People
308:Person
264:UNESCO
187:Alaska
184:
92:(2007)
66:Alaska
62:Region
3821:Haida
3761:Ahtna
3726:Aleut
3615:Lipan
3373:Kaska
3269:Ahtna
2914:(PDF)
2669:shida
2612:nish
2512:Mode
2377:Tense
2126:ghuna
2118:gunen
2078:ghini
1941:-aqʼa
1922:rocks
1908:chuqʼ
1852:tlaqʼ
1219:schwa
1155:Close
1138:Front
667:plain
618:Nasal
597:plain
580:Velar
415:Kenai
3756:Eyak
3499:Hupa
3493:Kato
3128:ISBN
3087:ISBN
3079:ISBN
3050:ISBN
2966:2023
2922:2024
2609:nash
2603:nash
2565:nax
2320:Mode
2275:da'a
2134:guna
2086:gini
2070:ghin
1977:-iqu
1965:-eła
1947:-dni
1746:kits
1718:łtun
1596:-lan
1569:-ina
1415:ch'i
1408:ch'i
1399:I am
1358:-lan
1349:-lan
1329:see/
1291:see-
1272:you-
1199:Open
1148:Back
1099:⟨w⟩)
869:t͡ʃʼ
859:t͡sʼ
849:t͡ɬʼ
796:t͡ʃʰ
786:t͡sʰ
776:t͡ɬʰ
478:dena
431:area
401:Knik
312:Dena
88:900
3811:Hän
3300:Hän
2941:NPR
2606:nak
2591:Ya'
2588:Ya'
2576:yał
2562:nax
2559:Yał
2556:nax
2548:Ya
2457:ghe
2094:ghu
1995:-lu
1989:-kʼ
1983:uqu
1959:-eł
1953:-du
1835:roe
1824:kit
1690:tun
1642:dn-
1587:-yi
1581:-ha
1575:-qa
1566:or
1563:-na
1557:-en
1537:lan
1530:lan
1511:lan
1504:lan
1490:lan
1483:lan
1464:lan
1457:lan
1443:lan
1436:lan
1417:lan
1410:lan
1396:lan
1394:esh
1389:lan
1387:esh
1331:FUT
1326:'ił
1307:sh-
1300:FUT
1296:gh-
1281:FUT
1261:nu-
1250:ex:
1178:Mid
715:t͡ʃ
705:t͡s
695:t͡ɬ
659:and
491:).
484:ina
279:IPA
231:ELP
207:tfn
3922::
2957:.
2939:.
2902:^
2730:,
2573:ya
2545:ya
2542:ya
2539:ya
2422:gh
2393:gh
2367:,
2361:,
2355:,
2352:gh
2346:gh
2343:,
2337:,
2331:,
2110:gu
1971:-ł
1902:10
1880:lu
1841:x
1813:x
1796:ta
1785:x
1768:qu
1707:x
1662:ʼu
1649:q-
1635:n-
1628:d-
1621:∅-
1578:,
1535:qi
1528:qi
1509:qi
1502:qi
1462:eh
1455:eh
1441:in
1434:in
1319:CL
1315:l-
1310:I-
1288:n-
1277:t-
1269:n-
1221:.
1082:)
922:)
889:qʼ
879:kʼ
839:tʼ
816:qʰ
806:kʰ
766:tʰ
680:)
438:,
407:,
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