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1587:
61:
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leave as many of the towers standing as they were of the greatest eminence; that is, Phasaelus, and
Hippicus, and Mariamne; and so much of the wall enclosed the city on the west side. This wall was spared, in order to afford a camp for such as were to lie in garrison , as were the towers also spared, in order to demonstrate to posterity what kind of city it was, and how well fortified, which the Roman valor had subdued; but for all the rest of the wall , it was so thoroughly laid even with the ground by those that dug it up to the foundation, that there was left nothing to make those that came thither believe it had ever been inhabited. This was the end which Jerusalem came to by the madness of those that were for innovations; a city otherwise of great magnificence, and of mighty fame among all mankind.
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whole city was in Roman hands – and in ruins. In recompense for the ferocious fighting they had been required to endure, the soldiers were given free rein to loot and kill, until eventually Titus ordered that the city be razed to the ground, 'leaving only the loftiest of the towers, Phasael, Hippicus and
Mariamme, and the portion of the wall enclosing the city on the west: the latter as an encampment for the garrison that was to remain, and the towers to indicate to posterity the nature of the city and of the strong defences which had yet yielded to Roman prowess. All the rest of the wall encompassing the city was so completely levelled to the ground as to leave future visitors to the spot no ground for believing that it had ever been inhabited.'
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4249:
no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the
Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction
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1543:
1518:
they neared the
Sanctuary they pretended not even to hear Caesar's commands and urged the men in front to throw in more firebrands. The partisans were no longer in a position to help; everywhere was slaughter and flight. Most of the victims were peaceful citizens, weak and unarmed, butchered wherever they were caught. Round the Altar the heaps of corpses grew higher and higher, while down the Sanctuary steps poured a river of blood and the bodies of those killed at the top slithered to the bottom.
1151:, 70 CE (August 30), Roman forces overwhelmed the defenders and set fire to the Temple. Resistance continued for another month, but eventually the upper and lower parts of the city were taken as well, and the city was burned to the ground. Titus spared only the three towers of the Herodian citadel as a testimony to the city's former might. The siege had a major toll on human life, with many people being killed and enslaved, and large parts of the city destroyed. This victory gave the
1457:, whose students smuggled him out of the city in a coffin in order to deal with Vespasian. This, however, was insufficient to deal with the madness that had now gripped the Zealot leadership in Jerusalem and the reign of terror it unleashed upon the population of the city. Josephus describes various acts of savagery committed against the people by its own leadership, including the torching of the city's food supply in an apparent bid to force the defenders to fight for their lives.
1692:, who estimates that about a million people lived in all of the land of Israel at the time, about half of them Jews, and that sizable Jewish populations remained in the area after the war was over, even in the hard-hit region of Judea. Schwartz, however, believes that the captive number of 97,000 is more reliable. It has also been noted that the revolt had not deterred pilgrims from visiting Jerusalem, and a large number became trapped in the city and perished during the siege.
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229:
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1681:. Josephus goes on to report that after the Romans killed the armed and elderly people, 97,000 were enslaved. Josephus records that many people were sold into slavery, and that of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, 40,000 individuals survived, and the emperor let them to go wherever they chose. Before and during the siege, according to Josephus' account, there were multiple waves of desertions from the city.
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destroyed by great fire. The large urban drainage channel and the Pool of Siloam in the Lower City silted up and ceased to function, and in many places the city walls collapsed. Following the destruction of
Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a new era began in the city's history. The Herodian city was destroyed and a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion established on part of the ruins. In
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4315:. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land."
1926:, otherwise known as the Flavian Amphitheater, built in Rome between 70 and 82 CE, is believed to have been partially financed by the spoils of the Roman victory over the Jews. Archaeological discoveries have found a block of travertine that bears dowel holes that show the Jewish Wars financed the building of the amphitheater.
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Roman soldiers set fire to an apartment adjacent to the Temple, starting a conflagration which the Jews subsequently made worse. Later
Christian sources, traced back to Tacitus, claim that Titus personally authorized the destruction, a perspective that modern scholars generally support, though the debate remains unsettled.
1817:(later known as Bar Kokhba) established an independent state that was conquered by the Romans in 135 CE. The revolt resulted in the extensive depopulation of Judean communities, more so than during the First Jewish–Roman War. The Jewish communities of Judea were devastated to an extent which some scholars describe as a
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and now saw it as a desert, but lament and mourn sadly at so great a change. For the war had laid all signs of beauty quite waste. Nor had anyone who had known the place before, had come on a sudden to it now, would he have known it again. But though he were at the city itself, yet would he have inquired for it.
1768:. Both Herodium and Machaerus fell to the Roman army within the next two years, with Masada remaining as the final stronghold of the Judean rebels. In 73 CE, the Romans breached the walls of Masada and captured the fortress, with Josephus claiming that nearly all of the Jewish defenders had committed mass
1311:"lest he should suspect that so strong a wall was built in order to make some innovation in public affairs." It was only completed later, to a lesser strength and in much haste, when the First Jewish–Roman War broke out and the defenses of Jerusalem had to be bolstered. Nine towers adorned the third wall.
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These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that
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The capitulation of the rest of
Jerusalem was rapid. Those parts of the lower city already under Roman control were deliberately set on fire. The erection of new towers to break down the walls of the upper city was completed on 7 Elul (in mid-August), and the troops forced their way in. By 8 Elul the
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were stained with ash or even burned and turned into lime, glass vessels exploded and warped from the heat of the fire until they could not be recovered in the laboratory. In contrast, pottery and basalt survived. The layer of ash and charred wood left over from the fires reached an average height of
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While the Romans would have won the war in any case, the Jewish civil war both hastened their victory and immensely increased the casualties. One horrendous example: In expectation of a Roman siege, Jerusalem's Jews had stockpiled a supply of dry food that could have fed the city for many years. But
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discovered traces of great fire that damaged the Upper City's residential buildings. The fires consumed all organic matter. In houses where there was a beamed ceiling between the floors, the fire caused the top of the building to collapse, along with the top rows of stone, and they buried everything
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As the legions charged in, neither persuasion nor threat could check their impetuosity: passion alone was in command. Crowded together around the entrances many were trampled by their friends, many fell among the still hot and smoking ruins of the colonnades and died as miserably as the defeated. As
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And truly, the very view itself was a melancholy thing; for those places which were adorned with trees and pleasant gardens, were now become desolate country every way, and its trees were all cut down. Nor could any foreigner that had formerly seen Judaea and the most beautiful suburbs of the city,
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fought amongst themselves, and they lacked proper leadership, resulting in poor discipline, training, and preparation for the battles that were to follow. At one point they destroyed the food stocks in the city, a drastic measure thought to have been undertaken perhaps in order to enlist a merciful
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A fortified stronghold, it might have held for a significant amount of time, if not for the intense civil war that then broke out between moderates and
Zealots. In the summer of 69 CE, Vespasian departed Judea for Rome and in December became Emperor, with command of the Roman legions passing to his
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After the destruction of the
Herodian city of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion was established on part of the ruins to guard the former center of the revolt. This is clearly stated by Josephus (Jos. BJ, 7:1–5, 17; Vita, 422); it can be understood from the
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Now as soon as the army had no more people to slay or to plunder, because there remained none to be the objects of their fury (for they would not have spared any, had there remained any other work to be done), Caesar gave orders that they should now demolish the entire city and Temple, but should
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According to
Josephus, when the Romans reached Antonia they tried to destroy the wall which protected it. They removed four stones only, but during the night the wall collapsed. "That night the wall was so shaken by the battering rams in that place where John had used his stratagem before, and had
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Josephus goes on to say that the Jews then attacked the Romans on the east, near the Mount of Olives, but Titus drove them back to the valley. Zealots set the north-west colonnade on fire (v. 165). The Romans set the next one on fire, and the Jews wanted it to burn (v. 166), and they also trapped
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The Roman historian Tacitus later wrote: "... the total number of the besieged of every age and both sexes was six hundred thousand; there were arms for all who could use them, and the number ready to fight was larger than could have been anticipated from the total population. Both men and women
1565:
The account of Josephus described Titus as moderate in his approach and, after conferring with others, ordering that the 500-year-old Temple be spared. According to Josephus, it was the Jews who first used fire in the Northwest approach to the Temple to try and stop Roman advances. Only then did
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Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of
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Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of
1988:
attributed the destruction of the Temple and Jerusalem as punishment from God for the "baseless" hatred that pervaded Jewish society at the time. Many Jews in despair are thought to have abandoned Judaism for some version of paganism, and many others sided with the growing Christian sect within
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wrote that "While remains relating to the destruction of the Temple are scant, those pertaining to the Temple Mount walls and their close vicinity, the Upper City, the western part of the city, and the Tyropoeon Valley are considerable. It was found that in most cases the archaeological record
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After Jewish allies killed a number of Roman soldiers, Josephus claims that Titus sent him to negotiate with the defenders; this ended with Jews wounding the negotiator with an arrow, and another sally was launched shortly after. Titus was almost captured during this sudden attack, but escaped.
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The Roman legions quickly crushed the remaining Jewish resistance. Some of the remaining Jews escaped through hidden tunnels and sewers, while others made a final stand in the Upper City. This defense halted the Roman advance as they had to construct siege towers to assail the remaining Jews.
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The historical description is consistent with the archeological finds. Collapses of massive stones from the walls of the Temple Mount were exposed lying over the Herodian street running along the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. The residential buildings of the Ophel and the Upper City were
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text of a diploma of 93 CE: "(veterani) qui militaverunt Hierosolymnis in legione X Fretense", and it is also clear from epigraphic finds from the town. A bulk of military small finds recovered from several sites around the Old City indicates the presence of the XFretensis in Jerusalem
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one of the warring Zealot factions burned the entire supply, apparently hoping that destroying this "security blanket" would compel everyone to participate in the revolt. The starvation resulting from this mad act caused suffering as great as any the Romans inflicted.
1958:, located south of the Dead Sea, this dating system was uniformly used in the Jewish section of the cemetery. One inscription, for example, belonging to a woman named Marsa, says she "she died on the fifth day, 17 days into the month of Elul, the fourth year of
1496:
made little progress, but the fighting itself eventually set the walls on fire; a Roman soldier threw a burning stick onto one of the Temple's walls. Destroying the Temple was not among Titus's goals, possibly due in large part to the massive expansions done by
1530:
and is later reflected in Christian writings, asserts that Titus explicitly authorized the destruction of the Temple, which was also functioning as a key fortress. Modern scholarship generally supports this latter account, although the issue remains debated.
2325:, the Roman emperor Hadrian founded a new city in place of Herodian Jerusalem next to the military camp. He honored the city with the status of a colony and named it Aelia Capitolina and possibly also forbidding Jews from entering its boundaries
1481:
undermined their banks, that the ground then gave way, and the wall fell down suddenly." (v. 28) Following this, Titus had raised banks beside the court of the Temple: on the north-west corner, on the north side, and on the west side (v. 150).
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1450:, whose men were entrenched in the forecourts of the Temple. The Zealots resolved to prevent the city from falling into Roman hands by all means necessary, including the murder of political opponents and anyone standing in their way.
1299:", lay north of the first and was sparsely populated. It contained that section of Jerusalem within the Herodian "second wall" (which was still standing), though it was itself surrounded by the new "third wall", built by king
4302:, p. 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."
1729:
Some 700 Judean prisoners were paraded through the streets of Rome in chains during the triumph, among them Simon bar Giora and John of Giscala. Simon bar Giora was executed by being thrown to his death from the
4422:
Die Judaea-Capta-Münze und das Motiv der Palme. Römisches Siegessymbol oder Repräsentation Judäas? (The Judaea Capta coin and the image of the palm tree: Roman symbol of victory, or representation of Judaea?)
1306:
Josephus stated that Agrippa wanted to build a wall at least 5 meters thick, literally impenetrable by contemporary siege engines. Agrippa, however, never moved beyond the foundations, out of fear of emperor
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Baker, Eric W.. The Eschatological Role of the Jerusalem Temple: An Examination of the Jewish Writings Dating from 586 BCE to 70 CE. Germany: Anchor Academic Publishing, 2015, pp.
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1954:
In the centuries following the destruction of the Temple, some Jewish communities adopted a new Hebrew calendar that designated the year of the Temple's destruction as the starting point. In
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Book V, sect. 99 (Ch. 3, paragraph 1 in Whiston's translation); dates given are approximations since the correspondence between the calendar Josephus used and modern calendars is uncertain.
2010:
Jerusalem retained its importance in Jewish life and culture even after its destruction, and it became a symbol of hope for return, rebuilding and renewal of national life. The belief in a
1178:. The loss of the mother-city and Second Temple necessitated a reshaping of Jewish culture to ensure its survival. With sacrificial worship no longer possible, Jewish practices shifted to
3801:
Geva, H. ed., 2010 Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 IV: The Burnt House of Area B and Other Studies. Final Report. Jerusalem.
316:
1132:. Within three weeks, the Romans broke the first two walls of the city, but a stubborn rebel standoff prevented them from penetrating the third and thickest wall. According to
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4803:
4425:. Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus/Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments (NTOA/StUNT) (Book 70) (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 61, 64–67.
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1526:. According to Josephus, the excitement of the Roman troops led them to fuel the flames beyond control. In contrast, another historiographic tradition, which traces back to
2754:
Under the leadership of R. Yohanan ben Zakkai and his circle at Yavneh, Judaism sought to reconstitute itself and find a new equilibrium in the face of the disaster of 70.
1602:
Over the years, various remains that provide evidence of Jerusalem's destruction have been discovered, leading scholars to believe that Josephus' description is accurate.
1464:. Titus then had a wall built to girdle the city in order to starve out the population more effectively. After several failed attempts to breach or scale the walls of the
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980:
3769:"The Sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE: Flavius Josephus' Description and the Archaeological Record / חורבן ירושלים בשנת 70 לסה"נ: תיאורו של יוסף בן מתתיהו והממצא הארכאולוגי"
2066:(1637). Oil on canvas, 147 × 198.5 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Depicts the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army led by Titus.
4275:
David Goodblatt, 'The political and social history of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel,' in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.)
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After the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the city and its temple, there were still a few Judean strongholds in which the rebels continued holding out, at
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intervention on behalf of the besieged Jews, or as a stratagem to make the defenders more desperate, supposing that was necessary in order to repel the Roman army.
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that remained in the home under them. There are buildings where traces remain only in part of the house, and there are buildings that have been completely burned.
1431:. By May, this was breached and the Second Wall also was taken shortly afterwards, leaving the defenders in possession of the Temple and the upper and lower city.
1962:, 362 years after the destruction of the Temple." This calendar system was used by other Jewish communities in the Levant during late antiquity, and later in the
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309:
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1825:, Golan, Bet Shean Valley, and the eastern, southern, and western edges of Judea. Emperor Hadrian wiped the name Judaea off the map and replaced it with
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Josephus's account absolves Titus of any culpability for the destruction of the Temple, but this may merely reflect his desire to procure favor with the
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through the streets. Up until this parading, these items had only ever been seen by the High Priest of the Temple. This event was memorialized in the
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Josephus wrote that 1.1 million people, the majority of them Jewish, were killed during the siege – a death toll he attributes to the celebration of
1343:. By July 69 all of Judea but Jerusalem had been pacified and the city, now hosting rebel leaders from all over the country, came under Roman siege.
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3129:(1st ed.). Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, published in cooperation with the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. pp. 15–20.
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1786:
In 132 CE, six decades after the suppression of the revolt, another revolt known as the Bar Kokhba revolt erupted in Judaea. The construction of a
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fell on 7 September, and the city was completely under Roman control by 8 September. The Romans continued to pursue those who had fled the city.
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60:
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some Roman soldiers when they wanted to climb over the wall. They had burned wood under the wall when Romans were trapped on it (v. 178–183).
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2098:(1850). Oil on canvas, 136 × 197 cm. Private collection. Depicts the burning and looting of Jerusalem by the Roman army under Titus.
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1268:. The city reached a peak in size and population during the late Second Temple period, when the city covered two square kilometres (
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There were still those wishing to negotiate with the Romans and bring a peaceful end to the siege. The most prominent of these was
17:
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1442:, the two prominent Zealot leaders, placed all blame for the failure of the revolt on the shoulders of the moderate leadership.
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In the early Roman period, Jerusalem had two distinct precincts. The first encompassed the regions within the "first wall", the
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The enmities between John of Gischala and Simon bar Giora were papered over only when the Roman siege engineers began to erect
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marks the destruction of the First and Second Temples, which according to Jewish tradition, occurred on the same day on the
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Josephus had acted as a mediator for the Romans and, when negotiations failed, witnessed the siege and aftermath. He wrote:
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1513:, sometime in August 70 CE, and the flames spread into the residential sections of the city. Josephus described the scene:
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Massive stone collapses from the Temple Mount's walls were discovered laying over the Herodian street that runs along the
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and the Upper City, and was heavily built up, though less so at its wealthy parts. The second, known as the "suburb" or "
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showed the same determination; and if they were to be forced to change their home, they feared life more than death".
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1669:, a monumental Hebrew inscription which was thrown down by Roman legionnaires during the destruction of the Temple.
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in the Herodian Quarter, for example, shows signs of a fire that raged at the site during the city's destruction.
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at 6:421 is to Titus's siege, though difficulties exist with its interpretation, then at the time, according to
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Overlooking the Temple compound, the fortress provided a perfect point from which to attack the Temple itself.
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1509:. However, the fire spread quickly and was soon out of control. The Temple was captured and destroyed on 9/10
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The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab
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4617:"David Roberts' 'The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A.D. 70'"
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Many of the people of the surrounding area are also thought to have been driven from the land or enslaved.
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3579:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 194–195,
1468:, the Romans finally launched a secret attack. Despite early successes in repelling the Roman sieges, the
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in Rome. The monument was built to celebrate the conquest of Jerusalem and it is said to have housed the
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have been discovered in several locations, indicating that a lengthy burning damaged the limestones. The
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1238:. Foreign cults were introduced and Jews were forbidden entry. This is often seen as a catalyst for the
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Rewriting Ancient Jewish History: The History of the Jews in Roman Times and the New Historical Method
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prior to the entry of the Romans. With the fall of Masada, the First Jewish–Roman War came to an end.
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began his siege a few days before Passover, on 14 Xanthicus (April), surrounding the city with three
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1999:: many Christians responded by distancing themselves from the rest of Judaism, as reflected in the
1821:. However, the Jewish population remained strong in other parts of the land of Israel, thriving in
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mere decades earlier. Titus had wanted to seize it and transform it into a temple dedicated to the
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in the Lower City silted up and stopped working, and the city walls collapsed in numerous places.
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The siege and destruction of Jerusalem has inspired writers and artists through the centuries.
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The fire left its mark even on household utensils and objects that were in the same buildings.
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escaped Jerusalem during the siege and secured Roman permission to establish a study center in
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started besieging Jerusalem. The city had been taken over by several rebel factions following
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2381:"The Lower City of Jerusalem on the Eve of Its Destruction, 70 CE: A View From Hanyon Givati"
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Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development
2007:
as anti-Temple and view the destruction of the temple as punishment for rejection of Jesus.
1136:, a contemporary historian and the main source for the war, the city was ravaged by murder,
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Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv / קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה
2075:
1929:
1393:
1260:, Jerusalem was the center of religious and national life for Jews, including those in the
1257:
1020:
938:
793:
761:
539:
354:
2985:
The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome
1719:
1210:
traditions and eventually became the mainstream form of Judaism. Jewish sects such as the
8:
6127:
5958:
5868:
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5784:
5680:
5675:
5667:
5596:
5483:
5473:
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4004:
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1799:
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1191:
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1005:
925:
756:
639:
454:
438:
423:
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3849:
Reich, R. and Billig, Y. 2008. Jerusalem, The Robinson's Arch Area. NEAEHL 5: 1809–1811.
6612:
6444:
6206:
5916:
5878:
5717:
5493:
5468:
5156:
5126:
4957:
4852:
4709:
4447:
3984:
3832:
3784:
3216:
2964:
2914:
2408:
2380:
1993:
1975:
1936:
to celebrate the capture of Judaea and the destruction of the Temple by his son Titus.
1454:
1379:
1230:
established a military camp on Jerusalem's ruins. the city was later re-founded as the
1195:
1000:
948:
892:
859:
619:
510:
480:
375:
3050:
Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996). "Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 AD". In Hershel Shanks (ed.).
2396:
1171:, which still stands today. The treasures looted from the Temple were put on display.
6625:
6617:
6607:
6513:
6322:
5883:
5458:
5185:
5108:
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4142:
4087:
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3776:
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3621:
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3521:
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3399:
3357:
3330:
3300:
3220:
3208:
3167:
3140:
3130:
3072:
3068:
Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period: In Light of Archaeological Research
2989:
2956:
2918:
2904:
2865:
2855:
2830:
2783:
2743:
2706:
2696:
2660:
2645:"Judaism in a Time of Crisis: Four Responses to the Destruction of the Second Temple"
2621:
2611:
2550:
2525:
2515:
2447:
2412:
2400:
2361:
2308:
2298:
2294:
Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman period: in light of archaeological research
2252:
2242:
2227:
1916:
1781:
1739:
1447:
1400:
1239:
1227:
1141:
1015:
912:
245:
30:
For the siege by Nebuchadnezzar that led to the destruction of the First Temple, see
5519:
3275:
1714:
Titus and his soldiers celebrated victory upon their return to Rome by parading the
1323:, also known as the Great Jewish Revolt, broke following the appointment of prefect
6725:
6636:
6560:
6501:
6374:
6062:
5984:
5974:
5840:
5732:
5478:
5463:
5328:
5261:
5103:
5064:
5054:
5026:
4783:
4485:
3580:
3200:
2896:
2822:
2775:
2735:
2652:
2392:
2353:
2091:
The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, 70
2015:
1966:, serving as a means to mark significant life events such as births and marriages.
1940:
1826:
1814:
1791:
1715:
1465:
1296:
1235:
1203:
807:
579:
249:
4682:. TEAMS Middle English Texts. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications
4628:
3584:
3511:
2437:
1856:
celebrated the fall of Jerusalem by building two monumental triumphal arches. The
6742:
6580:
6518:
6506:
6496:
6369:
6280:
6266:
6009:
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3745:
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3448:
2470:
2237:
2232:
2107:
2063:
1963:
1948:
1853:
1787:
1751:
1738:
after being judged a rebel and a traitor, while John of Giscala was sentenced to
1523:
1506:
1498:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1407:
1285:
1261:
1231:
1152:
854:
490:
418:
413:
238:
234:
223:
69:
3395:
Theocratic Democracy: The Social Construction of Religious and Secular Extremism
1542:
6876:
6689:
6592:
6565:
6196:
6068:
6057:
6024:
6004:
5722:
5707:
5432:
5333:
5282:
4996:
4905:
4857:
4109:
3028:
2888:
2826:
2218:
1932:: Judaea Capta coins were a series of commemorative coins originally issued by
1912:
1893:
1881:
1846:
1655:
1607:
coincides with the historical description, pointing to Josephus' reliability".
1411:
1324:
1175:
1164:
1102:
788:
783:
428:
380:
6102:
Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount
2945:"The Camp of the Tenth Legion in Jerusalem: An Archaeological Reconsideration"
2900:
2869:
2810:
2779:
2739:
2710:
2644:
2625:
2529:
2312:
1264:. The Second Temple attracted tens and maybe hundreds of thousands during the
6810:
6700:
6678:
6575:
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6306:
6285:
6201:
5989:
5953:
5819:
5809:
5744:
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5646:
5488:
5266:
5211:
5206:
4181:
3976:
3828:
3780:
3212:
3144:
3126:
Jerusalem: portrait of the city in the Second Temple period (538 BCE – 70 CE)
2960:
2834:
2656:
2574:
2404:
2365:
2357:
2118:. Depicts the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army.
2053:
1944:
1885:
1857:
1842:
1731:
1723:
1689:
1647:
1616:
1611:
1510:
1502:
1493:
1179:
1168:
1156:
1148:
1110:
1109:. Following a five-month siege, the Romans destroyed the city, including the
960:
955:
228:
120:
107:
4558:"How Rembrandt Understood the Destruction of Jerusalem (and Poussin Didn't)"
3893:"Chronology of the War According to Josephus: Part 7, The Fall of Jerusalem"
2341:
1880:
on the arch depicts soldiers carrying spoils from the Temple, including the
6695:
6602:
6597:
6550:
6469:
6052:
5948:
5776:
5766:
5405:
4988:
4215:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period,
3859:
3573:"The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple: its meaning and its consequences"
2011:
1897:
1803:
1662:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1375:
1336:
1223:
1090:
819:
812:
798:
164:
4278:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period
4141:. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. Taylor & Francis. p. 92.
4030:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period
3956:
3577:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period
3124:
2731:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period
2511:
For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE
1427:
The thrust of the siege began in the west at the Third Wall, north of the
6658:
6587:
6474:
6348:
5374:
5256:
4721:
1620:
1603:
1556:
1335:, a talented and unassuming general. In early 68 CE, Vespasian landed at
1183:
294:
4028:. In Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Katz, Steven T. (eds.).
3836:
3812:
3788:
3768:
2968:
2944:
2766:
Stemberger, Guenter (2003), Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.),
1837:
6491:
6042:
5906:
5712:
5685:
5586:
5553:
4538:
4084:
Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs: Popular Movements in the Time of Jesus
2573:
and Second Temples is still mourned annually during the Jewish fast of
2158:
1877:
1428:
1367:
4478:"Contesting Scripture and Soil: Liturgical Dates and Seasonal Dieting"
2849:
2690:
2605:
2509:
2292:
1288:
celebrated it as "by far, the most famous of the cities of the East".
6385:
5901:
5789:
5636:
5221:
5178:
5168:
5006:
3094:"The Enigma of the Name Īliyā (= Aelia) for Jerusalem in Early Islam"
2267:
1933:
1923:
1908:
1869:
1810:
1795:
1761:
1363:
1332:
1300:
1211:
1207:
1187:
1098:
518:
182:
177:
95:
3188:
3093:
1845:, which depicts the valuables seized from the Temple, including the
1631:
about a meter, and the rock falls reached up to two meters and more.
1420:, Jerusalem was thronged with many people who had come to celebrate
5069:
4169:
3735:
3710:
3204:
2734:. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 268.
1865:
1818:
1757:
1678:
1421:
1417:
1359:
1308:
1133:
1117:
965:
202:
6235:
4419:
Andrea Moresino-Zipper (2009). Gerd Theissen; et al. (eds.).
4213:
in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.)
5417:
5409:
5118:
1985:
1822:
1769:
1688:
Josephus' death toll figures have been rejected as impossible by
1527:
1469:
1340:
1215:
844:
802:
193:
4197:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period
1907:, also known as the Forum of Vespasian, was built under Emperor
1278:
square mile) and had an estimated population of 200,000. In his
6343:
5921:
5853:
5702:
4325:
4284:
2115:
2079:
2000:
1765:
1591:
1137:
4070:
Abraham's Knife: The Mythology of the Deicide in Anti-Semitism
2875:
Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.
2716:
Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.
5011:
4400:
Alföldy, Géza (1995). "Eine Bauinschrift Aus Dem Colosseum".
2811:"The Broken Axis: Rabbinic Judaism and the Fall of Jerusalem"
2514:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5.
2056:(8th century). The back side of the casket depicts the siege.
2004:
1955:
1371:
1348:
1219:
1199:
1174:
The destruction of Jerusalem marked a major turning point in
1094:
214:
1992:
The destruction was an important point in the separation of
1646:(Jerusalem) thrown onto the street by Roman soldiers on the
4621:
Jerusalem: Fall of a City – Rise of a Vision
4026:"Political, social and economic life in the land of Israel"
3487:. A.M. Auburn and Buffalo. John E. Beardsley. p. 150.
3054:. Washington DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. p. 196.
2078:(1846). Oil on canvas, 585 × 705 cm. Neue Pinakothek,
1873:
1339:
and began suppression of the revolt with operations in the
1328:
1160:
4262:
Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches and resources.
4176:(1st ed.). New York: Viking Press. pp. 186–300.
3457:. A.M. Auburn and Buffalo. John E. Beardsley. p. 28.
1222:
continued to spread his teachings, leading to the rise of
2643:
Neusner, Jacob (28 November 2017), Hinnells, John (ed.),
1806:
are thought to have been major catalysts for the revolt.
1474:
1331:
entrusted the job of crushing the rebellion in Judaea to
1672:
4418:
3064:
2607:
Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations
1969:
1876:, to commemorate the siege and fall of Jerusalem. The
3915:
3913:
3864:"When the Priests Trumpeted the Onset of the Sabbath"
3193:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
2385:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
3813:"Recent Discoveries in the City of David, Jerusalem"
2587:
2585:
2583:
2378:
2208:
1202:, This event was foundational in the development of
3187:Roth, Helena; Gadot, Yuval; Langgut, Dafna (2019).
1218:faded into obscurity, while surviving followers of
34:. For other sieges upon the city of Jerusalem, see
4128:
4054:Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity
3910:
3810:
3571:Goldenberg, Robert (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.),
3058:
2200:(2021), an Israeli animated historical drama film.
4305:
4086:. Philadelphia: Trinity Press. pp. 126–127.
3811:Reich, Ronny; Shukron, Eli; Lernau, Omri (2007).
3232:
3230:
2580:
2465:
2463:
1163:to celebrate the victory over the Jews, with two
6808:
4281:, Cambridge University Press, 2006 pp. 404–430 .
4269:
3375:
3373:
3186:
3027:. The University of South Dakota. Archived from
2893:Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period
1900:in 82 CE. Only a few traces of it remain today.
4585:A Companion to the Flavian Age of Imperial Rome
3025:The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces
1434:The Jewish defenders were split into factions.
1155:legitimacy to claim control over the empire. A
1101:, the center of Jewish rebel resistance in the
4313:The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine
3667:
3227:
3189:"Wood Economy in Early Roman Period Jerusalem"
2886:
2768:"The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism, 70–640 CE"
2507:
2460:
2290:
1841:The victory was commemorated in Rome with the
6401:
6251:
5390:
4737:
4484:, Oxford University Press, pp. 243–244,
3613:
3370:
3318:
3316:
3014:
3012:
2981:
1892:constructed at the southeast entrance to the
1062:
310:
86:(4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
6785:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
5199:
4676:Livingston, Michael (2004). "Introduction".
4254:
3886:
3884:
3634:
2379:Ben-Ami, Doron; Tchekhanovets, Yana (2011).
1745:
1226:as a new, separate religion. After the war,
4555:
4200:, Cambridge University Press, 1984 pp. 106.
4174:Flavius Josephus: Selections from His Works
4100:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3958:The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad
3694:
3640:
3506:
3504:
2975:
2887:Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit (9 December 2019),
2815:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
1546:Progress of the Roman army during the siege
6408:
6394:
6258:
6244:
5404:
5397:
5383:
4751:
4744:
4730:
4675:
4575:
4402:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
4233:The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea
4032:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24.
3989:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3570:
3391:
3313:
3009:
2808:
2765:
2110:(1867). Oil on canvas, 183 × 252 cm.
2103:The Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem
2060:The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem
1446:'s group murdered another faction leader,
1069:
1055:
324:
317:
303:
59:
4490:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284177.003.0007
4225:
4223:
4194:William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein,
3881:
3766:
3418:
3353:Passover in the Works of Flavius Josephus
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
1654:The great urban drainage channel and the
1581:
1252:Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period
1167:erected to commemorate it, including the
4412:
4168:
4162:
4023:
4012:
3954:
3661:
3607:
3501:
3471:
3441:
3349:
3292:
3085:
2549:. Oxford University Press. p. 212.
2446:. Conquest Routledge. pp. 129–130.
2339:
2121:
2028:
1836:
1633:
1585:
1541:
1327:and his demand to receive Temple funds.
1314:
6556:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
5191:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
4399:
4134:
4081:
3510:
3477:
3447:
3398:. Oxford University Press. p. 91.
3151:
3018:
2642:
2603:
2436:
2342:"A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74"
1860:, which stills stands today, was built
1705:First Jewish-Roman War § Aftermath
1410:, to the east. If the reference in his
1362:places the siege in the second year of
1085:of 70 CE was the decisive event of the
239:
14:
6809:
6415:
4581:
4471:
4469:
4229:
4220:
3858:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3385:
3322:
3242:
3157:
3122:
2847:
2688:
2542:
2419:
2127:The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem
2033:'Siege and destruction of Jerusalem',
1610:In the 1970s and 1980s, a team led by
1366:, which corresponds to year 70 of the
66:Destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem
6389:
6239:
5378:
4725:
4649:
4475:
4203:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3299:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 42.
3118:
3116:
3114:
3049:
2774:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 78–79,
2684:
2682:
2149:a Middle English poem (c. 1370–1390).
2071:The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus
2021:
1673:Deaths, enslavement, and displacement
298:
6847:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
6664:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
5795:The Western Wall Heritage Foundation
5357:
4537:
4172:(1974). Wasserstein, Abraham (ed.).
4106:
3890:
3734:
3709:
3517:The History of the Jews in Antiquity
3162:. Canaan Publishing House. pp.
3091:
2942:
2889:"The Camp of the Legion X Fretensis"
2727:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2335:
2333:
2286:
2284:
1798:and the construction of a temple to
1775:
1720:Table of the Bread of God's Presence
1399:) on the western side and a fourth (
657:Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem
6265:
4466:
3559:
2841:
1970:In Jewish and Christian eschatology
24:
4556:Soloveichik, Meir (12 July 2018).
4476:Sivan, Hagith (14 February 2008),
4294:, Harvard University Press, 1976,
3943:
3753:
3542:"A.D. 70 Titus Destroys Jerusalem"
3111:
2772:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism
2759:
2679:
2597:
2082:. An allegorical depiction of the
1130:short-lived provisional government
1116:In April 70 CE, three days before
27:Part of the First Jewish–Roman War
25:
6888:
6862:Sieges involving the Roman Empire
4705:The Temple Mount and Fort Antonia
4698:
4211:'The Bar Kochba revolt, 132-135,'
3767:רייך, רוני; Reich, Ronny (2009).
3699:. Peeters Publishers. p. 86.
3425:. New York: William Morrow and Co
3250:"Josephus, The Jewish War V, 142"
2490:
2397:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0061
2372:
2340:Westwood, Ursula (1 April 2017).
2330:
2281:
6797:Military history of ancient Rome
6220:
6219:
5356:
5347:
5346:
4802:
4650:McBee, Richard (8 August 2011).
4543:An Introduction to English Runes
4358:exhibitions.kelsey.lsa.umich.edu
2546:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire
2291:Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit (2019).
2263:List of incidents of cannibalism
2211:
1832:
1561:Second Temple § Archaeology
525:
227:
150:Roman rule of Jerusalem restored
6780:Civil wars of the Third Century
5922:Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer
4669:
4643:
4609:
4549:
4545:. Woodbridge. pp. 176–177.
4531:
4521:
4512:
4393:
4371:
4346:
4333:The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered
4188:
4117:
4075:
4062:
4046:
3997:
3930:
3852:
3843:
3804:
3795:
3728:
3703:
3688:
3534:
3520:. Routledge. pp. 191–192.
3412:
3350:Colautti, Frederico M. (2002).
3343:
3329:. Routledge. pp. 116–119.
3286:
3276:"Josephus: Of the War, Book VI"
3268:
3180:
3065:Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah (2019).
3043:
3019:Lehmann, Clayton Miles (2007).
2936:
2880:
2802:
2721:
2651:, Routledge, pp. 399–413,
2636:
2487:, (Osprey Publishing), p. 62.
4292:A History of the Jewish People
4058:University of California Press
3695:Hadas-Lebel, Mireille (2006).
2988:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 36–.
2563:
2536:
2477:
1550:
13:
1:
6182:Status quo of Holy Land sites
5152:Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism
4710:Map of the siege of Jerusalem
3961:. Cambridge. pp. 85–86.
3674:. David C Cook. p. 103.
3585:10.1017/chol9780521772488.009
3484:The Works of Flavius Josephus
3454:The Works of Flavius Josephus
2728:Katz, Steven T., ed. (2006).
2319:
2274:
2137:
2037:
2035:La Passion de Nostre Seigneur
1861:
1245:
172:Judean provisional government
6097:Temple Mount Sifting Project
4082:Horsley, Richard A. (2000).
3620:. AuthorHouse. p. 761.
3392:Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (2010).
2569:The destruction of both the
2508:Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021).
1698:
1667:Trumpeting Place inscription
1665:. Among these stones is the
835:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
84:14 April – 8 September 70 CE
7:
6123:Assassination of Abdullah I
5755:Holyland Model of Jerusalem
5272:First Jewish Revolt coinage
4779:Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)
4652:"Mourning, Memory, and Art"
4482:Palestine in Late Antiquity
4236:. Oxford University Press.
3356:. Brill. pp. 115–131.
2809:Goldenberg, Robert (1977).
2248:Holyland Model of Jerusalem
2204:
2166:The Lost Wisdom of the Magi
1864:82 CE by the Roman Emperor
1093:army led by future emperor
32:Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)
10:
6893:
6837:Flavian military campaigns
6817:Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
6365:Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
6145:2015–2016 wave of violence
5874:Pro–Wailing Wall Committee
5760:Schick models of Jerusalem
4135:Tropper, Amram D. (2016).
4124:The Other Side of the Coin
3817:Israel Exploration Journal
3644:The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74
3617:70 A.D.: A War of the Jews
3419:Telushkin, Joseph (1991).
3296:The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74
2949:Israel Exploration Journal
2485:The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74
1973:
1779:
1749:
1709:
1702:
1596:Wohl Archaeological Museum
1594:showing signs of burning,
1554:
1266:Three Pilgrimage Festivals
1249:
1126:a period of massive unrest
46:Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
29:
6793:
6738:Roman conquest of Britain
6709:
6423:
6357:
6331:
6315:
6294:
6273:
6215:
6174:
6110:
6082:
6033:
5967:
5941:
5934:
5894:
5833:
5775:
5666:
5659:
5617:
5574:
5528:
5502:
5446:
5425:
5416:
5342:
5297:Siege of Jerusalem (poem)
5244:
5144:
5117:
5094:
5078:
5035:
4987:
4980:
4945:
4925:Judea coast and highlands
4924:
4876:
4840:
4819:
4811:
4800:
4771:
4759:
3647:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
3071:. Brill. pp. 54–58.
2901:10.1163/9789004417076_003
2895:, Brill, pp. 19–50,
2780:10.1002/9780470758014.ch5
2740:10.1017/chol9780521772488
2346:Journal of Jewish Studies
2014:remains a cornerstone of
1943:, the annual fast day of
1746:Suppression of the revolt
1190:gatherings. According to
1089:(66–73 CE), in which the
447:Judea coast and highlands
336:
275:
259:
208:
158:
76:
58:
50:
45:
6000:Monastery of the Virgins
4981:Belligerents and leaders
4794:Jacob and Simon uprising
4625:University of Nottingham
3323:Levick, Barbara (1999).
3158:Har-El, Menashe (1977).
2848:Karesh, Sara E. (2006).
2827:10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353
2689:Karesh, Sara E. (2006).
2657:10.4324/9781351152761-20
2604:Goodman, Martin (2008).
2543:Bunson, Matthew (1995).
2084:destruction of Jerusalem
1354:
908:Greek Orthodox Patriarch
18:Destruction of Jerusalem
6832:70s in the Roman Empire
6435:Roman conquest of Italy
6187:Hashemite custodianship
6092:Archaeological remnants
5846:Western Wall Commission
5510:Fountain of Qasim Pasha
4582:Zissos, Andrew (2015).
4024:Schwartz, Seth (1984).
3955:Schwartz, Seth (2014).
3668:Dr Robert Wahl (2006).
3123:Levine, Lee I. (2002).
2851:Encyclopedia of Judaism
2692:Encyclopedia of Judaism
2610:. Penguin. p. 25.
2189:
2154:The Great Jewish Revolt
2112:Gallerie dell'Accademia
1888:. A second, less known
6852:Judea (Roman province)
6842:First Jewish–Roman War
6316:Observances and events
6133:Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes
5625:Jerusalem Islamic Waqf
5217:Arch at Circus Maximus
5037:Provisional government
4789:Alexandrian riots (38)
4753:First Jewish–Roman War
4588:. Wiley. p. 493.
4230:Taylor, J. E. (2012).
4107:Josephus. "Book VII".
4009:, Book V, Chapter XIII
3697:Jerusalem Against Rome
3614:Peter J. Fast (2012).
2982:Peter Schäfer (2003).
2358:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017
2134:
2046:
2043:
1849:
1651:
1599:
1582:Archeological evidence
1579:
1547:
1520:
1321:First Jewish–Roman War
1128:and the collapse of a
1087:First Jewish–Roman War
934:Religious significance
328:First Jewish–Roman War
209:Commanders and leaders
72:. Oil on canvas, 1867.
53:First Jewish–Roman War
6765:Domitian's Dacian War
6684:Liberators' civil war
6302:Seventeenth of Tammuz
6274:Periods of observance
5864:Temple Mount Faithful
5454:Dome of the Ascension
5290:Legend of Destruction
5232:Temple of Peace, Rome
4784:Judas uprising (6 CE)
3293:Sheppard, Si (2013).
3280:penelope.uchicago.edu
2943:Geva, Hillel (1984).
2197:Legend of Destruction
2125:
2032:
1997:from its Jewish roots
1980:Christian eschatology
1840:
1780:Further information:
1750:Further information:
1703:Further information:
1637:
1589:
1571:
1555:Further information:
1545:
1515:
1315:Outbreak of rebellion
1250:Further information:
1206:, which emerged from
276:Casualties and losses
121:31.77806°N 35.23583°E
6770:Trajan's Dacian Wars
6455:Roman–Hernician wars
6339:Book of Lamentations
5859:The Temple Institute
5631:Al-Aqsa is in danger
5515:Fountain of Qayt Bay
5227:Judaea Capta coinage
4812:Military engagements
3922:The Wars of the Jews
3671:Foundations of Faith
3641:Si Sheppard (2013).
3021:"Palestine: History"
2297:. Brill. p. 3.
2076:Wilhelm von Kaulbach
1930:Judaea Capta coinage
1258:Second Temple Period
1111:Second Jewish Temple
570:Second Temple Period
6867:Sieges of Jerusalem
6822:1st-century battles
6669:Roman–Parthian Wars
6460:Roman–Volscian wars
6440:Roman–Etruscan Wars
5959:Hall of Hewn Stones
5869:Platoon of the Wall
5825:Western Wall Tunnel
5785:Little Western Wall
5681:Ark of the Covenant
5484:Dome of the Spirits
5474:Dome of the Prophet
5438:Marwani Prayer Hall
5060:Eleazar ben Hanania
4715:27 May 2011 at the
4631:on 20 February 2020
4354:"The Arch of Titus"
4052:Wettstein, Howard:
2258:Kamsa and Bar Kamsa
2183:Lori Banov Kaufmann
1466:Fortress of Antonia
882:Demographic history
117: /
6775:Roman–Persian Wars
6674:Caesar's civil war
6546:Roman–Seleucid war
6445:Roman-Aequian wars
6417:Ancient Roman wars
6207:Navel of the World
6192:Entry restrictions
5879:Women for the Wall
5494:Dome of Yusuf Agha
5469:Dome of al-Khalili
5157:Yohanan ben Zakkai
5127:Menahem ben Yehuda
4679:Siege of Jerusalem
4656:Jewish Ideas Daily
4381:. Cals.cornell.edu
4336:by Peter Schäfer,
3940:, Book VI, 378–386
3936:Flavius Josephus,
2649:Neusner on Judaism
2323: 130 CE
2145:Siege of Jerusalem
2135:
2044:
2022:In popular culture
1976:Jewish eschatology
1886:victory procession
1850:
1794:over the ruins of
1652:
1600:
1548:
1455:Yohanan ben Zakkai
1196:Yohanan ben Zakkai
1192:Rabbinic tradition
1083:siege of Jerusalem
860:Al-Quds University
190:Peasantry faction
126:31.77806; 35.23583
36:Siege of Jerusalem
6804:
6803:
6760:Jewish–Roman wars
6632:Sulla's civil war
6626:Bellum Octavianum
6514:Illyro-Roman Wars
6487:Roman–Gallic wars
6465:Roman–Sabine wars
6383:
6382:
6323:Seudah HaMafseket
6295:Days of obervance
6233:
6232:
6078:
6077:
6020:Solomon's Stables
5930:
5929:
5884:Women of the Wall
5655:
5654:
5602:Cotton Merchants'
5575:Walls and entries
5459:Dome of the Chain
5372:
5371:
5240:
5239:
5186:Bar Kokhba revolt
5140:
5139:
5132:Eleazar ben Ya'ir
5109:Eleazar ben Simon
5079:Peasantry faction
5050:Joseph ben Gurion
5045:Ananus ben Ananus
4976:
4975:
4820:Early engagements
4764:Jewish–Roman wars
4595:978-1-118-87817-0
4499:978-0-19-928417-7
4432:978-3-525-53390-1
4342:978-3-16-148076-8
4321:978-0-89236-800-6
4300:978-0-674-39731-6
4290:H.H. Ben-Sasson,
4243:978-0-19-955448-5
4170:Josephus, Flavius
4148:978-1-317-24708-1
4093:978-1-56338-273-4
4039:978-0-521-77248-8
3968:978-1-107-04127-1
3681:978-0-7814-4380-7
3654:978-1-78096-185-9
3627:978-1-4772-6585-7
3594:978-0-521-77248-8
3546:Christian History
3527:978-1-134-37137-2
3494:978-1-134-37137-2
3464:978-1-134-37137-2
3405:978-0-19-981323-0
3363:978-90-04-12372-4
3336:978-0-415-33866-0
3306:978-1-78096-184-2
3256:on 2 October 2009
3173:978-0-86628-002-0
3160:This Is Jerusalem
3136:978-0-8276-0956-3
3092:Jacobson, David.
3078:978-90-04-41707-6
2995:978-3-16-148076-8
2910:978-90-04-41707-6
2861:978-1-78785-171-9
2854:. Facts On File.
2789:978-1-57718-058-6
2749:978-0-521-77248-8
2702:978-1-78785-171-9
2695:. Facts On File.
2666:978-1-351-15276-1
2617:978-0-14-029127-8
2556:978-0-19-510233-8
2521:978-0-300-26256-8
2453:978-1-134-40317-2
2304:978-90-04-41707-6
2253:Jesus ben Ananias
2228:Council of Jamnia
2157:, book series by
1896:was built by the
1809:Supported by the
1782:Bar Kokhba revolt
1776:Bar Kokhba revolt
1740:life imprisonment
1736:Temple of Jupiter
1628:Limestone vessels
1448:Eleazar ben Simon
1240:Bar Kokhba revolt
1228:Legio X Fretensis
1220:Jesus of Nazareth
1079:
1078:
1016:Greater Jerusalem
840:Hebrew University
683:Before Common Era
667:
666:
503:
502:
498:
497:
342:Early engagements
293:
292:
246:Eleazar ben Simon
154:
153:
16:(Redirected from
6884:
6726:Marcomannic Wars
6637:Mithridatic Wars
6561:Celtiberian Wars
6450:Roman–Latin wars
6410:
6403:
6396:
6387:
6386:
6375:The Twelve Spies
6260:
6253:
6246:
6237:
6236:
6223:
6222:
5985:Antonia Fortress
5975:Foundation Stone
5939:
5938:
5935:Other components
5850:Advocacy groups
5841:Kotel compromise
5676:Solomon's Temple
5664:
5663:
5642:Al-Aqsa massacre
5529:Other structures
5479:Dome of the Rock
5464:Dome of al-Khidr
5423:
5422:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5376:
5375:
5360:
5359:
5350:
5349:
5329:Josephus problem
5262:Herodian Quarter
5197:
5196:
5104:John of Gischala
5065:Niger the Perean
5055:Joshua ben Gamla
5027:Herod Agrippa II
4985:
4984:
4946:Last strongholds
4878:Galilee campaign
4841:Gallus' campaign
4832:Alexandria riots
4817:
4816:
4806:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4627:. Archived from
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4350:
4344:
4329:
4323:
4309:
4303:
4288:
4282:
4273:
4267:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4227:
4218:
4207:
4201:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4079:
4073:
4066:
4060:
4056:, p. 31 (2002).
4050:
4044:
4043:
4021:
4010:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3988:
3980:
3952:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3897:www.josephus.org
3888:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3764:
3751:
3749:
3746:Whiston, William
3744:. Translated by
3732:
3726:
3724:
3721:Whiston, William
3719:. Translated by
3707:
3701:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3568:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3479:Whiston, William
3475:
3469:
3468:
3449:Whiston, William
3445:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3252:. Archived from
3246:
3240:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3031:on 10 March 2008
3016:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2505:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2434:
2417:
2416:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2288:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2042:
2039:
2016:Orthodox Judaism
2003:, which portray
1941:Jewish tradition
1863:
1827:Syria Palaestina
1815:Simon Bar Kosiba
1792:Aelia Capitolina
1638:Stones from the
1598:, Jewish Quarter
1444:John of Gischala
1277:
1276:
1272:
1236:Aelia Capitolina
1204:Rabbinic Judaism
1165:triumphal arches
1071:
1064:
1057:
926:Political status
808:Dome of the Rock
580:Aelia Capitolina
556:
555:
529:
506:
505:
468:Last strongholds
363:Gallus' campaign
339:
338:
331:
329:
319:
312:
305:
296:
295:
254:
241:
231:
219:Julius Alexander
170:Remnants of the
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
78:
77:
63:
43:
42:
21:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6789:
6755:Civil war of 69
6743:Boudican revolt
6712:
6705:
6581:Cantabrian Wars
6519:Macedonian Wars
6426:
6419:
6414:
6384:
6379:
6370:Alhambra Decree
6358:Historic events
6353:
6327:
6311:
6290:
6281:The Three Weeks
6269:
6267:The Three Weeks
6264:
6234:
6229:
6211:
6170:
6106:
6074:
6029:
6010:Ptolemaic Baris
5995:Hasmonean Baris
5963:
5926:
5917:Robinson's Arch
5912:Boaz and Jachin
5890:
5829:
5800:Mughrabi Bridge
5771:
5728:Temple treasury
5718:Solomon's Porch
5660:Jewish elements
5651:
5613:
5570:
5524:
5498:
5442:
5412:
5403:
5373:
5368:
5338:
5324:Flight to Pella
5304:The Dovekeepers
5277:Flavian dynasty
5236:
5195:
5174:Diaspora revolt
5164:Fiscus Judaicus
5136:
5113:
5090:
5086:Simon bar Giora
5074:
5031:
5017:Lucilius Bassus
4972:
4941:
4920:
4872:
4836:
4827:Jerusalem riots
4813:
4807:
4798:
4767:
4755:
4750:
4717:Wayback Machine
4701:
4696:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4562:Mosaic Magazine
4554:
4550:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4474:
4467:
4455:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4417:
4413:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4330:
4326:
4310:
4306:
4289:
4285:
4274:
4270:
4259:
4255:
4244:
4228:
4221:
4208:
4204:
4193:
4189:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4118:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4080:
4076:
4068:Civan, Julian:
4067:
4063:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4022:
4013:
4002:
3998:
3982:
3981:
3969:
3953:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3918:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3891:Goldberg, G J.
3889:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3868:The BAS Library
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3765:
3754:
3733:
3729:
3708:
3704:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3569:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3446:
3442:
3428:
3426:
3422:Jewish Literacy
3417:
3413:
3406:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3291:
3287:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3228:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3156:
3152:
3137:
3121:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3063:
3059:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3017:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2980:
2976:
2941:
2937:
2923:
2921:
2911:
2885:
2881:
2862:
2846:
2842:
2807:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2726:
2722:
2703:
2687:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2641:
2637:
2618:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2581:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2522:
2506:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2471:War of the Jews
2468:
2461:
2454:
2435:
2420:
2377:
2373:
2338:
2331:
2322:
2305:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2238:Flight to Pella
2233:Fiscus Judaicus
2217:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2192:
2140:
2108:Francesco Hayez
2064:Nicolas Poussin
2049:
2040:
2024:
1982:
1974:Main articles:
1972:
1964:Jewish diaspora
1949:Hebrew calendar
1905:Temple of Peace
1854:Flavian dynasty
1835:
1784:
1778:
1754:
1752:Siege of Masada
1748:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1675:
1584:
1575:
1563:
1553:
1524:Flavian dynasty
1499:Herod the Great
1440:John of Giscala
1436:Simon Bar Giora
1408:Mount of Olives
1357:
1317:
1286:Pliny the Elder
1281:Natural History
1274:
1270:
1269:
1254:
1248:
1153:Flavian dynasty
1075:
1046:
1045:
1041:Historical maps
996:
995:
986:
985:
929:
928:
917:
916:
889:
888:
878:
865:
864:
855:Tomb of Lazarus
779:
778:
767:
766:
713:
679:
678:
669:
668:
640:British Mandate
553:
552:
542:
504:
499:
400:Northern revolt
355:Alexandria riot
332:
327:
325:
323:
250:
244:
235:John of Giscala
224:Simon bar Giora
217:
187:
146:
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
106:
104:
103:
102:
85:
70:Francesco Hayez
64:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6890:
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6874:
6869:
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6757:
6752:
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6735:
6734:
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6728:
6717:
6715:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6690:Bellum Siculum
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6600:
6595:
6593:Jugurthine War
6590:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6566:Lusitanian War
6563:
6553:
6548:
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6427:Roman Republic
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6405:
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6230:
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6199:
6197:Templum Domini
6194:
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6184:
6178:
6176:
6172:
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6130:
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6099:
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6088:
6086:
6080:
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6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6069:Beautiful Gate
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6025:Struthion Pool
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6005:Pool of Raranj
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5971:
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5866:
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5827:
5822:
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5807:
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5787:
5781:
5779:
5773:
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5770:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5723:Temple menorah
5720:
5715:
5710:
5708:Holy of Holies
5705:
5700:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5672:
5670:
5661:
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5609:
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5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5543:
5538:
5536:Islamic Museum
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5520:An-Nāranj Pool
5517:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5433:Al-Aqsa Mosque
5429:
5427:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5402:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5379:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5354:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5334:Temple menorah
5331:
5326:
5321:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5283:The Jewish War
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5245:Related topics
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5201:
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5033:
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5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5002:Cestius Gallus
4999:
4997:Gessius Florus
4993:
4991:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
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4773:
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4760:
4757:
4756:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4707:
4700:
4699:External links
4697:
4694:
4693:
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4642:
4608:
4594:
4574:
4548:
4530:
4520:
4511:
4498:
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4304:
4283:
4268:
4253:
4242:
4219:
4202:
4187:
4161:
4147:
4127:
4116:
4110:The Jewish War
4099:
4092:
4074:
4061:
4045:
4038:
4011:
3996:
3967:
3942:
3938:The Jewish War
3929:
3909:
3880:
3851:
3842:
3823:(2): 153–169.
3803:
3794:
3775:(131): 25–42.
3752:
3727:
3702:
3687:
3680:
3660:
3653:
3633:
3626:
3606:
3593:
3558:
3533:
3526:
3512:Schäfer, Peter
3500:
3493:
3470:
3463:
3440:
3411:
3404:
3384:
3369:
3362:
3342:
3335:
3312:
3305:
3285:
3267:
3241:
3226:
3205:10.1086/705729
3179:
3172:
3150:
3135:
3110:
3084:
3077:
3057:
3042:
3008:
2994:
2974:
2955:(4): 239–254.
2935:
2909:
2879:
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2438:Schäfer, Peter
2418:
2371:
2352:(1): 189–193.
2329:
2303:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Herod's Temple
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:History portal
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2178:Rebel Daughter
2174:
2162:
2150:
2139:
2136:
2120:
2119:
2099:
2087:
2067:
2057:
2048:
2045:
2023:
2020:
1971:
1968:
1917:Herod's Temple
1913:Temple Menorah
1903:In 75 CE, the
1894:Circus Maximus
1847:Temple menorah
1834:
1831:
1777:
1774:
1747:
1744:
1711:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1674:
1671:
1656:Pool of Siloam
1617:Calcium oxides
1583:
1580:
1552:
1549:
1537:Herod's Palace
1507:Roman pantheon
1494:Battering rams
1356:
1353:
1325:Gessius Florus
1316:
1313:
1247:
1244:
1176:Jewish history
1103:Roman province
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
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1038:
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1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
997:
993:
992:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
981:US recognition
978:
973:
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958:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
930:
924:
923:
922:
919:
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913:Crusader kings
910:
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857:
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842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
816:
815:
813:Al-Aqsa Mosque
810:
796:
791:
786:
780:
774:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
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754:
749:
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691:
685:
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664:
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649:Modern period
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478:
470:
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462:
460:Jerusalem (70)
457:
449:
448:
444:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
403:
402:
396:
395:
394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
365:
364:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
350:Jerusalem (66)
344:
343:
337:
334:
333:
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321:
314:
307:
299:
291:
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278:
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138:
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133:
94:
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88:
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82:
74:
73:
56:
55:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6889:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6857:Second Temple
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6827:70s conflicts
6825:
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6820:
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6815:
6814:
6812:
6799:
6798:
6792:
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6736:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6721:Germanic wars
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6708:
6702:
6701:War of Actium
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6679:War of Mutina
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
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6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
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6650:
6648:
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6605:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6576:Sertorian War
6574:
6572:
6571:Numantine War
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6540:
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6503:
6500:
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6485:
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6478:
6476:
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6456:
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6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6406:
6404:
6399:
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6376:
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6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6286:The Nine Days
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6226:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6202:Well of Souls
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6153:2017 shooting
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6063:Warren's Gate
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5990:Birket Israel
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5954:Southern Wall
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5820:Western Stone
5818:
5816:
5815:Wilson's Arch
5813:
5811:
5810:Western Stone
5808:
5806:
5805:Placing notes
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5740:Temple denial
5738:
5734:
5733:Warren's Gate
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5693:Second Temple
5691:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5648:
5647:Al-Aqsa Flood
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:Dome of Yusuf
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
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5428:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5395:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5365:
5364:
5355:
5353:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5310:TV adaptation
5308:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:Corinth Canal
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5212:Arch of Titus
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:Commemoration
5198:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:Flavius Silva
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:Zealot Temple
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:2nd Sepphoris
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:1st Sepphoris
4846:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4681:
4680:
4672:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4578:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4524:
4515:
4501:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4470:
4461:
4449:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4380:
4379:"Cornell.edu"
4374:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4311:Ariel Lewin.
4308:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4280:
4279:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4226:
4224:
4217:pp. 105–127 .
4216:
4212:
4209:Hanan Eshel,
4206:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4125:
4120:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3992:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3914:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3860:Demsky, Aaron
3855:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3437:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3317:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3046:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3013:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2683:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2483:Si Shepperd,
2480:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2132:
2131:David Roberts
2128:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:David Roberts
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:Franks Casket
2051:
2050:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:Arch of Titus
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1858:Arch of Titus
1855:
1848:
1844:
1843:Arch of Titus
1839:
1833:Commemoration
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:Tarpeian Rock
1727:
1725:
1724:Arch of Titus
1721:
1717:
1706:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Seth Schwartz
1686:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1612:Nahman Avigad
1608:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:Roman Emperor
1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:City of David
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1169:Arch of Titus
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
990:
989:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:Jerusalem Day
959:
957:
956:Jerusalem Law
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
931:
927:
921:
920:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
883:
880:
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
804:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
777:
771:
770:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
714:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
681:
673:
672:
662:
658:
654:
650:
648:
647:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
621:
620:Late Medieval
618:
617:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:538 BCE–70 CE
573:
571:
568:
567:
563:
561:
560:City of David
558:
557:
547:
544:
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
532:
528:
524:
523:
520:
517:
516:
512:
508:
507:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:
467:
466:
461:
458:
456:
455:Zealot Temple
453:
452:
451:
450:
446:
445:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:2nd Sepphoris
407:
406:
405:
404:
401:
398:
397:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
371:1st Sepphoris
369:
368:
367:
366:
362:
361:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
341:
340:
335:
330:
320:
315:
313:
308:
306:
301:
300:
297:
288:
286:15,000–20,000
285:
283:
280:
279:
274:
270:
268:15,000–20,000
267:
264:
263:
258:
255:
253:
247:
242:
236:
233:
230:
225:
222:
220:
216:
213:
212:
207:
204:
201:
195:
192:
191:
189:
188:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
166:
163:
162:
157:
149:
144:
143:
140:Roman victory
139:
136:
135:
130:
101:
97:
93:
90:
89:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
57:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6795:
6750:Armenian War
6713:Roman Empire
6696:Perusine War
6688:
6624:
6603:Servile Wars
6598:Cimbrian War
6551:Galatian War
6470:Samnite Wars
6364:
6165:2023 clashes
6161:2022 clashes
6141:2009 clashes
6053:Huldah Gates
5949:Eastern Wall
5777:Western Wall
5767:Third Temple
5629:
5426:Prayer halls
5406:Temple Mount
5362:
5316:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5281:
4989:Roman Empire
4936:
4762:Part of the
4761:
4684:. Retrieved
4678:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4655:
4645:
4633:. Retrieved
4629:the original
4620:
4611:
4599:. Retrieved
4584:
4577:
4565:. Retrieved
4561:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4523:
4514:
4503:, retrieved
4481:
4436:. Retrieved
4421:
4414:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4383:. Retrieved
4373:
4361:. Retrieved
4357:
4348:
4332:
4327:
4312:
4307:
4291:
4286:
4277:
4271:
4261:
4256:
4247:
4232:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4190:
4173:
4164:
4152:. Retrieved
4137:
4130:
4119:
4108:
4102:
4083:
4077:
4064:
4048:
4029:
4005:
3999:
3957:
3937:
3932:
3920:
3900:. Retrieved
3896:
3871:. Retrieved
3867:
3854:
3845:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3797:
3772:
3740:
3730:
3715:
3705:
3696:
3690:
3670:
3663:
3643:
3636:
3616:
3609:
3600:16 September
3598:, retrieved
3576:
3549:. Retrieved
3545:
3536:
3516:
3483:
3473:
3453:
3443:
3434:
3427:. Retrieved
3421:
3414:
3394:
3387:
3380:Rocca (2008)
3352:
3345:
3325:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3258:. Retrieved
3254:the original
3244:
3237:Rocca (2008)
3196:
3192:
3182:
3159:
3153:
3125:
3101:. Retrieved
3097:
3087:
3067:
3060:
3051:
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3029:the original
3024:
2999:. Retrieved
2984:
2977:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2929:
2922:, retrieved
2892:
2882:
2873:
2850:
2843:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2793:, retrieved
2771:
2761:
2753:
2730:
2723:
2714:
2691:
2670:, retrieved
2648:
2638:
2629:
2606:
2599:
2594:, pp. 51–52.
2592:Rocca (2008)
2565:
2545:
2538:
2510:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2442:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2349:
2345:
2316:
2293:
2195:
2176:
2164:
2161:(2014–2016).
2152:
2143:
2126:
2101:
2089:
2069:
2059:
2034:
2025:
2012:Third Temple
2009:
1994:Christianity
1991:
1983:
1959:
1953:
1938:
1928:
1921:
1902:
1851:
1808:
1804:Temple Mount
1788:Roman colony
1785:
1755:
1728:
1713:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1663:Western Wall
1660:
1653:
1644:Temple Mount
1640:Western Wall
1625:
1609:
1601:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1533:
1521:
1516:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1459:
1452:
1433:
1426:
1412:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1358:
1345:
1318:
1305:
1290:
1279:
1255:
1232:Roman colony
1224:Christianity
1173:
1159:was held in
1146:
1115:
1082:
1080:
1011:Municipality
994:Other topics
976:Islamization
944:Christianity
850:Biblical Zoo
820:Western Wall
799:Temple Mount
721:
600:Early Muslim
459:
281:
251:
169:
165:Roman Empire
159:Belligerents
65:
51:Part of the
40:
6711:Wars of the
6659:Gallic Wars
6588:Achaean War
6475:Pyrrhic War
6425:Wars of the
6349:Book of Job
6157:2021 crisis
6149:2017 crisis
6084:Excavations
6058:Lions' Gate
6048:Golden Gate
5968:Antiquities
5597:Inspector's
5257:Burnt House
4911:Mount Tabor
4539:Page, R. I.
4505:4 September
4456:|work=
4260:Totten, S.
3429:11 December
3260:18 December
3103:23 December
2171:Susie Helme
2041: 1504
1984:The Jewish
1884:, during a
1648:Ninth of Av
1621:Burnt House
1604:Ronny Reich
1557:Burnt House
1551:Destruction
1396:Apollinaris
1256:During the
1184:Torah study
1142:cannibalism
971:Judaization
903:Grand Mufti
898:Chief Rabbi
434:Mount Tabor
145:Territorial
124: /
6872:Tisha B'Av
6811:Categories
6731:Gothic War
6492:Punic Wars
6480:Social War
6307:Tisha B'Av
6137:1990 riots
6128:1969 arson
6043:Al-Mawazin
6015:Royal Stoa
5907:Mercy seat
5745:Tisha B'Av
5713:Molten Sea
5686:Tabernacle
5587:Al-Mawazin
5564:Khatuniyya
5559:Uthmaniyya
5554:Tankiziyya
5549:Ashrafiyya
5207:Tisha B'Av
4863:Beth–Horon
4408:: 195–226.
3919:Josephus,
3902:8 December
3098:Revision 4
3001:4 December
2870:1162305378
2821:(3): 353.
2711:1162305378
2626:1016414322
2575:Tisha B'Av
2530:1294393934
2313:1170143447
2275:References
2181:, book by
2169:, book by
2159:James Mace
2138:Literature
1945:Tisha B'Av
1878:bas-relief
1511:Tisha B'Av
1429:Jaffa Gate
1413:Jewish War
1382:Macedonica
1368:Common Era
1246:Background
1149:Tisha B'Av
1122:Roman army
825:Synagogues
716:Common Era
594:325–638 CE
584:130–325 CE
386:Beth–Horon
109:31°46′41″N
6111:Conflicts
5902:Shekhinah
5790:Dung Gate
5703:Sanctuary
5637:Murabitat
5545:Madrasas
5503:Fountains
5222:Colosseum
5179:Kitos War
5169:Sicaricon
5145:Aftermath
5007:Vespasian
4958:Machaerus
4937:Jerusalem
4901:Tarichaea
4853:1st Jaffa
4686:28 August
4661:28 August
4635:28 August
4601:28 August
4567:28 August
4458:ignored (
4448:cite book
4385:31 August
4182:470915959
4006:Histories
4003:Tacitus,
3985:cite book
3977:863044259
3829:0021-2059
3781:0334-4657
3514:(2013) .
3481:(1895) .
3451:(1895) .
3326:Vespasian
3221:211672443
3213:0003-097X
3199:: 71–87.
3145:698161941
2961:0021-2059
2919:214005509
2835:0002-7189
2413:164199980
2405:0003-097X
2391:: 61–85.
2366:0022-2097
2268:Preterism
1989:Judaism.
1934:Vespasian
1924:Colosseum
1909:Vespasian
1870:Via Sacra
1811:Sanhedrin
1796:Jerusalem
1762:Machaerus
1699:Aftermath
1406:) on the
1403:Fretensis
1389:Fulminata
1364:Vespasian
1337:Ptolemais
1333:Vespasian
1301:Agrippa I
1212:Sadducees
1208:Pharisaic
1188:synagogue
1099:Jerusalem
1097:besieged
1031:Transport
1026:City Line
653:Jordanian
644:1917–1948
634:1517–1917
624:1187–1517
614:1099–1187
590:Byzantine
519:Jerusalem
481:Machaerus
424:Tarichaea
376:1st Jaffa
194:Idumaeans
183:Pharisees
178:Sadducees
112:35°14′9″E
96:Jerusalem
6225:Category
6175:See also
5750:Replicas
5618:See also
5582:Minarets
5352:Category
5070:Josephus
4953:Herodium
4916:Gischala
4868:Ein Gedi
4713:Archived
4541:(1999).
4518:Yoma, 9b
4154:27 March
3862:(1986).
3837:27927171
3789:23407359
3748:. 6.1.1.
3736:Josephus
3723:. 7.1.1.
3711:Josephus
3035:18 April
2969:27925952
2440:(2003).
2205:See also
1960:shemitah
1866:Domitian
1819:genocide
1758:Herodium
1679:Passover
1505:and the
1462:ramparts
1422:Passover
1418:Josephus
1360:Josephus
1309:Claudius
1297:Bethesda
1262:Diaspora
1134:Josephus
1118:Passover
966:Quds Day
794:Old City
610:Crusader
604:638–1099
564:1000 BCE
546:Timeline
511:a series
509:Part of
476:Herodium
439:Gischala
391:Ein Gedi
260:Strength
91:Location
5541:Library
5418:Al-Aqsa
5410:Al-Aqsa
5363:Commons
5119:Sicarii
5096:Zealots
4772:Origins
4528:361–362
4438:26 July
4264:p. 24.
4072:, p. 68
3382:, p. 9.
3239:, p. 8.
2185:(2021).
2173:(2020).
2133:(1850).
2001:Gospels
1986:Amoraim
1882:Menorah
1823:Galilee
1802:on the
1800:Jupiter
1770:suicide
1734:at the
1716:Menorah
1710:Triumph
1642:of the
1528:Tacitus
1470:Zealots
1376:legions
1341:Galilee
1273:⁄
1216:Essenes
1157:triumph
1021:Cuisine
939:Judaism
845:Knesset
830:Mosques
803:Al-Aqsa
699:587 BCE
694:597 BCE
689:701 BCE
630:Ottoman
540:History
282:Unknown
252:†
237: (
203:Zealots
147:changes
6647:Second
6613:Second
6539:Fourth
6529:Second
6502:Second
6344:Kinnot
5854:HaLiba
5834:Prayer
5668:Temple
5318:Masada
5252:Judaea
4968:Masada
4963:Jardes
4896:Yodfat
4891:Gabara
4592:
4496:
4429:
4363:6 July
4340:
4319:
4298:
4240:
4180:
4145:
4090:
4036:
3975:
3965:
3926:VI.9.3
3873:22 May
3835:
3827:
3787:
3779:
3678:
3651:
3624:
3591:
3551:6 July
3524:
3491:
3461:
3402:
3360:
3333:
3303:
3219:
3211:
3170:
3143:
3133:
3075:
2992:
2967:
2959:
2924:19 May
2917:
2907:
2868:
2858:
2833:
2795:2 July
2786:
2746:
2709:
2699:
2672:22 May
2663:
2624:
2614:
2553:
2528:
2518:
2450:
2411:
2403:
2364:
2311:
2301:
2116:Venice
2080:Munich
1898:Senate
1790:named
1766:Masada
1764:, and
1592:fresco
1200:Yavneh
1186:, and
1180:prayer
1140:, and
1138:famine
1120:, the
1107:Judaea
1006:Emblem
876:People
776:Places
709:37 BCE
704:63 BCE
677:Sieges
491:Masada
486:Jardes
419:Yodfat
414:Gabara
289:10,000
271:10,000
265:70,000
248:
226:
137:Result
100:Judaea
6877:Titus
6652:Third
6642:First
6618:Third
6608:First
6534:Third
6524:First
6507:Third
6497:First
6332:Texts
6035:Gates
5942:Walls
5895:Other
5698:Altar
5607:Chain
5592:Gates
5447:Domes
5012:Titus
4906:Gamla
3833:JSTOR
3785:JSTOR
3217:S2CID
3164:68–95
2965:JSTOR
2915:S2CID
2571:First
2409:S2CID
2129:, by
2005:Jesus
1956:Zoara
1915:from
1475:God's
1372:Titus
1355:Siege
1349:Titus
1095:Titus
1091:Roman
1036:Songs
1001:Names
949:Islam
893:Mayor
663:1948-
429:Gamla
215:Titus
6118:1929
5980:Acra
4858:Geva
4688:2018
4663:2018
4637:2018
4603:2018
4590:ISBN
4569:2018
4507:2024
4494:ISBN
4460:help
4440:2018
4427:ISBN
4387:2013
4365:2017
4338:ISBN
4317:ISBN
4296:ISBN
4238:ISBN
4178:OCLC
4156:2019
4143:ISBN
4088:ISBN
4034:ISBN
3991:link
3973:OCLC
3963:ISBN
3904:2017
3875:2022
3825:ISSN
3777:ISSN
3676:ISBN
3649:ISBN
3622:ISBN
3602:2024
3589:ISBN
3553:2017
3522:ISBN
3489:ISBN
3459:ISBN
3431:2017
3400:ISBN
3358:ISBN
3331:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3262:2009
3209:ISSN
3168:ISBN
3141:OCLC
3131:ISBN
3105:2020
3073:ISBN
3037:2007
3003:2011
2990:ISBN
2957:ISSN
2926:2022
2905:ISBN
2866:OCLC
2856:ISBN
2831:ISSN
2797:2024
2784:ISBN
2744:ISBN
2707:OCLC
2697:ISBN
2674:2022
2661:ISBN
2622:OCLC
2612:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2526:OCLC
2516:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2401:ISSN
2362:ISSN
2309:OCLC
2299:ISBN
2190:Film
2052:The
1978:and
1922:The
1874:Rome
1852:The
1718:and
1650:, 70
1559:and
1438:and
1387:XII
1347:son
1329:Nero
1319:The
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1161:Rome
1081:The
789:West
784:East
762:1948
757:1917
752:1834
747:1244
742:1187
737:1099
655:and
381:Geva
81:Date
4486:doi
4406:109
3581:doi
3201:doi
3197:382
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2776:doi
2736:doi
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