Deviance (sociology)

2393:

delinquency and crime under social deviance, leading him to claim that the majority of those who live in unstable areas tend not to have criminal tendencies in comparison those who live in middle-class areas. This claim opens up more possible approaches to social disorganization, and proves that the already implemented theories are in need or a deeper connection to further explore ideas of crime and delinquency. These observations brought Reckless to ask questions such as, "Why do some persons break through the tottering (social) controls and others do not? Why do rare cases in well-integrated society break through the lines of strong controls?" Reckless asserted that the intercommunication between self-control and social controls are partly responsible for the development of delinquent thoughts. Social disorganization was not related to a particular environment, but instead was involved in the deterioration of an individual's social controls. The containment theory is the idea that everyone possesses mental and social safeguards which protect the individual from committing acts of deviancy. Containment depends on the individuals ability to separate inner and outer controls for normative behavior.

2123:

indeed exist by an individual's social definitions, and that social definitions do develop in part or relation to something “real.” People thus do not respond to this reality directly, but rather to the social understanding of reality. Humans therefore exist in three realities: a physical objective reality, a social reality, and a unique. A unique is described as a third reality created out of the social reality, a private interpretation of the reality that is shown to the person by others. Both individuals and society cannot be separated far from each other for two reasons. One, being that both are created through social interaction, and two, one cannot be understood in terms without the other. Behavior is not defined by forces from the environment such as drives, or instincts, but rather by a reflective, socially understood meaning of both the internal and external incentives that are currently presented.

2376:. The control theory developed when norms emerge to deter deviant behavior. Without this "control", deviant behavior would happen more often. This leads to conformity and groups. People will conform to a group when they believe they have more to gain from conformity than by deviance. If a strong bond is achieved there will be less chance of deviance than if a weak bond has occurred. Hirschi argued a person follows the norms because they have a bond to society. The bond consists of four positively correlated factors: opportunity, attachment, belief, and involvement. When any of these bonds are weakened or broken one is more likely to act in defiance. 1920: 2401:

significant relationship between parental labor market involvement and children's delinquency, but has not empirically demonstrated the mediating role of parents' or children's attitude. In a study conducted by Tim Wadsworth, the relationship between parent's employment and children's delinquency, which was previously suggested by Crutchfield (1993), was shown empirically for the first time. The findings from this study supported the idea that the relationship between socioeconomic status and delinquency might be better understood if the quality of employment and its role as an informal social control is closely examined.

156: 2482:

along with the social institutions as what cause deviance. The institution's ability to change norms, wealth or status comes into conflict with the individual. The legal rights of poor folks might be ignored, middle class are also accept; they side with the elites rather than the poor, thinking they might rise to the top by supporting the status quo. Conflict theory is based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces operating within society. However, it explains white-collar crime less well.

2041: 2633:. He argued that the role of the state was to maximize the greatest possible utility to the maximum number of people and to minimize those actions that harm the society. He argued that deviants commit deviant acts (which are harmful to the society) because of the utility it gives to the private individual. If the state were to match the pain of punishments with the utility of various deviant behaviors, the deviant would no longer have any incentive to commit deviant acts. (Note that Beccaria argued for 2521:, another Marxist writer, presented the idea that the modern world did not approve of diversity, but was not afraid of social conflict. The late modern world, however, is very tolerant of diversity. However, it is extremely afraid of social conflicts, which is an explanation given for the political correctness movement. The late modern society easily accepts difference, but it labels those that it does not want as deviant and relentlessly punishes and persecutes. 6516: 5319: 5369: 952: 2583:. Lombroso theorized that people were born criminals or in other words, less evolved humans who were biologically more related to our more primitive and animalistic urges. From his research, Lombroso took Darwin's Theory and looked at primitive times himself in regards to deviant behaviors. He found that the skeletons that he studied mostly had low foreheads and protruding jaws. These characteristics resembled primitive beings such as 2415: 43: 3807: 1011: 6540: 5355: 6528: 5343: 3819: 2258:"deviant" takes on traits that constitute deviance by committing such deviations as conform to the label (so the audience has the power to not label them and have the power to stop the deviance before it ever occurs by not labeling them). Individual and societal preoccupation with the label, in other words, leads the deviant individual to follow a self-fulfilling prophecy of abidance to the ascribed label. 2593:. They discovered that Lombroso had not researched enough skeletons to make his research thorough enough. When Pearson and Goring researched skeletons on their own they tested many more and found that the bone structure had no relevance in deviant behavior. The statistical study that Charles Goring published on this research is called "The English Convict". 2315:

point, the actor will start to resent the institution, while the institution brings harsher and harsher repression. Eventually, the whole community will stigmatize the actor as a deviant and the actor will not be able to tolerate this, but will ultimately accept his or her role as a criminal, and will commit criminal acts that fit the role of a criminal.

2658:: Courts rely on an adversarial process in which attorneys-one representing the defendant and one representing the Crown-present their cases in the presence of a judge who monitors legal procedures. In practice, courts resolve most cases through plea bargaining. Though efficient, this method puts less powerful people at a disadvantage. 2051:

postulated that an individual's response to societal expectations and the means by which the individual pursued those goals were useful in understanding deviance. Specifically, he viewed collective action as motivated by strain, stress, or frustration in a body of individuals that arises from a disconnection between the society's

2299:, is an important shift that has transformed the way society views deviance. The labelling theory helps to explain this shift, as behavior that used to be judged morally are now being transformed into an objective clinical diagnosis. For example, people with drug addictions are considered "sick" instead of "bad." 2096:

society's values. Robert Merton’s Strain Theory dictates that deviance in lower economic classes oftentimes is characterized by retreatism deviance. Merton claims that homelessness and addiction in lower classes is a result of individuals rebelling against both work and the desire for economic progress.

2359:

states that an increase in minor crimes such as graffiti, would eventually lead to and encourage an increase in larger transgressions. This suggests that greater policing on minor forms of deviance would lead to a decrease in major crimes. The theory has been tested in a variety of settings including

2314:

When an actor commits a crime (primary deviance), however mild, the institution will bring social penalties down on the actor. However, punishment does not necessarily stop crime, so the actor might commit the same primary deviance again, bringing even harsher reactions from the institutions. At this

2122:

The term "symbolic interactionism" has come into use as a label for a relatively distinctive approach to the study of human life and human conduct. With symbolic interactionism, reality is seen as social, developed interaction with others. Most symbolic interactionists believe a physical reality does

2118:

Symbolic interaction refers to the patterns of communication, interpretation, and adjustment between individuals. Both the verbal and nonverbal responses that a listener then delivers are similarly constructed in expectation of how the original speaker will react. The ongoing process is like the game

2102:

is somewhat similar to retreatism, because the people in question also reject both the cultural goals and means, but they go one step further to a "counterculture" that supports other social orders that already exist (rule breaking). Rebels reject society's goals and legitimate means to achieve them,

2481:

In sociology, conflict theory states that society or an organization functions so that each individual participant and its groups struggle to maximize their benefits, which inevitably contributes to social change such as political changes and revolutions. Deviant behaviors are actions that do not go

2400:

take the theory into a new light, suggesting labor market experiences not only affect the attitudes and the "stakes" of individual workers, but can also affect the development of their children's views toward conformity and cause involvement in delinquency. This is an ongoing study as he has found a

2265:

theory, also has elements of conflict theory, as the dominant group has the power to decide what is deviant and acceptable and enjoys the power behind the labeling process. An example of this is a prison system that labels people convicted of theft, and because of this they start to view themselves

2257:

As such, labeling theory suggests that deviance is caused by the deviant's being labeled as morally inferior, the deviant's internalizing the label and finally the deviant's acting according to that specific label (i.e., an individual labelled as "deviant" will act accordingly). As time goes by, the

2074:

is a response due to the strain generated by our culture's emphasis on wealth and the lack of opportunities to get rich, which causes people to be "innovators" by engaging in stealing and selling drugs. Innovators accept society's goals, but reject socially acceptable means of achieving them. (e.g.:

1775:

Social norms differ throughout society and between cultures. A certain act or behaviour may be viewed as deviant and receive sanctions or punishments within one society and be seen as a normal behaviour in another society. Additionally, as a society's understanding of social norms changes over time,

2652:: The police maintain public order by enforcing the law. Police use personal discretion in deciding whether and how to handle a situation. Research suggests that police are more likely to make an arrest if the offence is serious, if bystanders are present, or if the suspect is of a visible minority. 2392:

to be part of the control theory because it also revolves around the thoughts that stop individuals from engaging in crime. Reckless studied the unfinished approaches meant to explain the reasoning behind delinquency and crime. He recognized that societal disorganization is included in the study of

2166:

Criminal behavior (motivations and technical knowledge), as with any other sort of behavior, is learned. One example of this would be gang activity in inner city communities. Sutherland would feel that because a certain individual's primary influential peers are in a gang environment, it is through

2081:

accept society's goals and the socially acceptable means of achieving them (e.g.: monetary success is gained through hard work). Merton claims that conformists are mostly middle-class people in middle class jobs who have been able to access the opportunities in society such as a better education to

2283:

In other words, "behavior only becomes deviant or criminal if defined and interfered as such by specific people in specific situation." It is important to note the salient fact that society is not always correct in its labeling, often falsely identifying and misrepresenting people as deviants, or

2158:

posited that criminals learn criminal and deviant behaviors and that deviance is not inherently a part of a particular individual's nature. When an individual's significant others engage in deviant and/or criminal behavior, criminal behavior will be learned as a result to this exposure. He argues

2088:

refers to the inability to reach a cultural goal thus embracing the rules to the point where the people in question lose sight of their larger goals in order to feel respectable. Ritualists reject society's goals, but accept society's institutionalized means. Ritualists are most commonly found in

2318:

Primary and secondary deviation is what causes people to become harder criminals. Primary deviance is the time when the person is labeled deviant through confession or reporting. Secondary deviance is deviance before and after the primary deviance. Retrospective labeling happens when the deviant

2162:

Sutherland outlined some very basic points in his theory, including the idea that the learning comes from the interactions between individuals and groups, using communication of symbols and ideas. When the symbols and ideas about deviation are much more favorable than unfavorable, the individual

2059:

to achieve those goals. Often, non-routine collective behavior (rioting, rebellion, etc.) is said to map onto economic explanations and causes by way of strain. These two dimensions determine the adaptation to society according to the cultural goals, which are the society's perceptions about the

2050:

discussed deviance in terms of goals and means as part of his strain/anomie theory. Where Durkheim states that anomie is the confounding of social norms, Merton goes further and states that anomie is the state in which social goals and the legitimate means to achieve them do not correspond. He

2253:

Labeling is a process of social reaction by the "social audience," wherein people stereotype others, judging and accordingly defining (labeling) someone's behavior as deviant or otherwise. It has been characterized as the "invention, selection, manipulation of beliefs which define conduct in a

2516:

control over social junk and social dynamite; and George Rusche was known to present analysis of different punishments correlated to the social capacity and infrastructure for labor. He theorized that throughout history, when more labor is needed, the severity of punishments decreases and the

1980:

When social deviance is committed, the collective conscience is offended. Durkheim (1897) describes the collective conscience as a set of social norms by which members of a society follow. Without the collective conscience, there would be no absolute morals followed in institutions or groups.

2310:

developed the idea of primary and secondary deviation as a way to explain the process of labeling. Primary deviance is any general deviance before the deviant is labeled as such in a particular way. Secondary deviance is any action that takes place after primary deviance as a reaction to the

2095:

is the rejection of both cultural goals and means, letting the person in question "drop out". Retreatists reject the society's goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. Merton sees them as true deviants, as they commit acts of deviance to achieve things that do not always go along with

2371:

advances the proposition that weak bonds between the individual and society free people to deviate. By contrast, strong bonds make deviance costly. This theory asks why people refrain from deviant or criminal behavior, instead of why people commit deviant or criminal behavior, according to

2578:

was among the first to research and develop the Theory of Biological Deviance which states that some people are genetically predisposed to criminal behavior. He believed that criminals were a product of earlier genetic forms. The main influence of his research was Charles Darwin and his

2291:

On a similar note, society often employs double standards, with some sectors of society enjoying favoritism. Certain behaviors in one group are seen to be perfectly acceptable, or can be easily overlooked, but in another are seen, by the same audiences, as abominable.

2249:

created and developed the labeling theory, which is a core facet of symbolic interactionism, and often referred to as Tannenbaum's "dramatization of evil." Becker believed that "social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance".

2075:

monetary success is gained through crime). Merton claims that innovators are mostly those who have been socialised with similar world views to conformists, but who have been denied the opportunities they need to be able to legitimately achieve society's goals.

2278:

a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an "offender". The deviant is one to whom the label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label.

1807:

The violation of norms can be categorized as two forms, formal deviance and informal deviance. Formal deviance can be described as a crime, which violates laws in a society. Informal deviance are minor violations that break unwritten rules of social life.

1772:). Although deviance may have a negative connotation, the violation of social norms is not always a negative action; positive deviation exists in some situations. Although a norm is violated, a behavior can still be classified as positive or acceptable. 2679:(retribution & deterrence): This form of justice defines boundaries of acceptable behaviors, whereby an individual suffers the consequences of committing a crime and in which pain or suffering inflicted on the individual is hidden from the public. 1987:

is the attachment to groups and institutions, while social regulation is the adherence to the norms and values of society. Durkheim's theory attributes social deviance to extremes of social integration and social regulation. He stated four different

2360:

New York City in the 90s. Compared to the country's average at the time, violent crime rates fell 28 percent as a result of the campaign. Critics of the theory question the direct causality of the policing and statistical changes that occurred.

2485:

This theory also states that the powerful define crime. This raises the question: for whom is this theory functional? In this theory, laws are instruments of oppression: tough on the powerless and less tough on the powerful.

2192:

explains how deviants justify their deviant behaviors by providing alternative definitions of their actions and by providing explanations, to themselves and others, for the lack of guilt for actions in particular situations.

2384:

in 1990 founded their Self-Control Theory. It stated that acts of force and fraud are undertaken in the pursuit of self-interest and self-control. A deviant act is based on a criminals own self-control of themselves.

2082:

achieve monetary success through hard work. According to Merton’s Strain Theory, only conformists accept societal goals. Societal goals are the desired economic, social, or classist achievements dictated by society.

3044: 6326: 3019: 2589:. He stated that little could be done to cure born criminals because their characteristics were biologically inherited. Over time, most of his research was disproved. His research was refuted by Pearson and 2227:: the deviant believes that there are loyalties and values that go beyond the confines of the law; morality, friendships, income, or traditions may be more important to the deviant than legal boundaries. 1823:

Taboo is a strong social form of behavior considered deviant by a majority. To speak of it publicly is condemned, and therefore, almost entirely avoided. The term “taboo” comes from the Tongan word “

2159:

that criminal behavior is learned in the same way that all other behaviors are learned, meaning that the acquisition of criminal knowledge is not unique compared to the learning of other behaviors.

1783:

to the place where it was committed or to the time the act took place. Killing another human is generally considered wrong for example, except when governments permit it during warfare or for

3616:

Pratt, Travis. n.d. "Reconsidering Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime: Linking the Micro- and Macro-level Sources of Self-control and Criminal Behavior Over the Life-course."

2103:

and instead creates new goals and means to replace those of society, creating not only new goals to achieve but also new ways to achieve these goals that other rebels will find acceptable.

1827:” meaning "under prohibition", "not allowed", or "forbidden". Some forms of taboo are prohibited under law and transgressions may lead to severe penalties. Other forms of taboo result in 2672:

There are four jurisdictions for punishment (retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, societal protection), which fall under one of two forms of justice that an offender will face:

2637:

punishment; as raising the severity of punishments without regard to logical measurement of utility would cause increasing degrees of social harm once it reached a certain point.)

2319:

recognizes his acts as deviant after the primary deviance, while prospective labeling is when the deviant recognizes future acts as deviant. The steps to becoming a criminal are:

3382: 2221:: the deviant believes enforcement figures or victims have the tendency to be equally deviant or otherwise corrupt, and as a result, are hypocrites to stand against; and 1967:"Deviance affirms cultural values and norms. Any definition of virtue rests on an opposing idea of vice: There can be no good without evil and no justice without crime." 2536:

had been phased out from modern society due to the dispersion of power; there was no need any more for the wrath of the state on a deviant individual. Rather, the

3631: 2203:: the deviant believes s/he was helplessly propelled into the deviance, and that under the same circumstances, any other person would resort to similar actions; 2284:

attributing to them characteristics which they do not have. In legal terms, people are often wrongly accused, yet many of them must live with the ensuant

2215:: the deviant believes that individuals on the receiving end of the deviance were deserving of the results due to the victim's lack of virtue or morals; 6321: 1740: 1938:

Structural functionalists are concerned with how various factors in a society come together and interact to form the whole. Most notable, the work of

1901:

of the dominant culture and in favor of a sub-culture. In a society, the behavior of an individual or a group determines how a deviant creates norms.

6311: 3778:

Courtois, Cynthia; Gendron, Yves (2017). "The "Normalization" of Deviance: A Case Study on the Process Underlying the Adoption of Deviant Behavior".

2139:"These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he/she encounters;" 2089:

dead-end, repetitive jobs, where they are unable to achieve society's goals but still adhere to society's means of achievement and social norms.

2664:: Community-based corrections include probation and parole. These programs lower the cost of supervising people convicted of crimes and reduce 1963:

would claim that deviance was in fact a normal and necessary part of social organization. He would state four important functions of deviance:

2685:(rehabilitation & societal protection): This form of justice focuses on specific circumstances, whereby individuals are meant to be fixed. 4312: 3183: 2060:

ideal life, and to the institutionalized means, which are the legitimate means through which an individual may aspire to the cultural goals.

3119: 535: 2209:: the deviant believes that the action caused no harm to other individuals or to the society, and thus the deviance is not morally wrong; 6361: 3811: 2136:"The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with others and the society;" and 1357: 6394: 6366: 5406: 3504:

Wadsworth, T. (2000). "Labor markets, delinquency, and social control theory: An empirical assessment of the mediating process".

107: 2562:

on the part of individuals. Institutions of knowledge, norms, and values, are simply in place to categorize and control humans.

6371: 5687: 4898: 1733: 560: 79: 6429: 6336: 3823: 3542: 3430: 3258: 3228: 2938: 2881: 2436: 60: 6419: 4576: 4300: 3851: 2540:

receives praise for its fairness and dispersion of power which, instead of controlling each individual, controls the mass.

1878:"Secret deviance" which is when the individual is not perceived as deviant or participating in any rule-breaking behaviors. 1080: 86: 6376: 5940: 5528: 2064: 982: 579: 4065: 5444: 1707: 1561: 6434: 5960: 5543: 4913: 3643: 3488: 3089: 2462: 1726: 921: 911: 615: 575: 126: 2444: 93: 4808: 3338: 2994: 370: 2954:

Heckert, Alex (2002). "A new typology of deviance: Integrating normative and reactivist definitions of deviance".

1989: 6077: 5705: 5682: 5359: 5240: 5161: 4863: 4195: 2728: 1604: 1301: 670: 455: 206: 1875:", others perceive the individual to be participating in the social norms that are distributed within societies. 6576: 6532: 6351: 6301: 6113: 6010: 5771: 5672: 5585: 4621: 4295: 2498: 2440: 1541: 1521: 1085: 75: 64: 6566: 6544: 6184: 5955: 4773: 4200: 2740: 2614: 2571: 1702: 1697: 1551: 936: 590: 3735:"The Impact of Social Structures on Deviant Behaviors: The Study of 402 High Risk Street Drug Users in Iran" 3682:"Social Monitoring Matters for Deterring Social Deviance in Stable but Not Mobile Socio-Ecological Contexts" 6049: 5776: 5289: 5255: 2189: 2176: 2067:

in terms of the acceptance or rejection of social goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them:

1352: 1143: 255: 221: 6196: 6089: 6000: 5813: 5801: 5710: 5399: 5334: 5259: 4611: 4423: 4398: 4357: 4115: 2551:) is a template for these institutions because it controls its inmates by the perfect use of discipline. 2017:

suicide occurs when there is very little social regulation from a sense of aimlessness or despair.

1609: 899: 225: 175: 6266: 6191: 6096: 5632: 5347: 4413: 4367: 4155: 2707: 2368: 1919: 1868:"Pure deviance", others perceive the individual as participating in deviant and rule-breaking behavior. 1516: 1241: 1192: 1065: 916: 414: 3162: 1857:, a labeling theorist, identified four different types of deviant behavior labels which are given as: 6388: 6383: 6251: 5950: 5657: 5615: 5579: 5486: 5245: 4918: 4362: 4290: 4150: 3585: 2035: 1905: 1824: 1654: 1536: 1440: 1406: 1391: 1197: 1100: 906: 475: 345: 211: 4963: 2861: 742: 6226: 5925: 5637: 5533: 5329: 4868: 4677: 4569: 4372: 3844: 2425: 2149: 1933: 1835:. Taboo is not universal but does occur in the majority of societies. Some of the examples include 1659: 1055: 465: 300: 31: 3220: 2645:

There are three sections of the criminal justice system that function to enforce formal deviance:

6497: 6424: 6256: 5206: 5196: 5166: 4848: 4843: 4697: 4493: 4332: 4034: 3402: 2718: 2429: 2262: 1955: 1546: 1381: 1187: 1110: 975: 715: 705: 675: 555: 540: 505: 425: 420: 320: 53: 17: 100: 6520: 6492: 6271: 5995: 5481: 5392: 5191: 4873: 4833: 4709: 4687: 4337: 4220: 4090: 3422: 2696: 2590: 2377: 1973:

A serious form of deviance forces people to come together and react in the same way against it.

1970:

Deviance defines moral boundaries, people learn right from wrong by defining people as deviant.

1865:" an individual - others perceive the individual to be obtaining obedient or deviant behaviors. 1712: 1474: 1095: 700: 630: 620: 600: 585: 515: 485: 405: 310: 6477: 6261: 5796: 5697: 5590: 5439: 5294: 5176: 5151: 4973: 4928: 4903: 4888: 4838: 4803: 4733: 4723: 4649: 4606: 4441: 4436: 4175: 4022: 4017: 3532: 3286: 2723: 2585: 2356: 1664: 1614: 1511: 1464: 1386: 1347: 1321: 1268: 1090: 1035: 1030: 931: 756: 685: 660: 565: 490: 450: 410: 395: 360: 333: 260: 3733:

Mehrabi, M.; Eskandarieh, S.; Khodadost, M.; Sadeghi, M.; Nikfarjam, A.; Hajebi, A. (2016).

3208: 6571: 6452: 6236: 6101: 6067: 6015: 5840: 5835: 5781: 5737: 5627: 5565: 5454: 5186: 5156: 4938: 4883: 4813: 4743: 4601: 4596: 4403: 4225: 4215: 4210: 4190: 4135: 4085: 3693: 2778: 2113: 1909: 1882: 1634: 1629: 1619: 1571: 1531: 1526: 1489: 1433: 1342: 1236: 1153: 926: 728: 695: 665: 500: 470: 460: 375: 170: 165: 5003: 780: 8: 6462: 6457: 6231: 6030: 6020: 5855: 5464: 5304: 5028: 4908: 4858: 4763: 4753: 4644: 4562: 4476: 4237: 4160: 4095: 4060: 3974: 3837: 3209: 2701: 2665: 2580: 2555: 2163:

tends to take a favorable view upon deviance and will resort to more of these behaviors.

1679: 1556: 1479: 1469: 1273: 1040: 800: 545: 445: 283: 270: 3697: 6084: 5667: 5516: 5323: 5274: 5251: 4923: 4893: 4828: 4818: 4748: 4451: 4408: 4347: 4249: 4125: 3979: 3761: 3734: 3716: 3681: 3363: 3136: 2971: 2842: 2783: 2397: 1984: 1674: 1649: 1306: 1256: 1212: 1105: 968: 610: 605: 525: 480: 430: 400: 380: 240: 217: 5118: 876: 6246: 6241: 6169: 6118: 5892: 5872: 5860: 5820: 5791: 5759: 5677: 5570: 5538: 5434: 5269: 5201: 5181: 5058: 4993: 4968: 4853: 4667: 4486: 4431: 4259: 4130: 4070: 3963: 3884: 3766: 3721: 3650: 3639: 3538: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3426: 3367: 3355: 3336:

Mitchell, Jim; Dodder, Richard A. (1983). "Types of neutralization and delinquency".

3264: 3254: 3224: 3140: 3095: 3085: 2975: 2934: 2877: 2834: 2745: 2133:"Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things;" 1848: 1566: 1484: 1337: 1207: 828: 772: 752: 710: 690: 520: 510: 440: 290: 235: 5018: 2773: 2537: 1960: 1939: 1133: 792: 6411: 6164: 6123: 5935: 5910: 5722: 5652: 5496: 5299: 5123: 5073: 5008: 4878: 4798: 4778: 4692: 4629: 4446: 4342: 4269: 4244: 4205: 4050: 4007: 3938: 3787: 3756: 3746: 3711: 3701: 3513: 3414: 3347: 3128: 3026:. Open Education Resource LibreTexts Project. 2018-07-30. 7.1B: Norms and Sanctions 2963: 2869: 2826: 2509: 2267: 2246: 2242: 2155: 2047: 1943: 1898: 1862: 1854: 1332: 1278: 880: 840: 784: 640: 595: 550: 495: 435: 350: 315: 265: 155: 6472: 6174: 5977: 5970: 5905: 5845: 5727: 5717: 5647: 5620: 5605: 5560: 5550: 5501: 5279: 5133: 5128: 5108: 5083: 4998: 4983: 4933: 4783: 4768: 4758: 4672: 4634: 4518: 4466: 4456: 4230: 4029: 3706: 3610: 2817: 2755: 2626: 2606: 2575: 2529: 2476: 2389: 2237: 1976:

Deviance pushes society's moral boundaries which, in turn leads to social change.

1913: 1669: 1311: 1251: 1246: 1231: 1163: 1158: 1148: 1070: 1050: 888: 884: 868: 848: 776: 764: 653: 625: 570: 530: 295: 245: 3132: 2344:

Strengthening of deviant conduct because of stigmatizing penalties; and finally,

6159: 5945: 5882: 5867: 5850: 5808: 5610: 5491: 5373: 5235: 5113: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5038: 4988: 4461: 4382: 4274: 4140: 4120: 4110: 3921: 3620: 3114: 2967: 2808: 2630: 2610: 2381: 2373: 2126: 2040: 1904:

Three broad sociological classes exist that describe deviant behavior, namely,

1795: 1768:) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and 1428: 1045: 956: 872: 864: 860: 856: 808: 768: 355: 201: 3117:(1994). "General strain theory and delinquency: A replication and extension". 2873: 6560: 6467: 6346: 6154: 6128: 6005: 5965: 5930: 5920: 5900: 5642: 5600: 5575: 5523: 5511: 5506: 5415: 5284: 5230: 5078: 5063: 5048: 5043: 4958: 4639: 4513: 4352: 4307: 4254: 4170: 4075: 3931: 3099: 2838: 2285: 2181: 1584: 1416: 1326: 1224: 844: 832: 816: 812: 738: 250: 196: 3001:(Open source textbook). Rice University. 24 April 2015. Deviance and Control 2266:

as by definition thieves, incapable of changing. "From this point of view,"

6487: 5915: 5764: 5754: 5732: 5662: 5555: 5469: 5068: 5013: 4718: 4523: 4508: 4377: 4185: 4055: 3986: 3969: 3916: 3875: 3770: 3751: 3725: 3534:

Understanding Deviance: A Guide to the Sociology of Crime and Rule-breaking

3517: 3359: 3081: 2505:

and the finished product—which causes conflict, and thus deviant behavior.

2307: 1809: 1784: 1579: 1138: 836: 788: 1893:

Deviant acts can be assertions of individuality and identity, and thus as

6482: 6179: 5877: 5786: 5749: 5171: 5088: 5053: 5023: 4728: 4543: 4498: 4012: 3948: 3665:

Macionis, John, and Linda Gerber. 2010. "Emile Durkheim"s Basic Insight"

3268: 3216: 2788: 2750: 2618: 2602: 2513: 2502: 2185: 1992:

from the relationship between social integration and social regulation:.

1832: 1761: 1624: 1411: 1316: 1263: 1115: 1075: 998: 852: 824: 796: 680: 635: 365: 340: 3283:

Symbolic Interactionism: An Introduction, An Interpretation, Integration

6108: 5830: 5264: 4738: 4682: 4180: 4165: 4100: 3926: 3905: 3860: 3791: 3591: 3471:

Flexon, Jamie L. (2010). "Reckless, Walter C.: Containment Theory". In

3351: 3307: 2735: 2574:

contends that biological factors may contribute to crime and deviance.

2548: 2544: 2518: 2512:

in their arguments. For example, Steven Spitzer utilized the theory of

2297:

the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition

1997: 1872: 1789: 1780: 1644: 1639: 1445: 385: 305: 230: 3672:

Macionis, John, and Linda Gerber. 2010. "The Criminal Justice System"

3248: 2846: 2812: 2543:

He also theorized that institutions control people through the use of

6206: 6025: 5595: 5476: 5033: 4978: 4585: 4528: 3954: 3911: 3894: 3890: 3680:

Su, Jenny C.; Chiu, Chi-Yue; Lin, Wei-Fang; Oishi, Shigehiro (2016).

3303: 2713: 2559: 2494: 1894: 1283: 1219: 804: 760: 147: 3078:

You May Ask Yourself: An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist

2414: 2025:

suicide occurs when a person experiences too much social regulation.

42: 6072: 5825: 5459: 5429: 4533: 3991: 3318: 3316: 2830: 2760: 2021: 1423: 1370: 1010: 1002: 5368: 3732: 3627:(module). Vancouver Community Network. Web. Accessed 7 April 2020. 2335:

Further deviation with resentment and hostility towards punishers;

951: 5744: 5225: 4481: 4264: 4145: 3806: 2622: 2533: 2254:

negative way and the selection of people into these categories."

1454: 191: 5384: 3313: 6039: 4538: 4503: 4105: 3943: 3818: 3380: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 2013: 2005: 1844: 1836: 1401: 1025: 6201: 4080: 3899: 3829: 3573:

Dinitz, Simon, Russell R. Dynes, and Alfred C. Clarke. 1975.

2167:

interaction with them that one may become involved in crime.

1828: 1817: 1813: 1769: 1765: 1396: 1177: 4554: 3178: 3176: 3147: 6327:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

6133: 1840: 3575:

Deviance: Studies in Definition, Management, and Treatment

3300:

Symbolic Interactionism: Genesis, Varieties, and Criticism

3173: 3112: 2765: 2311:

institutional identification of the person as a deviant.

1949: 3592:

Major Developments in the Sociological Study of Deviance

3298:

Meltzer, B. N., J. W. Petras, and L. T. Reynolds. 1975.

3184:"Functionalism and Deviance | Introduction to Sociology" 2547:. For example, the modern prison (more specifically the 2497:

did not write about deviant behavior but he wrote about

2388:

Containment theory is considered by researchers such as

2143: 2129:(1969) set out three basic premises of the perspective: 2009:

suicide occurs when one is not very socially integrated.

3160: 2508:

Many Marxist theorists have employed the theory of the

3662:. Government of Canada. Web. Retrieved on 23 Feb 2012. 3524: 2119:

of charades, only it is a full-fledged conversation.

2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2001:

suicide occurs when one is too socially integrated.

1816:. Under informal deviance, a more opposes societal 1776:so too does the collective perception of deviance. 1760:explores the actions and/or behaviors that violate 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2565: 2302: 1923:Structural-functionalist understanding of deviance 3625:Social Control and Responses to Variant Behaviour 3605:MacNamara, Donal E. J., and Andrew Karmen. 1983. 6558: 2982: 2895: 2347:Acceptance as role of deviant or criminal actor. 2338:Community stigmatizes the deviant as a criminal; 1787:. There are two types of major deviant actions: 3777: 3419:Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance 3399:The Path of the Devil: Early Modern Witch Hunts 3250:Symbolic interactionism; perspective and method 2501:amongst the proletariat—as well as between the 3679: 3590:Gibbs, Jack P.; Erickson, Maynard L. (1975). " 3335: 3242: 3240: 2928: 2640: 1946:have contributed to the Functionalist ideals. 30:"Deviant" redirects here. For other uses, see 5400: 4570: 3845: 3322:Botterweck, Michael C., et al. (eds.). 2011. 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 2868:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–29, 2668:but have not been shown to reduce recidivism. 2288:(or conviction) for the rest of their lives. 1734: 976: 27:Action or behavior that violates social norms 3780:Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory 3120:Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2396:More contemporary control theorists such as 4791: 3237: 2933:(7th Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson. 2443:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1927: 6362:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5407: 5393: 4577: 4563: 3852: 3838: 3582:The Sociology of Deviance: An Introduction 3530: 3062: 2517:tolerance for deviant behavior increases. 1741: 1727: 983: 969: 154: 6322:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 6312:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 4313:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder 3760: 3750: 3715: 3705: 3580:Douglas, J. D., and F. C. Waksler. 1982. 3503: 3253:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 2554:Foucault theorizes that, in a sense, the 2463:Learn how and when to remove this message 2029: 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 3646:on 17 Oct 10. Retrieved on 23 Feb. 2012. 3326:. Elmhurst, IL: Starpoint Press. p 152. 2351: 2196:There are five types of neutralization: 2170: 2154:In his differential association theory, 1918: 6367:Health departments in the United States 3566:Clinard, M. B., and R. F. Meier. 1968. 3537:. Oxford University Press. p. 36. 3206: 2953: 2807: 2107: 1888: 1812:that have great moral significance are 14: 6559: 6372:Council on Education for Public Health 3470: 3455: 3246: 3161:University of Minnesota (2016-04-08). 3075: 2929:Macionis, John; Gerber, Linda (2010). 1950:Durkheim's normative theory of suicide 1885:may furthermore pose a special case. 6430:Professional degrees of public health 6337:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 5388: 4558: 3833: 3477:Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory 3381:Malawi Assemblies of God University. 2859: 2144:Sutherland's differential association 1764:across formally enacted rules (e.g., 6527: 6420:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 5342: 4301:Right-wing authoritarian personality 3211:A First Look at Communication Theory 2813:"Notes on the Sociology of Deviance" 2441:adding citations to reliable sources 2408: 1802: 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 6539: 5688:Workers' right to access the toilet 5529:Human right to water and sanitation 5354: 24: 3560: 2524: 2404: 2231: 2039: 25: 6588: 5961:Commercial determinants of health 5414: 3799: 3607:DEVIANTS: Victims or Victimizers? 3531:Downes, D.M.; Rock, P.E. (2007). 3045:"7.1E: The Functions of Deviance" 2596: 2363: 6538: 6526: 6515: 6514: 5544:National public health institute 5367: 5353: 5341: 5318: 5317: 3817: 3805: 3339:Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2558:is characterized by the lack of 2413: 2295:The medicalization of deviance, 1086:Risk & actuarial criminology 1009: 950: 41: 5941:Open-source healthcare software 5683:Sociology of health and illness 3497: 3464: 3449: 3436: 3408: 3391: 3374: 3329: 3292: 3275: 3200: 2729:Antisocial personality disorder 2566:Biological theories of deviance 2303:Primary and secondary deviation 2261:This theory, while very much a 536:Peace, war, and social conflict 52:needs additional citations for 6302:Caribbean Public Health Agency 6114:Sexually transmitted infection 6011:Statistical hypothesis testing 5772:Occupational safety and health 5673:Sexual and reproductive health 5586:Occupational safety and health 4296:Authoritarian leadership style 3859: 3660:Correctional Service of Canada 3106: 3037: 3012: 2995:"Introduction to Sociology 2e" 2947: 2853: 2801: 2219:Condemnation of the condemners 13: 1: 5956:Social determinants of health 4584: 4201:Social construction of gender 3568:Sociology of Deviant Behavior 2770:Social disorganization theory 2741:Political abuse of psychiatry 2572:Italian school of criminology 6016:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 5777:Human factors and ergonomics 4196:Rally 'round the flag effect 3707:10.1371/journal.pone.0167053 2489: 2177:Techniques of neutralization 7: 6197:Good manufacturing practice 6001:Randomized controlled trial 4399:Asch conformity experiments 4116:Identification (psychology) 3460:. Salem Press Encyclopedia. 3133:10.1177/0022427894031003001 2862:"The Sociology of Deviance" 2689: 2641:The criminal justice system 2341:Tolerance threshold passed; 10: 6593: 6267:Theory of planned behavior 6192:Good agricultural practice 6097:Public health surveillance 5989:epidemiological statistics 5633:Public health intervention 5241:Human environmental impact 4414:Stanford prison experiment 4156:Normative social influence 3596:Annual Review of Sociology 3285:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: 3080:(5th ed.). New York: 2968:10.1080/016396202320265319 2474: 2235: 2225:Appeal to higher loyalties 2174: 2147: 2111: 2033: 1953: 1931: 1066:Expressive function of law 207:Human environmental impact 29: 6510: 6445: 6404: 6389:World Toilet Organization 6384:World Health Organization 6291: 6280: 6217: 6142: 6058: 5986: 5951:Public health informatics 5891: 5696: 5658:Right to rest and leisure 5487:Globalization and disease 5422: 5314: 5217: 5142: 4951: 4708: 4658: 4620: 4592: 4422: 4391: 4363:Normalization of deviance 4325: 4291:Authoritarian personality 4283: 4043: 4000: 3874: 3867: 3479:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: 3475:; Wilcox, Pamela (eds.). 3188:courses.lumenlearning.com 3163:"7.2 Explaining Deviance" 3024:Social Science LibreTexts 2874:10.1002/9781118701386.ch1 2036:Strain theory (sociology) 76:"Deviance" sociology 6435:Schools of public health 6227:Diffusion of innovations 5926:Health impact assessment 5638:Public health laboratory 5534:Management of depression 4678:Structural functionalism 4373:Preference falsification 3403:Rowman & Littlefield 3247:Blumer, Herbert (1969). 3076:Conley, Dalton (2017) . 2866:The Handbook of Deviance 2795: 2605:comes from the works of 2601:The classical school of 2201:Denial of responsibility 2150:Differential association 1934:Structural functionalism 1928:Structural functionalism 1906:structural functionalism 1056:Differential association 301:Structural functionalism 32:Deviant (disambiguation) 6498:Social hygiene movement 6425:Doctor of Public Health 6257:Social cognitive theory 6059:Infectious and epidemic 5841:Fecal–oral transmission 5250:Industrial revolutions 4698:Symbolic interactionism 4035:Tyranny of the majority 3609:Beverly Hills, Calif.: 3586:Little, Brown & Co. 2263:symbolic interactionist 2055:and the popularly used 1956:Suicide (Durkheim book) 1111:Symbolic interactionism 321:Symbolic interactionism 216:Industrial revolutions 6493:Germ theory of disease 6272:Transtheoretical model 4688:Social constructionism 4338:Communal reinforcement 4091:False consensus effect 3810:Quotations related to 3397:Jensen, Gary F. 2007. 2683:Rehabilitative justice 2281: 2044: 2030:Merton's strain theory 1924: 311:Social constructionism 6577:Sociological theories 6377:Public Health Service 6262:Social norms approach 6252:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 5698:Preventive healthcare 5591:Pharmaceutical policy 5440:Chief Medical Officer 5295:Social stratification 5177:Conversation analysis 4734:Cultural anthropology 4724:Comparative sociology 4650:Sociological practice 4442:Anti-social behaviour 4437:Anti-authoritarianism 4176:Pluralistic ignorance 4023:National conservatism 4018:Left-wing nationalism 4001:Governmental pressure 3619:Bartel, Phil. 2012. " 3458:Broken Windows Theory 3442:Thomson, Doug. 2004. 3384:Sociology of Deviance 3287:Pearson Prentice Hall 3049:Social Sci LibreTexts 2860:Goode, Erich (2015), 2724:Personality disorders 2617:. Beccaria assumed a 2586:Homo Neanderthalensis 2357:Broken windows theory 2352:Broken windows theory 2272: 2190:neutralization theory 2171:Neutralization theory 2043: 1922: 1758:sociology of deviance 1615:Biosocial criminology 1322:Uniform Crime Reports 1031:Biosocial criminology 686:Conversation analysis 261:Social stratification 6567:Deviance (sociology) 6453:Sara Josephine Baker 6352:Public Health Agency 6237:Health communication 6102:Disease surveillance 6068:Asymptomatic carrier 6050:Statistical software 5738:Preventive nutrition 5566:Medical anthropology 5455:Environmental health 4744:Historical sociology 4404:Breaching experiment 4191:Operant conditioning 4136:Mere exposure effect 3826:at Wikimedia Commons 3824:Deviance (sociology) 3812:Deviance (sociology) 3752:10.1155/2016/6891751 3739:Journal of Addiction 3642:. Archived from the 3518:10.1093/sf/78.3.1041 3456:Greene, Jim (2018). 3281:J. M. Charon. 2007. 3207:Griffin, Em (2012). 2779:Workplace aggression 2437:improve this section 2329:Secondary deviation; 2213:Denial of the victim 2114:Symbolic interaction 2108:Symbolic interaction 1910:symbolic interaction 1889:Theories of deviance 1883:Malicious compliance 1490:Solitary confinement 1154:Alexandre Lacassagne 61:improve this article 6463:Carl Rogers Darnall 6458:Samuel Jay Crumbine 6232:Health belief model 6085:Notifiable diseases 6021:Regression analysis 5856:Waterborne diseases 5445:Cultural competence 5305:Social cycle theory 4764:Social anthropology 4754:Political sociology 4645:Sociological theory 4284:Individual pressure 4161:Passing (sociology) 4096:Fear of missing out 4061:Closure (sociology) 3975:Enemy of the people 3698:2016PLoSO..1167053S 3483:. pp. 777–82. 2702:Antisocial behavior 2666:prison overcrowding 2581:Theory of Evolution 2378:Michael Gottfredson 2332:Stronger penalties; 2065:5 types of deviance 1680:Radical criminology 1041:Collective efficacy 271:Social cycle theory 142:Part of a series on 6061:disease prevention 5996:Case–control study 5668:Security of person 5517:Health care reform 5374:Society portal 5275:Social environment 4899:race and ethnicity 4749:Industrial society 4452:Civil disobedience 4409:Milgram experiment 4348:Creeping normality 4250:Social integration 4186:Psychosocial issue 4126:Invented tradition 3980:Enemy of the state 3792:10.2308/ajpt-51665 3473:Cullen, Francis T. 3444:Crime and Deviance 3421:. p. 9. New York: 3352:10.1007/BF02088729 3324:Everyday Sociology 2784:Workplace deviance 2662:Corrections system 2556:postmodern society 2398:Robert Crutchfield 2390:Walter C. Reckless 2323:Primary deviation; 2045: 1985:Social integration 1925: 957:Society portal 580:History of science 561:Race and ethnicity 241:Social environment 6554: 6553: 6506: 6505: 6416:Higher education 6247:Positive deviance 6242:Health psychology 6218:Health behavioral 6145:safety management 6119:Social distancing 5893:Population health 5873:Smoking cessation 5821:Pharmacovigilance 5792:Injury prevention 5760:Infection control 5678:Social psychology 5628:Prisoners' rights 5571:Medical sociology 5539:Public health law 5435:Biological hazard 5382: 5381: 5270:Social complexity 5202:Social experiment 4947: 4946: 4774:Social psychology 4552: 4551: 4432:Alternative media 4321: 4320: 4260:Spiral of silence 4131:Memory conformity 4071:Consensus reality 3964:Persona non grata 3885:Damnatio memoriae 3822:Media related to 3640:Acadia University 3632:Types of Deviance 3544:978-0-19-927828-2 3481:SAGE Publications 3431:978-0-684-83635-5 3387:. pp. 84–89. 3260:978-0-13-879924-3 3230:978-0-07-353430-5 3113:Paternoster, R.; 2940:978-0-13-511927-3 2883:978-1-118-70138-6 2746:Positive deviance 2473: 2472: 2465: 2326:Social penalties; 2063:Merton described 1849:child molestation 1831:, disrespect and 1803:Types of deviance 1751: 1750: 1497: 1496: 1434:Prisoners' rights 1338:Positivist school 993: 992: 711:Social experiment 591:Social psychology 236:Social complexity 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 6584: 6542: 6541: 6530: 6529: 6518: 6517: 6412:Health education 6289: 6288: 6143:Food hygiene and 6124:Tropical disease 5936:Infant mortality 5911:Community health 5787:Controlled Drugs 5723:Health promotion 5653:Right to housing 5497:Health economics 5409: 5402: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5372: 5371: 5357: 5356: 5345: 5344: 5321: 5320: 5300:Social structure 5197:Network analysis 4789: 4788: 4779:Sociolinguistics 4769:Social movements 4693:Social darwinism 4630:Public sociology 4579: 4572: 4565: 4556: 4555: 4477:Devil's advocate 4447:Auto-segregation 4343:Countersignaling 4270:Toxic positivity 4245:Social influence 4206:Social contagion 4051:Bandwagon effect 4008:Authoritarianism 3872: 3871: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3821: 3809: 3795: 3774: 3764: 3754: 3729: 3719: 3709: 3692:(11): e0167053. 3658: 3654: 3636:Criminal Justice 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3415:Becker, Howard S 3412: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3333: 3327: 3320: 3311: 3296: 3290: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3214: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3158: 3145: 3144: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3073: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 2991: 2980: 2979: 2956:Deviant Behavior 2951: 2945: 2944: 2926: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2805: 2708:Deviant Behavior 2677:Punitive justice 2510:capitalist state 2468: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2448: 2417: 2409: 2268:Howard S. Becker 2247:Howard S. Becker 2243:Frank Tannenbaum 2207:Denial of injury 2156:Edwin Sutherland 2048:Robert K. Merton 1990:types of suicide 1863:Falsely accusing 1743: 1736: 1729: 1376: 1375: 1333:Crime statistics 1259: 1013: 995: 994: 985: 978: 971: 955: 954: 706:Network analysis 596:Sociocybernetics 586:Social movements 316:Social darwinism 266:Social structure 158: 139: 138: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6502: 6473:Margaret Sanger 6441: 6400: 6284: 6282: 6276: 6219: 6213: 6185:Safety scandals 6144: 6138: 6060: 6054: 5988: 5982: 5978:Social medicine 5971:Race and health 5906:Child mortality 5887: 5846:Open defecation 5728:Human nutrition 5718:Family planning 5706:Behavior change 5692: 5648:Right to health 5561:Maternal health 5551:Health politics 5502:Health literacy 5418: 5413: 5383: 5378: 5366: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5280:Social equality 5213: 5212: 5211: 5138: 4952:Major theorists 4943: 4787: 4784:Urban sociology 4759:Rural sociology 4711: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4673:Critical theory 4668:Conflict theory 4654: 4635:Social research 4622:General aspects 4616: 4588: 4583: 4553: 4548: 4519:Insubordination 4467:Culture jamming 4457:Cosmopolitanism 4418: 4387: 4358:Internalization 4317: 4279: 4039: 4030:Totalitarianism 3996: 3863: 3858: 3802: 3656: 3652: 3563: 3561:Further reading 3558: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3529: 3525: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3469: 3465: 3454: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3413: 3409: 3396: 3392: 3379: 3375: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3314: 3297: 3293: 3280: 3276: 3261: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3205: 3201: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3159: 3148: 3111: 3107: 3092: 3074: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2983: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2927: 2896: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2858: 2854: 2818:Social Problems 2809:Erikson, Kai T. 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2756:Role engulfment 2692: 2643: 2627:social contract 2607:Cesare Beccaria 2599: 2576:Cesare Lombroso 2568: 2530:Michel Foucault 2527: 2525:Michel Foucault 2492: 2479: 2477:Conflict theory 2469: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2434: 2418: 2407: 2405:Conflict theory 2366: 2354: 2305: 2240: 2238:Labeling theory 2234: 2232:Labeling theory 2179: 2173: 2152: 2146: 2116: 2110: 2038: 2032: 1958: 1952: 1936: 1930: 1914:conflict theory 1891: 1805: 1747: 1718: 1717: 1693: 1685: 1684: 1610:Anthropological 1600: 1592: 1591: 1507: 1499: 1498: 1373: 1363: 1362: 1312:Critical theory 1297: 1289: 1288: 1269:State-corporate 1257: 1180: 1169: 1168: 1164:Archibald Reiss 1159:Cesare Lombroso 1149:Michel Foucault 1129: 1128:Major theorists 1121: 1120: 1096:Social learning 1081:Rational choice 1071:Labeling theory 1051:Criminalization 1021: 989: 949: 942: 941: 902: 892: 891: 819: 745: 731: 729:Major theorists 721: 720: 656: 646: 645: 336: 326: 325: 296:Critical theory 291:Conflict theory 286: 276: 275: 246:Social equality 187: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6590: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6295: 6293: 6286: 6281:Organizations, 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6194: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6148: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6037: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5987:Biological and 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5953: 5948: 5946:Multimorbidity 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5883:Vector control 5880: 5875: 5870: 5868:School hygiene 5865: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5851:Sanitary sewer 5848: 5843: 5838: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5809:Patient safety 5806: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5702: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5492:Harm reduction 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5412: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5363: 5351: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5236:Human behavior 5233: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4929:stratification 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4710:Related fields 4706: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4582: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4559: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4462:Counterculture 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4424:Anticonformity 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4383:Social reality 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4275:Untouchability 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4213: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4141:Milieu control 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4121:Indoctrination 4118: 4113: 4111:Herd mentality 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4047: 4045: 4044:Group pressure 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3967: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3951: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3922:Cancel culture 3919: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3888: 3880: 3878: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3815: 3801: 3800:External links 3798: 3797: 3796: 3775: 3730: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3647: 3628: 3617: 3614: 3603: 3588: 3578: 3571: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3543: 3523: 3512:(3): 1041–66. 3496: 3489: 3463: 3448: 3435: 3423:The Free Press 3407: 3401:. Lanham, MD: 3390: 3373: 3328: 3312: 3291: 3274: 3259: 3236: 3229: 3199: 3172: 3146: 3115:Paul Mazerolle 3105: 3090: 3061: 3036: 3011: 2981: 2946: 2939: 2894: 2882: 2852: 2831:10.2307/798544 2825:(4): 307–314. 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2670: 2669: 2659: 2653: 2642: 2639: 2629:theory of the 2611:Jeremy Bentham 2598: 2597:Other theories 2595: 2591:Charles Goring 2567: 2564: 2532:believed that 2526: 2523: 2491: 2488: 2475:Main article: 2471: 2470: 2421: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2382:Travis Hirschi 2374:Travis Hirschi 2369:Control theory 2365: 2364:Control theory 2362: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2304: 2301: 2236:Main article: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2175:Main article: 2172: 2169: 2148:Main article: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2127:Herbert Blumer 2112:Main article: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2034:Main article: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2010: 2002: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1961:Émile Durkheim 1954:Main article: 1951: 1948: 1940:Émile Durkheim 1932:Main article: 1929: 1926: 1890: 1887: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1869: 1866: 1804: 1801: 1796:mala prohibita 1749: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1665:Organizational 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1475:Transformative 1472: 1467: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1441:Rehabilitation 1438: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1429:Prisoner abuse 1421: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1399: 1394: 1392:Incapacitation 1389: 1384: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1134:Émile Durkheim 1130: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1091:Social control 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1046:Crime analysis 1043: 1038: 1036:Broken windows 1033: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1006: 1005: 991: 990: 988: 987: 980: 973: 965: 962: 961: 960: 959: 944: 943: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 903: 898: 897: 894: 893: 747: 746: 732: 727: 726: 723: 722: 719: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 657: 652: 651: 648: 647: 644: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 356:Astrosociology 353: 348: 343: 337: 332: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 214: 209: 204: 202:Human behavior 199: 194: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 179: 178: 173: 168: 160: 159: 151: 150: 144: 143: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6589: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6547: 6546: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6468:Joseph Lister 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6347:Health Canada 6345: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292:Organizations 6290: 6287: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6216: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6129:Vaccine trial 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6006:Relative risk 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5966:Health equity 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5931:Health system 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5921:Global health 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5901:Biostatistics 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5643:Right to food 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5576:Mental health 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:Housing First 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5512:Health system 5510: 5509: 5508: 5507:Health policy 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5416:Public health 5410: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5316: 5313: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5285:Social equity 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5231:Globalization 5229: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5167:Computational 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809:consciousness 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4712:and subfields 4707: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4640:Social theory 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:Individualism 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4353:Herd behavior 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4308:Control freak 4306: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4255:Socialization 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171:Peer pressure 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151:Normalization 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4076:Culture shock 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3932:Deplatforming 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3506:Social Forces 3500: 3492: 3490:9781412959186 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3346:(4): 307–18. 3345: 3341: 3340: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3203: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3091:9780393602388 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2962:(5): 449–79. 2961: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2719:Nonconformity 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2625:along with a 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2467: 2464: 2456: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2422:This section 2420: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2361: 2358: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:Gresham Sykes 2178: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1944:Robert Merton 1941: 1935: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1855:Howard Becker 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1708:Organizations 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1655:Environmental 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1572:Postmodernist 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1562:Neo-classical 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1537:Environmental 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1465:Participatory 1463: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1327:Crime mapping 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1274:Transnational 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1242:International 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1000: 997: 996: 986: 981: 979: 974: 972: 967: 966: 964: 963: 958: 953: 948: 947: 946: 945: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 922:Organizations 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 901: 896: 895: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 871: · 870: 867: · 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 827: · 826: 823: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 759: · 758: 754: 751: 744: 740: 737: 734: 733: 730: 725: 724: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 676:Computational 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 655: 650: 649: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 581: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 421:Environmental 419: 416: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371:Consciousness 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 335: 330: 329: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 251:Social equity 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 197:Globalization 195: 193: 190: 189: 183: 182: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 157: 153: 152: 149: 146: 145: 141: 140: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 6543: 6531: 6519: 6488:Radium Girls 6483:Typhoid Mary 6170:Microbiology 6040: 6032: 5916:Epidemiology 5814:Organization 5765:Oral hygiene 5755:Hand washing 5733:Healthy diet 5663:Right to sit 5556:Labor rights 5449: 5365: 5358: 5346: 5322: 5290:Social power 5192:Mathematical 5172:Ethnographic 5152:Quantitative 4919:small groups 4823: 4792:Sociology of 4719:Anthropology 4659:Perspectives 4524:Pueblo clown 4509:Idiosyncrasy 4494:Eccentricity 4471: 4378:Social proof 4086:Echo chamber 4066:Collectivism 4056:Brainwashing 3987:Scapegoating 3970:Public enemy 3962: 3953: 3917:Blacklisting 3904: 3883: 3876:Proscription 3814:at Wikiquote 3786:(3): 15–43. 3783: 3779: 3742: 3738: 3689: 3685: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3651:Research at 3635: 3624: 3606: 3599: 3595: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3548:. Retrieved 3533: 3526: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3476: 3466: 3457: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3418: 3410: 3398: 3393: 3383: 3376: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3323: 3299: 3294: 3282: 3277: 3249: 3215:. New York: 3210: 3202: 3191:. Retrieved 3187: 3166: 3124: 3118: 3108: 3082:W. W. Norton 3077: 3053:. Retrieved 3051:. 2018-07-30 3048: 3039: 3028:. Retrieved 3023: 3014: 3003:. Retrieved 2999:OpenStax CNX 2998: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2930: 2887:, retrieved 2865: 2855: 2822: 2816: 2803: 2706: 2682: 2676: 2671: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2644: 2634: 2600: 2584: 2569: 2553: 2542: 2538:modern state 2528: 2507: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2459: 2453:October 2021 2450: 2435:Please help 2423: 2395: 2387: 2367: 2355: 2317: 2313: 2308:Edwin Lemert 2306: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2275: 2274:Deviance is 2273: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2241: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2195: 2180: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2099: 2092: 2085: 2078: 2071: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2020: 2012: 2004: 1996: 1983: 1979: 1959: 1937: 1903: 1892: 1881: 1853: 1822: 1806: 1794: 1788: 1785:self-defense 1779:Deviance is 1778: 1774: 1762:social norms 1757: 1753: 1752: 1660:Experimental 1382:Denunciation 1348:Quantitative 1258:Public-order 1213:White-collar 1144:Enrico Ferri 1139:Hans Eysenck 1060: 907:Bibliography 821: 749: 748: 735: 701:Mathematical 681:Ethnographic 661:Quantitative 390: 346:Architecture 284:Perspectives 256:Social power 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 6572:Criminology 6545:WikiProject 6285:and history 6165:Engineering 5878:Vaccination 5750:Food safety 5360:WikiProject 5162:Comparative 5157:Qualitative 5124:Baudrillard 4974:Tocqueville 4869:immigration 4844:environment 4729:Criminology 4544:Shock value 4499:Eclecticism 4392:Experiments 4013:Nationalism 3949:Civil death 3868:Enforcement 3217:McGraw-Hill 3020:"Sociology" 2789:Victimology 2751:Psychopathy 2697:Abnormality 2619:utilitarian 2615:John Howard 2603:criminology 2503:proletariat 2186:David Matza 2079:Conformists 1899:group norms 1833:humiliation 1650:Development 1625:Criminology 1547:Integrative 1485:Utilitarian 1480:Retributive 1470:Restorative 1457:in penology 1343:Qualitative 1317:Ethnography 1302:Comparative 1208:Blue-collar 1116:Victimology 1076:Psychopathy 999:Criminology 912:Terminology 881:Baudrillard 757:Tocqueville 671:Comparative 666:Qualitative 636:Victimology 466:Immigration 451:Generations 366:Criminology 6561:Categories 6298:Caribbean 6175:Processing 6109:Quarantine 6031:Student's 5831:Sanitation 5465:History of 5324:Categories 5265:Popularity 5218:Key themes 5182:Historical 4934:technology 4739:Demography 4683:Positivism 4333:Compliance 4326:Conformity 4226:Hysterical 4216:Behavioral 4181:Propaganda 4166:Patriotism 4101:Groupthink 3927:Censorship 3906:Homo sacer 3861:Conformity 3676:(7th ed.). 3669:(7th ed.). 3584:. Boston: 3550:2023-06-20 3308:Kegan Paul 3302:. Boston: 3219:. p. 3193:2023-08-15 3127:(3): 235. 3055:2019-04-22 3030:2019-04-22 3005:2019-02-28 2889:2021-11-05 2774:Sociopathy 2736:Perversion 2549:panopticon 2545:discipline 2519:Jock Young 2499:alienation 2093:Retreatism 2072:Innovation 2022:Fatalistic 1998:Altruistic 1873:Conforming 1790:mala in se 1645:Demography 1567:Positivist 1446:Recidivism 1387:Deterrence 1279:Victimless 1106:Subculture 937:By country 691:Historical 616:Technology 556:Punishment 541:Philosophy 516:Mathematic 506:Literature 471:Industrial 461:Historical 386:Demography 306:Positivism 231:Popularity 186:Key themes 117:March 2023 87:newspapers 6478:John Snow 6405:Education 6395:Full list 6283:education 6207:ISO 22000 6160:Chemistry 6073:Epidemics 6026:ROC curve 5836:Emergency 5616:Radiation 5596:Pollution 5580:Ministers 5477:Euthenics 5187:Interview 4969:Martineau 4874:knowledge 4834:education 4829:economics 4586:Sociology 4529:Rebellion 4487:Political 4368:Obedience 4238:Emotional 4211:Addiction 3955:Vogelfrei 3912:Ostracism 3895:Dissenter 3891:Dissident 3674:Sociology 3667:Sociology 3368:206811362 3304:Routledge 3167:Sociology 3141:145283538 3100:964624559 2976:144506509 2931:Sociology 2839:0037-7791 2714:Libertine 2560:free will 2514:bourgeois 2490:Karl Marx 2424:does not 2100:Rebellion 2086:Ritualism 1895:rebellion 1670:Political 1599:Subfields 1522:Classical 1512:Anarchist 1407:abolition 1307:Profiling 1252:Political 1247:Organized 1232:Corporate 1220:Cold case 1176:Types of 753:Martineau 696:Interview 621:Terrorism 601:Sociology 546:Political 486:Knowledge 406:Education 148:Sociology 6521:Category 6220:sciences 6155:Additive 5826:Safe sex 5797:Medicine 5711:Theories 5482:Genomics 5460:Eugenics 5450:Deviance 5430:Auxology 5335:Journals 5246:Identity 5129:Bourdieu 5119:Habermas 5114:Luhmann 5109:Foucault 5044:Mannheim 5019:Durkheim 4904:religion 4894:military 4889:medicine 4839:emotions 4824:deviance 4607:Timeline 4534:Red team 4472:Deviance 3992:Shunning 3771:27994907 3726:27880826 3686:PLOS ONE 3644:original 3621:Deviance 3602:: 21–42. 3446:. p. 12. 3417:. 1963. 3405:. p. 88. 3360:24306310 2811:(1962). 2761:Rudeness 2690:See also 2621:view of 2270:writes: 2006:Egoistic 1897:against 1781:relative 1754:Deviance 1703:Journals 1630:Critical 1620:Conflict 1605:American 1576:Realism 1542:Feminist 1532:Critical 1527:Conflict 1424:Prisoner 1371:Penology 1237:Juvenile 1188:Humanity 1184:Against 1061:Deviance 1003:penology 932:Timeline 917:Journals 885:Bourdieu 877:Habermas 873:Luhmann 869:Foucault 813:Mannheim 793:Durkheim 566:Religion 526:Military 491:Language 476:Internet 431:Feminist 415:Jealousy 401:Economic 396:Disaster 391:Deviance 334:Branches 212:Identity 6533:Commons 6446:History 6343:Canada 6318:Europe 5802:Nursing 5782:Hygiene 5745:Hygiene 5470:Liberal 5423:General 5348:Commons 5226:Society 5143:Methods 5134:Giddens 5099:Goffman 5094:Schoeck 5039:Du Bois 5004:Tönnies 4984:Spencer 4914:science 4884:leisure 4814:culture 4602:History 4597:Outline 4482:Dissent 4265:Teasing 4231:Suicide 4146:Mobbing 3939:Outcast 3762:5138462 3745:: 1–8. 3717:5120833 3694:Bibcode 2623:society 2534:torture 2445:removed 2430:sources 1756:or the 1635:Culture 1557:Marxist 1552:Italian 1517:Chicago 1506:Schools 1455:Justice 1296:Methods 1225:Perfect 889:Giddens 887:· 883:· 875:· 863:· 861:Goffman 857:Schoeck 843:· 835:· 811:· 809:Du Bois 807:· 799:· 795:· 787:· 781:Tönnies 779:· 765:Spencer 763:· 741:· 654:Methods 631:Utopian 576:Science 521:Medical 511:Marxist 501:Leisure 411:Emotion 376:Culture 192:Society 171:Outline 166:History 101:scholar 18:Deviant 6333:India 6308:China 6180:Safety 5861:Worker 5207:Survey 5104:Bauman 5079:Nisbet 5074:Merton 5064:Gehlen 5059:Adorno 5024:Addams 5014:Simmel 5009:Veblen 4999:Pareto 4989:Le Bon 4964:Sieyès 4864:health 4859:gender 4849:family 4539:Satire 4504:Hermit 4106:Hazing 3944:Outlaw 3769: 3759: 3724: 3714: 3541: 3487: 3429: 3366: 3358: 3306:& 3267: 3257: 3227: 3139: 3098: 3088: 2974: 2937: 2880: 2847:798544 2845: 2837: 2656:Courts 2650:Police 2286:stigma 2014:Anomic 1845:incest 1837:murder 1818:taboos 1713:People 1692:Browse 1675:Public 1417:reform 1402:Prison 1204:Class 1193:Person 1101:Strain 1026:Anomie 1020:Theory 927:People 865:Bauman 845:Nisbet 841:Merton 833:Gehlen 829:Adorno 822:1900s: 797:Addams 789:Simmel 785:Veblen 777:Pareto 769:Le Bon 750:1800s: 743:Sieyès 736:1700s: 716:Survey 641:Visual 551:Public 456:Health 446:Gender 436:Fiscal 426:Family 103: 96: 89: 82: 74: 6358:U.S. 6202:HACCP 6151:Food 6043:-test 6035:-test 5621:Light 5606:Water 5330:lists 5084:Mills 5054:Fromm 5049:Elias 5034:Weber 4959:Comte 4924:space 4909:sport 4819:death 4612:Index 4221:Crime 4081:Dogma 3900:Exile 3364:S2CID 3269:18071 3137:S2CID 2972:S2CID 2843:JSTOR 2796:Notes 2631:state 2057:means 2053:goals 1847:, or 1829:shame 1814:mores 1810:Norms 1770:mores 1766:crime 1698:Index 1640:Cyber 1585:Right 1397:Trial 1358:NIBRS 1264:State 1198:State 1178:crime 900:Lists 849:Mills 825:Fromm 817:Elias 805:Weber 739:Comte 626:Urban 611:Sport 606:Space 571:Rural 531:Music 481:Jewry 381:Death 341:Aging 176:Index 108:JSTOR 94:books 6134:WASH 6090:List 6078:List 5611:Soil 5089:Bell 5069:Aron 5029:Mead 4994:Ward 4979:Marx 4939:work 4854:food 4804:body 3767:PMID 3743:2016 3722:PMID 3611:Sage 3539:ISBN 3485:ISBN 3427:ISBN 3356:PMID 3265:OCLC 3255:ISBN 3225:ISBN 3096:OCLC 3086:ISBN 2935:ISBN 2878:ISBN 2835:ISSN 2635:just 2613:and 2570:The 2495:Marx 2428:any 2426:cite 2380:and 2245:and 2184:and 1942:and 1912:and 1841:rape 1825:tapu 1793:and 1580:Left 1412:open 1001:and 853:Bell 837:Aron 801:Mead 773:Ward 761:Marx 441:Food 361:Body 80:news 5601:Air 4879:law 4799:art 3788:doi 3757:PMC 3747:doi 3712:PMC 3702:doi 3653:CSC 3634:." 3623:." 3594:". 3514:doi 3348:doi 3129:doi 2964:doi 2870:doi 2827:doi 2766:Sin 2439:by 2276:not 2188:'s 1353:BJS 1284:War 496:Law 351:Art 63:by 6563:: 5258:/ 5254:/ 3893:/ 3784:36 3782:. 3765:. 3755:. 3741:. 3737:. 3720:. 3710:. 3700:. 3690:11 3688:. 3684:. 3657:." 3638:. 3598:. 3510:78 3508:. 3425:. 3362:. 3354:. 3344:12 3342:. 3315:^ 3263:. 3239:^ 3223:. 3221:54 3186:. 3175:^ 3165:. 3149:^ 3135:. 3125:31 3123:. 3094:. 3084:. 3064:^ 3047:. 3022:. 2997:. 2984:^ 2970:. 2960:23 2958:. 2897:^ 2876:, 2864:, 2841:. 2833:. 2821:. 2815:. 2609:, 1916:. 1908:, 1851:. 1843:, 1839:, 1820:. 1799:. 879:· 859:· 855:· 851:· 847:· 839:· 831:· 815:· 803:· 791:· 783:· 775:· 771:· 767:· 755:· 224:/ 220:/ 6397:) 6393:( 6041:Z 6033:t 5582:) 5578:( 5408:e 5401:t 5394:v 5260:5 5256:4 5252:3 4578:e 4571:t 4564:v 3853:e 3846:t 3839:v 3794:. 3790:: 3773:. 3749:: 3728:. 3704:: 3696:: 3649:" 3630:" 3613:. 3600:1 3577:. 3570:. 3553:. 3520:. 3516:: 3493:. 3433:. 3370:. 3350:: 3310:. 3289:. 3271:. 3233:. 3196:. 3169:. 3143:. 3131:: 3102:. 3058:. 3033:. 3008:. 2978:. 2966:: 2943:. 2872:: 2849:. 2829:: 2823:9 2466:) 2460:( 2455:) 2451:( 2447:. 2433:. 1871:" 1861:" 1742:e 1735:t 1728:v 1329:] 984:e 977:t 970:v 582:) 578:( 417:) 413:( 226:5 222:4 218:3 130:) 124:( 119:) 115:( 105:· 98:· 91:· 84:· 57:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.