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21 May to
Angioletti read “It is my duty to submit to your Excellency that the ships which join the fleet from day to day are incompletely manned, especially in regard to their petty officers, and, which is of more consequence, are without trained gunners… the fleet is not ready for war. Help me, I earnestly entreat you.” When Angioletti failed to act on his complaints, Persano wrote to
311:
the
Austrian are in a worse condition than ours. When we are doubling or tripling our forces all at once, it is impossible to get everything perfect.” On 10 June Angioletti sent orders to Persano for what to do once war was declared:”The Adriatic Sea is to be cleared of enemy ships. You are to attack and obstruct them wherever they may be found.”
230:. At the same time, the number of ships kept in good condition was drastically reduced to save money. Longstanding practices remained in place to keep expenditure down - training exercises, particularly with live fire, were avoided so as to save on coal and gunpowder. With crews having little to do, discipline was relaxed.
310:
Angioletti replied reassuringly, telling him that more and better-trained men would be sent to him soon, and pointing out that some of the men he already commanded had seen action at Ancona and Gaeta. As the correspondence continued, Angioletti, courteous but exasperated, wrote “I can assure you that
302:
From the naval base in
Taranto, Persano began sending messages to Angioletti about the poor state of the Italian fleet. The ironclads had either insufficient gunners or none at all, two thirds of the crews were raw recruits, the officers inexperienced and the equipment defective. Persano’s message of
287:
to study potential operations in the
Adriatic. In mid-April 1866, he instructed the same commission to compile a regulation for the embarkation and disembarkation of artillery, horses and troops. Angioletti realised the severe weaknesses of Italy’s navy, and went so far as to recommend avoiding an
206:
Angioletti eventually agreed to take the portfolio despite his lack of knowledge of naval matters. He was not universally welcomed. One commentator described him as “coming from the army of the Grand Duke , unknown and incompetent”. Another noted that while
Angioletti issued an order of the day
407:. This was to be the last time Angioletti saw active service. In 1873, in Naples, he worked to eradicate cholera, which had broken out in the army. He was then appointed president of the Infantry and Cavalry Weapons Committee in 1877. In May 1877 he was one of many generals whom War Minister
273:
In
November 1865 he became a senator. He took an active part in the Senate's debates for many years, even on non-military topics and his sober and well-considered contributions were widely appreciated. In December 1865 the government lost a vote of confidence in the chamber, but La Marmora
378:
commented that “The indignation over
Persano, over Angioletti, over La Marmora is extremely animated, profound and enduring all over Italy.” Ultimately however only Persano was tried and found guilty of incompetence, and neither Angioletti nor anyone else was officially held accountable.
203:; it also faced a severe financial crisis and Longo refused, leaving La Marmora to fill the post himself on an interim basis and begin a programme of cuts of up to a third across the navy - the naval budget for 1864 was 55,175,000 lire while the budget for 1865 was 13,418,000 less.
282:
As war with
Austria approached, various ships that had been mothballed were hastily rearmed, and naval manoeuvres and gunnery exercises were carried out. Only at the beginning of December 1865 did Angioletti set up a three-member commission, chaired by Rear Admiral
269:
He sought to strengthen for the navy with modern ships, and in April 1865 presented to parliament a budget for two armoured frigates, two propeller corvettes and four armoured gunboats, all to be built in Italy to reduce dependency on foreign shipyards.
158:
In 1859 he was promoted to major and given command of an infantry battalion. With the new provisional government of
Tuscany, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and placed in charge of the 50th regiment of the Tuscan division, which arrived on the
333:
to cover a possible retreat. For this reason his division saw no action on the day. Although he had no opportunity to fight against
Austria, he distinguished himself shortly afterwards, in repressing the
207:
describing himself as “unfamiliar with life at sea and not bringing any technical knowledge to the navy”, it would have been more honest to simply say that he knew absolutely nothing about the navy.”
210:
Within the constraints of his reduced budget, Angioletti sought to improve training in the navy, and treated the protection of the merchant marine as a priority, following the experience of the
244:
Angioletti was also responsible for the first circumnavigation of the globe by an Italian ship. The La Marmora government wanted to secure commercial treaties with China and Japan, and sent
299:
as commander of the Adriatic fleet. The appointment was against Persano’s own wishes and there was nothing in his service history to suggest that he was especially well suited to the role.
28:
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returned, all the ranks granted by the provisional Tuscan government were abolished, so Angioletti was demoted again to lieutenant and regained the rank of captain only in 1854.
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167:. Promoted to colonel, he entered the Italian army, where, in 1860, he became major general commanding the Livorno brigade. He was then aide-de-camp to King
555:
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366:. There was a great feeling of public anger at this outcome, and while most of it was directed at Admiral Persano, Angioletti did not escape blame.
683:
Il Parlamento subalpino e nazionale, profili e cenni biografici di tutti di deputati e senatori eletti e creati dal 1848 al 1890 (legislature XVI)
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and resigned in order to fight at the front and Angioletti joined him, assuming command of the 10th division, in the II Army Corps under General
411:
compulsorily retired, and he went to live in his villa in Sant'Anna near Cascina with his wife Emilia Tonci. There he died on 29 January 1905.
191:
to Admiral Carlo Longo, who was serving as secretary-general to the ministry at the time. The government faced the political challenge of the
974:
Ironclads in Action A Sketch of Naval Warfare from 1855 to 1895, with Some Account of the Development of the Battleship in England · Volume 1
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Rendiconti delle udienze pubbliche dell'Alta Corte di Giustizia nel dibattimento della causa contro l'Ammiraglio C. Pellion di Persano
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Persano blamed Angioletti for failing to equip and prepare the navy properly and Navy Minister Depretis agreed with him.
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One month after Angioletti resigned from the cabinet Admiral Persano suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of the
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In 1870 Angioletti assumed command of one of the five divisions (the 9th), which advanced towards Rome under General
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Diego was the son of Giuseppe Angioletti and his wife Giuseppa Bigeschi. He attended the artillery school in
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Storia delle marine militari italiane dal 1750 al 1860 e della marina militare italiana dal 1860 al 1870
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and earning promotion to captain from the provisional Tuscan government. However in July 1849, when
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from which he graduated in October. 1845 with the rank of second lieutenant. During the
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immediately formed a new government and retained Angioletti at the Navy Ministry.
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Books A Political and Military History of the Hanoverian and Italian War Volume 1
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Knight of the Imperial Order of Saint Anna (Russia) - ribbon for ordinary uniform
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Battaglia di Curtatone e Montanara conferenza tenuta a Pistoia il 29 maggio 1893
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Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy - ribbon for ordinary uniform
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active sea war. He was strongly opposed to the idea of an Italian landing in
815:"Bulletino della Societa Geografica Italiana. Anno I. Fascicolo I. Agosto"
609:
Le Milizie toscane nella guerra di Lombardia del 1848. Narrazione istorica
211:
710:. Turin: Ministero della guerra e della marina Regno. 1860. p. 385
255:
226:. He also undertook feasibility studies for a future new naval base in
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Commander of the Military Order of Savoy - ribbon for ordinary uniform
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was underway, La Marmora ordered Angioletti to take up a position in
263:
223:
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The Austro-Prussian War Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866
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Diego Angioletti received a number of Italian and foreign honours:
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233:
200:
27:
399:, although the main action in seizing the city took place between
896:
The Habsburg Empire and the Sea: Austrian Naval Policy, 1797-1866
342:. For this operation he was awarded the military order of Savoy.
339:
227:
218:. He began the transfer of the navy from its old headquarters in
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116:
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On 20 June Prime Minister La Marmora handed the cabinet over to
322:. Prime Minister Ricasoli immediately declared war on Austria.
160:
819:
Mitteilungen der Ă–sterreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft
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fought with the Tuscan troops, distinguishing himself at the
119:, 29 January 1905) was an Italian general and politician. As
899:. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press. p. 250.
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at the end of June, too late to actively participate in the
172:
1175:. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. 1866. pp. 147–8
436:
Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
605:
1117:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 114.
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277:
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Knight of the Imperial Order of Saint Anna (Russia)
171:and later commander of the territorial division of
587:. Pistoia: Tip. del "Popolo pistoiese". p. 23
175:. He was promoted to Lieutenant general in 1864.
686:. Terni: Editrice dell' Industria. pp. 50–51
292:and refused to take any part in planning for it.
1239:
461:Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy
874:. Rome: SocietĂ editrice dante alighieri. 1911
734:. Milan: Angelo Dell’Acqua. 1864. p. 323
707:Annuario militare ufficiale dello Stato Sardo
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1197:Ricordi di Michelangelo Castelli (1847-1875)
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123:he was responsible for preparations for the
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307:indicating his wish to resign his command.
295:On 3 May 1866 Angioletti appointed Admiral
94:18 November 1865 – 29 January 1905
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1151:. London: Edward Stanford. p. 230
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1004:. London: Elm House. 1867. p. 361
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731:Annuario statistico del regno d'Italia
654:. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
262:, returning by way of the Pacific and
1222:. Sydney Morning Herald. 14 June 1867
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1001:The Illustrated London News Volume 50
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195:and the transfer of the capital from
1172:The Westminster Review Volumes 85–88
940:. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag.
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1033:. Florence: Cotta e Compagnia. 1867
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795:. Turin: Roux Frassati. p. 473
770:. Rome: Forzani e C. pp. 43–44
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165:Second Italian War of Independence
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391:. He was ordered to move against
383:Liberation of Rome and later life
278:Third Italian War of Independence
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125:Third Italian War of Independence
971:Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1896).
837:"La MĂ rmora, Alfonso Ferrero di"
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1200:. Milan: L. Roux. p. 368
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1145:Wyatt, Walter James (1868).
1058:. Leipzig: Klarwelt-Verlag.
336:Seven and a Half Days Revolt
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893:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2007).
581:Bartalesi, Torella (1893).
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222:to its planned new base in
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254:to the Far East by way of
179:Ministerial office, 1864-5
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764:Randaccio, Carlo (1886).
680:Sarti, Telesforo (1890).
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789:Tivaroni, Carlo (1896).
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977:. London: Little, Brown
934:Karsten, Anne (2019).
843:. Enciclopedia on line
825:. Vienna: 37–40. 1869.
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145:Battles of Curtatone
121:Minister of the Navy
115:, 18 January 1822 –
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648:"ANGIOLETTI, Diego"
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