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212:, and by Italian patriots. When the government’s move to Florence was announced, it caused widespread rioting in Turin, whose repression caused 55 dead and at least 133 wounded among the protesters; however, the King and the Italian government were duly transferred on 3 February 1865 (with the sovereign taking up residence at
246:, that he was a sovereign of a Catholic country, that he had been made Emperor, and was supported by the votes of the Conservatives and the influence of the clergy; and that it was his supreme duty not to abandon the Pontiff.
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For twenty years
Napoleon III had been the true sovereign of Rome, where he had many friends and relations . Without him the temporal power would never have been reconstituted, nor, being reconstituted, would have
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According to the terms of the treaty, Napoleon III would withdraw all French troops from Rome within two years; and King Victor
Emmanuel II of Italy would guarantee the territorial integrity of the Papal States.
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The Roman question was the stone tied to
Napoleon’s feet--that dragged him into the abyss. He never forgot, even in August 1870, a month before
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by 2,000 French troops, sent by
Napoleon III. A French garrison was kept in Rome to prop up the rule of Pius IX until withdrawn during the
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The Pope's Legion: The
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Historian
Raffaele De Cesare made the following observations:
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was a treaty, signed on 15 September 1864, between the
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to another city (later selected by a commission to be
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