Digital Audio Broadcasting

1840:(SFN) is such that the transmitters in a network must broadcast the same signal at the same time. To achieve synchronization, the broadcaster must counter any differences in propagation time incurred by the different methods and distances involved in carrying the signal from the multiplexer to the different transmitters. This is done by applying a delay to the incoming signal at the transmitter based on a timestamp generated at the multiplexer, created taking into account the maximum likely propagation time, with a generous added margin for safety. Delays in the audio encoder and the receiver due to digital processing (e.g. deinterleaving) add to the overall delay perceived by the listener. The signal is delayed, usually by around 1 to 4 seconds and can be considerably longer for DAB+. This has disadvantages: 2330:

and ever since the interest was low. It was only available in Bucharest, only public stations were available, although some private stations made some trials. DAB listeners were still in lower counts. Availability of DAB radios in stores was (and still is) low, and, despite the fact that some stores were offering DAB receivers, the interest remains limited (both because of lack of interest, higher price than an ordinary FM receiver and people are willing to pay the higher price for an internet device), most preferring internet radios or combined systems (devices with both FM and internet, although many such devices also have DAB capability, which is now rendered useless).

4651:"Minister of Media Benjamin Dalle: "I am convinced that the future of radio is exclusively digital". Radio, one of the oldest mass media, is still alive and kicking, Media Minister Benjamin Dalle (CD&V) told Business AM Radio. Yet the medium is not standing still. "I am convinced that the future of radio is exclusively digital," he echoed. In the news: More and more radio stations are choosing to go fully digital. Still, it will be some time before the obsolete FM technology is completely abandoned, Dalle thinks. In the coming years, more and more people will listen digitally. According to the minister, this will be a combination of internet and DAB+" 4833:"All current commercial radios, which broadcast in the analogue FM band, have a so-called transformation license, which obliges them to switch to digital broadcasting and leave the FM band in 2025 at the latest. But the parliamentary amendment sets a clear deadline: if the government does not present a clear plan for the transition to DAB+ by October 10, 2022, it will be possible to renew these analogue licenses again by radio with transformation licenses. Thus, there would be no transition to digital broadcasting as in television, but only the launch of simultaneous broadcasting in analogue and digital form" 2246: 219: 4677:"The Ministry of Infrastructure and Regional Development has announced that the Republic of Moldova will also abandon FM radio stations, in favour of digital terrestrial sound broadcasting T-DAB/T-DAB+ in the 174-230 MHz band. The Ministry of Infrastructure estimates that the radio spectrum resources available to the Republic of Moldova are sufficient to implementation of 2-6 national multiplexes, which can provide national coverage for 30-90 radio stations (compared to 4-5 existing national broadcasters at the moment)" 1183:) and vice versa. However, the UEP scheme used on DAB results in a grey area in between the user experiencing good reception quality and no reception at all, as opposed to the situation with most other wireless digital communication systems that have a sharp "digital cliff", where the signal rapidly becomes unusable if the signal strength drops below a certain threshold. When DAB listeners receive a signal in this intermediate strength area they experience a "burbling" sound which interrupts the playback of the audio. 484: 1540:, measured in programmes per MHz and per transmitter site, than analogue systems. In many places, this has led to an increase in the number of stations available to listeners, especially outside of the major urban areas. This can be further improved with DAB+ which uses a much more efficient codec, allowing a lower bitrate per channel with little to no loss in quality. If some stations transmit in mono, their bitrate can be reduced compared to stereo broadcasts, further improving the efficiency. 772:, the government agreed with the Digital Radio and Audio Review's main conclusion that there should be no formal switch-off of analogue radio services before 2030 at the earliest, and notes that the ongoing decline of analogue listening makes it appropriate to consider updating elements of the legislative framework to support a smooth transition of services away from analogue in due course. Government also agreed that government and industry should look at this again in 2026. 373: 695:, Switzerland's public-service broadcaster, will shut down its FM transmission infrastructure on 31 December 2024. The corporation concluded that maintaining FM broadcasts along with DAB+ and Internet streaming was no longer cost-effective, as due to widespread adoption of DAB+ the share of the public relying exclusively on FM was under ten percent and decreasing. All other FM broadcasters in the country must shut down or convert to DAB+ by 31 December 2026. 7410: 733:, "the regulator MPRT has been commissioned by the Swedish government to review the conditions for commercial radio in the longer term (Ku 2021/01993). In dialogue with relevant actors, including the industry, the authority plans to analyse the need for any changes in the regulations for licensing with the aim of submitting a final report to the Ministry of Culture by December 2022." As of August 2023, DAB signals are only broadcast in the greater 539:, "the European Electronic Communications Code (EECC) entered into force on 20 December 2018, with transposition into national legislation by Member States required by 21 December 2020. The Directive applies to all EU member states regardless of the status of DAB+ in each country. This means that since the end of 2020, across all EU countries, all radios in new cars must be capable of receiving and reproducing digital terrestrial radio." 1405: 951: 7420: 7399: 1565:) is typically 4 or 5, resulting in 1 / 4 / (0.26 MHz) = 0.96 programmes/transmitter/MHz. This is 3.2 times as efficient as analog FM for local stations. For single frequency network (SFN) transmission, for example of national programmes, the channel re-use factor is 1, resulting in 1/1/0.25 MHz = 3.85 programmes/transmitter/MHz, which is 12.7 times as efficient as FM for national and regional networks. 48: 7430: 1262:

difficulties can arise, however, when the relative delay of multipaths exceeds the OFDM guard interval duration, and there are frequent reports of reception difficulties due to this issue when propagation conditions change, such as when there's high pressure, as signals travel farther than usual, and thus the signals are likely to arrive with a relative delay that is greater than the OFDM guard interval.

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analogue FM to audio conversion, meaning that portable receiving equipment will have a much shorter battery life, and require higher power (and hence more bulk). This means that they use more energy than analogue Band II VHF receivers. However, thanks to increased integration (radio-on-chip), DAB receiver power usage has been reduced dramatically, making portable receivers far more usable.

1854:, on the contrary, are not a problem in a well-defined network with a fixed delay. The DAB multiplexer adds the proper offset to the distributed time information. The time information is also independent from the (possibly varying) audio decoding delay in receivers since the time is not embedded inside the audio frames. This means that built in clocks in receivers can be precisely correct. 301:. In countries where DAB did not take off, efforts were made in later years to "re-launch" it using the newer DAB+ standard: it started gaining traction throughout the 2010s and finally took off in countries like France by 2019. DAB adoption in automobiles became increasingly common during this time, and by 2016 it was standard in most cars sold in the UK, Norway and Switzerland. 1863:

own FM transmitter on their own building the cost of DAB transmission will be much higher than analog. Operating a DAB transmitter for a single station is not an efficient use of spectrum or power. With that said, this can be solved to some degree by combining multiple local stations in one DAB/DAB+ mux, similar to what is done on DVB-T/DVB-T2 with local TV stations.

819:, radio stations with Levira's support started testing digital radio frequencies in November 2022. "One of our objectives for the coming year is to create the necessary technical conditions for the development of digital radio," said Oliver Gailan, head of the communications department of the country's consumer protection and technical regulatory authority, the TTJA. 1258:), which means that a network of transmitters can provide coverage to a large area – up to the size of a country – where all transmitters use the same transmission frequency block. Transmitters that are part of an SFN need to be very accurately synchronised with other transmitters in the network, which requires the transmitters to use very accurate clocks. 1243:

bandwidth is 1.537 MHz. The OFDM guard interval for TM I is 0.246 ms, which means that the overall OFDM symbol duration is 1.246 ms. The guard interval duration also determines the maximum separation between transmitters that are part of the same single-frequency network (SFN), which is approximately 74 km for TM I.

1556:, i.e. cross-talk. Assuming a total availability of 102 FM channels at a bandwidth of 0.2 MHz over the Band II spectrum of 87.5 to 108.0 MHz, an average of 102/15 = 6.8 radio channels are possible on each transmitter site (plus lower-power local transmitters causing less interference). This results in a 2336:

The Swedish government postponed the transition to DAB in 2016, following a report from the National Audit Office which criticized the benefits for the listeners compared to continued FM-transmissions paired other digital transmission techniques (4G, Internet) and the strength of FM-radio as a simple

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from 192 kbit/s to 160 kbit/s, the resulting degradation of audio quality prompted a number of complaints to the corporation. The BBC later announced that following this testing of new equipment, it would resume the previous practice of transmitting Radio 3 at 192 kbit/s whenever there

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than in analogue FM radio. The improved sound quality is achieved by using CRC and FEC technology, which improves the transmission performance of digital signals. However, many countries in implementing DAB on stereo radio stations use compression to such a degree that it produces lower sound quality

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radio, and thus can offer more radio services for the same given bandwidth. The broadcaster can select any desired sound quality, from high-fidelity signals for music to low-fidelity signals for talk radio, in which case the sound quality can be noticeably inferior to analog FM. High-fidelity equates

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switched off DAB broadcast in September 2021 due to lack of interest both from broadcasters and listeners, low availability of receivers, low number of listeners and higher acceptance and interest in internet radio and FM. Romania started DAB broadcast in 2004, in the DAB format, did not adopt DAB+,

2313:'s multiplex, which was switched off in March 2021, after a survey showed 77% of adults listen to radio via FM, compared with 8% via digital means, of which 0.5% via DAB. RTÉ's service began in 2006, after trials in 1998 and 2001. A commercial multiplex was trialled in 2007–8 and licensed, including 1214:

The ECC used on DAB+ is far stronger than is used on DAB, which, with all else being equal (i.e., if the transmission powers remained the same), would translate into people who currently experience reception difficulties on DAB receiving a much more robust signal with DAB+ transmissions. It also has

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modulation consists of 1,536 subcarriers that are transmitted in parallel. The useful part of the OFDM symbol period is 1.0 ms, which results in the OFDM subcarriers each having a bandwidth of 1 kHz due to the inverse relationship between these two parameters, and the overall OFDM channel

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DAB+ broadcasts have launched in several countries like Australia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hong Kong (now terminated), Italy, Malta, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Belgium (October 2017), the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Malta was the first country to launch DAB+ in Europe in October

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DAB can provide savings for networks of several stations. The original development of DAB was driven by national network operators with a number of channels to transmit from multiple sites. However, for individual stations such as small community or local stations which traditionally operate their

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This efficiency originates from the ability a DAB network has in broadcasting more channels per transmitter/network. One network can broadcast 6–10 channels (with MP2 audio codec) or 10–18 channels (with HE AAC codec). Hence, it is thought that the replacement of FM-radios and FM-transmitters with

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DAB transmitters are inevitably more expensive than their FM counterparts. DAB uses higher frequencies than FM and therefore there may be a need to compensate with more transmitters to achieve the same coverage as a single FM transmitter. DAB is commonly transmitted by a different company from the

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Within an overall target bit rate for the DAB ensemble, individual stations can be allocated different bit rates. The number of channels within a DAB ensemble can be increased by lowering average bit rates, but at the expense of the quality of streams. Error correction under the DAB standard makes

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has stopped all sales of analogue radio receivers from 1 January 2023. Thus, consumers are no longer able to purchase AM or FM receivers for domestic use. "The obligation to incorporate DAB+ for new cars and domestic radio receivers is a nice step ahead in the digitisation of our radio landscape,"

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As DAB requires digital signal processing techniques to convert from the received digitally encoded signal to the analogue audio content, the complexity of the electronic circuitry required to do this is higher. This translates into needing more power to effect this conversion than compared to an

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has also expressed readiness to switch to DAB broadcasting: "Flemish Minister of Media Benjamin Dalle expects that the final shutdown of the FM frequencies, the so-called 'switch off', will take place between 2028 and 2031. According to him, the VRT must be a forerunner in the digitisation of the

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DAB is capable of providing metadata alongside the audio stream. Metadata allows visual information, text and graphics - such as the station name and logo, presenter, song title and album artwork - to be displayed while a station is playing. Radio stations can provide the metadata to augment the

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For various reasons such as high receiver costs and limited reception, adoption of DAB had initially been slow, with the exception of the United Kingdom and Denmark. In the UK, DAB radio receivers were high selling and 10% of households owned a DAB radio as of 2005, helped by local manufacturers

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A value of 256 kbit/s has been judged to provide a high quality stereo broadcast signal. However, a small reduction, to 224 kbit/s is often adequate, and in some cases it may be possible to accept a further reduction to 192 kbit/s, especially if redundancy in the stereo signal is

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One of the most important decisions regarding the design of a digital radio broadcasting system is the choice of which audio codec to use because the efficiency of the audio codec determines how many radio stations can be carried on a fixed capacity multiplex at a given level of audio quality.

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ECC as an "inner layer" of coding that is placed around the byte interleaved audio frame but inside the "outer layer" of convolutional coding used by the original DAB system, although on DAB+ the convolutional coding uses equal error protection (EEP) rather than UEP since each bit is equally

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launched with three DAB+ stations. In August 2021 the BBC started its first regular domestic broadcast of DAB+ in the Channel Islands and followed later with the start of local broadcasts in December 2021 in Cumbria and north Lancashire. Classic FM changed from DAB to DAB+ on 1 January 2024.

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When a receiver receives a signal that has been transmitted from the different transmitters that are part of an SFN, the signals from the different transmitters will typically have different delays, but to OFDM they will appear to simply be different multipaths of the same signal. Reception

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Norway was the first country to announce a complete switch-off of national FM radio stations. The switch-off started on 11 January 2017 and ended on 13 December 2017. The 2017 switch-off did not affect some local and regional radio stations. They can continue to transmit on FM until 2027.

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and WMV9 respectively as video codecs. However, a DMB video subchannel can easily be added to any DAB transmission, as it was designed to be carried on a DAB subchannel. DMB broadcasts in South Korea carry conventional MPEG 1 Layer II DAB audio services alongside their DMB video services.

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transmitters can be added to an SFN as and when desired in order to improve reception quality, although the way SFNs have been implemented in the UK up to now they have tended to consist of higher power transmitters being installed at main transmitter sites in order to keep costs down.

1498:(MP2) audio codec, which has less efficient compression than newer codecs. The typical bitrate for DAB stereo programs is only 128 kbit/s or less and as a result most radio stations on DAB have a lower sound quality than FM, prompting complaints from listeners. As with DAB+ or 1560:

of 1 / 15 / (0.2 MHz) = 0.30 programmes/transmitter/MHz. DAB with 192 kbit/s codec requires 1.536 MHz * 192 kbit/s / 1,136 kbit/s = 0.26 MHz per audio programme. The frequency reuse factor for local programmes and multi-frequency broadcasting networks

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As with other digital systems, when the signal is weak or suffers severe interference, it will not work at all. DAB reception may also be a problem for receivers when the wanted signal is adjacent to a stronger one. This was a particular issue for early and low cost receivers.

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for hilly terrain and for indoor communication. The number of transmitter sites or the transmission power required for full coverage of a country may be rather high at these frequencies, to avoid the system becoming noise limited rather than limited by co-channel interference.

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encoded stations are gone. Most new receivers are both DAB and DAB+ compatible; however, the issue is exacerbated by some manufacturers disabling the DAB+ features on otherwise compatible radios to save on licensing fees when sold in countries without current DAB+ broadcasts.

1803:, so that when there are a lot of errors with the received data not enough of the errors can be corrected and a "bubbling mud" sound occurs. In some cases a complete loss of signal can happen. This situation has been improved upon in the newer DAB+ version that uses stronger 1158:(MDCT) algorithm, and is approximately three times more efficient than MP2, which means that broadcasters using DAB+ are able to provide far higher audio quality or far more stations than they could with DAB, or a combination of both higher audio quality and more stations. 1871:

Although FM coverage still exceeds DAB coverage in most countries implementing any kind of DAB services, a number of countries moving to digital switchover have undergone significant DAB network rollouts; as of 2022 the following coverages were given by WorldDAB:

1706:(the average number of radio programmes per MHz and transmitter) is a factor three more efficient than analogue FM for local radio stations. For national and regional radio networks, the efficiency is improved by more than an order of magnitude due to the use of 1465:, and the radio had to be tuned into each frequency as needed. This used up a comparatively large amount of spectrum for a relatively small number of stations, limiting listening choice. DAB is a digital radio broadcasting system that, through the application of 1760:

Mono talk radio, news and weather channels and other non-music programs need significantly less bandwidth than a typical music radio station, which allows DAB to carry these programmes at lower bit rates, leaving more bandwidth to be used for other programs.

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that can be carried, but this depends on which error protection level is used. However, all DAB multiplexes can carry a total of 864 "capacity units". The number of capacity units, or CU, that a certain bit-rate level requires depends on the amount of

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new DAB-radios and DAB-transmitters will not cost any more compared with new FM facilities. It is also argued that the power consumption will be lower for stations transmitted on a single DAB multiplex compared with individual analog transmitters.

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factor in most countries is approximately 15 for stereo transmissions (with lesser factors for mono FM networks), meaning (in the case of stereo FM) that only one out of 15 transmitter sites can use the same channel frequency without problems with

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Error-correction coding (ECC) is an important technology for a digital communication system because it determines how robust the reception will be for a given signal strength – stronger ECC will provide a more robust reception than a weaker form.

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Also, as DAB transmits digital audio, there is no hiss with a weak signal, which can happen on FM. However, radios in the fringe of a DAB signal can experience a "bubbling mud" sound interrupting the audio or the audio cutting out altogether.

4807:"DF-Interview: Digital radio strategist Carsten Zorger on the future of DAB+: "A switch-off date is determined by the market participants, i.e. private and public broadcasters. This requires consensus. I don't see that at the moment."" 1613:

exploited by a process of 'joint stereo' encoding (i.e. some sounds appearing at the centre of the stereo image need not be sent twice). At 192 kbit/s, it is relatively easy to hear imperfections in critical audio material.

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for its ECC. The coding scheme uses unequal error protection (UEP), which means that parts of the audio bit-stream that are more susceptible to errors causing audible disturbances are provided with more protection (i.e. a lower

715:, Rai Radio is proposing the country to begin switching off FM transmitters starting in 2025 with the goal of being all digital and shuttering FM broadcasting entirely in 2030. In the northern region of Italy's South Tyrol - 1823:

Minimizing the bit-rate, to the lowest level of sound-quality that listeners are willing to tolerate, such as 112 kbit/s for stereo and even 48 kbit/s for mono speech radio (LBC 1152 and the Voice of Russia are

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2008. South Africa began a DAB+ technical pilot in November 2014 on channel 13F in Band 3. If DAB+ stations launch in established DAB countries, they can transmit alongside existing DAB stations that use the older

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adds its digital carriers to the traditional 270 kilohertz-wide analog channels, with capability of up to 300 kbit/s per station (pure digital mode). The full bandwidth of the hybrid mode approaches 400 kHz.

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with DAB+. Today the majority of DAB broadcasts around the world are using the upgraded DAB+ standard, with only the UK, Romania, Brunei, and the Philippines still using a significant number of legacy DAB broadcasts.

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DAB broadcasts a single multiplex that is approximately 1.5 MHz wide (≈1,000 kilobits per second). That multiplex is then subdivided into multiple digital streams of between 9 and 12 programs. In contrast, FM

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published a consultation for a new national multiplex containing a mix of DAB and DAB+ services, with the intention of moving all services to DAB+ in the long term. In February 2016, the new national network

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conducted trials of DAB in L-band in major cities. However the success of satellite digital radio and lack of L-band DAB receivers led to the analogue switch-off being abandoned. Canada subsequently adopted

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L-Band in the USA only, blocking its use for other purposes in America, and the United States has reached an agreement with Canada to restrict L-Band DAB to terrestrial broadcast to avoid interference.

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is the first country to have implemented a national FM radio switch-off, with others to follow in the next years. In recent years, DAB has become the most popular radio listening platform in Norway,

238:(IRT). The first DAB demonstrations were held in 1985 at the WARC-ORB in Geneva, and in 1988 the first DAB transmissions were made in Germany. Later, DAB was developed as a research project for the 3386: 293:(SR) launched their first broadcasts later in September while in Germany a pilot broadcast started in Bavaria in October 1995. In the UK, commercial stations started broadcasting in November 1999. 3218: 3774: 805:

has not yet reached an agreement for full digital terrestrial radio transition, instead the country intensely invests in DAB+ transmission sites development and simultaneous DAB+/FM broadcasting.

1671:, or DLS) from the station giving real-time information such as song titles, music type and news or traffic updates, of up to 128 characters in length. This is similar to a feature of FM called 380:

The term "DAB" most commonly refers both to a specific DAB standard using the MP2 audio codec, but can sometimes refer to a whole family of DAB-related standards, such as DAB+, DMB, and DAB-IP.

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In October 2018, the WorldDAB organisation introduced an all-new logo for DAB (specifically DAB+) to replace the previous logo that had been in use since before DAB's initial launch in 1995.

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adopted it for its deep-space missions. One slight difference between the concatenated coding used by the DAB+ system and that used on most other systems is that it uses a rectangular

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Note the above capacity improvement may not always be achieved at the L-band frequencies, since these are more sensitive to obstacles than the VHF band II frequencies, and may cause

4969: 2833: 354:. In 2006 there were approximately 1,000 DAB stations in operation worldwide. As of 2018, over 68 million devices have been sold worldwide, and over 2,270 DAB services are on air. 6327: 5224: 4806: 3417: 3876: 3850: 4732: 1799:

The reception quality during the early stage of deployment of DAB was poor even for people who live well within the coverage area. The reason for this is that DAB uses weak

5713:, pda.etsi.org (this will open ETSI document search engine; to find the latest version of the document enter a search string; free registration is required to download PDF) 2232:. Hardly any of the receivers made before 2008 support the newer codec, however, making them partially obsolete once DAB+ broadcasts begin and completely obsolete once all 3324: 779:, following consultations the KRRiT has adopted a position on the end of analogue radio broadcasting "no earlier than 31 December 2026 and no later than 31 December 2030". 5560: 4784: 4085: 5352: 5043: 2904: 1207:

in order to provide a greater interleaver depth, which increases the distance over which error bursts will be spread out in the bit-stream, which in turn will allow the

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radio landscape. For example, if the 'switch off' does not come on January 1, 2028, it may be an option, according to Dalle, to fully digitise one of the VRT channels."

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a far steeper "digital cliff", and listening tests have shown that people prefer this when the signal strength is low compared to the shallower digital cliff on DAB.

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started a DAB+ trial with transmitters broadcasting on Band III in Auckland and Wellington in 2006. Uptake for the service was very low, and the trial ended in 2018.

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Listeners using a combination of analogue (AM or FM) and DAB radios (e.g. in different rooms of a house) will hear a mixture when both receivers are within earshot.

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By 2019 some stations had upgraded to DAB+ but rather than improving sound quality, they instead reduced it to 32 kbit/s or 64 kbit/s, often in mono.

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broadcaster who then sells the capacity to a number of radio stations. This shared cost can work out cheaper than operating an individual FM transmitter.

3211: 2604: 258:(OFDM) modulation technique, which since then has become one of the most popular transmission schemes for modern wideband digital communication systems. 3761: 1191:

important in DAB+. This combination of Reed–Solomon coding as the inner layer of coding, followed by an outer layer of convolutional coding – so-called

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By 2006, 500 million people worldwide were in the coverage area of DAB broadcasts, although by this time sales of receivers had only taken off in the

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Whilst many countries have expected a shift to digital audio broadcasting, a few have moved in the opposite direction following unsuccessful trials.

2684: 5759: 5385: 4936: 1752:, DAB reception range (but not audio quality) is reduced when travelling speeds of more than 120 to 200 km/h, depending on carrier frequency. 1699: 421:

with DAB+, older DAB receivers cannot receive DAB+ broadcasts. However, DAB receivers that were capable of receiving the new DAB+ standard after a

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for mobile listening, although DAB reception quality degrades rapidly when the signal strength falls below a critical threshold (as is normal for

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In certain areas – particularly rural areas – the introduction of DAB gives radio listeners a greater choice of radio stations. For instance, in

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will abandon FM radio and switch to digital radio, according to an announcement made by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Regional Development.

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Despite the above, a survey in 2007 of DAB listeners (including mobile) has shown most find DAB to have equal or better sound quality than FM.

834:, since 6 December 2022, the Groupement de radios associatives libres en Limousin (Gral), has swapped the traditional FM broadcasting for DAB+. 5445: 4059: 3965: 3443: 3149: 265:, modulation and error-correction coding schemes and first trial broadcasts were made in 1990. Public demonstrations were made in 1993 in the 5288: 5176: 5082: 4702: 179:), whereas FM reception quality degrades slowly with the decreasing signal, providing more effective coverage over a larger area. DAB+ is a " 4862: 7382: 7354: 7349: 6374: 5790: 3587: 1287:

added to the transmission, as described above. In the UK, most services transmit using 'protection level three', which provides an average

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and so a device may use this to automatically correct its internal clock when travelling between time zones and when changing to or from

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DAB devices perform band-scans over the entire frequency range, presenting all stations from a single list for the user to select from.

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audio format, and most existing DAB stations are expected to continue broadcasting until the vast majority of receivers support DAB+.

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DAB radios are out of step with live events, so the experience of listening to live commentaries on events being watched is impaired;

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was the first European country to roll out a DAB+ network and services have been on-air since 2008. It covers 100% of the population.

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Immunity to fading and inter-symbol interference (caused by multipath propagation) is achieved without equalization by means of the

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were being sold as early as July 2007. Generally, if a receiver is DAB+ compatible, there will be a sign on the product packaging.

4728: 3694: 5145:"OFCOM: Regulation in digital broadcasting: DAB digital radio bitrates and audio quality; Dynamic range compression and loudness" 3899: 251: 3320: 1469:

and compression, combines multiple audio streams onto a relatively narrow band centred on a single broadcast frequency called a

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Research & Development department states that at least 192 kbit/s is necessary for a high fidelity stereo broadcast:

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and reliable source for emergency/crisis information. Limited transmissions continue in Stockholm, Göteborg, Malmö and Luleå

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were no other demands on bandwidth. (For comparison, BBC Radio 3 and all other BBC radio stations are streamed online using

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DAB is not more bandwidth efficient than analogue measured in programmes per MHz of a specific transmitter (the so-called

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Once applied, one operator has claimed that DAB transmission is as low as one-nineteenth of the cost of FM transmission.

1192: 386:, the organisation in charge of the DAB standards, announced DAB+, a major upgrade to the DAB standard in 2006, when the 5114: 2858: 2710: 7138: 1717:, radio listeners experienced an increase in available stations from 6 to 21 when DAB was introduced in November 2006. 1155: 395: 321: 5011: 3800: 7232: 5593: 5170:"BBC R&D White Paper WHP 061 June 2003, DAB:An introduction to the EUREKA DAB System and a guide to how it works" 3521: 2975:"Renaissance of the radio industry in Croatia: 'Broadcasting on digital radio would bring 85 percent energy savings'" 2452: 1444: 1208: 1187: 990: 407: 4202: 7017: 6565: 6367: 5783: 4650: 4125: 1107:, and dealing with the over-the-air transmission and reception of data. Some aspects of these are described below. 1819:

A common complaint by listeners is that broadcasters 'squeeze in' more stations per ensemble than recommended by:

757:, with no known plans from any of the 3 broadcast licence companies to extend coverage to other regions. Parts of 7128: 4332: 3715: 3669: 2532: 2358: 460: 455: 207: 109:

DAB was the result of a European research project and first publicly rolled out in 1995, with consumer-grade DAB

5645: 5411: 3991: 3258: 2507: 2474: 233: 7123: 6264: 3636: 1426: 972: 117:

services would switch over to DAB, although the take up of DAB has been much slower than expected. As of 2023,

4107: 3619: 2594: 7464: 7148: 6112: 4914: 4364: 2303:

In Korea, the transmission of MBC 11FM was stopped in 2015 and the DAB channel was switched to T-DMB V-Radio.

1698:), but it is less susceptible to co-channel interference (cross talk), which makes it possible to reduce the 4546: 4520: 1360:, which may be synchronised with audio broadcasts. For example, a police appeal could be broadcast with the 7423: 7184: 7081: 6624: 6419: 6391: 6039: 2375: 1232: 4306: 3346: 2417: 7413: 6920: 6360: 6337: 5776: 2945: 2353: 1040:

In January 2017, an updated DAB specification (2.1.1) removed Modes II, III and IV, leaving only Mode I.

1021: 79: 5756: 5389: 726:

has proposed a closure of FM broadcasting two years after more than half of radio listening is digital."

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appearing at the start of this millennium. Initially it was expected in many countries that existing

5732: 1597:

than that received from FM broadcasts. This is because of the bit rate levels being too low for the

7403: 6645: 6580: 6533: 6493: 5671: 5437: 4051: 3513:

Cosine-/Sine-Modulated Filter Banks: General Properties, Fast Algorithms and Integer Approximations

3439: 1837: 1707: 1695: 1376: 1336: 1255: 1076:

viewpoint, the technologies used on DAB inhabit the following layers: the audio codec inhabits the

1008:

DAB uses a wide-bandwidth broadcast technology and typically spectra have been allocated for it in

180: 5169: 5086: 7242: 7227: 7071: 7022: 6945: 6845: 6523: 6409: 6404: 6289: 6188: 6141: 6049: 5753:(also known as "Wohnort", the main part of the site is a list of services currently transmitting) 4858: 2245: 1804: 1800: 1562: 1553: 1415: 1097: 961: 650:

15 September in Sogn og Fjordane, Hordaland, Rogaland and Agder (P4, Radio Norge and local radio)

521: 515: 403: 313: 103: 4521:"Digital radio and audio review Ensuring a robust and sustainable future for UK radio and audio" 7454: 7164: 6950: 6765: 6710: 6705: 6518: 6483: 6183: 6097: 5939: 2364: 325: 203: 169: 72: 5467: 4573:"Government publishes response to Radio & Audio Review alongside broadcasting White Paper" 4416: 3832: 3511: 3179: 2934: 2317:, from 2010 to 2017, but the licensee did not renew because of lack of takeup by broadcasters. 1623:

When the BBC in July 2006 reduced the bit-rate of transmission of its classical music station

7066: 6870: 6835: 6755: 6735: 6657: 6545: 6466: 6284: 6107: 6087: 5209: 4254: 2391: 2233: 1749: 1726: 1629: 1598: 1593: 1495: 1116: 1089: 430: 317: 247: 133: 6399: 5689: 6980: 6940: 6910: 6667: 6602: 6424: 5912: 5852: 5837: 5832: 3479: 2422: 2406: 1175: 812:, the situation is similar as in Germany - plans are for simultaneous DAB+/FM broadcasting. 436:

In the UK, DAB+ launched in January 2016 following a trial period starting September 2014.

176: 5438:"Government announces discontinuation of digital audio broadcasting services in Hong Kong" 4228: 3735: 3288: 1588:

The original objectives of converting to digital transmission were to enable higher audio

8: 6990: 6930: 6689: 6651: 6449: 6434: 6019: 5890: 3556: 3119: 3097: 2428: 1537: 595: 542:

Following the European Union's obligation in 2020 to include DAB+ receivers in new cars,

525: 5768: 3483: 1764:

However, this led to the situation where some stations are being broadcast in mono; see

7217: 7174: 7105: 6975: 6905: 6880: 6815: 6662: 6383: 6156: 4442: 4177:"Radio industry to switch off FM transmitters at the end of 2024 as originally planned" 3686: 3321:"The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame: Pure Evoke-1 DAB Digital Radio - IEEE Spectrum" 3089: 2265: 1521: 1383: 1077: 827: 809: 418: 149: 19:

This article is about the DAB standard. For digital audio broadcasting in general, see

584: 7257: 7179: 7093: 7076: 7039: 6885: 6715: 6684: 6550: 6444: 6269: 6228: 6146: 5061: 4988: 3933: 3820: 3567: 3517: 3237: 1672: 1664:

listening experience, particularly on car receivers which have large display panels.

1139: 548: 82:

in many countries around the world, defined, supported, marketed and promoted by the

6925: 6223: 3093: 2626: 1016:(1.452–1.492 GHz), although the scheme allows for operation between 30 and 300 672:

8 December in Østfold, Vestfold, Oslo and Akershus (P4, Radio Norge and local radio)

628:

16 June in Telemark, Buskerud, Hedmark and Oppland (P4, Radio Norge and local radio)

7262: 7222: 7202: 7169: 7098: 7056: 6970: 6825: 6810: 6785: 6760: 6720: 6570: 6429: 6414: 6305: 6249: 6218: 6063: 5874: 5799: 4676: 3926:"Millions of DAB radio listeners to be locked out of stations including Classic FM" 3487: 3081: 2797: 2568: 1284: 786:, the expectations are about official switch off of FM radio between 2027 and 2032. 632: 218: 164:

to a high bit rate and higher transmission cost. DAB is more robust with regard to

6208: 4884: 2768: 2739: 6890: 6745: 6513: 6488: 6476: 6274: 6244: 5880: 5763: 5615: 5152: 4150: 3723: 3623: 2657: 2599: 2401: 1714: 1683: 1548: 1462: 1458: 1081: 603: 305: 160: 114: 3959:"European Electronic Communications Code - digital terrestrial radio in the car" 2323:

announced the termination of DAB+ on 5 September 2020, 12 years after its start.

7088: 6960: 6935: 6895: 6865: 6740: 6575: 6528: 6503: 6461: 5884: 2859:"DAB+ is confirmed as standard in new cars across Europe - RadioInfo Australia" 1978: 1958: 1093: 1073: 879: 769: 536: 398:(MDCT) algorithm. The new standard, which is called DAB+, has also adopted the 347: 298: 266: 239: 126: 110: 53: 5255: 246:), which started in 1987 on an initiative by a consortium formed in 1986. The 7448: 7237: 7010: 7000: 6915: 6805: 6800: 6790: 6775: 6597: 6456: 6259: 5984: 5864: 5803: 3937: 3085: 1745: 1734: 1570: 1477:

the signal more robust but reduces the total bit rate available for streams.

1347: 528:, the bands that are allocated for public DAB services, are abbreviated with 483: 475:

As of 2017, DMB is currently broadcast in Norway, South Korea, and Thailand.

442: 399: 361: 308:

instructed its Technical Committee to carry out the work needed to adopt the

290: 157: 69: 20: 5468:"Mundo da Rádio - DAB em Portugal: ascensão e queda da tecnologia do futuro" 3491: 3019:"Digital Radio FM Insider: DAB+ Not the Future for Small-scale Broadcasters" 1725:

The DAB standard integrates features to reduce the negative consequences of

1457:

Traditionally, radio programmes were broadcast on different frequencies via

7115: 6955: 6900: 6830: 6795: 6730: 6629: 6619: 6471: 6331: 5806: 5018: 3804: 3716:

Press release: New High Efficiency Audio Option Added for DAB Digital Radio

2627:"BBC Will Keep Broadcasting in FM for "Foreseeable Future" - liGo Magazine" 1730: 1470: 1466: 1320: 1316: 823: 282: 140:; an upgraded version of the system was later developed and released named 129:, and has become a requirement for all new cars sold in the EU since 2021. 76: 5585: 2449:"The DAB+ logo and branding kit are free to use for industry stakeholders" 2448: 2310: 1592:, more stations and more resistance to noise, co-channel interference and 762: 580: 7315: 6965: 6875: 6860: 6820: 6780: 6639: 6254: 6079: 5870: 4703:"Government improves digital terrestrial sound broadcasting technologies" 2340: 2008: 1988: 1938: 1851: 1679: 1624: 783: 758: 599: 262: 122: 5750: 5710: 5554:"A report on market structure, dynamics and developments in Irish media" 5289:"Make sure you look your best in the car, WorldDAB urges radio stations" 742: 7320: 7027: 6725: 6634: 6590: 6560: 6538: 6136: 6122: 5824: 3616: 2254: 2250: 2138: 1583: 1429: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1104: 975: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 716: 468: 372: 4468: 2249:

Portable DAB/DAB+ and FM receiver, circa 2016. This unit requires two

654: 269:. The protocol specification was finalized in 1993 and adopted by the 7305: 6770: 6585: 6352: 6199: 6058: 2503: 2411: 2291: 1998: 1357: 1307:, equating to a maximum bit rate per multiplex of 1,184 kbit/s. 1180: 1070: 1052: 1017: 869: 734: 636: 588: 568:

The timetable for the closure of FM signals in 2017 were as follows:

226:

The DAB standard was initiated as a European research project called

145: 91: 4781:"A German FM Switch-Off Plan Rejected by Broadcasters and Listeners" 2266:

Countries where FM to DAB(+) radio transition is cancelled/postponed

1404: 950: 273:

standardization body in 1994, the European community in 1995 and by

7300: 7290: 7207: 7032: 6855: 5949: 5902: 5860: 3992:"Belgium halts retail sales of analog radio receivers without DAB+" 3470:

Herre, J.; Dietz, M. (2008). "MPEG-4 high-efficiency AAC coding ".

3440:"DAB radio in cars on the rise across Europe - RadioInfo Australia" 2386: 2297: 2279: 2044: 1589: 1517: 1487: 1279: 1009: 680: 666: 658: 640: 614: 610: 573: 422: 383: 340: 332: 195: 83: 4910: 4625:"Dialogic: Switching off FM between 2027 and 2032 still realistic" 4368: 4022:"Norway is first country to turn off FM radio and go digital-only" 3410:"2019 European Radio and Digital Audio Show Highlights innovation" 1636:

after a period when it was available at two different bit rates.)

1531: 754: 750: 746: 281:(NRK) launched the first DAB channel in the world on 1 June 1995 ( 7295: 7280: 6498: 5989: 5944: 5898: 5260: 5115:"Why DMR Radio? Top 10 Benefits of DMR Technology Crunch Reviews" 5100: 3873:"Local DAB digital radio arrives in Cumbria and north Lancashire" 3847:"Channel Islands digital radio launches with an all DAB+ line-up" 2883:(i.e. DAB-only receivers are not able to receive DAB+ broadcasts) 2381: 2326: 2320: 2285: 2190: 2072: 2054: 1968: 1948: 1918: 1633: 1351: 909: 899: 889: 816: 802: 796: 789: 738: 723: 692: 622: 618: 543: 351: 309: 199: 5716:

Stott, J. H.; The How and Why of COFDM, BBC Research Development

4729:"Moldova will give up FM radio and switch to digital radio DAB+" 3001:"Why do digital radios use more electricity than analogue ones?" 148:(AAC+) audio codec and is more robust and efficient. DAB is not 7325: 7285: 6607: 6213: 6029: 6003: 5998: 5957: 5908: 5894: 2685:"Norway becomes first country to end national radio broadcasts" 2370: 2333: 2274: 2225: 2200: 2128: 2118: 2082: 1928: 1908: 1888: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1135: 1131: 1013: 919: 859: 831: 776: 730: 467:

are both suitable for mobile radio and TV because they support

391: 387: 243: 230:

in the 1980s. DAB has been under development since 1981 at the

172: 118: 95: 87: 47: 1710:. In that case, adjacent transmitters use the same frequency. 1702:, i.e. use the same radio frequency channel more densely. The 1057:

Mode III for frequencies below 3 GHz, Earth and satellite

28: 7310: 7247: 6555: 6034: 5929: 5821: 3769: 2314: 2229: 2164: 2034: 1898: 1525: 1499: 1371: 1361: 1228: 929: 712: 705: 676: 644: 437: 336: 270: 191: 184: 165: 137: 5726: 4494: 3801:"DAB Radio launches 18 new stations with Government support" 719:, the broadcaster RAS has started switching FM services off. 156:

DAB is generally more efficient in its use of spectrum than

7252: 4599:"Government response to the Digital Radio and Audio Review" 2935:"Digital Audio Broadcasting – radio now and for the future" 2396: 1343: 1251: 1239: 1224: 1196: 1101: 662: 328:

algorithm. This work led to the launch of the DAB+ system.

274: 99: 36: 3180:"Digital Audio Broadcasting– radio now and for the future" 5798: 5559:. Broadcasting Authority of Ireland. p. 77, fig.44. 5256:"Why DAB sounds so BAD - the UK's digital radio shambles" 3588:"DAB-IP receives the all clear ahead of UK summer launch" 2282:

as used in the neighbouring United States instead of DAB.

1605: 1124: 286: 278: 5745:

ETSI TS 102 563 V1.2.1 (2010-05) Technical Specification

4307:"Rai Radio Director Proposes 2030 FM Shutdown for Italy" 4281:"Rai Radio Director Proposes 2030 FM Shutdown for Italy" 1211:

error decoder to correct a higher proportion of errors.

4082:"Medieprofessor: – Et kritisk øyeblikk for radiomediet" 2595:"£21m analogue radio switch-off plan 'a waste of time'" 1528:

since 2016. DAB is an open standard deposited at ETSI.

1330:

Secondary services, like additional sports commentaries

838: 4367:(in Italian). RAS.bz.it. 17 March 2021. Archived from 3762:"Broadcast Digital Radio Technical Codes and Guidance" 3259:"Digital radio IC makers wrestle with rival standards" 5616:"Antenna Hungária | Digitális rádió műsorszórás" 3070:"DAB Eureka-147: a European vision for digital radio" 2711:"Norway becomes first country to switch off FM radio" 509: DAB no longer used/switched to another standard 277:

in 1997. Pilot broadcasts were launched in 1995: the

187:

has been recommended for small scale transmissions).

1675:, which enables a radiotext of up to 64 characters. 1601:

audio codec to provide high fidelity audio quality.

5739:

ETSI EN 300 401 v1.4.1 – original DAB specification

5586:"T-DAB+ műsorszóró adóhálózat - Magyarország (HNG)" 2653:"Farewell DAB, the radio technology we didn't need" 1827:

Having few digital channels broadcasting in stereo.

1547:Analog FM requires 0.2 MHz per programme. The 1502:in Europe, FM HD Radio uses a codec based upon the 331:

Trials for DAB-IP were held in London in 2006, as "

4937:"Radio: the FM band soon obsolete in Haute-Vienne" 360:For other digital audio broadcasting systems, see 5006: 5004: 4203:"Swiss FM Shutdown Reverts to Original 2024 Date" 1315:Various different services are embedded into one 1238:Using values for Transmission Mode I (TM I), the 7446: 5499:"RTÉ to cease radio transmission on DAB network" 1195:– became a popular ECC scheme in the 1990s, and 554: 5373:For us, DAB+ is 19 times more efficient than FM 2821: 2819: 2300:announced the termination of DAB in April 2011. 2294:announced the termination of DAB in March 2017. 1667:DAB can carry "radiotext" (in DAB terminology, 1532:Use of frequency spectrum and transmitter sites 412:European Telecommunications Standards Institute 5672:"New Zealand | Countries | WorldDAB" 5547: 5545: 5001: 2929: 2927: 2925: 1655: 6368: 5784: 5729:, the global industry forum for digital radio 5523:. Ipsos MRBI. February 2021. pp. 15–18. 5202:"Friends of Radio 3 (FoR3) BBC & R3 News" 5085:. Digitale Utgivelser ved UiO. Archived from 3989: 1254:allows the use of single-frequency networks ( 497: Countries with trials and/or regulation 254:project. DAB was the first standard based on 4126:"Last extension of FM licenses by two years" 3799:Group, Andy Finney ATSF for the Digital TV. 2816: 2309:was confined from 2017 to state broadcaster 2224:In 2006 tests began using the much improved 1246: 1231:modulation techniques. For details, see the 231: 7383:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 5542: 5350: 5222: 4755:"No Agreement For FM Switch-Off in Germany" 3509: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3120:"Digital Radio - The Eureka 147 DAB System" 3067: 2922: 2894:"EBU Viewpoint The future of digital radio" 1645: 1119:audio codec, which is often referred to as 594:21 April in Trøndelag and Møre og Romsdal ( 7419: 6375: 6361: 5791: 5777: 5551: 5353:"Italy's South Tyrol Begins FM Switch off" 5225:"Ofcom reveals DAB sound quality opinions" 3897: 3469: 1807:and as additional transmitters are built. 1632:at 320 kbit/s, described as 'HD', on 1327:Primary services, like main radio stations 1165: 297:creating affordable receivers such as the 256:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 213: 86:organisation. The standard is dominant in 5646:"Riksrevisionens rapport om digitalradio" 5386:"Canada • Country Information • WorldDAB" 1618:BBC R&D White Paper WHP 061 June 2003 1480: 1445:Learn how and when to remove this message 1394: 1310: 991:Learn how and when to remove this message 250:("MP2") codec was created as part of the 5286: 5253: 5137: 5112: 4108:"News SRG schaltet UKW per Ende Jahr ab" 3498: 3465: 3463: 3461: 2763: 2761: 2734: 2732: 2244: 482: 371: 217: 46: 35: 27: 5757:An overview of DAB+ services in Germany 5518:"JNLR report: Radio in a Digital World" 5496: 4859:"Estonia steps closer to digital radio" 3510:Britanak, Vladimir; Rao, K. R. (2017). 3408:Pautler, Emmanuelle (28 January 2019). 3407: 3256: 2792: 2790: 2498: 2496: 1857: 1789: 1060:Mode IV for L-Band, Earth and satellite 7447: 6382: 5066:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4993:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3572:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3301:from the original on 16 September 2021 3242:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1794: 1678:The DAB transmission contains a local 1516:HD Radio is a proprietary system from 1174:The old version of DAB uses punctured 1086:statistical time-division multiplexing 478: 410:coding. DAB+ has been standardised as 6356: 6169: 5772: 5418:from the original on 30 November 2020 5164: 5162: 4709:from the original on 20 December 2022 4683:from the original on 19 December 2022 4313:from the original on 25 December 2022 3898:Trebilcock, Oliver (5 January 2024). 3742:from the original on 3 September 2022 3643:from the original on 3 September 2022 3458: 2910:from the original on 28 November 2020 2758: 2729: 2665:from the original on 3 September 2022 2607:from the original on 3 September 2022 2575:from the original on 3 September 2022 2418:Spectral efficiency: comparison table 2240: 1773: 1755: 1524:since 2015, which is itself owned by 761:receives signals from Denmark, while 491: Countries with regular services 132:The original version of DAB used the 106:are actively running DAB broadcasts. 7429: 5690:"MBIE calls time on DAB Radio trial" 5626:from the original on 11 January 2022 5596:from the original on 5 December 2021 5478:from the original on 23 January 2023 5448:from the original on 27 October 2018 5412:"YLE Closes Down DAB Radio Services" 5080: 4943:from the original on 3 February 2023 4865:from the original on 2 February 2023 4839:from the original on 31 January 2023 4813:from the original on 7 February 2023 4631:from the original on 4 February 2023 4553:from the original on 1 February 2023 4397:from the original on 22 October 2022 4345:from the original on 31 October 2018 4287:from the original on 27 January 2023 4261:from the original on 1 February 2023 4235:from the original on 7 February 2023 4209:from the original on 23 October 2022 4157:from the original on 21 October 2022 4151:"Switzerland FM switch off end 2024" 4088:from the original on 12 January 2017 4062:from the original on 11 January 2017 4032:from the original on 27 January 2017 4002:from the original on 2 February 2023 3924:Ross, Madeleine (25 November 2023). 3923: 3900:"Digital radio switchover explained" 3879:from the original on 2 December 2021 3853:from the original on 4 December 2021 3160:from the original on 16 January 2012 2981:from the original on 6 February 2023 2804:from the original on 21 October 2022 2787: 2775:from the original on 21 October 2022 2746:from the original on 21 October 2022 2691:from the original on 5 February 2023 2549:from the original on 31 October 2018 2527: 2525: 2510:from the original on 13 October 2022 2493: 2455:from the original on 23 October 2022 1720: 1427:adding citations to reliable sources 1398: 1130:The newer DAB+ standard adopted the 973:adding citations to reliable sources 944: 839:Household receiver penetration rates 5735:- Canadian Communication Foundation 5694:NBR | The Authority since 1970 5652:from the original on 2 January 2023 5323: 5268:from the original on 7 January 2022 4735:from the original on 5 January 2023 3192:from the original on 11 August 2017 2955:from the original on 11 August 2017 522:regular or trial DAB(+) broadcasts. 13: 6170: 5159: 5113:Belousov, Dima (4 February 2023). 5083:"Lydkvalitetet i DAB digitalradio" 4787:from the original on 30 March 2023 4605:from the original on 29 March 2023 4579:from the original on 28 March 2023 4527:from the original on 29 March 2023 3780:from the original on 13 April 2014 3598:from the original on 2 August 2021 3130:from the original on 2 August 2021 1766: 1650: 1536:DAB can give substantially higher 1494:The first generation DAB uses the 1319:(which is also typically called a 1156:modified discrete cosine transform 1003: 698: 396:modified discrete cosine transform 322:modified discrete cosine transform 279:Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation 14: 7481: 7460:Audiovisual introductions in 1995 5720: 5709:ETSI specifications available at 5566:from the original on 2 March 2021 5530:from the original on 15 July 2021 5505:from the original on 2 March 2021 5305:from the original on 22 June 2023 5182:from the original on 4 March 2009 5125:from the original on 30 June 2023 4975:from the original on 26 June 2023 4917:from the original on 19 June 2023 4891:from the original on 19 June 2023 4657:from the original on 22 June 2023 4423:from the original on 19 June 2023 4183:from the original on 22 June 2023 3964:. 22 October 2022. Archived from 3798: 3637:"New international logo for DAB+" 3617:World DMB forums list of benefits 3446:from the original on 26 June 2023 3420:from the original on 26 June 2023 3389:from the original on 26 June 2023 3359:from the original on 26 June 2023 3327:from the original on 26 June 2023 3269:from the original on 26 June 2023 3224:from the original on 26 June 2023 3049:from the original on 22 June 2023 2865:from the original on 26 June 2023 2839:from the original on 26 June 2023 2522: 2481:from the original on 6 April 2023 1064: 7428: 7418: 7409: 7408: 7397: 7018:Free-space optical communication 6325: 5733:Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) 5682: 5664: 5638: 5608: 5578: 5497:Crowley, Sinéad (2 March 2021). 5490: 5460: 5430: 5404: 5378: 5351:Davide Moro (12 December 2017). 5344: 5317: 4761:from the original on 1 June 2023 4229:"Switzerland prepares to cut FM" 3990:RedTech Staff (2 January 2023). 3697:from the original on 15 May 2009 3530:from the original on 1 July 2023 2717:from the original on 4 June 2023 2633:from the original on 1 July 2023 2219: 1814: 1689: 1577: 1403: 1142:audio codecs, commonly known as 949: 5711:ETSI Publications Download Area 5280: 5247: 5216: 5194: 5106: 5074: 5036: 4955: 4929: 4903: 4877: 4851: 4825: 4799: 4773: 4747: 4721: 4695: 4669: 4643: 4617: 4591: 4565: 4539: 4513: 4487: 4461: 4435: 4409: 4383: 4357: 4325: 4299: 4273: 4247: 4221: 4195: 4169: 4143: 4118: 4100: 4074: 4044: 4014: 3983: 3951: 3917: 3891: 3865: 3839: 3792: 3754: 3728: 3709: 3679: 3655: 3629: 3610: 3580: 3542: 3472:IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 3432: 3401: 3371: 3339: 3313: 3281: 3250: 3204: 3172: 3142: 3112: 3061: 3025: 3011: 2993: 2967: 2886: 2877: 2851: 2703: 2359:Digital multimedia broadcasting 1831: 1414:needs additional citations for 1323:). These services can include: 1186:The DAB+ standard incorporates 960:needs additional citations for 461:Digital multimedia broadcasting 456:Digital multimedia broadcasting 343:which were also under testing. 6265:Error detection and correction 5326:"DAB 20 Times Greener Than FM" 4255:"Malta DAB+ current situation" 2677: 2645: 2619: 2587: 2561: 2467: 2441: 1110: 1051:Mode II for L-Band, Earth and 687: 551:, the Flemish media minister. 390:v2 audio codec (also known as 1: 5223:James Welsh (17 April 2007). 4449:(in Swedish). 24 January 2022 3150:"St.meld. nr. 30 (2006-2007)" 3033:"HTTP Post Binding (Request)" 2827:"DAB digital radio worldwide" 2569:"DAB: A very British failure" 2533:"WorldDAB DAB Global Summary" 2435: 1218: 940: 765:receives signals from Norway. 555:FM to DAB(+) radio transition 503: Countries with interest 222:Prototype DAB receiver (1993) 7404:Telecommunication portal 7185:Telecommunications equipment 5552:Mediatique (December 2017). 5287:WorldDAB (29 October 2023). 4338:. WorldDAB. 29 August 2018. 3736:"DAB+ services launch in UK" 3379:"Europe Dials into DAB/DAB+" 2504:"List of Countries with DAB" 2376:ETSI Satellite Digital Radio 1518:iBiquity Digital Corporation 1273: 1233:OFDM system comparison table 1115:DAB initially only used the 830:region in southwest-central 234:Institut für Rundfunktechnik 194:digital radio standards are 80:digital audio radio services 7: 6921:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 6338:Comparison of radio systems 5254:Techmoan (7 January 2022). 4391:"DAB+ Situation in Denmark" 2946:European Broadcasting Union 2354:Digital audio radio service 2347: 1866: 1656:Improved features for users 394:) was adopted. AAC+ uses a 10: 7486: 6625:Telecommunications history 6311:International broadcasting 6280:FM extended band in Brazil 5703: 4417:"DAB+ Situation in Sweden" 1704:system spectral efficiency 1581: 1558:system spectral efficiency 1337:Electronic Programme Guide 1278:An ensemble has a maximum 1127:(MPEG-1 Audio Layer III). 1123:because of the ubiquitous 1036:Mode I for Band III, Earth 704:The small island country, 513: 453: 402:audio format and stronger 359: 62:Digital Audio Broadcasting 18: 7392: 7334: 7271: 7233:Public Switched Telephone 7193: 7157: 7114: 7055: 7045:telecommunication circuit 7006:Fiber-optic communication 6989: 6751:Francis Blake (telephone) 6698: 6546:Optical telecommunication 6390: 6319: 6298: 6237: 6197: 6176: 6165: 6121: 6078: 6048: 6012: 5977: 5970: 5922: 5851: 5820: 5813: 4547:"Regulation and Spectrum" 3516:. Springer. p. 478. 3383:www.strategyanalytics.com 1733:, which afflict existing 1247:Single-frequency networks 559: 335:Movio". It competed with 312:audio codec and stronger 7144:Orbital angular-momentum 6581:Satellite communications 6420:Communications satellite 4052:"Slik slukkes FM-nettet" 3257:EETimes (5 April 2002). 3086:10.1177/1461444808099578 1838:single-frequency network 1696:link spectral efficiency 1646:Strengths and weaknesses 7023:Molecular communication 6846:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 6675:Undersea telegraph line 6410:Cable protection system 6290:Shortwave relay station 6189:Audio signal processing 5751:DAB Ensembles Worldwide 3687:"Settings and stations" 3622:17 October 2007 at the 3492:10.1109/MSP.2008.918684 3074:New Media & Society 3068:O'Neill, Brian (2009). 1805:error correction coding 1801:error correction coding 1554:co-channel interference 1166:Error-correction coding 1098:error-correction coding 1012:(174–240 MHz) and 516:Countries using DAB/DMB 404:error correction coding 367: 314:error correction coding 214:History and development 7165:Communication protocol 6951:Charles Sumner Tainter 6766:Walter Houser Brattain 6711:Edwin Howard Armstrong 6519:Information revolution 6184:Audio data compression 2365:Digital Radio Mondiale 2288:abandoned DAB in 2005. 2258: 1744:Due to sensitivity to 1621: 1567: 1481:FM HD Radio versus DAB 1395:DAB and AM/FM compared 1311:Services and ensembles 1020:. The US military has 826:, a department in the 511: 449: 377: 326:audio data compression 232: 223: 58: 44: 33: 16:Digital radio standard 7139:Polarization-division 6871:Narinder Singh Kapany 6836:Erna Schneider Hoover 6756:Jagadish Chandra Bose 6736:Alexander Graham Bell 6467:online video platform 6285:Multipath propagation 6108:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 5978:Frequency allocations 5853:Frequency allocations 5472:www.mundodaradio.info 5119:www.crunchreviews.com 5081:Holm, Sverre (2007). 4501:(in Norwegian Bokmål) 2948:: 2–27. Autumn 1995. 2392:Internet radio device 2248: 1750:multipath propagation 1669:Dynamic Label Segment 1610: 1542: 1496:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 1350:(known as 'broadcast 1193:"concatenated coding" 1117:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 1090:frame synchronization 520:55 countries provide 486: 431:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 375: 318:audio coding standard 304:In October 2005, the 248:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 221: 50: 39: 31: 7465:Norwegian inventions 6981:Vladimir K. Zworykin 6941:Almon Brown Strowger 6911:Charles Grafton Page 6566:Prepaid mobile phone 6494:Electrical telegraph 6238:Technical (emission) 5414:. 23 February 2005. 4913:. 25 December 2022. 4887:. 25 December 2022. 4861:. 25 December 2022. 4835:. 25 December 2022. 4783:. 25 December 2022. 4757:. 25 December 2022. 4705:. 19 December 2022. 4679:. 19 December 2022. 4627:. 28 November 2022. 4309:. 25 December 2022. 4283:. 25 December 2022. 4257:. 25 December 2022. 4231:. 28 December 2022. 3722:8 March 2008 at the 2942:EBU Technical Review 2423:Ultra high frequency 1790:Disadvantages of DAB 1767:§ Audio quality 1748:in combination with 1423:improve this article 1176:convolutional coding 1080:. Below that is the 969:improve this article 90:and is also used in 57:branded DAB receiver 6931:Johann Philipp Reis 6690:Wireless revolution 6652:The Telephone Cases 6509:Hydraulic telegraph 5762:1 June 2019 at the 5648:. 14 October 2015. 5392:on 10 November 2018 5363:on 16 December 2017 5024:on 28 November 2007 4885:"Estonia DAB+ News" 4809:. 14 January 2023. 4653:. 16 January 2023. 4601:. 24 October 2022. 4575:. 24 October 2022. 4549:. 24 October 2022. 4523:. 24 October 2022. 4419:. 22 October 2022. 4393:. 22 October 2022. 4205:. 23 October 2022. 4179:. 23 October 2022. 4153:. 23 October 2022. 4084:. 11 January 2017. 3738:. 28 January 2016. 3691:dab-digitalradio.ch 3639:. 18 October 2018. 3592:www.commsupdate.com 3562:on 18 October 2021. 3484:2008ISPM...25..137H 3289:"DAB digital radio" 2977:. 4 December 2022. 2800:. 21 October 2022. 2771:. 21 October 2022. 2742:. 21 October 2022. 2713:. 23 October 2022. 2687:. 23 October 2022. 2506:. 23 October 2022. 2477:. 23 October 2022. 2451:. 23 October 2022. 2429:Very high frequency 2251:"AA" size batteries 1538:spectral efficiency 1205:Forney interleaving 722:"The government of 526:spectrum management 479:Countries using DAB 414:(ETSI) TS 102 563. 7129:Frequency-division 7106:Telephone exchange 6976:Charles Wheatstone 6906:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 6881:Innocenzo Manzetti 6816:Reginald Fessenden 6551:Optical telegraphy 6384:Telecommunications 5332:on 13 October 2016 5212:on 6 October 2008. 5149:david.robinson.org 4939:. 9 January 2023. 4731:. 5 January 2023. 3971:on 19 January 2022 3831:has generic name ( 2542:. 29 August 2018. 2259: 2241:Power requirements 1883:(% of population) 1858:Transmission costs 1774:Transmission costs 1770:for more details. 1756:Variable bandwidth 1545:Numerical example: 1520:, a subsidiary of 1078:presentation layer 854:(% of households) 828:Nouvelle-Aquitaine 810:the Czech Republic 512: 419:forward compatible 378: 224: 206:, and the related 177:digital broadcasts 150:forward compatible 94:, and in parts of 59: 45: 40:Official DAB logo 34: 32:Official DAB+ logo 7442: 7441: 7180:Store and forward 7175:Data transmission 7089:Network switching 7040:Transmission line 6886:Guglielmo Marconi 6851:Internet pioneers 6716:Mohamed M. Atalla 6685:Whistled language 6350: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6270:FM broadcast band 6177:Technical (audio) 6074: 6073: 5966: 5965: 5590:www.frekvencia.hu 5324:Garfors, Gunnar. 4371:on 27 August 2021 4058:. 20 April 2015. 3875:. December 2021. 3773:. 11 April 2014. 2629:. 20 March 2018. 2475:"DAB/DAB+ RADIOS" 2217: 2216: 1795:Reception quality 1721:Reception quality 1634:BBC Radio iPlayer 1526:Xperi Corporation 1455: 1454: 1447: 1291:of approximately 1001: 1000: 993: 938: 937: 43: 7477: 7470:Swiss inventions 7432: 7431: 7422: 7421: 7412: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7273:Notable networks 7263:Wireless network 7203:Cellular network 7195:Types of network 7170:Computer network 7057:Network topology 6971:Thomas A. Watson 6826:Oliver Heaviside 6811:Philo Farnsworth 6786:Daniel Davis Jr. 6761:Charles Bourseul 6721:John Logie Baird 6430:Data compression 6425:Computer network 6377: 6370: 6363: 6354: 6353: 6332:Radio portal 6330: 6329: 6328: 6306:History of radio 6250:AM expanded band 6167: 6166: 6050:Commercial radio 5975: 5974: 5818: 5817: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5698: 5697: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5676:www.worlddab.org 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5388:. Archived from 5382: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5368: 5359:. Archived from 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5328:. Archived from 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5304: 5293: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5231:. Archived from 5220: 5214: 5213: 5208:. Archived from 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5151:. Archived from 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5065: 5057: 5056:on 25 June 2022. 5055: 5049:. Archived from 5048: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5017:. Archived from 5016: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4992: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4344: 4337: 4333:"Global Summary" 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3824: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3807:on 18 March 2016 3803:. Archived from 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3779: 3766: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3732: 3726: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3675:on 27 June 2013. 3674: 3668:. Archived from 3667: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3633: 3627: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3563: 3561: 3555:. Archived from 3554: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3507: 3496: 3495: 3467: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3241: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3191: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3096:. Archived from 3080:(1–2): 261–278. 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3048: 3037: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3007:. 19 April 2017. 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2954: 2939: 2931: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2909: 2898: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2794: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2548: 2537: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2500: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2445: 1875: 1874: 1836:The nature of a 1619: 1450: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1407: 1399: 1364:of a suspect or 1306: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1285:error correction 1201:byte interleaver 1138:, including its 996: 989: 985: 982: 976: 953: 945: 846: 845: 653:20 September in 633:Sogn og Fjordane 508: 502: 496: 490: 423:firmware upgrade 237: 41: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7398: 7396: 7388: 7330: 7267: 7189: 7153: 7110: 7059: 7051: 6992: 6985: 6891:Robert Metcalfe 6746:Tim Berners-Lee 6694: 6514:Information Age 6386: 6381: 6351: 6342: 6326: 6324: 6315: 6294: 6275:FM broadcasting 6245:AM broadcasting 6233: 6193: 6172: 6161: 6117: 6070: 6044: 6013:Digital systems 6008: 5993: 5962: 5923:Digital systems 5918: 5847: 5809: 5797: 5764:Wayback Machine 5723: 5706: 5701: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5506: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5442:www.info.gov.hk 5436: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5366: 5364: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5221: 5217: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5155:on 8 July 2008. 5143: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5126: 5111: 5107: 5092: 5090: 5079: 5075: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5046: 5044:"Archived copy" 5042: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5002: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4963:"Archived copy" 4961: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4469:"Radio dækning" 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3849:. August 2021. 3845: 3844: 3840: 3828: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3808: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3724:Wayback Machine 3718:, worlddab.org 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3665: 3663:"Press release" 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3624:Wayback Machine 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3550:"Archived copy" 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3524: 3508: 3499: 3468: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3255: 3251: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3212:"Archived copy" 3210: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3156:. 11 May 2007. 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3012: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2658:The Irish Times 2651: 2650: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2603:. 2 July 2012. 2600:TheGuardian.com 2593: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2414:satellite radio 2402:Satellite radio 2350: 2268: 2243: 2222: 1882: 1869: 1860: 1834: 1817: 1797: 1792: 1776: 1758: 1723: 1715:Southern Norway 1692: 1684:Daylight Saving 1658: 1653: 1651:Benefits of DAB 1648: 1620: 1617: 1586: 1580: 1549:frequency reuse 1534: 1483: 1451: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1420: 1408: 1397: 1342:Collections of 1313: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1276: 1249: 1221: 1168: 1113: 1092:. Finally, the 1084:, in charge of 1082:data link layer 1067: 1006: 1004:Bands and modes 997: 986: 980: 977: 966: 954: 943: 853: 841: 701: 699:Other countries 690: 675:13 December in 585:Møre og Romsdal 562: 557: 518: 510: 506: 504: 500: 498: 494: 492: 488: 481: 458: 452: 406:in the form of 370: 365: 306:World DMB Forum 216: 144:which uses the 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7483: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7426: 7416: 7406: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7199: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7124:Space-division 7120: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7074: 7069: 7063: 7061: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6961:Camille Tissot 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6936:Claude Shannon 6933: 6928: 6926:Tivadar Puskás 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6896:Antonio Meucci 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6866:Charles K. Kao 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6841:Harold Hopkins 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6741:Emile Berliner 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6680:Videotelephony 6677: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6583: 6578: 6576:Radiotelephone 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6462:Internet video 6454: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6224:Kahn-Hazeltine 6221: 6216: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6171:Related topics 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6055: 6053: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5906: 5888: 5878: 5868: 5857: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5796: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5722: 5721:External links 5719: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5696:. 4 June 2018. 5681: 5663: 5637: 5607: 5577: 5541: 5489: 5459: 5429: 5403: 5377: 5343: 5316: 5279: 5246: 5215: 5193: 5158: 5136: 5105: 5073: 5035: 5012:"Worlddab.org" 5000: 4954: 4928: 4902: 4876: 4850: 4824: 4798: 4772: 4746: 4720: 4694: 4668: 4642: 4616: 4590: 4564: 4538: 4512: 4486: 4460: 4434: 4408: 4382: 4356: 4324: 4298: 4272: 4246: 4220: 4194: 4168: 4142: 4117: 4099: 4073: 4043: 4013: 3982: 3950: 3916: 3890: 3864: 3838: 3791: 3753: 3727: 3708: 3678: 3654: 3628: 3626:, worlddab.org 3609: 3579: 3541: 3522: 3497: 3478:(3): 137–142. 3457: 3431: 3400: 3370: 3347:"Presentation" 3338: 3312: 3280: 3249: 3203: 3171: 3154:Regjeringen.no 3141: 3126:. April 1998. 3111: 3100:on 14 May 2010 3060: 3024: 3021:. 3 June 2014. 3010: 2992: 2966: 2921: 2885: 2876: 2850: 2815: 2786: 2757: 2728: 2702: 2676: 2644: 2618: 2586: 2560: 2521: 2492: 2466: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2324: 2318: 2307:DAB in Ireland 2304: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2267: 2264: 2242: 2239: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1979:Czech Republic 1975: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1959:United Kingdom 1955: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1816: 1813: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1775: 1772: 1757: 1754: 1722: 1719: 1700:reuse distance 1691: 1688: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1615: 1579: 1576: 1533: 1530: 1482: 1479: 1453: 1452: 1411: 1409: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388:Other raw data 1386: 1380: 1374: 1369: 1355: 1348:digital images 1340: 1333:Data services 1331: 1328: 1312: 1309: 1275: 1272: 1248: 1245: 1220: 1217: 1167: 1164: 1154:. AAC+ uses a 1112: 1109: 1094:physical layer 1074:protocol stack 1066: 1065:Protocol stack 1063: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1005: 1002: 999: 998: 957: 955: 948: 942: 939: 936: 935: 932: 926: 925: 922: 916: 915: 912: 906: 905: 902: 896: 895: 892: 886: 885: 882: 880:United Kingdom 876: 875: 872: 866: 865: 862: 856: 855: 850: 840: 837: 836: 835: 820: 813: 806: 800: 794: 787: 780: 773: 770:United Kingdom 766: 727: 720: 709: 700: 697: 689: 686: 685: 684: 673: 670: 651: 648: 629: 626: 607: 592: 579:8 February in 577: 572:11 January in 561: 558: 556: 553: 549:Benjamin Dalle 537:European Union 514:Main article: 505: 499: 493: 487: 480: 477: 454:Main article: 451: 448: 417:As DAB is not 369: 366: 348:United Kingdom 267:United Kingdom 240:European Union 215: 212: 102:; as of 2022, 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7482: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7455:Digital radio 7453: 7452: 7450: 7435: 7427: 7425: 7417: 7415: 7407: 7405: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7384: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7149:Code-division 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7134:Time-division 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060:and switching 7058: 7054: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7011:optical fiber 7009: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7002: 7001:Coaxial cable 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6916:Radia Perlman 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6806:Lee de Forest 6804: 6802: 6801:Thomas Edison 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6791:Donald Davies 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6776:Claude Chappe 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6620:Smoke signals 6618: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6598:Semiconductor 6596: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6457:Digital media 6455: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6371: 6366: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6260:Digital radio 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5804:digital audio 5801: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5546: 5526: 5519: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5374: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5235:on 9 May 2010 5234: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5178: 5175:. BBC.co.uk. 5171: 5165: 5163: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5089:on 1 May 2008 5088: 5084: 5077: 5069: 5063: 5052: 5045: 5039: 5020: 5013: 5007: 5005: 4996: 4990: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4341: 4334: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4026:New Scientist 4023: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3930:The Telegraph 3927: 3920: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3834: 3822: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3575: 3569: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3529: 3525: 3523:9783319610801 3519: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3297: 3290: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3220: 3213: 3207: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3028: 3020: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2889: 2880: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2820: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2745: 2741: 2740:"Switzerland" 2735: 2733: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2648: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2590: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2526: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2263: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220:Compatibility 2212: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1815:Audio quality 1812: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1746:Doppler shift 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1690:More stations 1687: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1578:Sound quality 1575: 1572: 1571:shadow fading 1566: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1478: 1474: 1472: 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The AAC+ 285:), and the 263:audio codec 192:terrestrial 123:Switzerland 7449:Categories 7362:Antarctica 7321:Toasternet 7243:Television 6726:Paul Baran 6658:Television 6642:(teletype) 6635:Telegraphy 6613:transistor 6591:Phryctoria 6561:Photophone 6539:Smartphone 6529:Mass media 6137:DirectBand 6123:Subcarrier 5825:modulation 5747:, etsi.org 5741:, etsi.org 5630:11 January 5600:11 January 4349:31 October 4161:21 October 4135:3 November 4092:11 January 4066:11 January 4036:11 January 3975:22 October 3943:15 January 3909:15 January 3883:5 December 3857:5 December 3701:6 December 3534:24 October 3196:14 January 2959:14 January 2808:21 October 2779:21 October 2750:21 October 2553:31 October 2514:16 October 2436:References 2255:headphones 2228:codec for 2210:Indonesia 2139:Azerbaijan 1824:examples). 1582:See also: 1513:standard. 1384:tunnelling 1358:Slideshows 1346:pages and 1267:gap-filler 1265:Low power 1219:Modulation 1105:modulation 941:Technology 717:Alto Adige 547:commented 469:MPEG 4 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