181:
301:
255:
86:
263:
271:
251:
frustrating day in the laboratory trying to find an adhesive that would hold the tape securely without affecting its function, he came home with several pieces of magnetic tape and several plastic cards. As he entered his home his wife was ironing clothing. When he explained the source of his frustration – inability to get the tape to "stick" to the plastic so that it would not come off, but without compromising its function – she suggested that he use the iron to melt the stripe on. He tried it and it worked. The heat of the iron was just high enough to bond the tape to the card.
4133:
236:
4113:
2035:
4123:
169:
420:
and sometimes both, in case one track is unreadable. The minimum cardholder account information needed to complete a transaction is present on both tracks. Track 1 has a higher bit density (210 bits per inch vs. 75), is the only track that may contain alphabetic text, and hence is the only track that contains the cardholder's name.
133:, now define the physical properties of such cards, including size, flexibility, location of the magstripe, magnetic characteristics, and data formats. Those standards also specify characteristics for financial cards, including the allocation of card number ranges to different card issuing institutions.
333:
In most magnetic stripe cards, the magnetic stripe is contained in a plastic-like film. The magnetic stripe is located 0.223 inches (5.7 mm) from the edge of the card, and is 0.375 inches (9.5 mm) wide. The magnetic stripe contains three tracks, each 0.110 inches (2.8 mm) wide. Tracks
250:
had the idea of attaching a piece of magnetic tape, the predominant storage medium at the time, to a plastic card base. He tried it, but the result was unsatisfactory. Strips of tape warped easily, and the tape's function was negatively affected by adhesives he used to attach it to the card. After a
159:
which contains digital cards - cards that can be created online without having to have a plastic card in first place, although all of its merchants currently issue both plastic and digital cards. There are several virtual card issuing companies located in different geographical regions, such as Weel
419:
There are up to three tracks on magnetic cards known as tracks 1, 2, and 3. Track 3 is virtually unused by the major worldwide networks , and often is not even physically present on the card by virtue of a narrower magnetic stripe. Point-of-sale card readers almost always read track 1, or track 2,
285:
Initial customers included banks, insurance companies and hospitals, who provided IBM with raw plastic cards preprinted with their logos, along with a list of the contact information and data which was to be encoded and embossed on the cards. Manufacturing involved attaching the magnetic stripe to
926:
Note: Each state has a different selection of information they encode, not all states are the same. Note: Some states, such as Texas, have laws restricting the access and use of electronically readable information encoded on driver's licenses or identification cards under certain circumstances.
334:
one and three are typically recorded at 210 bits per inch (8.27 bits per mm), while track two typically has a recording density of 75 bits per inch (2.95 bits per mm). Each track can either contain 7-bit alphanumeric characters, or 5-bit numeric characters. Track 1 standards were created by the
396:
Magnetic stripe cloning can be detected by the implementation of magnetic card reader heads and firmware that can read a signature of magnetic noise permanently embedded in all magnetic stripes during the card production process. This signature can be used in conjunction with common two-factor
400:
Some types of cards intentionally ignore the ISO standards regarding which kind of data is recorded in each track, and use their own data sequences instead; these include hotel key cards, most subway and bus cards, and some national prepaid calling cards (such as for the country of
989:
to obtain administrative access from hotel keys, via service staff walking past him. Hecker claims he used administrative keys from POS systems on other systems, effectively providing access to any system with a magnetic stripe reader, providing access to run privileged commands.
548:
This format was developed by the banking industry (ABA). This track is written with a 5-bit scheme (4 data bits + 1 parity), which allows for sixteen possible characters, which are the numbers 0–9, plus the six characters
614:) — it is one character and a validity character calculated from other data on the track. Most reader devices do not make the LRC available for display, but use it to verify the input internally to the device.
184:
Visualization of magnetically stored information on a magnetic stripe card (recorded with CMOS-MagView, dark colors correspond to magnetic north, light colors correspond to magnetic south)
1579:
282:(UPC). This engineering effort resulted in IBM producing the first magnetic striped plastic credit and ID cards used by banks, insurance companies, hospitals and many others.
239:
The first prototype of magnetic stripe card created by IBM in the late 1960s. A stripe of cellophane magnetic tape is fixed to a piece of cardboard with clear adhesive tape
258:
Front side of the first magnetic stripe plastic credit card. Note that the narrow magnetic stripe is on the front of the card. It was later switched to the back side.
89:
Front side of the first
Magnetic Stripe plastic credit card. Note that the narrow magnetic stripe is on the front of the card. It was later switched to the back side.
349:
hardware, which are simply general-purpose computers that have been programmed to perform the required tasks. Examples of cards adhering to these standards include
97:
in
Denmark around 1900 for recording audio. In the 1950s, magnetic recording of digital computer data on plastic tape coated with iron oxide was invented. In 1960,
964:
Cards that contain all three features (magnetic stripe, smart card chip, and RFID chip) are also becoming common as more activities require the use of such cards.
592: — three digits. The first digit specifies the interchange rules, the second specifies authorization processing and the third specifies the range of services
700:
180:
1649:"Texas statutes, section 521.126, restricting use of electronically readable information from driver's licenses or personal identification certificates"
1257:
1397:
77:. These virtual cards are used in very high volumes by the mass transit sector, replacing paper-based tickets and the earlier magnetic strip cards.
3298:
1747:
274:
Back of early magnetic striped encoded paper card. The narrow magnetic stripe in the center of the card was applied using a magnetic slurry paint.
106:
4077:
1480:
309:
Creating the international standards for stripe record content, including which information, in what format, and using which defining codes.
3102:
1577:
1880:
553:. (It may seem odd that these particular punctuation symbols were selected, but by using them the set of sixteen characters matches the
3323:
1451:
3455:
3433:
2223:
386:
1362:
1701:
1216:
703:. Not all states and provinces use a magnetic stripe on their driver's licenses. For a list of those that do, see the AAMVA list.
30:
can refer to a physical item, such as a memory card on a camera, or, increasingly since 2017, to the digital content hosted as a
4224:
3097:
335:
297:, but still needed more work. Steps required to convert the magnetic striped media into an industry acceptable device included:
2367:
1160:
196:
attached to a plastic card. A computer device can update the card's content. The magnetic stripe is read by swiping it past a
3569:
1840:
1424:
393:
stored on the card itself. Many video game and amusement centers now use debit card systems based on magnetic stripe cards.
1740:
278:
Incremental improvements from 1969 through 1973 enabled developing and selling implementations of what became known as the
3313:
2557:
1510:, "Credit card automatic currency dispenser"; Thomas Barnes, George Chastain, and Marion Karecki; issued August 22, 1972
300:
4209:
4176:
4066:
1804:
1524:, "Credit card automatic currency dispenser"; Thomas Barnes, George Chastain, and Don Wetzel; issued September 25, 1973
3800:
3714:
3375:
519: — may include Pin Verification Key Indicator (PVKI, 1 character), PIN Verification Value (PVV, 4 characters),
212:
4234:
3646:
2567:
2017:
1036:
Using IoB (Identification over
Bluetooth, an obsolete method which is rarely used) or PoB (Payment over Bluetooth).
1720:
4156:
4146:
4136:
3673:
1873:
1733:
405:) in which the balance is stored and maintained directly on the stripe and not retrieved from a remote database.
20:
1618:
1187:
957:
Hybrid smart cards include a magnetic stripe in addition to the chip—this combination is most commonly found in
4151:
3846:
3836:
3734:
3003:
294:
209:
1715:
4039:
3805:
3067:
2174:
2079:
611:
536:
424:
1286:
73:
can store content from the card issuer; discount offers and news updates can be transmitted wirelessly, via
4199:
4166:
4161:
3770:
2840:
2724:
2522:
2465:
2280:
985:
In the talk, Hecker described the way magnetic strip cards function and utilised spoofing software, and an
520:
339:
1401:
1335:"IBM100 - Click on "View all icons". Click on 8th row from the bottom titled "Magnetic Stripe Technology""
4229:
4214:
4204:
3663:
3555:
2876:
2512:
1243:
318:
Modifying available equipment to enable it to issue and accept stripes and the data associated with them.
4034:
4018:
3560:
3515:
3443:
2897:
2360:
1866:
1648:
1710:
4219:
3148:
2907:
2850:
2623:
2592:
2547:
2500:
1092:
254:
85:
262:
4171:
3952:
3760:
3615:
2983:
2963:
2912:
2263:
2201:
1026:
1018:
699:
The data stored on magnetic stripes on
American and Canadian driver's licenses is specified by the
1484:
397:
authentication schemes utilized in ATM, debit/retail point-of-sale and prepaid card applications.
270:
4013:
3719:
3593:
2648:
834:- 5 digits (If there is no information to put in this field, a field separator is used instead.)
4044:
3815:
3631:
3333:
3008:
2517:
2322:
2251:
2211:
947:
279:
101:
built upon the magnetic tape idea and developed a reliable way of securing magnetic stripes to
539:) — it is one character and a validity character calculated from other data on the track.
4060:
4025:
3651:
3610:
3241:
2973:
2947:
2855:
2643:
2353:
2305:
327:
315:
Developing the manufacturing steps needed to mass-produce the large number of cards required.
1455:
1244:"Digital credit card replacement Coin is almost ready to swipe — the Coin Beta begins today"
3880:
3790:
3744:
3739:
3545:
3343:
3288:
3271:
3114:
2993:
2806:
2638:
2613:
2552:
2413:
2184:
2004:
1798:
1786:
1123:
1103:
641:
6: National interchange only except under bilateral agreement, use IC (chip) where feasible
1595:
495: — 2 to 26 characters, surnames separated by space if necessary, Surname separator: /
8:
4054:
3916:
3851:
3656:
3599:
3565:
2968:
2749:
2714:
2693:
2683:
2653:
2332:
1369:
1030:
374:
51:
39:
4029:
4004:
3904:
3886:
3550:
2932:
2658:
2582:
2527:
2485:
2094:
1889:
1698:
1429:
1221:
1192:
1165:
1072:
1062:
939:
571:
480:
220:
38:, as a digital virtual representation of a physical card. They share a common purpose:
4141:
4088:
3982:
3977:
3841:
3765:
3360:
3328:
3236:
3168:
3153:
3060:
2988:
2942:
2824:
2819:
2739:
2678:
2475:
2327:
2273:
2236:
2121:
2084:
1133:
1108:
1077:
243:
Magnetic storage was known from World War II and computer data storage in the 1950s.
961:, to make them usable at payment terminals that do not include a smart card reader.
304:
Front and back of a card from the late 1980s used in food vending machines in the UK
172:
An example of the reverse side of a typical credit card: Green circle #1 labels the
4071:
3874:
3866:
3795:
3697:
3625:
3226:
3183:
3178:
2998:
2937:
2778:
2734:
2719:
2688:
2673:
2668:
2408:
2398:
2310:
2295:
2240:
2191:
2153:
2143:
1846:
1810:
1756:
193:
136:
As technological progress emerged in the form of highly capable and always carried
94:
105:, as part of a contract with the US government for a security system. A number of
4049:
3962:
3785:
3724:
3370:
3293:
3163:
2871:
2754:
2744:
2345:
2290:
2218:
2148:
2126:
2099:
1925:
1897:
1792:
1705:
1583:
1556:
1334:
1082:
434:. The information on track 1 on financial cards is contained in several formats:
382:
4098:
3972:
3967:
3928:
3856:
3810:
3729:
3438:
3318:
3092:
3084:
3034:
2766:
2317:
2300:
2285:
1931:
1822:
1768:
1113:
1052:
942:. Some smart cards have metal contacts to electrically connect the card to the
389:), and nearly any application in which monetary value or secure information is
378:
323:
224:
1520:
1506:
354:
286:
the preprinted plastic cards using the hot stamping process developed by IBM.
4193:
3947:
3922:
3892:
3678:
3399:
3338:
3246:
3221:
3136:
2495:
2455:
2430:
1975:
1834:
1774:
1097:
346:
247:
205:
156:
102:
235:
4116:
3910:
3898:
3503:
3498:
3477:
3053:
3029:
2814:
2786:
2729:
2537:
2206:
2196:
2133:
2040:
1047:
958:
414:
370:
130:
122:
118:
114:
110:
4126:
3987:
3957:
3780:
3668:
3392:
3387:
3158:
2881:
2628:
2380:
2376:
2106:
2060:
2012:
1959:
1954:
1828:
1780:
1725:
1320:
1306:
Jerome
Svigals, The long life and imminent death of the mag-stripe card,
1057:
216:
201:
43:
345:
Magstripes following these specifications can typically be read by most
3709:
3702:
3636:
3382:
3203:
3193:
3013:
2845:
2791:
2597:
2425:
2403:
2384:
2268:
2256:
2056:
1913:
1907:
1128:
1067:
1022:
1007:
943:
935:
570:(PAN) — up to 19 characters. Usually, but not always, matches the
479:(PAN) — up to 19 characters. Usually, but not always, matches the
431:
427:
362:
145:
137:
70:
66:
47:
1258:"MTA Looks to Replace MetroCard With System Using 'Contactless Media'"
312:
Field testing the proposed device and standards for market acceptance.
3467:
3460:
3276:
3198:
3188:
2480:
2460:
2435:
2420:
2246:
1858:
366:
358:
197:
141:
1626:
998:
Identification with a digital card is usually done in several ways:
4083:
3831:
3775:
3540:
3525:
3508:
3353:
3281:
3251:
2796:
2761:
2633:
2618:
2587:
2542:
2532:
2116:
2074:
2069:
1936:
1816:
1321:"Google Pay - Learn What the Google Pay App is & How to Use It"
1118:
732:- one character (generally '^') (absent if city reaches max length)
661:
4: Contact issuer via online means except under bilateral agreement
350:
126:
74:
59:
4093:
3535:
3530:
3472:
3303:
3231:
2902:
2490:
2470:
1087:
1011:
1003:
986:
978:
342:. Track 3 standards were created by the thrift-savings industry.
644:
7: No interchange except under bilateral agreement (closed loop)
3520:
3493:
3450:
3428:
3348:
2663:
2572:
2507:
2179:
2138:
2089:
1981:
1948:
402:
152:
289:
3141:
2698:
2577:
2562:
2051:
1987:
1534:
1014:
i.e.). The unique QR code ensures privacy for every customer.
694:
638:
5: National interchange only except under bilateral agreement
554:
1670:
690:
7: Goods and services only (no cash), use PIN where feasible
446:, which are reserved for use by ANSI Subcommittee X3B10 and
438:, which is reserved for proprietary use of the card issuer,
168:
3365:
3308:
2158:
2111:
1942:
1919:
1711:
A brief comparison of Mag stripe and RFID technology (2012)
1307:
1262:
951:
450:, which are available for use by individual card issuers:
266:
Back side of the first magnetic stripe plastic credit card
93:
Magnetic recording on steel tape and wire was invented by
3076:
2978:
1993:
1339:
632:
557:
range 0x30 through 0x3f.) The data format is as follows:
98:
1716:
A Brief
History of Reprogrammable Card Technology (2012)
1597:
2010 AAMVA DL/ID Card Design
Standard Ver 1.0, Annex F.6
1100:, the IBM engineer who invented the magnetic stripe card
1671:"Samy Kamkar: MagSpoof - credit card/magstripe spoofer"
3045:
208:, and transportation tickets. They may also contain a
1651:. Texas Legislature Online, State of Texas. June 2015
1161:"How to Carry Your Covid Health Data on a Smartphone"
726:- variable length (seems to max out at 13 characters)
19:"Magnetic strip" redirects here. For other uses, see
2030:
701:
2375:
1721:Magnetic Developer and Magnetic Encoding Standards
684:5: Goods and services only (no cash), PIN required
2890:
1214:
1208:
521:Card Verification Value or Card Verification Code
4191:
3299:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
1475:
1473:
1154:
1152:
1150:
983:Hacking Hotel Keys, and Point Of Sales Systems.
938:are a newer generation of card that contain an
16:Virtual online representation of a plastic card
1400:. 03.ibm.com. January 23, 2003. Archived from
1180:
950:that use a magnetic field or radio frequency (
107:International Organization for Standardization
3061:
2361:
1874:
1741:
1535:"Welcome to MagnePrint®: What is MagnePrint?"
1470:
1392:
1390:
1158:
200:. Magnetic stripe cards are commonly used in
192:is a type of card capable of storing data by
1147:
1483:. 03.ibm.com. April 7, 1964. Archived from
1454:. 03.ibm.com. March 7, 2012. Archived from
1416:
290:Further developments and encoding standards
155:released its own version of a cloud hosted
3068:
3054:
2368:
2354:
1881:
1867:
1755:
1748:
1734:
1387:
1217:"Memory Cards as Kin That Can't Get Along"
695:United States and Canada driver's licenses
687:6: No restrictions, use PIN where feasible
385:, electronic benefit transfer cards (e.g.
148:, the term "digital card" was introduced.
1302:
1300:
844:The following data is stored on track 3:
797:The following data is stored on track 2:
706:The following data is stored on track 1:
586: — four characters in the form YYMM.
507: — four characters in the form YYMM.
326:of the Advanced Systems Division of IBM,
55:
338:. Track 2 standards were created by the
299:
269:
261:
253:
234:
179:
167:
84:
54:. A non-physical digital card, unlike a
1444:
1422:
1398:"IBM Archives: DPD chronology - page 4"
808:Drivers License / Identification Number
551: : ; < = > ?
163:
4192:
1888:
1425:"Who Made That Universal Product Code"
1297:
1215:J. D. Biersdorfer (October 10, 2002).
772:Home Address (house number and street)
423:Track 1 is written with code known as
322:These steps were initially managed by
3434:Center for The Business of Government
3049:
2349:
2247:Commodity theory of money (Metallism)
1862:
1729:
1363:"Article on Forrest Parry, pages 3-4"
604: — one character (generally '?')
580: — one character (generally '=')
564: — one character (generally ';')
529: — one character (generally '?')
501: — one character (generally '^')
489: — one character (generally '^')
467: — one character (generally '%')
295:IBM's development work, begun in 1969
210:radio frequency identification (RFID)
160:in Australia and Privacy in the USA.
4122:
675:2: Goods and services only (no cash)
173:
1021:protocol connection by placing the
930:
230:
13:
2523:European Payments Initiative (EPI)
1423:Kennedy, Pagan (January 4, 2013).
1159:Brian X. Chen (December 1, 2021).
967:
802:ISO Issuer Identifier Number (IIN)
658:2: Contact issuer via online means
631:2: International interchange, use
621:values common in financial cards:
473: — one character (alpha only)
408:
357:(credit and debit cards including
14:
4246:
3103:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
2513:Electronic Payment Services (EPS)
2224:Akkadian standards of measurement
1692:
574:printed on the front of the card.
483:printed on the front of the card.
4132:
4131:
4121:
4112:
4111:
3801:Sabre airline reservation system
3647:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
2033:
756:- one character (generally '$ ')
744:- one character (generally '$ ')
669:0: No restrictions, PIN required
3314:Information Management Software
1910:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)
1663:
1641:
1611:
1588:
1571:
1549:
1527:
1513:
1499:
1355:
1188:"Q & A for a digital world"
792:- one character (generally '?')
780:- one character (generally '^')
768:- one character (generally '^')
714:- one character (generally '%')
628:1: International interchange OK
194:storing it on magnetic material
21:Magnetic strip (disambiguation)
4225:Radio-frequency identification
4067:International chess tournament
3847:Globally integrated enterprise
3837:Commercial Processing Workload
3004:Personal identification number
1327:
1313:
1279:
1250:
1236:
1:
3806:Scanning tunneling microscope
2227:
2175:List of historical currencies
2080:Central bank digital currency
1140:
972:
608:Longitudinal redundancy check
533:Longitudinal redundancy check
2841:Card not present transaction
2725:Credit card balance transfer
2281:Standard of deferred payment
981:24, Weston Hecker presented
442:, which is described below,
62:(imitate) any kind of card.
7:
3674:Canada Head Office Building
3664:Cambridge Scientific Center
3556:Science Research Associates
3324:Mainframe operating systems
1704:September 28, 2014, at the
1040:
1010:to the identifying host (a
10:
4251:
3735:Virtual Universe Community
3456:International subsidiaries
3376:Service Automation Manager
1557:"ID Security Technologies"
1287:"AES Historical Committee"
543:
523:(CVV or CVC, 3 characters)
453:
412:
80:
18:
4210:Customer loyalty programs
4107:
3996:
3938:
3865:
3824:
3753:
3687:
3583:
3486:
3421:
3412:
3264:
3214:
3129:
3122:
3113:
3083:
3022:
2956:
2925:
2864:
2851:Controlled payment number
2833:
2805:
2777:
2707:
2606:
2446:
2391:
2167:
2050:
2028:
2003:
1968:
1896:
1764:
1582:December 2, 2010, at the
1093:MetroCard (New York City)
954:) for proximity reading.
678:3: ATM only, PIN required
3761:Automated teller machine
3715:The Great Mind Challenge
3098:Mergers and acquisitions
2984:Hardware security module
2964:Automated teller machine
2750:Current/checking account
2264:Quantity theory of money
2085:Chattel/movable property
993:
513: — three characters
336:airlines industry (IATA)
4235:20th-century inventions
3720:Linux Technology Center
3075:
1699:Magnetic Stripe Formats
598: — as in track one
227:or electronic payment.
4045:Dynamic infrastructure
4010:Big Blue sports teams
3816:Universal Product Code
3009:Secure cryptoprocessor
2323:Complementary currency
2252:Credit theory of money
2212:Depository institution
1600:, Aamva.org, June 2010
820:Expiration Date (YYMM)
568:Primary account number
477:Primary account number
340:banking industry (ABA)
305:
280:Universal Product Code
275:
267:
259:
240:
185:
177:
90:
4177:Vacuum tube computers
4061:IBM and the Holocaust
4026:Common Public License
3911:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
3694:Academy of Technology
3149:Power microprocessors
2974:Credit card imprinter
2948:Credit card hijacking
2306:Digital gold currency
1619:"AAMVA - IIN and RID"
1521:U.S. patent 3,761,682
1507:U.S. patent 3,685,690
1481:"IBM100 - System 360"
840:- one character ('?')
826:Birth date (YYYYMMDD)
816: - generally '='
330:, from 1966 to 1975.
328:Los Gatos, California
303:
273:
265:
257:
238:
198:magnetic reading head
183:
171:
88:
3791:Magnetic stripe card
3740:World Community Grid
3616:Toronto Software Lab
3272:Carbon Design System
3227:Cell microprocessors
2994:Magnetic stripe card
2185:Coincidence of wants
2005:Representative money
1629:on September 1, 2017
1124:Security engineering
1104:Photo identification
190:magnetic stripe card
164:Magnetic stripe card
56:magnetic stripe card
4200:American inventions
4055:GUIDE International
3917:Samuel J. Palmisano
3776:Electronic keypunch
3600:One Atlantic Center
3570:Weather Underground
3566:The Weather Company
2969:Contactless payment
2715:Payment card number
2333:Time-based currency
1404:on October 23, 2009
1375:on October 27, 2011
1031:host card emulation
40:identity management
4230:1960 introductions
4215:Identity documents
4205:Banking technology
4157:Personal computers
4147:Midrange computers
4137:Navigational boxes
4030:IBM Public License
4005:A Boy and His Atom
3963:Michelle J. Howard
3905:John Fellows Akers
3887:T. Vincent Learson
3594:1250 René-Lévesque
3334:Planning Analytics
2933:Card security code
2891:Interbank networks
2528:Forbrugsforeningen
2202:Clearinghouse bank
1890:Medium of exchange
1430:The New York Times
1343:. February 3, 2011
1310:, June 2012, p. 71
1246:. August 22, 2014.
1222:The New York Times
1196:. November 8, 2007
1193:The New York Times
1166:The New York Times
1073:Credit card number
1063:Common Access Card
1006:on the customer's
940:integrated circuit
672:1: No restrictions
596:Discretionary data
572:credit card number
517:Discretionary data
481:credit card number
306:
276:
268:
260:
241:
217:transponder device
186:
178:
91:
4187:
4186:
4152:Operating systems
4014:American football
3983:Joseph R. Swedish
3978:Martha E. Pollack
3881:Thomas Watson Jr.
3842:Customer engineer
3766:Cynefin framework
3652:Hakozaki Facility
3611:Rome Software Lab
3579:
3578:
3408:
3407:
3361:Rational Software
3260:
3259:
3242:Personal Computer
3237:Midrange computer
3043:
3042:
2989:Interbank network
2943:Credit card fraud
2921:
2920:
2825:Universal default
2820:Introductory rate
2740:Revolving account
2343:
2342:
2328:Sectoral currency
2274:Market monetarism
2237:Code of Hammurabi
2026:
2025:
2018:Gold certificates
1856:
1855:
1134:Stored-value card
1109:Physical security
1078:Identity document
948:contactless cards
946:; there are also
786:- variable length
774:- variable length
762:- variable length
750:- variable length
738:- variable length
718:State or Province
375:driver's licenses
4242:
4220:Magnetic devices
4135:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4115:
4114:
3875:Thomas J. Watson
3796:Relational model
3745:Think conference
3626:330 North Wabash
3546:Microelectronics
3419:
3418:
3344:Quantum Platform
3289:Cognos Analytics
3127:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3046:
2999:Payment terminal
2938:Chargeback fraud
2888:
2887:
2735:Installment loan
2720:Card association
2669:Rail Travel Card
2399:American Express
2370:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2311:Virtual currency
2296:Digital currency
2232:
2229:
2192:Bureau de change
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
1969:Domestic animals
1966:
1965:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1757:Magnetic storage
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1625:. Archived from
1615:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1537:. Magneprint.com
1531:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1487:on April 3, 2012
1477:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1458:on April 3, 2012
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1368:. Archived from
1367:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1267:. April 13, 2016
1254:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1156:
931:Other card types
915:Error Correction
720:- two characters
552:
383:membership cards
231:Magnetic storage
223:mostly used for
151:On May 26, 2011
95:Valdemar Poulsen
52:driver's license
4250:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4103:
4089:SHARE computing
4050:GlobalFoundries
3992:
3940:
3934:
3861:
3820:
3811:Financial swaps
3786:Hard disk drive
3749:
3683:
3657:Yamato Facility
3575:
3482:
3414:
3404:
3371:Tivoli Software
3256:
3210:
3109:
3079:
3074:
3044:
3039:
3018:
2952:
2917:
2886:
2860:
2829:
2801:
2773:
2755:Savings account
2745:Deposit account
2703:
2674:Revolution Card
2602:
2449:specialty cards
2448:
2442:
2387:
2374:
2344:
2339:
2291:Unit of account
2230:
2163:
2149:Promissory note
2127:Deposit account
2100:Cheque clearing
2054:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2022:
1999:
1964:
1932:Precious metals
1899:
1892:
1887:
1857:
1852:
1760:
1754:
1706:Wayback Machine
1695:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1584:Wayback Machine
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1157:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1083:ID card printer
1043:
996:
975:
970:
968:Vulnerabilities
933:
924:
832:DL/ID# overflow
814:Field Separator
795:
778:Field Separator
766:Field Separator
754:Field Separator
742:Field Separator
730:Field Separator
697:
584:Expiration date
550:
546:
505:Expiration date
499:Field Separator
487:Field Separator
471:Format code="B"
456:
417:
411:
409:Financial cards
379:telephone cards
292:
248:an IBM engineer
233:
174:magnetic stripe
166:
83:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4248:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4129:
4119:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4072:Lucifer cipher
4069:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3988:Peter R. Voser
3985:
3980:
3975:
3973:Andrew Liveris
3970:
3968:Arvind Krishna
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3929:Arvind Krishna
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:Smarter Planet
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3622:IBM Buildings
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3607:Software Labs
3605:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3596:, Montreal, QC
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3561:Service Bureau
3558:
3553:
3551:Product Center
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3516:Ambra Computer
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Lotus Software
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3133:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3035:Acquiring bank
3032:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2318:Local currency
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:Cryptocurrency
2293:
2288:
2286:Store of value
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2241:§100; §122–125
2234:
2231: 2150 BC
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1996:(Tibet, China)
1991:
1985:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1939:(cotton cloth)
1934:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1694:
1693:External links
1691:
1688:
1687:
1662:
1640:
1610:
1587:
1570:
1548:
1526:
1512:
1498:
1469:
1452:"IBM100 - UPC"
1443:
1415:
1386:
1354:
1326:
1312:
1296:
1278:
1249:
1235:
1207:
1179:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1114:Proximity card
1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:Access control
1050:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1029:Reader (using
1015:
995:
992:
974:
971:
969:
966:
932:
929:
923:
922:
917:
912:
910:Reserved Space
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
846:
842:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
794:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
712:Start Sentinel
708:
696:
693:
692:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
663:
662:
659:
656:
649:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
635:where feasible
629:
616:
615:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
565:
562:Start sentinel
545:
542:
541:
540:
530:
524:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
474:
468:
465:Start sentinel
455:
452:
413:Main article:
410:
407:
324:Jerome Svigals
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
291:
288:
232:
229:
225:access control
206:identity cards
165:
162:
82:
79:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4247:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Thomas Buberl
3946:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3923:Ginni Rometty
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3893:Frank T. Cary
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3679:IBM Rochester
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:, Chicago, IL
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:, Atlanta, GA
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3571:
3567:
3564:
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3355:
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3347:
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3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Mashup Center
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
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3205:
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3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
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3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Power Systems
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
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3135:
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3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
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3036:
3033:
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3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
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2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Carte Blanche
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:Defunct cards
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
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2576:
2574:
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2320:
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2267:
2266:
2265:
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2258:
2255:
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2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:; c. 1750 BC)
2242:
2238:
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2222:
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2210:
2209:
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2200:
2198:
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2178:
2176:
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2110:
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2058:
2053:
2049:
2042:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:Water buffalo
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:(Roman world)
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:(Mesoamerica)
1915:
1912:
1909:
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1901:
1895:
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1879:
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1697:
1696:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1650:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1623:www.aamva.org
1620:
1614:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1558:
1552:
1536:
1530:
1522:
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1502:
1486:
1482:
1476:
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1457:
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1432:
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1426:
1419:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1308:IEEE Spectrum
1303:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1195:
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1189:
1183:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1153:
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1146:
1135:
1132:
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1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:Forrest Parry
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:Displaying a
1001:
1000:
999:
991:
988:
984:
980:
965:
962:
960:
959:payment cards
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
928:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
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861:
858:
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853:
851:
848:
847:
845:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
798:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
709:
707:
704:
702:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
666:
660:
657:
654:
653:
652:
651:Second digit
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
620:
613:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
559:
558:
556:
538:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
462:
461:
460:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
421:
416:
406:
404:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:loyalty cards
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:point-of-sale
343:
341:
337:
331:
329:
325:
317:
314:
311:
308:
307:
302:
298:
296:
287:
283:
281:
272:
264:
256:
252:
249:
244:
237:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
182:
175:
170:
161:
158:
157:Google Wallet
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:plastic cards
100:
96:
87:
78:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
4076:
4059:
4040:Deep Thought
4003:
3931:(since 2020)
3899:John R. Opel
3857:Think slogan
3698:Deep Thunder
3504:Kaleida Labs
3499:AIM alliance
3184:Q System Two
3179:Q System One
3030:Issuing bank
2815:Grace period
2787:Cash advance
2730:Credit limit
2538:Hyundai Card
2447:Regional and
2207:Savings bank
2197:Central bank
2134:Legal tender
2041:Money portal
1787:Ferrite core
1678:. Retrieved
1674:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:the original
1622:
1613:
1602:, retrieved
1596:
1590:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1551:
1541:November 29,
1539:. Retrieved
1529:
1515:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:the original
1460:. Retrieved
1456:the original
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1428:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1379:November 29,
1377:. Retrieved
1370:the original
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1338:
1329:
1315:
1290:
1281:
1271:November 30,
1269:. Retrieved
1265:NBC New York
1261:
1252:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1220:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1191:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1164:
1048:Access badge
1017:Engaging an
997:
982:
976:
963:
956:
934:
925:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
875:Endorsements
874:
870:Restrictions
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
843:
838:End Sentinel
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
796:
790:End Sentinel
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
698:
681:4: Cash only
665:Third digit
664:
650:
624:First digit
623:
619:Service code
618:
617:
607:
602:End sentinel
601:
595:
590:Service code
589:
583:
577:
567:
561:
547:
532:
527:End sentinel
526:
516:
511:Service code
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
476:
470:
464:
458:
457:
447:
443:
439:
435:
422:
418:
415:ISO/IEC 7813
399:
395:
390:
344:
332:
321:
293:
284:
277:
245:
242:
202:credit cards
189:
187:
150:
146:smartwatches
135:
131:ISO/IEC 4909
123:ISO/IEC 7813
119:ISO/IEC 7812
115:ISO/IEC 7811
111:ISO/IEC 7810
92:
64:
35:
32:virtual card
31:
28:digital card
27:
25:
4172:Typewriters
4078:Mathematica
4019:Rugby union
3958:Alex Gorsky
3925:(2012–2020)
3919:(2002–2011)
3913:(1993–2002)
3907:(1985–1993)
3901:(1981–1985)
3895:(1973–1981)
3889:(1971–1973)
3883:(1956–1971)
3877:(1914–1956)
3825:Terminology
3781:Floppy disk
3725:SkillsBuild
3688:Initiatives
3669:IBM Hursley
3643:Facilities
3294:Connections
3164:FlashSystem
2882:Card scheme
2865:Interchange
2629:Carte Bleue
2501:Diners Club
2392:Major cards
2385:debit cards
2159:Safekeeping
2013:Bimetallism
1928:(W. Africa)
1829:Floppy disk
1799:Stripe card
1680:December 2,
1563:October 25,
1491:October 25,
1462:October 25,
1436:October 25,
1408:October 25,
1347:February 3,
1291:www.aes.org
1058:Campus card
936:Smart cards
860:Postal Code
855:Security V#
850:Template V#
810:- 13 digits
760:Middle Name
387:food stamps
138:smartphones
109:standards,
44:credit card
4194:Categories
4167:System/370
4162:System/360
3953:David Farr
3852:e-business
3754:Inventions
3703:Develothon
3584:Facilities
3444:Promontory
3439:Consulting
3014:Smart card
2957:Technology
2846:Chargeback
2792:Charge-off
2654:Everything
2404:Mastercard
2269:Monetarism
2257:Chartalism
2154:Redemption
2144:Possession
2107:Clay token
1960:Trade bead
1914:Cocoa bean
1898:Commodity
1228:August 29,
1200:August 29,
1172:August 29,
1141:References
1129:Smart card
1068:Credential
1023:smartphone
1008:smartphone
973:DEF CON 24
895:Hair Color
828:- 8 digits
822:- 4 digits
804:- 6 digits
748:First Name
367:gift cards
363:MasterCard
355:bank cards
71:smartwatch
67:smartphone
48:debit card
36:cloud card
4035:Deep Blue
3941:directors
3400:WebSphere
3339:PureQuery
3247:Selectric
3222:Blue Gene
3137:Mainframe
2877:Surcharge
2481:Cabcharge
2461:AzeriCard
1978:(SE Asia)
1908:Axe-money
1847:Racetrack
1811:Thin film
1793:Hard disk
1604:August 9,
1025:near the
900:Eye Color
736:Last Name
655:0: Normal
633:IC (chip)
578:Separator
459:Format B:
430:plus odd
351:ATM cards
221:microchip
219:and/or a
142:handhelds
26:The term
4117:Category
4084:IBM Plex
3939:Board of
3832:Big Blue
3632:Honolulu
3541:Merative
3526:EduQuest
3509:Taligent
3478:Research
3415:entities
3413:Business
3354:OpenQASM
3282:Cloudant
3252:ThinkPad
3175:Quantum
3123:Hardware
3115:Products
2926:Security
2807:Interest
2797:Debt-lag
2762:ATM card
2708:Accounts
2649:Eurocard
2634:Chipknip
2619:Bankcard
2588:UnionPay
2543:Isracard
2533:Girocard
2496:Discover
2476:BCA Card
2466:Bancomat
2431:Electron
2117:Currency
2095:Clearing
2075:Banknote
2070:Bailment
1990:(Arabia)
1951:(barley)
1937:Quachtli
1702:Archived
1655:April 4,
1633:July 19,
1580:Archived
1119:Security
1041:See also
1033:method).
920:Security
246:In 1969
127:ISO 8583
75:Internet
4127:Commons
4094:ScicomP
3637:Seattle
3590:Towers
3536:Lexmark
3531:Kyndryl
3473:Red Hat
3422:Current
3393:Granite
3388:Watsonx
3304:Fortran
3232:PowerPC
3159:Storage
3130:Current
3093:History
3085:History
3023:Banking
2903:Interac
2856:Dispute
2834:Payment
2644:enRoute
2491:Dankort
2471:BC Card
2414:Maestro
2168:General
2122:Deposit
2112:Coinage
1984:(Hindu)
1926:Manilla
1837:(~1970)
1825:(~1968)
1823:Twistor
1675:samy.pl
1559:. AAMVA
1088:Keycard
1012:cashier
1004:QR code
987:Arduino
979:DEF CON
977:During
784:Unknown
647:9: Test
544:Track 2
454:Track 1
81:History
60:emulate
4099:Unions
3710:Fellow
3521:Cognos
3494:AdStar
3487:Former
3451:Kenexa
3429:Apptio
3383:Watson
3349:Qiskit
3215:Former
3204:Condor
3194:Osprey
3169:DS8000
2898:Cirrus
2694:Proton
2684:Switch
2664:Mondex
2639:Choice
2614:Access
2573:PayPak
2508:EFTPOS
2381:charge
2377:Credit
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