Digital camera - Knowledge

3029: 1964:, are single-lens without a moving reflex mirror as in a conventional DSLR. A semi-transparent mirror transmits some of the light to the image sensor and reflects some of the light along the path to a pentaprism/pentamirror which then goes to an optical view finder (OVF) as is done with a reflex mirror in DSLR cameras. The total amount of light is not changed, just some of the light travels one path and some of it travels the other. The consequences are that DSLT cameras should shoot a half stop differently from DSLR. One advantage of using a DSLT camera is the blind moments a DSLR user experiences while the reflecting mirror is moved to send the light to the sensor instead of the viewfinder do not exist for DSLT cameras. Because there is no time at which light is not traveling along both paths, DSLT cameras get the benefit of continuous 1789:(DSLR) is a camera with a digital sensor that utilizes a reflex mirror to split or direct light into the viewfinder to produce an image. The reflex mirror finds the image by blocking light to the camera's sensor and then reflecting it into the camera's pentaprism which allows it to be seen through the viewfinder. When the shutter release is fully pressed the reflex mirror pulls out horizontally below the pentaprism briefly darkening the viewfinder and then opening up the sensor for exposure which creates the photo. The digital image is produced by the sensor which is an array of photoreceptors on a microchip capable of recording light values. Many modern DSLRs offer the ability for "live view" or the framing of the subject emitted from the sensor onto a digital screen, and many have a hotshoe. 2407: 1592: 2141: 626: 1506: 93: 1514: 1474:) which gives more flexibility in lens design and allows for handholdable zoom from 20 to 24 mm (35 mm equivalent) wide angle all the way up to over 1000 mm supertele, and secondly a 1" sensor that allows better image quality particularly in low light (higher ISO) but puts greater constraints on lens design, resulting in zoom lenses that stop at 200 mm (constant aperture, e.g. Sony RX10) or 400 mm (variable aperture, e.g. Panasonic Lumix FZ1000) equivalent, corresponding to an optical zoom factor of roughly 10 to 15. 2977: 3224:, which can contain multiple subdirectories with names such as "123ABCDE" that consist of a unique directory number (in the range 100...999) and five alphanumeric characters, which may be freely chosen and often refer to a camera maker. These directories contain files with names such as "ABCD1234.JPG" that consist of four alphanumeric characters (often "100_", "DSC0", "DSCF", "IMG_", "MOV_", or "P000"), followed by a number. Handling of directories with possibly user-created duplicate numbers may vary among camera firmwares. 535:

through the camera's ability to determine detail based on the distance which is then measured by frame size, pixel type, number, and organization although some DSLR cameras have resolutions limited, it is almost impossible to not have the proper sharpness for an image. The ISO choice when taking a photo affects the quality of the image as high ISO settings equate to an image that is less sharp due to the increased amount of noise allowed into the image along with too little noise can also produce an image that is not sharp.

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the cell phone with an integrated camera had sold 80 million units per year. By 2011, cell phones with an integrated camera were selling hundreds of millions per year, which were causing a decline in digital cameras. In 2015, digital camera sales were 35 million units or only less than a third of digital camera sales numbers at their peak and also slightly less than film camera sold number at their peak.

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back with over 7,000 pixel horizontal resolution in the mid-1990s. However, as of 2004, it is still difficult to buy a comparable CCD matrix camera of the same resolution. Rotating line cameras, with about 10,000 color pixels in its sensor line, are able, as of 2005, to capture about 120,000 lines during one full 360 degree rotation, thereby creating a single digital image of 1,200 Megapixels.

299:" used an analog-to-digital converter and a digital frame memory to store 256 x 256-pixel images of planets and stars, which were then recorded on digital magnetic tape. CCD sensors were not yet commercially available, and the camera used a silicon diode vidicon tube detector which was cooled using dry ice to reduce dark current, allowing exposure times of up to one hour. 43: 2847: 1390:

category. Some are waterproof to a considerable depth up to 100 feet (30 m); others only 10 feet (3 m), but only a few will float. Ruggeds often lack some of the features of ordinary compact camera, but they have video capability and the majority can record sound. Most have image stabilization and built-in flash. Touchscreen LCD and GPS do not work underwater.

1279:. Almost all include an automatic mode, or "auto mode", which automatically makes all camera settings for the user. Some also have manual controls. Compact digital cameras typically contain a small sensor that trades-off picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in 869:. If a smaller sensor is used, as in most digicams, the field of view is cropped by the sensor to smaller than the 35 mm full-frame format's field of view. This narrowing of the field of view may be described as crop factor, a factor by which a longer focal length lens would be needed to get the same field of view on a 35 mm film camera. 345:) used a color-striped 2/3" format CCD sensor with 280K pixels, along with analogue video signal processing and recording. The Mavica electronic still camera recorded FM modulated analog video signals on a newly developed 2" magnetic floppy disk, dubbed the "Mavipak". The disk format was later standardized as the "Still Video Floppy", or "SVF". 2767:

Vendors implement a variety scene modes in cameras' firmwares for various purposes, such as a "landscape mode" which prevents focusing on rainy and/or stained window glass such as a windshield, and a "sports mode" which reduces motion blur of moving subjects by reducing exposure time with the help of

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There are many manufacturers that lead in the production of digital cameras (commonly DSLRs). Each brand embodies different mission statements that differ them from each other outside of the physical technology that they produce. While the majority of manufacturers share modern features amongst their

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that does not require a reflex mirror, a key component of the former. While a typical DSLR has a mirror that reflects light from the lens up to the optical viewfinder, in a mirrorless camera, there is no optical viewfinder. The image sensor is exposed to light at all times, giving the user a digital

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Bridge cameras physically resemble DSLRs, and are sometimes called DSLR-shape or DSLR-like. They provide some similar features but, like compacts, they use a fixed lens and a small sensor. Some compact cameras have also PSAM mode. Most use live preview to frame the image. Their usual autofocus is by

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The 360-degree camera can take picture or video 360 degrees using two lenses back-to-back and shooting at the same time. Some of the cameras are Ricoh Theta S, Nikon Keymission 360 and Samsung Gear 360. Nico360 was launched in 2016 and claimed as the world's smallest 360-degree camera with size 46 x

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could be converted to digital. The answer was not immediately clear, as it differed among models. For the majority of 35 mm film cameras the answer is no, the reworking and cost would be too great, especially as lenses have been evolving as well as cameras. For most a conversion to digital, to

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Digital cameras utilize either proprietary or standard consumer batteries. As of March 2014, most cameras use proprietary lithium-ion batteries while some use standard AA batteries or primarily use a proprietary Lithium-ion rechargeable battery pack but have an optional AA battery holder available.

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Film camera sales hit their peak at about 37 million units in 1997, while digital camera sales began in 1989. By 2008, the film camera market had died and digital camera sales hit their peak at 121 million units in 2010. In 2002, cell phones with an integrated camera had been introduced and in 2003

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is much larger than the other types, typically 18mm to 36mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). The larger sensor permits more light to be received by each pixel; this, combined with the relatively large lenses provides superior low-light performance. For the same field of view and the same

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X1D being the first medium format mirrorless camera. Some MILCs have a separate electronic viewfinder to compensate the lack of an optical one. In other cameras, the back display is used as the primary viewfinder in the same way as in compact cameras. One disadvantage of mirrorless cameras compared

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requires three intensity values for each pixel: one each for the red, green, and blue (other color models, when used, also require three or more values per pixel). A single sensor element cannot simultaneously record these three intensities, so a color filter array (CFA) must be used to selectively

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Since it is much easier to manufacture a high-quality linear CCD array with only thousands of pixels than a CCD matrix with millions, very high resolution linear CCD camera backs were available much earlier than their CCD matrix counterparts. For example, you could buy an (albeit expensive) camera

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series, were developed from 35 mm film cameras. The technology of the time, however, meant that rather than being digital "backs" the bodies of these cameras were mounted on large, bulky digital units, often bigger than the camera portion itself. These were factory built cameras, however, not

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which may be capable of reading several types of storage media, as well as high speed transfer of data to the computer. Use of a card reader also avoids draining the camera battery during the download process. An external card reader allows convenient direct access to the images on a collection of

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pattern of light filters, with green ones at opposite corners and red and blue in the other two positions. The high proportion of green takes advantage of the properties of the human visual system, which determines brightness mostly from green and is far more sensitive to brightness than to hue or

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A digital camera resolution is determined by a digital sensor. The digital sensor indicates a high level of sharpness can be produced through the amount of noise and grain that is tolerated through the lens of the camera. Resolution within the field of digital still and digital movies is indicated

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for versatility by removing it from the lens mount of the camera, typically a silver ring on the front side of DSLRs. These lenses work in tandem with the mechanics of the DSLR to adjust aperture and focus. Autofocus is accomplished using sensors in the mirror box and on most modern lenses can be

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After a big dip of sales in 2012, consumer digital camera sales declined again in 2013 by 36 percent. In 2011, compact digital cameras sold 10 million per month. In 2013, sales fell to about 4 million per month. DSLR and MILC sales also declined in 2013 by 10–15% after almost ten years of double

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and web-based services. "Bridge cameras", in contrast, have held their ground with functionality that most smartphone cameras lack, such as optical zoom and other advanced features. DSLRs have also lost ground to Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera (MILC)s offering the same sensor size in a

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These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to not having a lens reflex system. MILCs, or mirrorless cameras for short, come with various sensor sizes depending on the brand and manufacturer, these include: a small 1/2.3 inch sensor, as is commonly used in bridge cameras such as the

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The choice of method for a given capture is determined largely by the subject matter. It is usually inappropriate to attempt to capture a subject that moves with anything but a single-shot system. However, the higher color fidelity and larger file sizes and resolutions that are available with

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The very large sensor these backs use leads to enormous image sizes. For example, Phase One's P45 39 MP image back creates a single TIFF image of size up to 224.6 MB, and even greater pixel counts are available. Medium format digitals such as this are geared more towards studio and

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This type of digital camera captures information about the light field emanating from a scene; that is, the intensity of light in a scene, and also the direction that the light rays are traveling in space. This contrasts with a conventional digital camera, which records only light intensity.

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typically include protection against submersion, hot and cold conditions, shock, and pressure. Terms used to describe such properties include waterproof, freeze-proof, heatproof, shockproof, and crushproof, respectively. Nearly all major camera manufacturers have at least one product in this

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In the industrial and high-end professional photography market, some camera systems use modular (removable) image sensors. For example, some medium format SLR cameras, such as the Mamiya 645D series, allow installation of either a digital camera back or a traditional photographic film back.

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In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridge cameras are more portable, cost less and have a greater zoom ability. Thus a bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.

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A lower resolution extends the number of remaining photos in free space, postponing the exhaustion of space storage, which is of use where no further data storage device is available, and for captures of lower significance, where the benefit from less space storage consumption outweighs the

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The Canon RC-701, introduced in May 1986, was the first SVF camera (and the first electronic SLR camera) sold in the US. It employed an SLR viewfinder, included a 2/3" format color CCD sensor with 380K pixels, and was sold along with a removable 11-66mm and 50-150mm zoom lens.

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Cameras can be equipped with a varying amount of environmental sealing to provide protection against splashing water, moisture (humidity and fog), dust and sand, or complete waterproofness to a certain depth and for a certain duration. The latter is one of the approaches to allow

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cameras (those using film stock greater than 35 mm), have a low unit production, and typical digital backs for them cost over $ 10,000. These cameras also tend to be highly modular, with handgrips, film backs, winders, and lenses available separately to fit various needs.

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started taking digital images of Earth. The MSS, designed by Virginia Norwood at Hughes Aircraft Company starting in 1969, captured and transmitted image data from green, red, and two infrared bands with 6 bits per channel, using a mechanical rocking mirror and an array of 24

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admit a controlled amount of light to the image, just as with film, but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical. However, unlike film cameras, digital cameras can display images on a screen immediately after being recorded, and store and delete images from

665:. There are several methods of application of the multi-shot technique. The most common was originally to use a single image sensor with three filters passed in front of the sensor in sequence to obtain the additive color information. Another multiple-shot method is called 2167:

of an industrial computer. The frame grabber acts to buffer the image and sometimes provide some processing before delivering to the computer software for processing. Industrial processes often require height and width measurements performed by digital line-scan systems.

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Onboard (internal) flash memory — Cheap cameras and cameras secondary to the device's main use (such as a camera phone). Some have small capacities such as 100 Megabytes and less, where intended use is buffer storage for uninterrupted operation during a memory card

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systems in compact digital cameras generally are based on a contrast-detection methodology using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager. Some compact digital cameras use a hybrid autofocus system similar to what is commonly available on DSLRs.

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The two major types of digital image sensors are CCD and CMOS. A CCD sensor has one amplifier for all the pixels, while each pixel in a CMOS active-pixel sensor has its own amplifier. Compared to CCDs, CMOS sensors use less power. Cameras with a small sensor use a

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Olympus and Panasonic released many Micro Four Thirds cameras with interchangeable lenses that are fully compatible with each other without any adapter, while others have proprietary mounts. In 2014, Kodak released its first Micro Four Third system camera.

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of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was thinking about how to use a mosaic photosensor to capture digital images. His idea was to take pictures of the planets and stars while travelling through space to give information about the astronauts' position. As with

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lens-shaped module, hence the name, but lack any sort of viewfinder and most controls of a regular camera. Instead, they are connected wirelessly and/or mounted to a smartphone to be used as its display output and operate the camera's various controls.

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Instead of measuring the intensity of light over some predetermined time interval (the exposure time), event cameras detect when the intensity of light changes by some threshold for each pixel independently, usually with microsecond precision.

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Over the next few years, many other companies began selling SVF cameras. These analog electronic cameras included the Nikon QV-1000C, which had an SLR viewfinder and a 2/3" format monochrome CCD sensor with 380K pixels, and recorded analog

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operating systems, and both include a 41-megapixel camera (along with a camera grip attachment for the latter). Similarly, Samsung introduced the Galaxy S4 Zoom, having a 16-megapixel camera and 10x optical zoom, combining traits from the

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Kodak PixPro smart lens camera series, announced in 2014. These include: the 5X optical zoom SL5, 10X optical zoom SL10, and the 25X optical zoom SL25; all featuring 16MP sensors and 1080p video recording, except for the SL5 which caps at

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The most common class of battery used in digital cameras is proprietary battery formats. These are built to a manufacturer's custom specifications. Almost all proprietary batteries are lithium-ion. In addition to being available from the

2052:). The rangefinder and lens focusing mechanism may or may not be coupled. In common parlance, the term "rangefinder camera" is interpreted very narrowly to denote manual-focus cameras with a visually-read out optical rangefinder based on 5845: 2422:

In response to the convenience and flexibility of smartphone cameras, some manufacturers produced "smart" digital cameras that combine features of traditional cameras with those of a smartphone. In 2012, Nikon and Samsung released the

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areas is quite difficult. With a line scan camera all that is necessary is to provide even illumination across the "line" currently being viewed by the camera. This makes sharp pictures of objects that pass the camera at high speed.

2587:(SDHC, SDXC) can transmit stored images, video and other files to computers or smartphones. Mobile operating systems such as Android allow automatic upload and backup or sharing of images over Wi-Fi to photo sharing and 3623:

Most modern digital camera backs use CCD or CMOS matrix sensors. The matrix sensor captures the entire image frame at once, instead of incrementing scanning the frame area through the prolonged exposure. For example,

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images. The relatively long exposure times, in the range of seconds or even minutes generally limit scan backs to studio applications, where all aspects of the photographic scene are under the photographer's control.

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As of March 2014, mirrorless cameras are fast becoming appealing to both amateurs and professionals alike due to their simplicity, compatibility with some DSLR lenses, and features that match most DSLRs today.

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saturation. Sometimes a 4-color filter pattern is used, often involving two different hues of green. This provides potentially more accurate color, but requires a slightly more complicated interpolation process.

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with the same or more capabilities and features of dedicated cameras. High-end, high-definition dedicated cameras are still commonly used by professionals and those who desire to take higher-quality photographs.

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to a typical DSLR is its battery life due to the energy consumption of the electronic viewfinder, but this can be mitigated by a setting inside the camera in some models. Many mirrorless cameras have a hotshoe.

2359:. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold film and digital stand-alone cameras. Five billion camera phones were sold in five years, and by 2007 more than half of the 1341:, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors. Some cameras use a larger sensor including, at the high end, a pricey full-frame sensor compact camera, such as 5871: 2626:

storage media. But if only one storage card is in use, moving it back and forth between the camera and the reader can be inconvenient. Many computers have a card reader built in, at least for SD cards.

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While most digital cameras with interchangeable lenses feature a lens-mount of some kind, there are also a number of modular cameras, where the shutter and sensor are incorporated into the lens module.

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frame (36 x 24 mm). In comparison, consumer digital cameras use arrays ranging from 36 x 24 mm (full frame on high end consumer DSLRs) to 1.28 x 0.96 mm (on camera phones) CMOS sensor.

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at 350,000-pixel resolution. However, it could not send the resulting image over the telephone function but required a computer connection to access photos. The first mass-market camera phone was the

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memory slots. Photographers can swap one of the memory card with camera-on. Each memory slot can accept either Compact Flash or SD Card. All new Sony cameras also have two memory slots, one for its

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that turns light into discrete signals. The brighter the image at a given point on the sensor, the larger the value that is read for that pixel. Depending on the physical structure of the sensor, a

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that turns light into discrete signals. The brighter the image at a given point on the sensor, the larger the value that is read for that pixel. Depending on the physical structure of the sensor, a

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Sales of traditional digital cameras have declined due to the increasing use of smartphones for casual photography, which also enable easier manipulation and sharing of photos through the use of

2056:. Most digital cameras achieve focus through analysis of the image captured by the objective lens and distance estimation, if it is provided at all, is only a byproduct of the focusing process ( 5835: 3110:, have added support for raw images. Rendering to standard images from raw sensor data allows more flexibility in making major adjustments without losing image quality or retaking the picture. 703:

Improvements in single-shot cameras and image file processing at the beginning of the 21st century made single-shot cameras almost completely dominant, even in high-end commercial photography.

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The approximate count of remaining photos until space exhaustion is calculated by the firmware throughout use and indicated in the viewfinder, to prepare the user for an impending necessary

2159:, instead of a matrix of them. The lines are continuously fed to a computer that joins them to each other and makes an image. This is most commonly done by connecting the camera output to a 5430: 629:

Digital camera, partially disassembled. The lens assembly (bottom right) is partially removed, but the sensor (top right) still captures an image, as seen on the LCD screen (bottom left).

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sensors in scanning cameras utilize only a single line of photosensors, or three lines for the three colors. Scanning may be accomplished by moving the sensor (for example, when using

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JPEG is a lossy compression format with less colour depth than typical of raw formats; however, most raw formats require demosaicing ("raw converter") software to be viewed properly.

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give enough space for the electronics and allow a liquid crystal display to preview, would require removing the back of the camera and replacing it with a custom built digital unit.

2201:). In this case the row of sensors is perpendicular to the direction of satellite motion. Line-scan cameras are widely used in scanners. In this case, the camera moves horizontally. 2397:

Canon EF 70-200 f/2.8 lens mounted on a Canon 7D camera body. Lenses of varying lengths can be equipped onto main camera bodies to provide different perspectives for an image taken.

495:". In a typical sensor, the pixel count is the product of the number of rows and the number of columns. For example, a 1,000 by 1,000-pixel sensor would have 1,000,000 pixels, or 1 368:(static random-access memory), and could hold up to ten photographs. In 1989, Fujifilm released the FUJIX DS-X, the first fully digital camera to be commercially released. In 1996, 2190:, to determine the winner when multiple competitors cross the finishing line at nearly the same time. They can also be used as industrial instruments for analyzing fast processes. 633:

Since the first digital backs were introduced, there have been three main methods of capturing the image, each based on the hardware configuration of the sensor and color filters.

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digit growth. Worldwide unit sales of digital cameras is continuously declining from 148 million in 2011 to 58 million in 2015 and tends to decrease more in the following years.

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An image's sharpness is presented through the crisp detail, defined lines, and its depicted contrast. Sharpness is a factor of multiple systems throughout the DSLR camera by its

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Many devices have a built-in digital camera, including, for example, smartphones, mobile phones, PDAs and laptop computers. Built-in cameras generally store the images in the

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Cameraphones and some high-end stand-alone digital cameras also use cellular networks to connect for sharing images. The most common standard on cellular networks is the MMS

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Many incorporate a retractable lens assembly that provides optical zoom. In most models, an auto-actuating lens cover protects the lens from elements. Most ruggedized or

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Many cameras, especially high-end ones, support a raw image format. A raw image is the unprocessed set of pixel data directly from the camera's sensor, often saved in a

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QX series "Smart Lens" or "SmartShot" cameras, announced and released in mid 2013 with the Cyber-shot DSC-QX10. In January 2014, a firmware update was announced for the

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is almost always used to frame the photo on an integrated LCD. In addition to being able to take still photographs almost all compact cameras have the ability to record

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than a DSLR. Many of these cameras can store images in a raw format in addition to supporting JPEG. The majority have a built-in flash, but only a few have a hotshoe.

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Some waterproof cameras can be fitted with a waterproof housing to increase the operational depth range. The Olympus 'Tough' range of compact cameras is an example.

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was an all-digital camera introduced as a commercial product in 1975. Its design was published as a hobbyist construction project in the February 1975 issue of

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The Joint Photography Experts Group standard (JPEG) is the most common file format for storing image data. Other file types include Tagged Image File Format (

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Standard of the Camera & Imaging Products Association, CIPA DC- 009-Translation- 2010, Design rule for Camera File system: DCF Version 2.0 (Edition 2010)

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multi-shot and scanning backs make them more attractive for commercial photographers who are working with stationary subjects and large-format photographs.

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mode built-in stitching, Wifi, and Bluetooth, live streaming can be done. Due to it also being water resistant, the Nico360 can be used as action camera.

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detectors. Operating for six years, it transmitted more than 300,000 digital photographs of Earth, while orbiting the planet about 14 times per day.

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with the Galaxy Camera. Panasonic Lumix DMC-CM1 is an Android KitKat 4.4 smartphone with 20MP, 1" sensor, the largest sensor for a smartphone ever, with

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specification, used in almost all camera since 1998, which defines an internal file structure and naming. Also used is the Digital Print Order Format (

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Digital cameras come in a wide range of sizes, prices, and capabilities. In addition to general-purpose digital cameras, specialized cameras including

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In an inversion, some phone makers have introduced smartphones with cameras designed to resemble traditional digital cameras. Nokia released the

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Raw files initially had to be processed in specialized image editing programs, but over time many mainstream editing programs, such as Google's

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might use a wider aperture to render the background out of focus, and would seek out and focus on a human face rather than other image content.

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with a diagonal between 6 and 11 mm, corresponding to a crop factor between 7 and 4. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater

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At CES 2013, Sakar International announced the Polaroid iM1836, an 18MP camera with 1"-sensor with interchangeable sensor-lens. An adapter for

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As of 2014, bridge cameras come in two principal classes in terms of sensor size, firstly the more traditional 1/2.3" sensor (as measured by

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and makes the usage of either FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 or exFAT mandatory for its physical layer in order to maximize platform interoperability.

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Firmwares' resolution selector allows the user to optionally lower the resolution, to reduce the file size per picture, and extend lossless

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At Photokina 1988, Fujifilm introduced the FUJIX DS-1P, the first fully digital camera, which recorded digital images using a semiconductor

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produces a 39 million pixel digital camera back with a 49.1 x 36.8 mm CCD in 2008. This CCD array is a little smaller than a frame of

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model sold in Japan in November 2000. It could instantly transmit pictures via cell phone telecommunication. By the mid-2000s, higher-end

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sensor as second lens and 8MP 1/4" RGB sensor with 3x optical zoom as third lens. Combination of first lens and second lens will produce

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began developing CCD technology in the 1970s. Early uses were mainly military and scientific; followed by medical and news applications.

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for different applications. Within the constraints of correct exposure various parameters can be changed, including exposure, aperture,

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and television sets can read memory cards used in cameras; alternatively several types of flash card readers have TV output capability.

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The first filmless SLR (single lens reflex) camera was publicly demonstrated by Sony in August 1981. The Sony "Mavica" (magnetic

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A rangefinder is a device to measure subject distance, with the intent to adjust the focus of a camera's objective lens accordingly (

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tracking. This is especially beneficial for burst-mode shooting in low-light conditions and also for tracking when taking video.

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production of cameras, some specialize in specific details either physically on camera or within the system and image quality.

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Digital Still Camera (DSC), such as the Sony DSC cameras, is a type of camera that does not use a reflex mirror. DSCs are like

1529: 1522: 1203:. On full-frame sensors (i.e., 24 mm 36 mm), some cameras propose images with 20–25 million pixels that were captured by 7.5–m 6117: 5984: 5205:"Nikon's new action camera could change the market in a big way This is the year action cameras and 360-degree videos collide" 3774: 3144:), which dictates what order images are to be printed in and how many copies. The DCF 1998 defines a logical file system with 2768:

increased light sensitivity. Firmwares may be equipped with the ability to select a suitable scene mode automatically through

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employee Willis Adcock's film-less camera (US patent 4,057,830) in 1972, the technology had yet to catch up with the concept.

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fixed lens equivalent of 28 mm at F2.8, can take RAW image and 4K video, has 21 mm thickness. Furthermore, in 2018

723:

to reduce the aliasing due to the reduced sampling of the different primary-color images. A demosaicing algorithm is used to

5684: 5351: 4564: 334:, built a self-contained electronic camera that used a monochrome Fairchild CCD image sensor in 1975. Around the same time, 8125: 5204: 5065: 4651: 4411: 1411:, arms, bicycles, etc. Most have a wide angle and fixed focus and can take still pictures and video, typically with sound. 1334: 17: 4093: 1374:

In 2013, Sony released two add-on camera models without display, to be used with a smartphone or tablet, controlled by a

3744: 8062: 7609: 3176: 3133: 383:

Visual Phone VP-210, released in Japan in May 1999. It was called a "mobile videophone" at the time, and had a 110,000-

7818: 6547: 5749: 3842: 3477: 3460: 3316: 2833: 2349: 2272: 2127: 2029: 1947: 1863: 1780: 1754: 830: 596: 217: 79: 3442: 3298: 2815: 2254: 2109: 2011: 1929: 1845: 1736: 812: 578: 8233: 7785: 185: 6087: 2598:

Cameras with integrated Wi-Fi or specific Wi-Fi adapters mostly allow camera control, especially shutter release,

843:

Cameras with digital image sensors that are smaller than the typical 35 mm film size have a smaller field or

8104: 8082: 7571: 5452: 5121:"Sony DSC-QX100 and QX10 lens cameras bring top-notch optics to any smartphone or tablet, we go hands-on (video)" 3434: 3347: 3290: 2807: 2246: 2178:

Many industrial applications require a wide field of view. Traditionally maintaining consistent light over large

2101: 2003: 1921: 1884: 1837: 1728: 1681:

Olympus Air A01 lens camera, announced in 2014 and released in 2015, the lens camera is an open platform with an

1482: 804: 570: 284: 3971:

Matsumoto, Kazuya; et al. (1985). "A new MOS phototransistor operating in a non-destructive readout mode".

2295:

cameras are digital cameras that can zoom in very far. These superzoom cameras are suitable for people who have

7750: 7238: 7025: 6007: 3438: 3294: 3152: 2811: 2690:

has been adopted by many high-end digital camera makers, to show photos in their high-resolution quality on an

2250: 2105: 2007: 1925: 1841: 1732: 808: 574: 3364:

Digital cameras that utilize off-the-shelf batteries are typically designed to be able to use both single-use

3042:

Most manufacturers of digital cameras do not provide drivers and software to allow their cameras to work with

1463:

The big physical size and small sensor allow superzoom and wide aperture. Bridge cameras generally include an

7659: 7591: 7344: 6871: 6293: 4996: 3645: 2546: 2372: 209: 1629:

cameras (lens camera or smart lens). They contain all the essential components of a digital camera inside a

463:

capabilities of the camera determine the outcome of the final image quality much more than the sensor type.

8208: 8092: 8087: 5147: 3547:

in particular tends to have a maximum of 400, versus 6400 for some DSLR cameras. (Canon EOS-1D Mark IV and

2610: 2043: 1348:

A variety of additional features are available depending on the model of the camera. Such features include

317: 6389:

https://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/professional/support/cameras/dcs760/UserGuide700Series.pdf

6378:

https://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/professional/support/cameras/dcs760/UserGuide700Series.pdf

2954:— known only in the Casio Petit Colle ZR-1 and ZR-10 which printed images immediately rather than storing 1660:, the former an ultrazoom with a built-in 30x optical zoom lens, the latter opting for an interchangeable 8223: 8097: 7369: 6876: 5256: 4822: 3804: 2702: 851:. This is because the angle of view is a function of both focal length and the sensor or film size used. 395: 365: 354: 312:

magazine. It used a 32×32 metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) image sensor, which was a modified MOS dynamic

2870:

Many camera phones and most stand alone digital cameras store image data in flash memory cards or other

1195:". In a typical sensor, the pixel count is the product of the number of rows and the number of columns. 7823: 7511: 7414: 6712: 6223: 5400: 5001: 3616:

Some other camera backs use CCD arrays similar to typical cameras. These are called single-shot backs.

2389:

are used as attachment to a camera to provide light to the image, timed with the shutter of the camera.

2172: 1682: 1433:

There are tend that action cameras have capabilities to shoot 360 degrees with at least 4K resolution.

6198: 5401:"Sony upgrades smartphone-pairing QX10 and QX100 lens cameras with higher ISO and 1080p video capture" 3729: 3372:, but not with both types in use at the same time. The most common off-the-shelf battery size used is 3002: 8218: 7790: 7740: 7700: 7553: 7439: 7389: 7086: 7030: 6886: 6643: 6568: 4713: 3650: 3497: 3132:

Other formats that are used in cameras (but not for pictures) are the Design Rule for Camera Format (

2643: 2613:, commonly called "picture messaging". The second method with smartphones is to send a picture as an 2554: 2440: 2307: 2303: 1786: 1608: 265: 6472: 6436: 5794: 5120: 4200: 4075: 4038: 2286: 1604: 1591: 1283:

usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. A few high-end compact digital cameras have a

394:, which could be sent over e-mail, or the phone could send up to two images per second over Japan's 8198: 7996: 7586: 7319: 7111: 5106: 3680: 3660: 3423: 3359: 3279: 3221: 3016: 2863: 2796: 2419:

smaller camera. A few expensive ones use a full-frame sensor, just like DSLR professional cameras.

2235: 2090: 1992: 1910: 1826: 1717: 1689: 1547: 1257:

Compact cameras are intended to be portable (pocketable) and are particularly suitable for casual "

793: 559: 3185:, DCF specifies the file system for image and sound files to be used on formatted DCF media (like 2976: 2701:

announced a new technology for sending video from mobile devices to a television in digital form.

2479:

Pro is an android Oreo 8.1 has triple Leica lenses in the back of the smartphone with 40MP 1/1.7"

1546:(more recent Pentax Q versions have a slightly larger 1/1.7 inch sensor); a 1-inch sensor; a 7956: 7760: 7664: 7528: 7379: 7216: 7121: 6764: 6653: 6180: 6034: 3427: 3283: 3055: 2800: 2769: 2239: 2094: 1996: 1914: 1830: 1721: 1688:

and can detach into 2 parts (sensor module and lens), just like the Sony QX1, and all compatible

1467:

system to enable longer handheld exposures, sometimes better than DSLR for low light conditions.

1342: 797: 644: 563: 456: 3392:

lithium-ion batteries are also available as an alternative to non-rechargeable CR-V3 batteries.

2584: 2171:

Multiple rows of sensors may be used to make colored images, or to increase sensitivity by TDI (

1314:(more than 60x), or the interchangeable lenses of DSLR cameras available at a much higher cost. 719:

Most current consumer digital cameras use a Bayer filter mosaic in combination with an optical

8177: 8016: 7991: 7795: 7780: 7715: 7695: 7601: 7523: 7354: 7278: 7273: 7248: 7176: 7166: 7116: 7106: 7040: 7003: 6931: 6906: 5923: 5532: 4033: 3685: 3369: 3114: 2967: 2722: 2599: 2468: 2385:

A Nikon D200 camera with a Nikon 17-55 mm / 2,8 G AF-S DX IF-ED lens and a Nikon SB-800 flash.

2057: 1877: 1538:

preview of the image either on the built-in rear LCD screen or an electronic viewfinder (EVF).

1258: 1235: 876:

Common values for field of view crop in DSLRs using active pixel sensors include 1.3x for some

870: 689: 414: 6414: 6154: 5505: 3945: 8077: 7867: 7775: 7770: 7755: 7745: 7720: 7705: 7566: 7499: 7469: 7429: 7339: 7329: 7171: 7050: 7013: 6936: 4619: 4452: 4236: 3385: 3330: 3235:). Such files must be indicated by a leading "_" (as in "_DSC" instead of "100_" or "DSC0"). 2428: 2151:

N4K2-7C line scan camera with a shutter speed of 250 microseconds, or 4000 frames per second.

1486: 1386: 1224: 909: 614: 227: 176: 7624: 6520: 5773: 4159: 3918: 3333:

small enough to fit in the camera and yet able to power it for a reasonable length of time.

2140: 1407:

and other brands offer action cameras that are rugged, small, and can be easily attached to

8166: 7765: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7710: 7364: 7288: 7258: 7211: 7156: 7146: 7071: 6896: 6843: 6561: 6495: 6252: 6224:"Canon Knowledge Base - Switching Shooting Modes and Scene (SCN) Modes (PowerShot SX60 HS)" 4936: 4586: 4491: 4025: 3980: 3540: 3527: 3399:

for DSLRs come with a separate holder to accommodate AA cells as an external power source.

3164: 2990: 2669: 2205: 2049: 1798: 720: 693: 625: 411: 313: 291:

Also in 1972, Thomas McCord from MIT and James Westphal from Cal Tech together developed a

148: 5893: 5479: 4340: 3227:

DCF 2.0 adds support for DCF optional files recorded in an optional color space (that is,

2917: 2878:

format, while a few use CompactFlash, CFexpress or other types. In January 2012, a faster

1363:

Starting in 2010, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact

292: 151:. Most cameras produced today are digital, largely replacing those that capture images on 8: 7862: 7835: 7805: 7459: 7374: 7283: 7161: 7141: 7131: 7126: 7096: 6988: 6901: 6729: 6724: 6351: 6324: 4949: 4924: 4020:(12 July 1993). "Active pixel sensors: Are CCDS dinosaurs?". In Blouke, Morley M. (ed.). 3625: 3560: 3519: 3329:

Digital cameras have become smaller over time, resulting in an ongoing need to develop a

3126: 2875: 2657: 2580: 2565: 2550: 2424: 2386: 2179: 1880:

and are the most common type of cameras, due to their comfortable price and its quality.

1471: 1464: 1280: 916: 746: 618: 387: 308: 254: 246: 113: 4940: 4495: 4029: 3984: 2668:

to quickly generate a physical photograph. Such non-digital cameras were popularized by

2435:

is used in many smartphones, they can integrate with some of the same services (such as

57: 8011: 7669: 7619: 7444: 7304: 7263: 7243: 7181: 7136: 7101: 7076: 6638: 6603: 5840: 5177: 5086: 4962: 4903: 4507: 4403: 4305: 4104: 4063: 4051: 3996: 3243:

To enable loading many images in miniature view quickly and efficiently, and to retain

3092: 3075: 3063: 2705:

sends pictures as a video stream, up to 1080p resolution, and is compatible with HDMI.

2649:

Wireless connectivity can also provide for printing photos without a cable connection.

2506: 2492: 2451: 2314: 2198: 1505: 1375: 1367:

can capture 3D panoramic photos with dual lens or even a single lens for playback on a

1307: 1180: 1103: 480: 342: 172: 109: 92: 31: 30:"Digicam" redirects here. For the military camouflage method using micropatterns, see 7976: 7912: 7899: 7830: 7494: 7419: 7409: 7399: 7384: 7253: 7221: 7081: 6916: 6687: 6125: 5802: 5745: 5674: 5599: 5310: 5042: 5032: 4954: 4891: 4881: 4775: 4511: 4458: 4395: 4242: 4165: 4000: 3951: 3924: 3878: 3812: 3118: 2535: 2436: 2432: 2209: 1960:

Cameras with fixed semi-transparent mirrors, also known as DSLT cameras, such as the

1692:

lenses can then be attached to the built-in lens mount of the camera's sensor module.

1619: 1555: 1420: 1299: 893: 426: 277: 152: 97: 5338:"Nikon 1 V3 camera unveiled: $ 1,200, 120fps slow motion, 20fps continuous shooting" 4966: 4407: 4108: 4055: 749:, interprets the raw data from the sensor to obtain a full-color image, because the 661:

exposes the sensor to the image in a sequence of three or more openings of the lens

8203: 8036: 7981: 7939: 7924: 7907: 7877: 7872: 7516: 7474: 7424: 7191: 7151: 7091: 6946: 5980: 5718: 4944: 4499: 4387: 4138: 4043: 3988: 3350:, aftermarket replacement batteries are commonly available for most camera models. 3182: 3100: 3085: 3051: 2639: 2614: 2455: 2363:

of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008.

2296: 2069: 1685: 1595:

Sony Alpha ILCE-QX1, an example of a modular, lens-style camera, introduced in 2014

1477:

Some bridge cameras have a lens thread to attach accessories such as wide-angle or

1172: 735: 652: 472: 460: 399: 303: 231: 189: 8137: 5337: 4676: 4185: 3604:

Most earlier digital camera backs used linear array sensors, moving vertically to

3205:. Media with a capacity of more than 2 GB must be formatted using FAT32 or exFAT. 3122: 3103:

format, a royalty-free raw image format used by at least 10 camera manufacturers.

2406: 1625:

There are also a number of add-on camera modules for smartphones, they are called

1513: 8041: 7944: 7561: 7314: 7196: 6891: 6838: 6833: 6801: 6786: 6744: 5739: 5664: 5596:

The DSLR field guide: the essential handbook to getting the most from your camera

5093: 4982:

High Quality Linear Interpolation for Demosaicing of Bayer-Patterned Color Images

4714:"How mobile photography technology has evolved over two decades of phone cameras" 4478:

Kriss, Michael; Parulski, Ken; Lewis, David (1989-08-13). Urbach, John C. (ed.).

4024:. Vol. 1900. International Society for Optics and Photonics. pp. 2–14. 3523: 3186: 3008: 2957: 2951: 2909: 2871: 2588: 2509:

were introduced in 2013 with one consumer product and several professional ones.

1961: 1641: 1427: 1210: 905: 750: 272: 235: 213: 193: 5061: 4354: 2858: 2431:, the first two digital cameras to run the Android operating system. Since this 2355:

Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by

2148: 1603:

The first such modular camera was the Minolta Dimâge V in 1996, followed by the

410:

in June 2000, was also one of the first phones with a built-in camera. It had a

7639: 7581: 7349: 7035: 6941: 6926: 6921: 6816: 6628: 6618: 5723: 5706: 4624: 4379: 2898: 2741: 2661: 2360: 2356: 1456:

the same contrast-detect mechanism as compacts, but many bridge cameras have a

1338: 1292: 1199:, for example, a 1,000 by 1,000-pixel sensor would have 1,000,000 pixels, or 1 889: 769:

from the values of adjacent pixels which represent the color being calculated.

391: 296: 101: 4143: 4126: 3251:

files for videos and raw photos. For example, those of Canon cameras end with

2606:) from computer or smartphone apps additionally to the transfer of media data. 1249: 8192: 7966: 7934: 7919: 7884: 7644: 7489: 7454: 7045: 7018: 6998: 6966: 6911: 6129: 5806: 5046: 4958: 4895: 4559: 4399: 3551:

have ISO 12800 plus Hi-3 ISO 102400 with the Canon EOS-1Dx's ISO of 204800).

3160: 3096: 3047: 2749: 2698: 2463: 2444: 2160: 1657: 1653: 1478: 1450: 1399: 1364: 1311: 844: 724: 715:

The Bayer arrangement of color filters on the pixel array of an image sensor.

677: 666: 648: 418: 331: 327: 239: 197: 167:

Digital and digital movie cameras share an optical system, typically using a

7404: 4391: 8142: 8031: 8026: 8021: 7971: 7857: 7852: 7506: 7231: 7201: 6983: 6978: 6961: 6806: 6633: 6623: 6613: 5148:"The best waterproof camera in 2022: underwater cameras for fun and action" 4925:"Use of spectral characteristics of DSLR cameras with Bayer filter sensors" 4797:"Why the iPhone 4 takes good low-light photos: BSI CMOS sensors explained!" 3690: 3675: 3670: 3531: 3512: 3483:

When digital cameras became common, many photographers asked whether their

3396: 3365: 3145: 3035: 2887: 2851: 2759:

Few cameras are equipped with a voice note (audio-only) recording feature.

2709: 2665: 2530:

Many digital cameras can connect directly to a computer to transfer data:-

2500: 2472: 2325: 2187: 2156: 1772: 1661: 1485:

filter and lens hoods. The scene is composed by viewing the display or the

1457: 1323: 1288: 1176: 848: 676:

because the sensor moves across the focal plane much like the sensor of an

640: 508: 476: 449: 376: 221: 181: 128: 2638:

standard, which allows them to send data directly to a PictBridge-capable

711: 8147: 8006: 8001: 7929: 7842: 7679: 7654: 7484: 7479: 7464: 7324: 7206: 7186: 7055: 6956: 6848: 6811: 6781: 6734: 6702: 6697: 6663: 6584: 6061:"Worldwide unit sales of digital cameras from 2011 to 2016 (in millions)" 4122: 4089: 4017: 3992: 3665: 3633: 3484: 3381: 2745: 2622: 2573: 2538: 2381: 1563: 1559: 1534: 1490: 1192: 1188: 1184: 862: 766: 492: 488: 484: 433: 407: 372:'s 40 MB flash memory card was adopted for several digital cameras. 361: 321: 168: 5560:"Olympus Showing Off New 'Lens Camera' Prototypes with a Rounded Design" 4652:"Evolution of the Camera phone: From Sharp J-SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview" 3473: 1802:

activated from the lens itself which will trigger upon shutter release.

1767: 1231:

are used for scientific, military, medical, and other special purposes.

892:

and for Fujifilm sensors, 1.6 (APS-C) for most Canon sensors, ~1.7x for

120: 7649: 7629: 7543: 7533: 7394: 7359: 7334: 7268: 7008: 6993: 6973: 6855: 6791: 6707: 6658: 3373: 3209: 2905: 2866:) user interface, indicating the approximate count of remaining photos. 2635: 2496: 2484: 2476: 2415: 2393: 1965: 1571: 1551: 1408: 1349: 1327: 1228: 877: 528: 437: 243: 160: 159:. Digital cameras are now widely incorporated into mobile devices like 156: 124: 5744:(3rd. ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann-Elsevier Science. p. 891. 5662: 4503: 4047: 2447:

sites) that smartphones do and use other Android-compatible software.

1567: 734:

approach, three-filter multi-shot approach, color co-site sampling or

512: 8046: 7986: 7614: 7576: 7538: 7434: 6796: 6759: 6754: 6739: 6692: 6680: 6358: 6331: 5670: 5257:"What's a mirrorless camera and what makes it different from a DSLR?" 3609: 3548: 3544: 3492: 3248: 3244: 3228: 2963: 2936: 2737: 2603: 2569: 2292: 2194: 1649: 1612: 1426:

46 x 28 mm (1.8 x 1.8 x 1.1 in) and price less than $ 200. With

1357: 1353: 1315: 1303: 1276: 1269: 1204: 1200: 496: 105: 4620:"From J-Phone to Lumia 1020: A complete history of the camera phone" 3412: 3268: 3058:, and are thus widely supported. Other cameras are supported by the 2882:

format was announced. In early 2014, some high end cameras have two

2854:(CF) card, one of many media types used to store digital photographs 2785: 2224: 2079: 1981: 1899: 1815: 1706: 782: 548: 436:

had an integrated digital camera and by the early 2010s, almost all

7634: 7449: 6951: 6881: 6749: 6675: 6670: 5427:"Sony introduces QX1 with APS-C sensor and E-mount for smartphones" 5342: 4681: 4335: 4205: 3655: 3629: 3605: 3522:

made by their manufacturer, Leica being a notable example with the

3508: 3504: 3156: 2930: 2913: 2894: 2883: 2879: 2753: 2302:

The HX series is a series containing Sony's superzoom cameras like

2164: 2053: 1645: 1543: 1135: 866: 742: 662: 335: 5374:"Polaroid offers first Android camera with interchangeable lenses" 4127:"A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors" 854: 696:

offers images consisting of a total resolution that is very high.

7674: 6828: 6774: 6308:"Operating Instructions Digital Camera Model No. DMC-FS5 DMC-FS3" 5955:"Panasonic announces Lumix DMC-CM1 smartphone with 1-inch sensor" 5107:"Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D W3 review: Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D W3" 4432:

Callahan, Sean (June 1986). "The future arrives - Canon RC-701".

4271:"Kodak engineer had revolutionary idea: the first digital camera" 3900:"Panasonic Lumix FX77 Can Whiten Teeth and Apply Makeup to Faces" 2982: 2942: 2545:

is now the most widely used method (most cameras are viewable as

2459: 1797:

aperture, a larger sensor gives shallower focus. DSLRs can equip

1675: 1671: 1441: 1284: 873:

utilize a sensor of the same size as a frame of 35 mm film.

429: 403: 380: 369: 5924:"Nokia Lumia 1020 vs. Galaxy S4 Zoom: The Best Camera Phone Is…" 4847:"Advantages and Disadvantages of Low vs High Resolution Cameras" 3843:"How Does A Digital Camera Work? [Technology Explained]" 1622:, Nikon and K-mount lenses was planned to ship with the camera. 1241: 745:

in the camera, or a software in a raw converter program such as

647:

red, green, and blue) which are exposed to the same image via a

7226: 6648: 6598: 4878:

The DSLR filmmaker's handbook: real-world production techniques

4525: 3775:"Nikon Closes China Camera Factory, Cites Smartphones as Cause" 3389: 3384:

are also used in some cameras. The CR2 and CR-V3 batteries are

3247:, some vendors' firmwares generate accompanying low-resolution 3107: 3059: 2921: 2681: 2345: 1322:

Typically, compact digital cameras incorporate a nearly silent

925:

Relative sizes of sensors used in most current digital cameras.

897: 885: 758: 422: 144: 6553: 5707:"A Camera Model for Line-Scan Cameras with Telecentric Lenses" 5620:"[Lesson 2] Knowing the Different Parts of the Camera" 5533:"Olympus Air is a lens camera that pairs with your smartphone" 5453:"Smartphone-Kameramodule QX1 und QX30 von Sony (aktualisiert)" 4378:

Kihara, N.; Nakamura, K.; Saito, E.; Kambara, M. (June 1982).

2557:

mode for connection instead of USB MSC; some offer both modes.

1460:

mode and some have a separate focus ring for greater control.

1191:. The number of pixels in the sensor determines the camera's " 921: 765:

The color intensity values not captured for each pixel can be

706: 491:. The number of pixels in the sensor determines the camera's " 175:

to focus light onto an image pickup device. The diaphragm and

7889: 7309: 6769: 5704: 5031:(2nd ed.). Newark: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. 4771:

Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras

3377: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3043: 2576: 2488: 1404: 1368: 1261:". Point-and-shoot cameras usually fall under this category. 1119: 908:

and Panasonic. Crop factors for non-SLR consumer compact and

901: 609: 384: 5663:

Steger, Carsten; Markus Ulrich; Christian Wiedemann (2018).

5506:"Sakar shows QX-style, Vivitar-branded modular smart camera" 4743:"What Is the Difference Between a CCD and CMOS Video Camera" 4480:"Critical Technologies For Electronic Still Imaging Systems" 2193:

Line-scan cameras are also extensively used in imaging from

1696: 1245:

DSC-W170 is a subcompact camera with lens assembly retracted

727:

color information to create a full array of RGB image data.

6352:"Digital Camera Operating Instructions Model No. PV-SD5000" 6325:"Digital Camera Operating Instructions Model No. PV-SD4090" 4923:

Cheremkhin, P A; Lesnichii, V V; Petrov, N V (2014-09-17).

4331:"Innovation: FUJIX DS-1P: the world's first digital camera" 3232: 3141: 3081: 2691: 2687: 2503:

without loss of quality by reducing the image size to 8MP.

2341: 2145: 1630: 881: 731: 262: 258: 27:

Camera that captures photographs or video in digital format

6118:"Polaroid's SX-70, the Greatest Gadget of All Time, Is 41" 4526:"Toshiba | Business to Business Integrated Solutions" 4380:"The Electrical Still Camera a New Concept in Photography" 4377: 4022:

Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III

3970: 2846: 2680:

Many digital cameras include a video output port. Usually

1500: 643:

mosaic, or three separate image sensors (one each for the

364:. The camera's memory card had a capacity of 2 MB of 184:. Many digital cameras can also record moving videos with 5650:

Comparing Digital Range Finders for Forestry Applications

5347: 4922: 4686: 4590: 4300: 2542: 2480: 2410:

Sale of smartphones compared to digital cameras 2009–2013

1333:

For low cost and small size, these cameras typically use

1306:, but the zoom range (up to 30x) is generally enough for 3402: 5598:. Burlington, Mass. : Focal Press. pp. 3–15. 4823:"Megapixel Camera - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3874:

Photographer's Guide to the Panasonic Lumix DC-LX100 II

3255:. JPEG can already store a thumbnail image standalone. 2945:

hard drives — early professional cameras (discontinued)

2617:. Many old cameraphones, however, do not support email. 2458:

in 2012 and 2013; the two devices respectively run the

2366: 5868:"Bridge cameras a growing market says Canon and Nikon" 4164:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 8–. 3163:, focal length, date and time taken. Some are able to 1265: 6523:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1999-12-28. 4157: 2155:

A line-scan camera traditionally has a single row of

1550:

sensor; an APS-C sensor found in Sony NEX series and

1527:

In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, called a

5829: 5827: 5178:"Big plans for "world's smallest" 360-degree camera" 2715: 2499:

first lens and optical zoom will produce maximum 5x

1326:

into the lens but play a simulated camera sound for

131:, an example of a professional digital camera system 5916: 3159:about the picture. Exif data may include aperture, 2904:A few cameras used other removable storage such as 1652:. In September 2014, Sony announced the Cyber-shot 738:do not use anti-aliasing filters, nor demosaicing. 52:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

5886: 4477: 2642:without the need for a computer. PictBridge uses 639:capture systems use either one sensor chip with a 6548:History of the digital camera and digital imaging 5824: 5232:"Which type of digital camera should you choose?" 3916: 3593:Linear array cameras are also called scan backs. 3491:Many early professional SLR cameras, such as the 2960:— printing images immediately rather than storing 2335: 1570:, use a full frame (35 mm) sensor, with the 904:and Panasonic 4/3-inch sensors currently used by 285:Landsat 1 satellite's multispectral scanner (MSS) 8190: 6427: 6344: 6085: 5795:"Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices" 5062:"Nikon 18-300mm VR DX AF-S G ED NIKKOR, $ 1,000" 4614: 4612: 4549: 4547: 4545: 3947:The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future 3062:project, and many computers are equipped with a 1674:IU680 smart lens camera from Sakar-owned brand, 772: 6253:"Sony Announces World's First XQD Memory Cards" 5329: 5284:"The rise of mirrorless compact system cameras" 5202: 4121: 3803:Tarrant, Jon (2006-01-01), Tarrant, Jon (ed.), 3170: 1207:, or a surface that is 50 times larger. 5480:"Kodak smart lens cameras try to take on Sony" 3745:"Nikon Says It's Leaving Film-Camera Business" 3353: 2310:and the newest HX99. HX stands for HyperXoom. 1805: 6569: 5557: 5530: 5398: 5281: 4609: 4542: 4151: 2752:, and equivalent sensitivity. For example, a 2660:. This confers a similar functionality as an 2044:Rangefinder camera § Digital rangefinder 730:Cameras that use a beam-splitter single-shot 692:) or by rotating the whole camera. A digital 257:in 1985, which led to the development of the 226:The first semiconductor image sensor was the 4131:IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society 2646:to transfer images and control information. 2186:Such cameras are also commonly used to make 1889: 1175:of a digital camera is often limited by the 757:The Bayer filter pattern is a repeating 2x2 511:. The bottom resolution option is typically 475:of a digital camera is often limited by the 210:History of the camera § Digital cameras 8121:Conservation and restoration of photographs 6458: 6456: 6421: 6032: 6005: 5792: 5477: 5311:"Kodak Pixpro S-1 First Impressions Review" 5254: 5175: 5145: 4325: 4323: 4012: 4010: 3441:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3297:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2890:and one for SD Card, but not hot-swapable. 2814:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2253:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2144:A San Francisco cable car, imaged using an 2108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2063: 2010:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1928:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1844:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1735:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1345:, but have capability near that of a DSLR. 1275:Compact cameras are usually designed to be 1218: 912:cameras are larger, frequently 4x or more. 811:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 707:Filter mosaics, interpolation, and aliasing 577:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 538: 7848:Comparison of digital and film photography 6576: 6562: 5666:Machine Vision Algorithms and Applications 4908:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4794: 4115: 3543:than their smaller DSLR counterparts; the 3388:, intended for a single use. Rechargeable 754:filter a particular color for each pixel. 8073:Photographs considered the most important 6280:Analyzing Storage Media of Digital Camera 6115: 5952: 5722: 5308: 5096:. Cameras.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-08-16. 4948: 4875: 4384:IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 4158:Ahmed Nabil Belbachir (20 October 2009). 4142: 4037: 3511:, using additional optics to convert the 3461:Learn how and when to remove this message 3317:Learn how and when to remove this message 2834:Learn how and when to remove this message 2344:file format, although cameras in Apple's 2273:Learn how and when to remove this message 2128:Learn how and when to remove this message 2030:Learn how and when to remove this message 1948:Learn how and when to remove this message 1864:Learn how and when to remove this message 1755:Learn how and when to remove this message 1697:Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) 1509:Olympus OM-D E-M1 Mark II introduced 2016 1197:Pixels are square and is often equal to 1 831:Learn how and when to remove this message 597:Learn how and when to remove this message 261:active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor) at the 100:95 (c.2004), a once typical pocket-sized 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 64:, without removing the technical details. 6453: 6178: 5711:International Journal of Computer Vision 5059: 4767: 4555:"Camera phones: A look back and forward" 4431: 4320: 4223:the Cyclops was the first digital camera 4198: 4192: 4007: 3943: 3742: 3730:"The Perfect Vintage Digicam for Travel" 3472: 2857: 2845: 2405: 2392: 2380: 2139: 1766: 1590: 1512: 1504: 1440: 1248: 1240: 1209: 920: 853: 710: 624: 608: 119: 91: 5593: 4803:from the original on September 28, 2014 3937: 3802: 3554: 3050:. Still, many cameras use the standard 1971: 1501:Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras 14: 8229:Computer-related introductions in 1975 8191: 5961:from the original on December 18, 2014 5705:Carsten Steger, Markus Ulrich (2021). 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5512:from the original on December 12, 2019 5407:from the original on September 9, 2017 5380:from the original on February 22, 2014 5335: 5263:from the original on February 18, 2019 5229: 5068:from the original on February 17, 2014 5026: 4979: 4632:from the original on 14 September 2019 4298: 4268: 4262: 4234: 4088: 4016: 3871:White, Alexander (February 26, 2019). 3811:, Oxford: Focal Press, pp. 8–31, 2656:, is a digital camera with a built-in 2525: 1530:mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera 1523:Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera 1166: 613:At the heart of a digital camera is a 293:digital camera for use with telescopes 6557: 6041:from the original on 31 December 2013 5848:from the original on 20 December 2016 5833: 5737: 5539:from the original on November 7, 2017 5290:from the original on October 30, 2016 5127:from the original on November 7, 2017 4929:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 4450: 4444: 3897: 3870: 3772: 3608:the image. Many of them only capture 3403:Conversion of film cameras to digital 2775: 2621:A common alternative is the use of a 2313: 1611:in 1999. In 2009, Ricoh released the 1414: 1287:for connecting to an external flash. 1268:models do not retract, and most with 502: 62:make it understandable to non-experts 6181:"Understanding Digital Camera Modes" 5894:"Nokia Lumia 1020 preview: Take two" 5771: 5566:from the original on 6 February 2015 5486:from the original on October 6, 2014 5317:from the original on October 6, 2014 5282:Andy Westlake (September 15, 2016). 5211:from the original on January 8, 2017 4994: 4880:. Janie L. Geyen. Indianapolis, IN. 4587:"First mobile videophone introduced" 4238:The Visual Dictionary of Photography 3439:adding citations to reliable sources 3406: 3295:adding citations to reliable sources 3262: 2812:adding citations to reliable sources 2779: 2675: 2367:Notable digital camera manufacturers 2251:adding citations to reliable sources 2218: 2214: 2106:adding citations to reliable sources 2073: 2008:adding citations to reliable sources 1975: 1926:adding citations to reliable sources 1893: 1842:adding citations to reliable sources 1809: 1733:adding citations to reliable sources 1700: 809:adding citations to reliable sources 776: 575:adding citations to reliable sources 542: 466: 196:pictures and perform other kinds of 36: 8068:Museums devoted to one photographer 6277: 6259:from the original on 7 January 2012 6088:"Options For Instant-Print Cameras" 6067:from the original on March 28, 2017 5934:from the original on 17 August 2013 5904:from the original on 21 August 2013 5874:from the original on March 27, 2013 5624:SNAPSHOT - Canon Singapore Pte. Ltd 5578: 5433:from the original on April 17, 2021 5354:from the original on March 20, 2014 4749:from the original on March 26, 2014 4693:from the original on 28 August 2017 4597:from the original on 25 August 2019 4201:"Building the First Digital Camera" 3973:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 1489:(EVF). Most have a slightly longer 1253:Disassembled compact digital camera 24: 7610:Timeline of photography technology 6157:. Silicon Image. January 7, 2008. 6035:"Consumer DSLRs "dead in 5 years"" 5987:from the original on July 21, 2018 5558:Michael Zhang (15 December 2014). 5531:Edgar Alvarez (February 5, 2015). 5459:from the original on 4 August 2016 5399:Mariella Moon (January 31, 2014). 5336:Lawler, Richard (March 13, 2014). 5184:from the original on July 20, 2016 4857:from the original on 10 April 2021 4711: 4484:Applications of Electronic Imaging 4235:Prakel, David (10 December 2009). 3518:A few 35 mm cameras have had 3238: 3177:Design rule for Camera File system 2924:). Other unusual formats include: 2629: 2483:sensor as first lens, 20MP 1/2.7" 1586: 1381: 847:when used with a lens of the same 522: 519:disadvantage from reduced detail. 440:had an integrated digital camera. 25: 8245: 8214:Audiovisual introductions in 1975 6541: 6521:"Description of Exif file format" 6014:from the original on July 5, 2018 5834:Pogue, David (19 December 2012). 4677:"Taking pictures with your phone" 4299:Estrin, James (August 12, 2015). 4199:Benchoff, Brian (17 April 2016). 3920:Scientific charge-coupled devices 3478:Digital single-lens reflex camera 2736:Many digital cameras have preset 2716:Weather-sealing and waterproofing 1781:Digital single-lens reflex camera 1481:as well as filters such as UV or 1436: 1393: 1272:capability do not retract fully. 218:Digital single-lens reflex camera 8171: 8161: 8160: 6513: 6187:from the original on 2012-10-05. 5953:Lars Rehm (September 15, 2014). 5793:O'Brien, Kevin J. (2010-11-14). 5647: 5478:Simon Crisp (January 18, 2014). 4768:Nakamura, Junichi (2017-12-19). 3898:Zhang, Michael (March 2, 2011). 3600:Multi-shot (three-shot, usually) 3411: 3267: 3125:(often containing motion JPEG), 3027: 3015: 3001: 2989: 2975: 2784: 2634:Many modern cameras support the 2401: 2223: 2078: 1980: 1898: 1814: 1705: 781: 547: 443: 357:images on a Still Video Floppy. 41: 8172: 6583: 6527:from the original on 2021-04-26 6502:from the original on 2021-04-26 6488: 6407: 6393: 6382: 6371: 6317: 6300: 6286: 6271: 6245: 6234:from the original on 2021-08-24 6216: 6205:from the original on 2021-05-26 6191: 6172: 6161:from the original on 2011-07-16 6147: 6136:from the original on 2021-06-24 6116:McCracken, Harry (2013-04-25). 6109: 6098:from the original on 2017-11-07 6086:William Sawalich (2016-03-28). 6079: 6053: 6033:Andrew Reid (26 October 2013). 6026: 5999: 5973: 5946: 5860: 5813:from the original on 2017-11-07 5786: 5765: 5738:Boyes, Walt (2 December 2002). 5731: 5698: 5687:from the original on 2023-03-15 5656: 5641: 5630:from the original on 2021-11-01 5612: 5551: 5524: 5498: 5471: 5445: 5419: 5392: 5366: 5302: 5275: 5248: 5223: 5203:Sean O'Kane (January 9, 2016). 5196: 5169: 5158:from the original on 2022-05-22 5139: 5113: 5099: 5087:Panasonic DMC FT3 Specification 5080: 5053: 5020: 5009:from the original on 2013-01-05 4988: 4973: 4916: 4869: 4839: 4815: 4788: 4761: 4735: 4724:from the original on 2022-12-27 4705: 4669: 4658:from the original on 2013-07-31 4644: 4579: 4518: 4471: 4425: 4414:from the original on 2023-03-19 4371: 4347: 4292: 4281:from the original on 2012-01-25 4228: 4213:from the original on 6 May 2016 4186:"Electronic photography system" 4178: 4082: 3964: 3853:from the original on 2017-12-04 3825:from the original on 2021-10-10 3785:from the original on 2019-10-23 3755:from the original on 2008-10-13 3703: 3212:in a digital camera contains a 3069: 2874:. Most stand-alone cameras use 2520: 2324: 1885:List of Sony Cyber-shot cameras 1214:Cross section of a DSLR camera. 238:at Bell Labs in 1969, based on 5741:Instrumentation reference book 4950:10.1088/1742-6596/536/1/012021 4451:Busch, David D. (2011-08-02). 4301:"Kodak's First Digital Moment" 4241:. AVA Publishing. p. 91. 3910: 3891: 3864: 3835: 3796: 3766: 3736: 3722: 3587:3-strip CCD with color filters 3340: 2762: 2336:Integration into other devices 1310:but less than is available on 13: 1: 7660:Painted photography backdrops 7592:Golden triangle (composition) 6872:35 mm equivalent focal length 5176:Simon Crisp (July 19, 2016). 4563:. 11 May 2012. Archived from 4454:Nikon D70 Digital Field Guide 3809:Understanding Digital Cameras 3743:Musgrove, Mike (2006-01-12). 3716: 3646:List of digital camera brands 2585:Wi-Fi integrated Memory cards 2373:List of digital camera brands 884:APS-C sensors used by Nikon, 773:Sensor size and angle of view 147:that captures photographs in 6006:Andy Boxall (June 4, 2018). 5230:Martin, Jonny (2023-02-13). 3950:. Springer. pp. 245–8. 3923:. SPIE Press. pp. 3–4. 3805:"Chapter 2 - Basic Features" 3258: 3189:or non-removable memory) as 3171:Directory and file structure 2611:Multimedia Messaging Service 1637:Lens-style cameras include: 1183:may be used, which requires 483:may be used, which requires 459:CMOS (BSI-CMOS) sensor. The 297:"photometer-digitizer system 7: 7370:Intentional camera movement 4125:; Hondongwa, D. B. (2014). 3639: 3503:A notable exception is the 3354:Standard consumer batteries 2897:of the memory card, and/or 1806:Digital Still Cameras (DSC) 1792:The sensor also known as a 1664:instead of a built-in lens. 1234: 672:The third method is called 396:Personal Handy-phone System 188:. Some digital cameras can 10: 8250: 8063:Most expensive photographs 7415:Multi-exposure HDR capture 6415:"プロカメラマン山田久美夫のCes展示会場レポート" 5836:"Smile, and Say 'Android'" 5724:10.1007/s11263-020-01358-3 5669:(2nd ed.). Weinheim: 5146:Jon Stapley (2022-05-17). 5002:Digital Photography Review 4712:AU, Samsung (2018-02-21). 4654:. Hoista.net. 2012-02-28. 4359:www.digitalkameramuseum.de 4275:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 4269:DOBBIN, BEN (2005-09-09). 3917:James R. Janesick (2001). 3773:Cooke, Alex (2017-10-30). 3558: 3357: 3174: 3073: 2948:PC Card flash memory cards 2370: 2284: 2203: 2173:time delay and integration 2067: 2041: 1787:single-lens reflex cameras 1778: 1520: 1448: 1418: 1397: 914: 880:(APS-H) sensors, 1.5x for 447: 417:(LCD) and stored up to 20 390:. It stored up to 20 JPEG 207: 203: 29: 8156: 8113: 8055: 7955: 7898: 7804: 7688: 7600: 7552: 7297: 7064: 6864: 6591: 6428:JEIDA/JEITA/CIPA (2010). 5594:Freeman, Michael (2011). 4980:Malvar, Henrique (2004). 4876:Andersson, Barry (2012). 4457:. John Wiley & Sons. 4144:10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412 3887:– via Google Books. 3651:Computational photography 2495:, whereas combination of 2287:List of superzoom cameras 1890:Fixed-mirror DSLT cameras 1883:Here are a list of DSCs: 1609:Minolta MetaFlash 3D 1500 515:pixels (0.3 megapixels). 266:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 7997:Digital image processing 6313:. Panasonic. p. 19. 6179:Mansurov, Nasim (2019). 3944:Williams, J. B. (2017). 3696: 3681:Digital signal processor 3661:Magic Lantern (firmware) 3360:Commercial off-the-shelf 2864:Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ10 2731: 2672:with the SX-70 in 1972. 2064:Line-scan camera systems 1566:; and some, such as the 1517:Nikon Z7 introduced 2018 1219:Types of digital cameras 539:Methods of image capture 127:503CW with Ixpress V96C 8234:20th-century inventions 8105:Photography periodicals 7665:Photography and the law 6550:, Digital Camera Museum 6008:"Huawei P20 Pro review" 4392:10.1109/TCE.1982.353928 3632:and much larger than a 3113:Formats for movies are 3056:Media Transfer Protocol 2912:), CD single (185 2770:artificial intelligence 2553:port. Some cameras use 2534:Early cameras used the 1878:point-and-shoot cameras 1343:Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1 871:Full-frame digital SLRs 645:primary additive colors 8017:Gelatin silver process 7041:Science of photography 7026:Photographic processes 7004:Perspective distortion 6092:Digital Photo Magazine 5027:Maitre, Henri (2017). 4386:. CE-28 (3): 325–331. 4094:"Active Pixel Sensors" 3877:. White Knight Press. 3686:Vision processing unit 3480: 3370:rechargeable batteries 3181:In order to guarantee 2968:Agfa ePhoto CL30 Clik! 2867: 2855: 2723:underwater photography 2549:), though some have a 2411: 2398: 2390: 2152: 2058:closed-loop controller 1799:interchangeable lenses 1776: 1605:Minolta Dimâge EX 1500 1596: 1533:. It is technically a 1518: 1510: 1446: 1387:Rugged compact cameras 1254: 1246: 1215: 930:Table of sensor sizes 926: 858: 716: 690:color co-site sampling 630: 622: 415:liquid-crystal display 406:SCH-V200, released in 249:was later invented by 132: 117: 7470:Schlieren photography 7014:Photographic printing 6937:Exposure compensation 6496:"What are THM files?" 6278:Tse, Kenneth (2009). 6228:support.usa.canon.com 5870:. February 20, 2013. 5429:. September 3, 2014. 5123:. September 4, 2013. 4827:www.sciencedirect.com 4689:. 18 September 2001. 3515:to a 2/3 CCD-sensor. 3476: 3218:Digital Camera IMages 3151:Most cameras include 2861: 2849: 2409: 2396: 2384: 2352:format since 2017. 2204:Further information: 2143: 1770: 1594: 1516: 1508: 1487:electronic viewfinder 1444: 1398:Further information: 1252: 1244: 1225:multispectral imaging 1213: 924: 915:Further information: 857: 714: 628: 612: 457:back-side-illuminated 448:Further information: 375:The first commercial 228:charge-coupled device 208:Further information: 123: 95: 7259:Straight photography 6897:Chromatic aberration 5508:. January 14, 2014. 5455:. 30 November 2001. 5029:From Photon to Pixel 3993:10.1143/JJAP.24.L323 3555:Digital camera backs 3541:portrait photography 3520:digital camera backs 3435:improve this section 3291:improve this section 2966:— media used in the 2808:improve this section 2654:instant-print camera 2566:wireless connections 2247:improve this section 2206:Rotating line camera 2102:improve this section 2050:open-loop controller 2004:improve this section 1972:Digital rangefinders 1922:improve this section 1838:improve this section 1729:improve this section 1678:, announced in 2014. 1479:telephoto converters 1335:image sensor formats 1298:Compacts often have 805:improve this section 721:anti-aliasing filter 694:rotating line camera 571:improve this section 18:Digital still camera 8209:American inventions 8131:photographic plates 7806:Digital photography 6989:Hyperfocal distance 6902:Circle of confusion 5376:. January 8, 2013. 4995:Bockaert, Vincent. 4941:2014JPhCS.536a2021C 4628:. August 11, 2013. 4496:1989SPIE.1082..157K 4434:Popular Photography 4030:1993SPIE.1900....2F 3985:1985JaJAP..24L.323M 3732:. 8 September 2023. 3561:Digital camera back 3155:data that provides 3034:Sony's Proprietary 2581:Kodak EasyShare One 2526:Transferring photos 2507:Light-field cameras 2348:line have used the 2163:which resides in a 1483:Circular Polarizing 1472:image sensor format 1465:image stabilization 931: 917:Image sensor format 900:sensors and 2x for 865:is relative to the 388:front-facing camera 309:Popular Electronics 247:active-pixel sensor 230:(CCD), invented by 114:articulating screen 8224:1975 in technology 7625:Autochrome Lumière 7620:Analog photography 7445:Pigeon photography 7239:Social documentary 6718:discontinued films 6255:. 6 January 2012. 5930:. 14 August 2013. 5841:The New York Times 5799:The New York Times 5772:Casserly, Martyn. 5259:. Digital Trends. 5152:digitalcameraworld 5092:2015-01-02 at the 4306:The New York Times 3481: 3093:proprietary format 3076:Image file formats 3064:memory card reader 2996:Microdrive (CF-II) 2868: 2856: 2776:Image data storage 2602:control and more ( 2564:Other cameras use 2493:high dynamic range 2491:image with larger 2437:e-mail attachments 2412: 2399: 2391: 2315:Light-field camera 2199:push broom scanner 2153: 1777: 1597: 1519: 1511: 1447: 1415:360-degree cameras 1376:mobile application 1308:candid photography 1255: 1247: 1216: 1181:color filter array 929: 927: 859: 717: 631: 623: 503:Resolution options 481:color filter array 343:still video camera 295:. Their 1972 133: 118: 110:optical viewfinder 96:Front and back of 32:Digital camouflage 8186: 8185: 7977:Collodion process 7913:Chromogenic print 7900:Color photography 7410:Multiple exposure 7385:Lo-fi photography 6917:Color temperature 5680:978-3-527-41365-2 5605:978-0-240-81720-0 5255:Gannon Burgnett. 5038:978-1-119-40243-5 4887:978-1-118-98350-8 4781:978-1-4200-2685-6 4567:on 9 October 2019 4504:10.1117/12.952864 4490:. SPIE: 157–184. 4464:978-1-118-08023-8 4248:978-2-940411-04-7 4171:978-1-4419-0953-4 4048:10.1117/12.148585 3957:978-3-319-49088-5 3930:978-0-8194-3698-6 3884:978-1-937986-79-7 3818:978-0-240-52024-7 3471: 3470: 3463: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3099:has released the 3086:Raw image formats 3022:3.5" floppy disks 2920:(e. g. Sony 2918:3.5" floppy disks 2844: 2843: 2836: 2697:In January 2008, 2676:Displaying photos 2433:software platform 2283: 2282: 2275: 2215:Superzoom cameras 2210:Strip photography 2138: 2137: 2130: 2040: 2039: 2032: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1794:full-frame sensor 1765: 1764: 1757: 1690:Micro Four Thirds 1620:Micro Four Thirds 1556:Fujifilm X series 1548:Micro Four Thirds 1421:360-degree camera 1167:Sensor resolution 1164: 1163: 841: 840: 833: 607: 606: 599: 467:Sensor resolution 330:, an engineer at 278:Texas Instruments 153:photographic film 98:Canon PowerShot A 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 8241: 8219:1975 in the arts 8175: 8174: 8164: 8163: 8037:Print permanence 7982:Cross processing 7940:CMYK color model 7925:Color management 7878:Foveon X3 sensor 7873:Three-CCD camera 7517:Miniature faking 7475:Sabattier effect 7092:Astrophotography 6947:Zebra patterning 6578: 6571: 6564: 6555: 6554: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6498:. October 2006. 6492: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6477: 6471:, archived from 6470: 6460: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6441: 6435:. Archived from 6434: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6397: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6356: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6329: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6294:"American Photo" 6290: 6284: 6283: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5981:"Huawei P20 Pro" 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5591: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4952: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4907: 4899: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4853:. 19 June 2015. 4851:Photography Life 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4795:Joshua Goldman. 4792: 4786: 4785: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4593:. May 18, 1999. 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4551: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4339:. Archived from 4327: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4098: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4067: 4059: 4041: 4014: 4005: 4004: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3710: 3707: 3584:CCD (monochrome) 3466: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3415: 3407: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3271: 3263: 3254: 3183:interoperability 3165:tag the location 3052:USB mass storage 3031: 3019: 3005: 2993: 2979: 2910:hard disk drives 2862:Digital camera ( 2839: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2788: 2780: 2615:email attachment 2547:USB mass storage 2278: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2227: 2219: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2082: 2074: 2070:line-scan camera 2035: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2015: 1984: 1976: 1962:Sony SLT cameras 1953: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1902: 1894: 1869: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1818: 1810: 1760: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1709: 1701: 1686:operating system 1615:modular camera. 1607:in 1998 and the 1189:full-color image 932: 928: 867:35mm film format 836: 829: 825: 822: 816: 785: 777: 747:Adobe Camera Raw 736:Foveon X3 sensor 653:Three-CCD camera 602: 595: 591: 588: 582: 551: 543: 489:full-color image 461:image processing 400:cellular network 304:Cromemco Cyclops 251:Tsutomu Nakamura 242:technology. The 232:Willard S. Boyle 171:with a variable 139:, also called a 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 45: 44: 37: 21: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8199:Digital cameras 8189: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8152: 8109: 8051: 8042:Push processing 7958: 7951: 7945:RGB color model 7894: 7800: 7684: 7596: 7562:Diagonal method 7548: 7293: 7197:Photojournalism 7060: 6892:Black-and-white 6860: 6839:Slide projector 6834:Movie projector 6713:available films 6587: 6582: 6544: 6539: 6530: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6505: 6503: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6454: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6401:"産業技術史資料データベース" 6399: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6372: 6363: 6361: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6336: 6334: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6237: 6235: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6177: 6173: 6164: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6139: 6137: 6114: 6110: 6101: 6099: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6015: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5832: 5825: 5816: 5814: 5791: 5787: 5778: 5776: 5774:"What is HEIC?" 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5736: 5732: 5703: 5699: 5690: 5688: 5681: 5661: 5657: 5648:Wing, Michael. 5646: 5642: 5633: 5631: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5592: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5309:Andy Westlake. 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5253: 5249: 5240: 5238: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5174: 5170: 5161: 5159: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5094:Wayback Machine 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5058: 5054: 5039: 5025: 5021: 5012: 5010: 4993: 4989: 4978: 4974: 4921: 4917: 4901: 4900: 4888: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4831: 4829: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4727: 4725: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4661: 4659: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4553: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4532: 4530:www.toshiba.com 4524: 4523: 4519: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4430: 4426: 4417: 4415: 4376: 4372: 4363: 4361: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4282: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4233: 4229: 4216: 4214: 4197: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4123:Fossum, Eric R. 4120: 4116: 4096: 4090:Fossum, Eric R. 4087: 4083: 4071: 4070: 4061: 4060: 4039:10.1.1.408.6558 4018:Fossum, Eric R. 4015: 4008: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3915: 3911: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3826: 3819: 3801: 3797: 3788: 3786: 3771: 3767: 3758: 3756: 3749:Washington Post 3741: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3642: 3563: 3557: 3467: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3432: 3416: 3405: 3380:batteries, and 3362: 3356: 3343: 3323: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3288: 3272: 3261: 3252: 3241: 3239:Thumbnail files 3179: 3173: 3078: 3072: 3038: 3032: 3023: 3020: 3011: 3009:USB flash drive 3006: 2997: 2994: 2985: 2980: 2958:Zink technology 2952:Thermal printer 2872:removable media 2840: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2805: 2789: 2778: 2765: 2734: 2718: 2678: 2632: 2630:Printing photos 2528: 2523: 2441:social networks 2404: 2375: 2369: 2338: 2329: 2318: 2297:nearsightedness 2289: 2279: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2244: 2228: 2217: 2212: 2134: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2099: 2083: 2072: 2066: 2046: 2036: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2001: 1985: 1974: 1954: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1919: 1903: 1892: 1870: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1835: 1819: 1808: 1783: 1761: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1726: 1710: 1699: 1656:as well as the 1642:Sony Cyber-shot 1589: 1587:Modular cameras 1525: 1503: 1453: 1439: 1428:virtual reality 1423: 1417: 1402: 1396: 1384: 1382:Rugged compacts 1302:capability and 1266:water-resistant 1239: 1221: 1169: 919: 837: 826: 820: 817: 802: 786: 775: 751:RGB color model 741: 709: 603: 592: 586: 583: 568: 552: 541: 525: 523:Image sharpness 509:digital zooming 505: 469: 452: 446: 355:black and white 273:Eugene F. Lally 236:George E. Smith 224: 214:Digital imaging 206: 86: 75: 69: 66: 58:help improve it 55: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8247: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8180: 8169: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7922: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7904: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7814:Digital camera 7810: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7640:Camera obscura 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7582:Rule of thirds 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7509: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7350:Harris shutter 7347: 7345:Hand-colouring 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7036:Red-eye effect 7033: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6942:Exposure value 6939: 6934: 6929: 6927:Depth of focus 6924: 6922:Depth of field 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6581: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6543: 6542:External links 6540: 6538: 6537: 6512: 6487: 6452: 6420: 6406: 6392: 6381: 6370: 6343: 6316: 6299: 6285: 6270: 6244: 6215: 6190: 6171: 6146: 6108: 6078: 6052: 6025: 5998: 5972: 5945: 5915: 5885: 5859: 5823: 5785: 5764: 5750: 5730: 5697: 5679: 5673:. p. 41. 5655: 5640: 5611: 5604: 5577: 5550: 5523: 5497: 5470: 5444: 5418: 5391: 5365: 5328: 5301: 5274: 5247: 5222: 5195: 5168: 5138: 5112: 5098: 5079: 5060:Ken Rockwell. 5052: 5037: 5019: 4997:"Sensor sizes" 4987: 4972: 4915: 4886: 4868: 4838: 4814: 4787: 4780: 4760: 4734: 4704: 4668: 4643: 4625:Digital Trends 4608: 4578: 4541: 4517: 4470: 4463: 4443: 4424: 4370: 4346: 4343:on 2020-10-27. 4319: 4291: 4261: 4247: 4227: 4191: 4177: 4170: 4150: 4114: 4081: 4072:|journal= 4006: 3963: 3956: 3936: 3929: 3909: 3890: 3883: 3863: 3849:. 2009-10-19. 3834: 3817: 3795: 3765: 3735: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3641: 3638: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3559:Main article: 3556: 3553: 3469: 3468: 3419: 3417: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3358:Main article: 3355: 3352: 3342: 3339: 3325: 3324: 3275: 3273: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3240: 3237: 3175:Main article: 3172: 3169: 3084:) and various 3074:Main article: 3071: 3068: 3040: 3039: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3014: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2842: 2841: 2792: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2764: 2761: 2746:light metering 2733: 2730: 2717: 2714: 2677: 2674: 2662:instant camera 2631: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2607: 2593: 2592: 2589:cloud services 2579:, such as the 2559: 2558: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2469:Galaxy S4 Mini 2403: 2400: 2371:Main article: 2368: 2365: 2361:installed base 2337: 2334: 2328: 2323: 2317: 2312: 2281: 2280: 2231: 2229: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2188:photo finishes 2136: 2135: 2086: 2084: 2077: 2068:Main article: 2065: 2062: 2042:Main article: 2038: 2037: 1988: 1986: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1956: 1955: 1906: 1904: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1872: 1871: 1822: 1820: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1779:Main article: 1771:Cutaway of an 1763: 1762: 1713: 1711: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1679: 1669: 1665: 1658:Alpha ILCE-QX1 1588: 1585: 1554:"DSLR-likes", 1521:Main article: 1502: 1499: 1449:Main article: 1438: 1437:Bridge cameras 1435: 1419:Main article: 1416: 1413: 1395: 1394:Action cameras 1392: 1383: 1380: 1365:stereo cameras 1339:depth of field 1312:bridge cameras 1238: 1233: 1227:equipment and 1220: 1217: 1187:to recreate a 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1002: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 988: 987: 984: 981: 978: 974: 973: 970: 967: 964: 960: 959: 956: 953: 950: 946: 945: 942: 939: 936: 890:Konica Minolta 839: 838: 789: 787: 780: 774: 771: 708: 705: 605: 604: 555: 553: 546: 540: 537: 524: 521: 504: 501: 487:to recreate a 468: 465: 445: 442: 419:digital photos 392:digital images 271:In the 1960s, 205: 202: 149:digital memory 137:digital camera 102:compact camera 88: 87: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8246: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8179: 8170: 8168: 8159: 8158: 8155: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8078:Photographers 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7967:Bleach bypass 7965: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7954: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7935:primary color 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7920:Reversal film 7918: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7885:Image sharing 7883: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7786:United States 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7645:Daguerreotype 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7490:Stopping down 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7455:Rephotography 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7390:Long-exposure 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7087:Architectural 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7046:Shutter speed 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999:Metering mode 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6912:Color balance 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6877:Angle of view 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6824:Manufacturers 6822: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6574: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6478:on 2013-09-30 6474: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6457: 6442:on 2013-09-30 6438: 6431: 6424: 6416: 6410: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6374: 6360: 6353: 6347: 6333: 6326: 6320: 6309: 6303: 6295: 6289: 6281: 6274: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5965:September 17, 5960: 5956: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5775: 5768: 5753: 5751:0-08-047853-0 5747: 5743: 5742: 5734: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5659: 5651: 5644: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5321:September 30, 5316: 5312: 5305: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5108: 5102: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5083: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5008: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4935:(1): 012021. 4934: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4807:September 29, 4802: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4777: 4774:. CRC Press. 4773: 4772: 4764: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4615: 4613: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4560:Computerworld 4556: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4295: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4224: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4161:Smart Cameras 4154: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4077: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3940: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3867: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3581:Linear array 3580: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3528:Medium format 3525: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3500:conversions. 3499: 3494: 3489: 3486: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3462: 3454: 3451:December 2019 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3420:This section 3418: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3400: 3398: 3397:battery grips 3393: 3391: 3387: 3386:lithium based 3383: 3382:AAA batteries 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3338: 3334: 3332: 3321: 3318: 3310: 3307:December 2019 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3276:This section 3274: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3161:exposure time 3158: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3146:8.3 filenames 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3097:Adobe Systems 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048:free software 3045: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2884:hot-swappable 2881: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2838: 2835: 2827: 2824:December 2019 2817: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2793:This section 2791: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2773: 2771: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2750:white balance 2747: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2713: 2711: 2710:DVD recorders 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699:Silicon Image 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2464:Windows Phone 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2445:photo sharing 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:Galaxy Camera 2426: 2425:Coolpix S800c 2420: 2417: 2408: 2402:Market trends 2395: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2327: 2322: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2277: 2274: 2266: 2263:December 2019 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2232:This section 2230: 2226: 2221: 2220: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2161:frame grabber 2158: 2157:pixel sensors 2150: 2147: 2142: 2132: 2129: 2121: 2118:December 2019 2111: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2087:This section 2085: 2081: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2034: 2031: 2023: 2020:December 2019 2013: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1989:This section 1987: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1952: 1949: 1941: 1938:December 2019 1931: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1907:This section 1905: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1868: 1865: 1857: 1854:December 2019 1847: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1823:This section 1821: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1782: 1774: 1769: 1759: 1756: 1748: 1745:December 2019 1738: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1714:This section 1712: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1593: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1515: 1507: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1452: 1451:Bridge camera 1443: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1422: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1400:Action camera 1391: 1388: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1251: 1243: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 996: 993: 990: 989: 985: 982: 979: 976: 975: 971: 968: 965: 962: 961: 957: 954: 951: 948: 947: 943: 940: 937: 934: 933: 923: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 856: 852: 850: 846: 845:angle of view 835: 832: 824: 821:December 2019 814: 810: 806: 800: 799: 795: 790:This section 788: 784: 779: 778: 770: 768: 763: 760: 755: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 713: 704: 701: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 678:image scanner 675: 670: 668: 667:microscanning 664: 660: 656: 654: 650: 649:beam splitter 646: 642: 638: 634: 627: 621:image sensor. 620: 616: 611: 601: 598: 590: 587:December 2019 580: 576: 572: 566: 565: 561: 556:This section 554: 550: 545: 544: 536: 532: 530: 520: 516: 514: 510: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 464: 462: 458: 451: 444:Image sensors 441: 439: 435: 431: 428: 424: 420: 416: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 350: 346: 344: 339: 337: 333: 332:Eastman Kodak 329: 328:Steven Sasson 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 310: 305: 300: 298: 294: 289: 286: 283:In 1972, the 281: 279: 274: 269: 267: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 245: 241: 240:MOS capacitor 237: 233: 229: 223: 219: 215: 211: 201: 199: 198:image editing 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 174: 170: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 130: 126: 122: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 94: 84: 81: 73: 70:December 2019 63: 59: 53: 50:This article 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 8143:Polaroid art 8032:K-14 process 8027:Instant film 8022:Gum printing 7972:C-41 process 7957:Photographic 7858:Image sensor 7853:Film scanner 7813: 7507:Sun printing 7440:Print toning 7232:space selfie 7202:Pictorialism 7132:Ethnographic 7112:Conservation 6984:Guide number 6979:Focal length 6608: 6529:. Retrieved 6515: 6504:. Retrieved 6490: 6480:, retrieved 6473:the original 6464: 6444:. Retrieved 6437:the original 6423: 6409: 6395: 6384: 6373: 6362:. Retrieved 6346: 6335:. Retrieved 6319: 6302: 6288: 6279: 6273: 6261:. Retrieved 6247: 6236:. Retrieved 6227: 6218: 6207:. Retrieved 6199:"Scene Mode" 6193: 6174: 6163:. Retrieved 6149: 6138:. Retrieved 6121: 6111: 6100:. Retrieved 6091: 6081: 6069:. Retrieved 6055: 6045:December 30, 6043:. Retrieved 6028: 6016:. Retrieved 6001: 5989:. Retrieved 5975: 5963:. Retrieved 5948: 5936:. Retrieved 5927: 5918: 5906:. Retrieved 5897: 5888: 5878:February 27, 5876:. Retrieved 5862: 5850:. Retrieved 5839: 5815:. Retrieved 5798: 5788: 5777:. Retrieved 5767: 5755:. Retrieved 5740: 5733: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5689:. Retrieved 5665: 5658: 5649: 5643: 5632:. Retrieved 5623: 5614: 5595: 5568:. Retrieved 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5526: 5514:. Retrieved 5500: 5488:. Retrieved 5473: 5461:. Retrieved 5447: 5437:September 6, 5435:. Retrieved 5421: 5409:. Retrieved 5394: 5382:. Retrieved 5368: 5356:. Retrieved 5341: 5331: 5319:. Retrieved 5304: 5292:. Retrieved 5277: 5267:February 16, 5265:. Retrieved 5250: 5239:. Retrieved 5235: 5225: 5213:. Retrieved 5198: 5186:. Retrieved 5171: 5160:. Retrieved 5151: 5141: 5129:. Retrieved 5115: 5101: 5082: 5070:. Retrieved 5055: 5028: 5022: 5011:. Retrieved 5000: 4990: 4981: 4975: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4877: 4871: 4859:. Retrieved 4850: 4841: 4830:. Retrieved 4826: 4817: 4805:. Retrieved 4790: 4770: 4763: 4751:. Retrieved 4737: 4726:. Retrieved 4717: 4707: 4697:15 September 4695:. Retrieved 4680: 4671: 4660:. Retrieved 4646: 4636:15 September 4634:. Retrieved 4623: 4601:15 September 4599:. Retrieved 4581: 4571:15 September 4569:. Retrieved 4565:the original 4558: 4533:. Retrieved 4529: 4520: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4453: 4446: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4416:. Retrieved 4383: 4373: 4362:. Retrieved 4358: 4349: 4341:the original 4334: 4310:. Retrieved 4304: 4294: 4283:. Retrieved 4274: 4264: 4252:. 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Retrieved 3748: 3738: 3724: 3705: 3691:Image sensor 3676:Video camera 3671:Smart camera 3622: 3618: 3615: 3603: 3592: 3564: 3537: 3532:large format 3517: 3513:35 mm format 3502: 3490: 3485:film cameras 3482: 3457: 3448: 3433:Please help 3421: 3394: 3363: 3344: 3335: 3328: 3313: 3304: 3289:Please help 3277: 3242: 3231:rather than 3226: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3180: 3150: 3131: 3112: 3105: 3090: 3079: 3070:File formats 3041: 3036:Memory Stick 2908:(very small 2903: 2899:file offload 2892: 2888:Memory Stick 2869: 2852:CompactFlash 2830: 2821: 2806:Please help 2794: 2766: 2758: 2735: 2727: 2719: 2707: 2696: 2686: 2679: 2666:instant film 2653: 2651: 2648: 2633: 2620: 2594: 2560: 2529: 2521:Connectivity 2515: 2511: 2505: 2501:digital zoom 2452:808 PureView 2449: 2421: 2413: 2376: 2354: 2339: 2330: 2326:Event camera 2319: 2301: 2290: 2269: 2260: 2245:Please help 2233: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2170: 2154: 2124: 2115: 2100:Please help 2088: 2047: 2026: 2017: 2002:Please help 1990: 1959: 1944: 1935: 1920:Please help 1908: 1882: 1875: 1860: 1851: 1836:Please help 1824: 1793: 1791: 1784: 1773:Olympus E-30 1751: 1742: 1727:Please help 1715: 1662:Sony E-mount 1636: 1626: 1624: 1617: 1602: 1598: 1581: 1577: 1540: 1528: 1526: 1495: 1476: 1469: 1462: 1458:manual focus 1454: 1432: 1424: 1403: 1385: 1373: 1362: 1347: 1332: 1328:skeuomorphic 1324:leaf shutter 1321: 1297: 1289:Live preview 1274: 1263: 1256: 1222: 1196: 1177:image sensor 1170: 875: 860: 849:focal length 842: 827: 818: 803:Please help 791: 767:interpolated 764: 756: 740: 729: 718: 702: 698: 685: 681: 673: 671: 658: 657: 641:Bayer filter 636: 635: 632: 593: 584: 569:Please help 557: 533: 526: 517: 506: 477:image sensor 470: 453: 450:Image sensor 377:camera phone 374: 359: 351: 347: 340: 326: 307: 301: 290: 282: 270: 225: 222:Camera phone 166: 140: 136: 134: 129:digital back 76: 67: 51: 8148:Stereoscopy 8007:E-6 process 8002:Dye coupler 7930:color space 7843:Digiscoping 7836:camera back 7751:Philippines 7680:Visual arts 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