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363:, preserving the prints. The hominid prints were produced by three individuals, one walking in the footprints of the other, making the original tracks difficult to discover. As the tracks lead in the same direction, they might have been produced by a group – but there is nothing else to support the common reconstruction of a nuclear family visiting the waterhole together.
375:, two ancient trackways have been found containing footprints, one at Langebaan and one at Nahoon. Both trackways occur in calcareous eolianites or hardened sand dunes. At Nahoon, trackways of at least five species of vertebrates, including three hominid footprints, are preserved as casts. The prints at
78:
is a sequence of fossil tracks left by a single organism. Over the years, many ichnites have been found, around the world, giving important clues about the behaviour (and foot structure and stride) of the animals that made them. For instance, multiple ichnites of a single species, close together,
105:
deposit). A possible scenario is a sea or lake shore that became dried out to a firm mud in hot, dry conditions, received the footprints (because it would only have been partially hardened and the animal would have been heavy) and then became silted over in a flash storm.
1808:
1327:
Romilio, Anthony; Dick, Roslyn; Skinner, Heather; Millar, Janice (2020-02-13). "Archival data provides insights into the ambiguous track-maker gait from the Lower
Jurassic (Sinemurian) Razorback beds, Queensland, Australia: evidence of theropod quadrupedalism?".
413:
mud of the
Tambach Formation in central Germany, together with exceptionally complete fossilised skeletons in the same 290-million-year-old strata. They matched the two most common trackways with the two most common fossils, two reptile-like herbivores known as
1764:
Romilio, Anthony; Salisbury, Steven W. (2011-04-01). "A reassessment of large theropod dinosaur tracks from the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian–Cenomanian) Winton
Formation of Lark Quarry, central-western Queensland, Australia: A case for mistaken identity".
851:
Mammal trackways are among the least common trackways. Mammals were not often in mud, or riverine environments; they were more often in forestlands or grasslands. Thus the earlier tetrapods or proto-tetrapods would yield the most fossil trackways. The
709:. A variety of scenarios was proposed to explain the tracks, but most likely represent twelve sauropods "probably as a herd, followed somewhat later by three theropods that may or may not have been stalking – but that certainly were not attacking."
1010:
1421:
Westaway, Michael C.; Cupper, Matthew L.; Johnston, Harvey; Graham, Ian (June 2013). "The
Willandra Fossil Trackway: Assessment of ground penetrating radar survey results and additional OSL dating at a unique Australian site".
188:, with some footprints measuring 1.7 m. The 3D digital documentation of tracks has the benefit of being able to examine ichnite in detail remotely and distribute the data to colleagues and other interested personnel.
109:
The first ichnite found was in 1800 in
Massachusetts, US, by a farmer named Pliny Moody, who found 1-foot (31 cm) long fossilized footprints. They were thought by Harvard and Yale scholars to be from "Noah's Raven".
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954:
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The Gansu dinosaur trackway located in the
Liujiazia National Dinosaur Geopark in Yanguoxia, China contains hundreds of tracks including 245 dinosaur, 350 theropod, 364 sauropod and 628 ornithopod tracks among others.
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Stössel, I, Williams, E.A. & Higgs, K.T. 2016. Ichnology and depositional environment of the Middle
Devonian Valentia Island tetrapod trackways, south-west Ireland. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 462,
1489:
Calder, J.H., Baird, D. & Urdang, E.B. 2004. On the discovery of tetrapod trackways from Permo-Carboniferous redbeds of Prince Edward Island and their biostratigraphic significance. Atlantic
Geology, 40, 217–226.
1362:
Stössel, I, Williams, E.A. & Higgs, K.T. 2016. Ichnology and depositional environment of the Middle
Devonian Valentia Island tetrapod trackways, south-west Ireland. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 462,
1830:
Bennett, Matthew R.; Bustos, David; Odess, Daniel; Urban, Tommy M.; Lallensack, Jens N.; Budka, Marcin; Santucci, Vincent L.; Martinez, Patrick; Wiseman, Ashleigh L. A.; Reynolds, Sally C. (1 December 2020).
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Combinations of footprints of different species provide clues about the interactions of those species. Even a set of footprints of a single animal gives important clues, as to whether it was
912:
808:
have dated the tracks to around 225–220 million years old (the late
Triassic period). The track contains traces of a variety of dinosaurs including theropods, sauropods, and archosaurs.
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The earliest land creatures (actually land-marine coastal-riverine-marshland) left some of the first terrestrial trackways. They range from tetrapods to proto-reptilians and others.
403:
A possible first connection of a trackway with the vertebrate that left it was published by Drs. Sebastian Voigt and David Berman and Amy Henrici in the 12 September 2007 issue of
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dinosaurs crossing a river. It was once believed they respresented a large predator chasing doqn a mixed flock of small ornithopods and theropods, but this was contested in 2011.
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1278:"The Dinosaurian Ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany Area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia"
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Twenty six human fossil trackways have been found in the Willandra Lakes area adjacent to Lake Garnpung, consisting of 563 human footprints from 19,000 to 20,000 years ago.
336:
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impressions on land, or subsurface water, but other types of creatures will leave distinctive impressions. Examples of creatures supported, or partially supported, in a
1652:
Fujita, Sato; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Azuma, Yoichi; Li, Daqing (2012). "Unusual Tridactyl Trackways with Tail Traces from the Lower Cretaceous Heikou Group, Gansu Province".
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Martin Lockley & Adrian P. Hunt, Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of the Western United States, Columbia U. Press, New York (1995)
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Warren, J.W. & Wakefield, N.A., 1972. Trackways of tetrapod vertebrates from the Upper Devonian of Victoria, Aust. Nature 238, 469-470.
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138:
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trackway site in the Colac district of Australia (west of Colac) contains marsupial trackways as well as kangaroo and wallaby tracks.
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has dinosaur trackways from the Late Cretaceous, 65 ma. (A model example of this 3-toed Wyoming trackway was made for presentation)
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was, for a long time and still may be, only known from its fossilized trail. Its footprints were first found in 1834, in
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Stössel, I. 1995. The discovery of a new Devonian tetrapod trackway in SW Ireland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 152, 407–413.
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in 1969. Some are as large as about 3 feet across. The prints are thought to have been preserved originally in a
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for all categories of dinosaurs, even to the large plant eaters, but especially the faster 3-toed meat hunters.
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Last Interglacial Hominid and Associated Vertebrate Fossil Trackways in Coastal Eolianites, South Africa, 2008
409:. The paleontologists who made the connection were aided by unusually detailed trackways left in fine-grained
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A 1.5km-long Late Pleistocene Age trackway of Human (child and adult) fossilized footprints, as well as
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and left many trackways, both from plant-eaters and the meat-eaters, in various layers of mud and sand.
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Salisbury, Steven W.; Romilio, Anthony; Herne, Matthew C.; Tucker, Ryan T.; Nair, Jay P. (2016-12-12).
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Walchia forest, and tetrapod trackways that extended over some period of time through the forest area.
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evolved (the "Age of the Grasses" evolved with the "Age of the Mammals"); the dinosaurs lived in the
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1833:"Walking in mud: Remarkable Pleistocene human trackways from White Sands National Park (New Mexico)"
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In north-central Namibia there is a dinosaur trackway in sandstone on what is now the private farm
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Special conditions are required, in order to preserve a footprint made in soft ground (such as an
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359:. After the footprints were made in powdery ash, soft rain cemented the ash layer into
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685:. There are tracks from two types of dinosaur. The first type of tracks are from a
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1809:"World's longest fossilized human trackways discovered at White Sands National Park"
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on land. Marine organisms also made many ancient trackways (such as the trails of
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With scientific analysis, dinosaur specialists are now analyzing tracks for the
94:, when on the ground, used their forelimbs in an unexpected quadrupedal action.
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1566:"Guest Farm Namibia – Dinosaur Tracks-Footprints National Monument von Namibia"
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The earliest fossil trackway of primitive tetrapods in Australia occurs in the
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In the Lower Zimbabwe Rift Valley there is a trackway in 140 Ma rose-coloured
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at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah.
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445:, Canada contains trackways of tetrapods and stem-reptiles. Macrofloral and
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The western regions of North America, especially the western border of the
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are the oldest human footprints, dated to approximately 117,000 years old.
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Some of the earliest trackways for human ancestors have been discovered in
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137:. There are replicas of some of these footprints, set across the lawn of
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1740:"Dinosaur footprints over 225 million years old discovered in Thailand"
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contains one of the oldest dinosaur tracks to have been discovered in
1243:"World's largest dinosaur footprints discovered in Western Australia"
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Texts on natural casts of dinosaur tracks found in Utah coal mines
1696:"250 million year old dinosaur footprints discovered in thailand"
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and were made by an animal of 30 to 50 feet in length, perhaps a
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footprints scientifically documented, and were designated a US
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586:. The prints are believed to be around 190 million years old.
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A famous group of ichnites was found in a limestone quarry at
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1478:, "Who Went There? Matching Fossil Tracks With Their Makers"
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Theropod and sauropod tracks under water in the Paluxy River
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606:, implies that it is a trackway of a juvenile, a probable
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Area with 200-plus dinosaur tracks opening to public soon
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Sarjeant and Reynolds, 1999; convex hyporelief) from the
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Tracking dinosaurs : a new look at an ancient world
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South Africa West Coast article on Langebaan footprints
804:. Discovered in January 2024, paleontologists from the
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footprint from Red Fleet State Park, northeastern Utah.
1536:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 238.
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of Chewore Area. The small footprint size, with both
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Redbeds of Prince Edward Island, Permo-Carboniferous
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The largest known dinosaur footprints, belonging to
79:
suggest 'herd' or 'pack' behaviour of that species.
1801:
1716:"Dinosaur track find could be a first for Thailand"
1589:"Walking with baby dinosaurs", manus and pes prints
1381:
The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
703:, an animal of 20 to 30 feet in length, perhaps an
1159:, a groove infilled by sand appears as a ridgeline
125:, in 1997. They were thought to have been made by
1971:
1763:
1651:
1179:List of stratigraphic units with dinosaur tracks
1138:footprints near the Manawatu River, New Zealand.
66:) – a track, trace or footstep) is a fossilized
1189:List of non-Dinosauria fossil trackway articles
90:. In this way, it has been suggested that some
1237:
824:contains three-toed tracks made by a heard of
311:left its multi-legged/feet trackways on land.
923:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
258:chain of trace platforms – (example:
139:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
1626:
1624:
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657:footprints and trackways are found in the
255:belly drag marks – (e.g., tetrapods)
1955:Earth History, (tetrapod trackways, etc.)
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570:Dinosaur trace fossil of Otjihaenamparero
490:Dinosaurs lived on the continents before
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1880:Unrivalled fossil find, The Cola Herald
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739:Prehistoric Trackways National Monument
34:A reverse ichnite of the impression of
14:
1972:
1811:. Las Cruces Sun News. 9 October 2020
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661:, the most famous of these being the
634:, are common for dinosaur trackways.
474:
460:within the Valentia Slate Formation.
456:tetrapod trackways at three sites on
293:The majority of fossil trackways are
1965:Marsupial trackways, Colac district.
1613:Dinosaur Hunting in Wyoming, photo:
1599:Dinosaur Hunting in Wyoming, photo:
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1921:Zimbabwe juvenile dinosaur trackway
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978:at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah.
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301:environment are known. The fossil "
281:Specialized marine trace trackway,
210:Many fossil trackways were made by
205:
24:
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1283:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1115:The main dinosaur trackway at the
976:St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site
748:Connecticut River Valley trackways
406:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
387:
243:Some basic fossil trackway types:
25:
1996:
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1601:Arlene and Gabe at the trackways.
1570:www.dinosaurstracks-guestfarm.com
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762:West Gold Hill Dinosaur Track in
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1936:Photo-High Res – (Outdoor photo)
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550:Valley of the Dinosaurs, ParaĂba
430:(with the trackway pseudonym of
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1858:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106610
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806:Department of Mineral Resources
723:Dinosaur Footprints Reservation
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40:Paleozoological Museum of China
1436:10.1080/03122417.2013.11681969
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27:Fossilized footprint (ichnite)
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1342:10.1080/08912963.2020.1720014
1305:10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539
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946:The Mammoth Site, Hot Springs
699:, and the second tracks by a
578:. Larger footprints are of a
540:are also being investigated.
420:(with the trackway pseudonym
1117:Lagosteiros Natural Monument
837:Lagosteiros Natural Monument
733:Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite
467:, Victoria, dating from the
449:information help date them.
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7:
1615:trackways for presentation.
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921:trace fossil, displayed in
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764:Uncompahgre National Forest
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351:trackway is famous for the
339:Laetoli Site, February 2006
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176:were found to the north of
10:
2001:
1837:Quaternary Science Reviews
1666:10.2110/palo.2012.p12-015r
1377:"Laetoli Footprint Trails"
881:tracks have been found at
667:Dinosaur Valley State Park
561:
452:Ireland hosts late Middle
328:
172:and dating from the early
117:, 20 km Northeast of
1902:"Fossil Footprints"
1241:; agencies (2017-03-28).
883:White Sands National Park
794:Phu Pha Man National Park
675:National Natural Landmark
543:
319:
1916:Wyoming 3-toed trackways
1184:Formations with ichnites
1052:Saurichnites intermedius
778:
712:Other examples include:
669:. These were the first
355:footprints preserved in
1908:The American Cyclopædia
1530:Lockley, M. G. (1991).
1072:trackway, near Enciso,
997:footprint in the Lower
967:footprint in the Lower
773:
756:dinosaur trackway near
754:Clayton Lake State Park
632:Western Interior Seaway
471:350 million years ago.
158:, dating from the Late
1424:Australian Archaeology
887:Alamogordo, New Mexico
743:Las Cruces, New Mexico
727:Holyoke, Massachusetts
716:Dinosaur tracks, near
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267:body imprint – (
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36:Jialingpus yuechiensis
1642:accessdate=2014-08-25
1157:negative relief image
860:has an example of an
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201:in sedimentary stone.
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33:
1931:Dinosaur trackways:
1480:, 15 September 2007.
1194:List of fossil sites
818:Lark Quarry Trackway
582:and smaller ones of
443:Prince Edward Island
422:Ichniotherium cottae
70:. This is a type of
38:, on display at the
1849:2020QSRv..24906610B
1779:2011CrRes..32..135R
1767:Cretaceous Research
1296:2016JVPal..36S...1S
1175:, a type of ichnite
758:Clayton, New Mexico
659:Glen Rose Formation
486:dinosaur trackway.
289:of northern Russia.
1330:Historical Biology
879:giant ground sloth
858:Brule, Nova Scotia
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475:Dinosaur trackways
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1950:Early Tetrapods:
1025:Barstow Formation
1002:Moenave Formation
972:Moenave Formation
937:Cross-section of
905:Gallery of images
484:Arabian Peninsula
465:Genoa River Gorge
417:Diadectes absitus
315:Hominid trackways
186:Western Australia
182:Dampier Peninsula
144:A creature named
16:(Redirected from
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1980:Fossil trackways
1944:Dakota Formation
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847:Mammal trackways
750:, in New England
706:Acrocanthosaurus
576:Otjihaenamparero
269:Monuron trackway
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432:Orobates pabsti
427:Orobates pabsti
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1889:External links
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1800:
1773:(2): 135–142.
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1744:nationthailand
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1522:
1513:
1503:
1494:
1482:
1467:
1413:
1402:
1393:
1383:. January 1978
1365:
1355:
1319:
1268:
1239:Devlin, Hannah
1230:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1152:Hibbertopterus
1149:
1142:
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1134:
1127:
1125:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1064:
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944:footprints at
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736:
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615:
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563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
545:
542:
522:running speeds
512:walking-speeds
476:
473:
397:
396:Early Tetrapod
394:
389:
386:
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381:
368:
365:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
275:
274:
273:
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237:Hibbertopterus
207:
204:
99:alluvial plain
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1997:
1986:
1985:Trace fossils
1983:
1981:
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1543:0-521-39463-5
1539:
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1479:
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1476:Science Daily
1471:
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1433:
1430:(76): 84–89.
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1220:on 2009-07-25
1219:
1215:
1214:"Noahs Raven"
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1034:
1033:Rainbow Basin
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1007:
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933:
928:
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919:Cheirotherium
914:
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871:
868:United States
865:
863:
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691:brachiosaurid
688:
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664:
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651:United States
643:
639:
637:
633:
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624:Dilophosaurus
620:
614:North America
611:
609:
605:
601:
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587:
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581:
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568:
551:
548:
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541:
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447:palynological
444:
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439:Carboniferous
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418:
412:
411:Lower Permian
408:
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393:
380:
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305:-type" genus
304:
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149:
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147:Cheirotherium
142:
140:
136:
135:
131:and possibly
130:
129:
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120:
116:
111:
107:
104:
100:
95:
93:
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85:
80:
77:
73:
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65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1959:
1949:
1930:
1906:
1875:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1803:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1748:. Retrieved
1746:. 2024-01-14
1743:
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1720:Bangkok Post
1719:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1690:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1635:
1614:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1584:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1560:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1506:
1497:
1485:
1475:
1470:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1405:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1358:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1260:. Retrieved
1248:The Guardian
1246:
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1208:
1170:
1156:
1150:
1088:
1051:
1020:
990:
960:
918:
896:
850:
835:
815:
791:
782:
711:
704:
696:Pleurocoelus
694:
663:Paluxy River
648:
629:
623:
593:
580:ceratosauria
573:
537:pack hunting
536:
535:
530:
529:
526:
521:
520:
516:
511:
510:
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489:
462:
451:
436:
431:
425:
421:
415:
404:
402:
399:
391:
373:South Africa
370:
367:South Africa
357:volcanic ash
342:
308:Arthropleura
306:
292:
259:
242:
235:
218:, and other
209:
198:Protichnites
196:
167:
145:
143:
132:
128:Megalosaurus
126:
112:
108:
96:
81:
75:
72:trace fossil
63:
59:
51:
48:fossil track
47:
45:
35:
1942:Photo from
1445:10072/55451
1089:Petalichnus
1067:carnivorous
1019:footprint (
939:Pleistocene
527:Evidence of
285:, from the
232:eurypterids
134:Cetiosaurus
103:sedimentary
88:quadrupedal
1974:Categories
1960:Australia
1946:, Colorado
1843:: 106610.
1815:11 October
1750:2024-01-25
1725:2024-01-25
1701:2024-01-25
1575:2021-11-06
1387:2022-08-29
1262:2017-12-01
1224:2010-02-21
1200:References
1155:trackway:
1037:California
991:Gigandipus
856:forest of
826:ornithopod
822:Queensland
718:Moab, Utah
679:tidal flat
504:Cretaceous
437:The Permo-
329:See also:
252:tail drags
249:footprints
228:trilobites
220:quadrupeds
174:Cretaceous
92:pterosaurs
1867:225132473
1795:0195-6671
1682:128491569
1462:107464142
1350:0891-2963
1314:0272-4634
1257:0261-3077
1093:arthropod
961:Eubrontes
899:marsupial
897:A recent
893:Australia
812:Australia
735:, Wyoming
701:theropoda
671:sauropoda
622:Probable
608:carnosaur
596:sandstone
584:syntarsus
383:Australia
377:Langebaan
303:millipede
287:Ediacaran
271:, insect)
216:tetrapods
212:dinosaurs
170:sauropods
152:Thuringia
141:(OUMNH).
68:footprint
1674:41692731
1552:23176761
1454:23621961
1172:Ichnites
1165:See also
1121:Portugal
1097:Devonian
1074:La Rioja
1070:theropod
1017:Cameloid
999:Jurassic
995:dinosaur
969:Jurassic
965:dinosaur
841:Sesimbra
832:Portugal
798:Thailand
788:Thailand
693:such as
687:sauropod
665:site in
655:dinosaur
590:Zimbabwe
552:, Brazil
500:Jurassic
496:Triassic
469:Devonian
454:Devonian
345:Tanzania
325:Tanzania
214:, early
160:Triassic
1940:Article
1911:. 1879.
1845:Bibcode
1775:Bibcode
1654:PALAIOS
1292:Bibcode
1076:, Spain
1029:Miocene
974:at the
942:mammoth
885:. Near
875:mammoth
862:in situ
854:Walchia
649:In the
636:Wyoming
562:Namibia
531:herding
492:grasses
353:hominin
349:Laetoli
347:. The
331:Laetoli
180:on the
156:Germany
123:England
84:bipedal
64:ichnion
52:ichnite
1865:
1793:
1680:
1672:
1550:
1540:
1460:
1452:
1348:
1312:
1255:
683:lagoon
557:Africa
544:Brazil
517:sprint
502:, and
424:) and
320:Africa
283:Yorgia
261:Yorgia
224:bipeds
178:Broome
163:Period
119:Oxford
115:Ardley
60:ιχνιον
1863:S2CID
1678:S2CID
1670:JSTOR
1511:16–40
1458:S2CID
1450:JSTOR
1363:16–40
1031:) of
839:, in
779:China
766:near
741:near
681:or a
600:manus
515:, or
299:water
234:like
74:. A
56:Greek
1817:2020
1791:ISSN
1548:OCLC
1538:ISBN
1346:ISSN
1310:ISSN
1253:ISSN
1101:Ohio
993:, a
963:, a
877:and
816:The
802:Asia
792:The
774:Asia
729:, US
602:and
361:tuff
295:foot
230:and
222:and
1853:doi
1841:249
1783:doi
1662:doi
1440:hdl
1432:doi
1338:doi
1300:doi
1136:Moa
820:in
796:in
725:in
604:pes
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371:In
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20:)
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