Roman Britain - Knowledge

1855:. Severus arrived in February 196, and the ensuing battle was decisive. Albinus came close to victory, but Severus's reinforcements won the day, and the British governor committed suicide. Severus soon purged Albinus's sympathisers and perhaps confiscated large tracts of land in Britain as punishment. Albinus had demonstrated the major problem posed by Roman Britain. In order to maintain security, the province required the presence of three legions, but command of these forces provided an ideal power base for ambitious rivals. Deploying those legions elsewhere would strip the island of its garrison, leaving the province defenceless against uprisings by the native Celtic tribes and against invasion by the 1878:'s report to Rome in 207 describes barbarians "rebelling, over-running the land, taking loot and creating destruction". In order to rebel, of course, one must be a subject – the Maeatae clearly did not consider themselves such. Senecio requested either reinforcements or an Imperial expedition, and Severus chose the latter, despite being 62 years old. Archaeological evidence shows that Senecio had been rebuilding the defences of Hadrian's Wall and the forts beyond it, and Severus's arrival in Britain prompted the enemy tribes to sue for peace immediately. The emperor had not come all that way to leave without a victory, and it is likely that he wished to provide his teenage sons 2836:

during the usurpation of Magnus Maximus 383–87. Coinage circulation increased during the 390s, but never attained the levels of earlier decades. Copper coins are very rare after 402, though minted silver and gold coins from hoards indicate they were still present in the province even if they were not being spent. By 407 there were very few new Roman coins going into circulation, and by 430 it is likely that coinage as a medium of exchange had been abandoned. Mass-produced wheel thrown pottery ended at approximately the same time; the rich continued to use metal and glass vessels, while the poor made do with humble "grey ware" or resorted to leather or wooden containers.

3135:

large amounts of British grain to the continent during the mid-4th century. During the latter part of the Roman period British agricultural products, paid for by both the Roman state and by private consumers, clearly played an important role in supporting the military garrisons and urban centres of the northwestern continental Empire. This came about as a result of the rapid decline in the size of the British garrison from the mid-3rd century onwards (thus freeing up more goods for export), and because of 'Germanic' incursions across the Rhine, which appear to have reduced rural settlement and agricultural output in northern Gaul.

3433: 2597: 79: 15138: 7097: 1259: 2851: 1418: 1890: 1646: 1197: 10648: 1271: 1538: 4563: 4457: 2589: 1526: 3154: 4215: 1386:. She was the widow of the recently deceased king of the Iceni, Prasutagus. The Roman historian Tacitus reports that Prasutagus had left a will leaving half his kingdom to Nero in the hope that the remainder would be left untouched. He was wrong. When his will was enforced, Rome responded by violently seizing the tribe's lands in full. Boudica protested. In consequence, Rome punished her and her daughters by flogging and rape. In response, the Iceni, joined by the 2128: 4063: 13383: 1661: 12572: 9224: 2116: 1942:. This kept the potential for rebellion in check for almost a century. Historical sources provide little information on the following decades, a period known as the Long Peace. Even so, the number of buried hoards found from this period rises, suggesting continuing unrest. A string of forts were built along the coast of southern Britain to control piracy; and over the following hundred years they increased in number, becoming the 2698:) and marched on Londinium where he began to deal with the invaders and made his base. An amnesty was promised to deserters which enabled Theodosius to regarrison abandoned forts. By the end of the year Hadrian's Wall was retaken and order returned. Considerable reorganization was undertaken in Britain, including the creation of a new province named Valentia, probably to better address the state of the far north. A new 3162: 2753: 4551: 1440:". As civil war raged in Rome, weak governors were unable to control the legions in Britain, and Venutius of the Brigantes seized his chance. The Romans had previously defended Cartimandua against him, but this time were unable to do so. Cartimandua was evacuated, and Venutius was left in control of the north of the country. After Vespasian secured the empire, his first two appointments as governor, 3451:

Anglo-Saxon periods, and historiography has been at pains to signal the expected survivals, but archaeology shows that a bare handful of Roman towns were continuously occupied. According to S.T. Loseby, the very idea of a town as a centre of power and administration was reintroduced to England by the Roman Christianising mission to Canterbury, and its urban revival was delayed to the 10th century.

2764:, was of a widespread economic decline at the beginning of the 5th century. Consistent archaeological evidence has told another story, and the accepted view is undergoing re-evaluation. Some features are agreed: more opulent but fewer urban houses, an end to new public building and some abandonment of existing ones, with the exception of defensive structures, and the widespread formation of " 1420: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1425: 1422: 1491:, in north-east Scotland. This was the high-water mark of Roman territory in Britain: shortly after his victory, Agricola was recalled from Britain back to Rome and awarded the ornaments of a triumph, before returning to continue as governor. By 87 the decision was taken to abandon most of the land north of the 4406:

by a Christian man called Vinisius to a Christian woman called Nigra, and was claimed as the first epigraphic record of Christianity in Britain. This translation of the letter was apparently based on grave paleographical errors, and the text has nothing to do with Christianity, and in fact relates to

2835:

Urban life had generally grown less intense by the fourth quarter of the 4th century, and coins minted between 378 and 388 are very rare, indicating a likely combination of economic decline, diminishing numbers of troops, problems with the payment of soldiers and officials or with unstable conditions

3110:

These products moved as a result of private trade and also through payments and contracts established by the Roman state to support its military forces and officials on the island, as well as through state taxation and extraction of resources. Up until the mid-3rd century, the Roman state's payments

3106:

on the middle Rhine; glass; and some agricultural products. Britain's exports are harder to detect archaeologically, but will have included metals, such as silver and gold and some lead, iron and copper. Other exports probably included agricultural products, oysters and salt, whilst large quantities

2604:

Emperor Constantius returned to Britain in 306, despite his poor health, with an army aiming to invade northern Britain, the provincial defences having been rebuilt in the preceding years. Little is known of his campaigns with scant archaeological evidence, but fragmentary historical sources suggest

1011:, writing late in Augustus's reign, claimed that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could. Archaeology shows that there was an increase in imported luxury goods in southeastern Britain. Strabo also mentions British kings who sent embassies to Augustus, and Augustus's own 2729:

around 384. His continental exploits required troops from Britain, and it appears that forts at Chester and elsewhere were abandoned in this period, triggering raids and settlement in north Wales by the Irish. His rule was ended in 388, but not all the British troops may have returned: the Empire's

2057:

and having embezzled recovered treasure. He consolidated control over all the provinces of Britain and some of northern Gaul while Maximian dealt with other uprisings. An invasion in 288 failed to unseat him and an uneasy peace ensued, with Carausius issuing coins and inviting official recognition.

3335:

with junior posts for each tax-raising power. Each legion in Britain had a commander who answered to the governor and, in time of war, probably directly ruled troublesome districts. Each of these commands carried a tour of duty of two to three years in different provinces. Below these posts was a

1629:

may have led to troop reductions in the area or even total withdrawal followed by slighting of the forts by the Picts rather than an unrecorded military defeat. The Romans were also in the habit of destroying their own forts during an orderly withdrawal, in order to deny resources to an enemy. In

780:

to be upwards of 10,000 on the Caledonian side and about 360 on the Roman side. The bloodbath at Mons Graupius concluded the forty-year conquest of Britain, a period that possibly saw between 100,000 and 250,000 Britons killed. In the context of pre-industrial warfare and of a total population of

3253:

By the 3rd and 4th centuries, small towns could often be found near villas. In these towns, villa owners and small-scale farmers could obtain specialist tools. Lowland Britain in the 4th century was agriculturally prosperous enough to export grain to the continent. This prosperity lay behind the

3134:

From the mid-3rd century onwards, Britain no longer received such a wide range and extensive quantity of foreign imports as it did during the earlier part of the Roman period; vast quantities of coin from continental mints reached the island, whilst there is historical evidence for the export of

2194:

were to control and coordinate the activities of governors; monitor but not interfere with the daily functioning of the Treasury and Crown Estates, which had their own administrative infrastructure; and act as the regional quartermaster-general of the armed forces. In short, as the sole civilian

3118:

It has been argued that Roman Britain's continental trade peaked in the late 1st century AD and thereafter declined as a result of an increasing reliance on local products by the population of Britain, caused by economic development on the island and by the Roman state's desire to save money by

1901:

led by Severus and probably numbering around 20,000 troops moved north in 208 or 209, crossing the Wall and passing through eastern Scotland on a route similar to that used by Agricola. Harried by punishing guerrilla raids by the northern tribes and slowed by an unforgiving terrain, Severus was

4266:

200 AD, in which he described "all the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons, inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ". Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Small timber

2186:

by 314. The governor of a province assumed more financial duties (the procurators of the Treasury ministry were slowly phased out in the first three decades of the 4th century). The Dux was commander of the troops of the Northern Region, primarily along Hadrian's Wall and his responsibilities

1767:

of buried coins in Britain at this time indicate that peace was not entirely achieved. Sufficient Roman silver has been found in Scotland to suggest more than ordinary trade, and it is likely that the Romans were reinforcing treaty agreements by paying tribute to their implacable enemies, the

1755:

or his pride in enlarging the empire, since the retreat to the Hadrianic frontier occurred not long after his death when a more objective strategic assessment of the benefits of the Antonine Wall could be made. The Romans did not entirely withdraw from Scotland at this time: the large fort at

3450:

During their occupation of Britain the Romans founded a number of important settlements, many of which survive. The towns suffered attrition in the later 4th century, when public building ceased and some were abandoned to private use. Place names survived the deurbanised Sub-Roman and early

3261:

in Shropshire, stock smashed into a gutter during a 2nd-century fire reveals that Gaulish samian ware was being sold alongside mixing bowls from the Mancetter-Hartshill industry of the West Midlands. Roman designs were most popular, but rural craftsmen still produced items derived from the

1410:(St. Albans). Between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed in the three cities. But Paulinus regrouped with two of the three legions still available to him, chose a battlefield, and, despite being outnumbered by more than twenty to one, defeated the rebels in the 1498:

For much of the history of Roman Britain, a large number of soldiers were garrisoned on the island. This required that the emperor station a trusted senior man as governor of the province. As a result, many future emperors served as governors or legates in this province, including

2901:

since he describes how, in the aftermath of the revolt, all of Armorica and the rest of Gaul followed the example of the Brettaniai. A letter from Emperor Honorius in 410 has traditionally been seen as rejecting a British appeal for help, but it may have been addressed to

4291:. The Icklingham font is made of lead, and visible in the British Museum. A Roman Christian graveyard exists at the same site in Icklingham. A possible Roman 4th-century church and associated burial ground was also discovered at Butt Road on the south-west outskirts of 2686:, combined with apparent dissension in the garrison on Hadrian's Wall, left Roman Britain prostrate. The invaders overwhelmed the entire western and northern regions of Britannia and the cities were sacked. This crisis, sometimes called the Barbarian Conspiracy or the 2779:

The abandonment of some sites is now believed to be later than had been thought. Many buildings changed use but were not destroyed. There was a growing number of barbarian attacks, but these targeted vulnerable rural settlements rather than towns. Some villas such as

1596:, mostly dating to 90–110. These tablets provide evidence for the operation of a Roman fort at the edge of the Roman Empire, where officers' wives maintained polite society while merchants, hauliers and military personnel kept the fort operational and supplied. 1836:. The latter was the new governor of Britannia, and had seemingly won the natives over after their earlier rebellions; he also controlled three legions, making him a potentially significant claimant. His sometime rival Severus promised him the title of 1816:(lived 126–193) was sent to Britannia to quell the mutiny and was initially successful in regaining control, but a riot broke out among the troops. Pertinax was attacked and left for dead, and asked to be recalled to Rome, where he briefly succeeded 2941:

supporting the legions in Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries.) The new arrivals rebelled, plunging the country into a series of wars that eventually led to the Saxon occupation of Lowland Britain by 600. Around this time, many Britons fled to

7073:

Esposito, Alessandra (2016). "A Context for Roman Priestly Regalia: Depositional Practices and Spatial Distribution of Assemblages from Roman Britain". In Mandichs, M. J.; Derrick, T. J.; Sanchez Gonzalez, S.; Savani, G.; Zampieri, E. (eds.).

3329:, and those in Britain appear to have been distinguished lawyers perhaps because of the challenge of incorporating tribes into the imperial system and devising a workable method of taxing them. Financial administration was dealt with by a 3377:

Roman Britain had an estimated population between 2.8 million and 3 million people at the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the

1617:, in SE Scotland) indicating hostilities at least at that site. There is also circumstantial evidence that auxiliary reinforcements were sent from Germany, and an unnamed British war of the period is mentioned on the gravestone of a 5909:

Councils, Decrees, Laws, Constitutions, Regarding the Churches of the Britannic Sphere. To wit, Great Britain, England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Man, Provincial, Diocesan. From the start of the Christian Religion there to our very

3308:'s role was primarily military, but numerous other tasks were also his responsibility, such as maintaining diplomatic relations with local client kings, building roads, ensuring the public courier system functioned, supervising the 2264:. Ammianus considered it a re-creation of a formerly lost province, leading some to think there had been an earlier fifth province under another name (may be the enigmatic "Vespasiana"?), and leading others to place Valentia beyond 1779:

cavalry, consisting of 5,500 men, arrived in Britannia, probably to reinforce troops fighting unrecorded uprisings. In 180, Hadrian's Wall was breached by the Picts and the commanding officer or governor was killed there in what

1725:, whose disappearance has been much discussed. Archaeology indicates considerable political instability in Scotland during the first half of the 2nd century, and the shifting frontier at this time should be seen in this context. 3472:, "small towns" grew on informal plans, often round a camp or at a ford or crossroads; some were not small, others were scarcely urban, some not even defended by a wall, the characteristic feature of a place of any importance. 1906:, but little appears to have been achieved by the invasion, as peace treaties were signed with the Caledonians. By 210 Severus had returned to York, and the frontier had once again become Hadrian's Wall. He assumed the title 5978:

Origines Ecclesiasticæ: The Antiquities of the Christian Church. With Two Sermons and Two Letters on the Nature and Necessity of Absolution. Reprinted from the Original Edition, MDCCVIII–MDCCXXII With an Enlarged Analytical

5822:

Researches into the Ecclesiastical and Political State of Ancient Britain under the Roman Emperors: with Observations upon the Principal Events and Characters Connected with the Christian Religion, during the First Five

2195:

official with superior authority, he had general oversight of the administration, as well as direct control, while not absolute, over governors who were part of the prefecture; the other two fiscal departments were not.

1914:

but the title meant little with regard to the unconquered north, which clearly remained outside the authority of the Empire. Almost immediately, another northern tribe, the Maeatae, went to war. Caracalla left with a

1421: 1220:

survived to continue resistance elsewhere. Plautius halted at the Thames and sent for Claudius, who arrived with reinforcements, including artillery and elephants, for the final march to the Catuvellaunian capital,

4105:

The degree to which earlier native beliefs survived is difficult to gauge precisely. Certain European ritual traits such as the significance of the number 3, the importance of the head and of water sources such as

3222:

75 through to the 1st century. When opencast work was no longer feasible, tunnels were driven to follow the veins. The evidence from the site shows advanced technology probably under the control of army engineers.

1796:

as usurper governor; he refused, but Marcellus was lucky to leave the province alive. The Roman army in Britannia continued its insubordination: they sent a delegation of 1,500 to Rome to demand the execution of

3339:

Colchester was probably the earliest capital of Roman Britain, but it was soon eclipsed by London with its strong mercantile connections. The different forms of municipal organisation in Britannia were known as

3269:

artistic traditions. Britain was home to much gold, which attracted Roman invaders. By the 3rd century, Britain's economy was diverse and well established, with commerce extending into the non-Romanised north.

3119:

shifting away from expensive long-distance imports. Evidence has been outlined that suggests that the principal decline in Roman Britain's continental trade may have occurred in the late 2nd century AD, from

3336:

network of administrative managers covering intelligence gathering, sending reports to Rome, organising military supplies and dealing with prisoners. A staff of seconded soldiers provided clerical services.

3368:

sent representatives to a yearly provincial council in order to profess loyalty to the Roman state, to send direct petitions to the Emperor in times of extraordinary need, and to worship the imperial cult.

2176:

was based at Londinium as the principal city of the diocese. Londinium and Eboracum continued as provincial capitals and the territory was divided up into smaller provinces for administrative efficiency.

4362:

are exceptional. Alban, the first British Christian martyr and by far the most prominent, is believed to have died in the early 4th century (some date him in the middle 3rd century), followed by Saints

2910:. With the imperial layers of the military and civil government gone, administration and justice fell to municipal authorities, and local warlords gradually emerged all over Britain, still utilizing 984:

The second invasion involved a substantially larger force and Caesar coerced or invited many of the native Celtic tribes to pay tribute and give hostages in return for peace. A friendly local king,

4617:). Some scholars argue that the initial reforms established three provinces: Britannia I, Britannia II, and Britannia Caesariensis, which was subsequently divided into Flavia and Maxima. 2800:

had new mosaic floors laid around this time, suggesting that economic problems may have been limited and patchy. Many suffered some decay before being abandoned in the 5th century; the story of

1949:

During the middle of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire was convulsed by barbarian invasions, rebellions and new imperial pretenders. Britannia apparently avoided these troubles, but increasing

4402:, datable to c. 363, had been widely publicised as documentary evidence regarding the state of Christianity in Britain during Roman times. According to its first translator, it was written in 1792:

was sent as replacement governor and by 184 he had won a new peace, only to be faced with a mutiny from his own troops. Unhappy with Marcellus's strictness, they tried to elect a legate named

3398:. There was also cultural diversity in other Roman-British towns, which were sustained by considerable migration, from Britannia and other Roman territories, including continental Europe, 6013:

Origines Britannicæ: or, the Antiquities of the British Churches with a Preface, concerning Some Pretended Antiquities Relating to Britain, in Vindication of the Bishop of St. Asaph

3180:

were probably first worked by the Roman army from c. 75, and at some later stage passed to civilian operators. The mine developed as a series of opencast workings, mainly by the use of

2734:

led a punitive expedition. It seems peace was restored by 399, and it is likely that no further garrisoning was ordered; by 401 more troops were withdrawn, to assist in the war against

1828:

The death of Commodus put into motion a series of events which eventually led to civil war. Following the short reign of Pertinax, several rivals for the emperorship emerged, including

3462:, "public towns" were formally laid out on a grid plan, and their role in imperial administration occasioned the construction of public buildings. The much more numerous category of 15234: 2550:) to match one emendation of the bishops list from Arles; and places Secunda in the north with its capital at Eboracum (York). Valentia is placed variously in northern Wales around 3360:

such as Verulamium), and were each governed by a senate of local landowners, whether Brythonic or Roman, who elected magistrates concerning judicial and civic affairs. The various

2678:(Irish) in the west. A series of forts had been built, starting around 280, to defend the coasts, but these preparations were not enough when, in 367, a general assault of Saxons, 1300:

remained implacably opposed to the invaders and for the first few decades were the focus of Roman military attention, despite occasional minor revolts among Roman allies like the

14589: 2621:

in July 306 with his son at his side. Constantine then successfully used Britain as the starting point of his march to the imperial throne, unlike the earlier usurper, Albinus.

6077: 1751:. Within a year the Antonine Wall was recaptured, but by 163 or 164 it was abandoned. The second occupation was probably connected with Antoninus's undertakings to protect the 3386:

is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia,

1844:

in the east. Once Niger was neutralised, Severus turned on his ally in Britannia; it is likely that Albinus saw he would be the next target and was already preparing for war.

1414:. Boudica died not long afterwards, by self-administered poison or by illness. During this time, the Emperor Nero considered withdrawing Roman forces from Britain altogether. 7110: 10690: 2918:

has investigated this process and emphasised elements of continuity from the British tribes in the pre-Roman and Roman periods, through to the native post-Roman kingdoms.

3406:

and North Africa. In a study conducted in 2012, around 45 percent of sites investigated dating from the Roman period had at least one individual of North African origin.

8246:. Series maior (Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona), 6, núm. 25 (in English, Spanish, and Latin). Barcelona: Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres. pp. 319–370. 13343: 12890: 8575: 1007:

planned invasions in 34, 27 and 25 BC, but circumstances were never favourable, and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade.

592: 255: 230: 969:, believing the Britons were helping the Gallic resistance. The first expedition was more a reconnaissance than a full invasion and gained a foothold on the coast of 2180:

Civilian and military authority of a province was no longer exercised by one official and the governor was stripped of military command which was handed over to the

12868: 8372: 1572:

There is no historical source describing the decades that followed Agricola's recall. Even the name of his replacement is unknown. Archaeology has shown that some

535: 6096: 15219: 12895: 4319:

has been interpreted as an early Christian burial ground, although such burial rites were also becoming increasingly common in pagan contexts during the period.

973:

but was unable to advance further because of storm damage to the ships and a lack of cavalry. Despite the military failure, it was a political success, with the

597: 1809:

to legate ranks in Britannia. Commodus met the party outside Rome and agreed to have Perennis killed, but this only made them feel more secure in their mutiny.

15239: 12443: 11066: 9916: 4342:. No other early sees are documented, and the material remains of early church structures are far to seek. The existence of a church in the forum courtyard of 1052:

received an exiled member of the Catuvellaunian dynasty and planned an invasion of Britain that collapsed in farcical circumstances before it left Gaul. When

11991: 1874:. The succession of militarily distinguished governors who were subsequently appointed suggests that enemies of Rome were posing a difficult challenge, and 15169: 11823: 5905:

Pambritannica, Pananglica, Scotica, Hibernica, Cambrica, Mannica, Provincialia, Dioecesana. Ab initio Christianæ ibidem Religionis, ad nostram usque ætatem

5598: 3296:, but those, like Britain, that required permanent garrisons, were placed under the Emperor's control. In practice imperial provinces were run by resident 3242:

to prospect for ore by removing overburden as well as work alluvial deposits. The water needed for such large-scale operations was supplied by one or more

632: 7547:(2007). "Burnt Kimmeridgian shale at Early Roman Silchester, south-east England, and the Roman Poole-Purbeck complex-agglomerated geomaterials industry". 3250:

country, and, although mineral exploitation was presumably one of the main reasons for the Roman invasion, it had to wait until these areas were subdued.

15194: 6092: 3234:

and the tin mines of Cornwall seem to have been private enterprises leased from the government for a fee. Mining had long been practised in Britain (see

2073:) by land and sea. After it fell, Constantius attacked Carausius's other Gallic holdings and Frankish allies and Carausius was usurped by his treasurer, 3382:

and their families and dependents. The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of

1759:

During the twenty-year period following the reversion of the frontier to Hadrian's Wall in 163/4, Rome was concerned with continental issues, primarily

11061: 9472: 4631: 575: 4813: 1687:. When Hadrian reached Britannia on his famous tour of the Roman provinces around 120, he directed an extensive defensive wall, known to posterity as 5805:], Vol. I: "Ab Initiis Æræ Christianæ ad Annum CCCXXIV" ["From the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Year 324"], col. 1429. 6496:

Fulford, Michael (1996), "Economic hotspots and provincial backwaters: modelling the late Roman economy", in King, Cathy E.; Wigg, David G. (eds.),

1495:

allowing for troops to be moved to other frontiers which were under pressure. Tacitus reports Agricola as feeling bitter about this turn of events.

10683: 10647: 10387: 5842:

Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates, Quibus Inserta Est Pestiferæ adversus Dei Gratiam a Pelagio Britanno in Ecclesiam Inductæ Hæreseos Historia

4154: 1576:

south of the Forth–Clyde isthmus were rebuilt and enlarged; others appear to have been abandoned. By 87 the frontier had been consolidated on the

15184: 3318:

and acting as a judge in important legal cases. When not campaigning, he would travel the province hearing complaints and recruiting new troops.

4254:. There has been discussion by academics whether the "word square" is a Christian artefact, but if it is, it is one of the earliest examples of 15224: 9505: 2408:). On the basis of the Verona List, the priest and deacon who accompanied the bishops in some manuscripts are ascribed to the fourth province. 11897: 12280: 6861: 6050: 5670: 4149:

Pagan religious practices were supported by priests, represented in Britain by votive deposits of priestly regalia such as chain crowns from

1332:

he made during Claudius's triumph persuaded the emperor to spare his life. The Silures were still not pacified, and Cartimandua's ex-husband

555: 3257:

Britain's cities also consumed Roman-style pottery and other goods, and were centres through which goods could be distributed elsewhere. At

12127: 2522:

A common modern reconstruction places the consular province of Maxima at Londinium, on the basis of its status as the seat of the diocesan

1747:

revolted. With limited options to despatch reinforcements, the Romans moved their troops south, and this rising was suppressed by Governor

1922:

As one of his last acts, Severus tried to solve the problem of powerful and rebellious governors in Britain by dividing the province into

1866:

The traditional view is that northern Britain descended into anarchy during Albinus's absence. Cassius Dio records that the new Governor,

10676: 2776:

to industrial uses in the late 3rd century, doubtless officially condoned, marks an early stage in the de-urbanisation of Roman Britain.

2730:

military resources were stretched to the limit along the Rhine and Danube. Around 396 there were more barbarian incursions into Britain.

12878: 9445: 12436: 9909: 3238:), but the Romans introduced new technical knowledge and large-scale industrial production to revolutionise the industry. It included 2994: 992:, was brought to terms. Hostages were taken, but historians disagree over whether any tribute was paid after Caesar returned to Gaul. 693:

to cross the sea into Britain, for to all other Celtic tribes this land was unknown. He received tribute, installed the friendly king

15074: 13041: 13012: 6567: 6563: 5982:

Vol. I, Book IX, Ch. VI, §20: "Of the British church in England and Wales", p. 396. Henry G. Bohn (London), 1856.

4539:, is based on the languages of the Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe from the 5th century onwards. 1919:, but by the following year his ailing father had died and he and his brother left the province to press their claim to the throne. 11816: 7079: 977:

declaring a 20-day public holiday in Rome to honour the unprecedented achievement of obtaining hostages from Britain and defeating

867: 625: 8595: 7709: 6652: 15094: 15084: 12387: 4375:

made Christianity the state religion of the empire in 391, and by the 5th century it was well established. One belief labelled a

2870: 2804:

indicates that villas were still occupied until at least 430. Exceptionally, new buildings were still going up in this period in

1898: 912: 11925: 3475:

Cities and towns which have Roman origins, or were extensively developed by them are listed with their Latin names in brackets;

15114: 15099: 15089: 12940: 12796: 12097: 7144: 3304:. These men were carefully selected, often having strong records of military success and administrative ability. In Britain, a 3111:

appear to have been unbalanced, with far more products sent to Britain, to support its large military force (which had reached

2279:

records. On the assumption that the early bishoprics mimicked the imperial hierarchy, scholars use the list of bishops for the

8392: 2877:; it is unclear how many troops remained or ever returned, or whether a commander-in-chief in Britain was ever reappointed. A 2605:

he reached the far north of Britain and won a major battle in early summer before returning south. His son Constantine (later

15229: 15104: 13488: 12429: 9902: 8832: 8805: 8786: 8746: 8725: 8703: 8681: 8659: 8637: 8615: 8589: 8564: 8545: 8526: 8507: 8460: 8435: 8409: 8386: 8361: 8327: 8300: 8281: 8228: 8206: 8181: 8162: 8136: 8117: 8096: 8077: 8058: 7864: 7842: 7823: 7804: 7752: 7672: 7653: 7634: 7615: 7589: 7471: 7370: 7294: 7235: 7152: 7042: 6782: 6762: 6716: 6505: 6372: 6295: 6150: 5776: 5397: 5185: 4907: 4850: 2937:. (Germanic migration into Roman Britannia may have begun much earlier. There is recorded evidence, for example, of Germanic 1166:) in 71 and on a building inscription there dated 108, before being destroyed in the east of the Empire, possibly during the 12639: 12832: 12688: 11877: 10754:

established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the

10380: 10356: 8021:

Going, C. J. (1992). "Economic 'Long Waves' in the Roman Period? A Reconnaissance of the Romano-British Ceramic Evidence".

5432: 5275: 3427: 5954:], "Iter V. A Londinio Lugvvallium Ad Vallum" [Route 5: From Londinium to Luguvalium at the Wall], p. 96. 15109: 12815: 11809: 5703: 618: 12843: 5565: 5561: 12902: 12827: 12778: 12580: 11853: 11196: 9498: 6929: 5998:

1st ed. published by T. Cadell (London), 1771. Reprinted by P. Byrne & J. Jones (Dublin), 1789.

5530: 4626:"Nomina Episcoporum, cum Clericis Suis, Quinam, et ex Quibus Provinciis, ad Arelatensem Synodum Convenerint" from the 3297: 1233:

was set up as a friendly king of several territories, and treaties were made with tribes outside direct Roman control.

835:, is attested in the later 4th century. For much of the later period of the Roman occupation, Britannia was subject to 17: 11934: 7076:

Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference

5066: 745:, and then organized their conquests as the province of Britain. By 47 AD, the Romans held the lands southeast of the 14572: 14385: 12907: 12773: 12724: 12273: 11345: 9436: 9407: 9233: 8488: 8251: 7894: 7774: 7180: 4468:

which continued to be used in later centuries and many are still followed today. The Romans also built water supply,

12173: 12117: 6887: 5847:

The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D. D. Lord Archbishop of Armagh, and Primate of All Ireland

5215: 4430:. There is also some evidence they may have introduced rabbits, but of the smaller southern mediterranean type. The 12785: 12768: 12734: 12729: 12653: 12163: 10204: 5994:

The History of Great Britain, from the First Invasion of It by the Romans under Julius Cæsar. Written on a New Plan

3538: 3283: 2865:

attacks. Apparently, there were not enough troops to mount an effective defence. After elevating two disappointing

1559: 670: 565: 12628: 11801: 10668: 4322:

The Church in Britain seems to have developed the customary diocesan system, as evidenced from the records of the

1204:

The Catuvellauni and their allies were defeated in two battles: the first, assuming a Richborough landing, on the

15209: 15199: 15179: 15174: 15164: 13564: 12974: 12712: 12707: 12155: 12150: 11770: 11021: 10373: 8345: 8150: 4500:), were founded by the Romans, but the original Roman settlements were abandoned not long after the Romans left. 3423: 2187:

included protection of the frontier. He had significant autonomy due in part to the distance from his superiors.

1258: 401: 391: 1463:

In the following years, the Romans conquered more of the island, increasing the size of Roman Britain. Governor

15189: 12746: 12702: 11952: 11089: 11013: 11002: 5797: 5756: 4511:, or a language descended from the pre-Roman inhabitants. The British language at the time of the invasion was 4131: 1448:, took on the task of subduing the Brigantes and Silures respectively. Frontinus extended Roman rule to all of 378: 7141:

New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity: a Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Published in 1979

6677: 2008:

of one of the British provinces also attempted an uprising. Probus put it down by sending irregular troops of

1032:

Rome appears to have encouraged a balance of power in southern Britain, supporting two powerful kingdoms: the

15214: 15204: 14555: 12852: 12756: 12751: 12511: 12469: 12372: 12082: 11156: 10790: 9796: 9669: 9491: 7909: 7715: 7691: 7201: 6614: 6526:

The interpretation of Britain's late Roman trade: the scope of medieval historical and archaeological analogy

5311: 5293: 5140: 5136: 5132: 4884: 4799: 4762: 4209: 1181:

and campaigning beyond the limits of the known world. They sailed in three divisions, and probably landed at

11887: 9467: 8472:

North Sea and Channel Connectivity during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period (175/150 BC – 409 AD)

7252: 6581: 5510: 4531:. Examination of these languages suggests some 800 Latin words were incorporated into Common Brittonic (see 1270: 14828: 12820: 12672: 12479: 12460: 12452: 12266: 12219: 12087: 12067: 11999: 11593: 10699: 10592: 4735: 4572: 3415: 3287: 2854: 2747: 1230: 848: 180: 10396: 8239: 7502:(1996). "The distribution of South-East Dorset Black Burnished Category I Pottery in South-West Britain". 5946: 5845: 14028: 13288: 12719: 12530: 11849: 11076: 10470: 10132: 8269: 5927: 3508: 608: 12178: 4956:. The precise dating is uncertain; the province does not appear to have been divided until the reign of 1406:), the rebels' next target, but concluded it could not be defended. Abandoned, it was destroyed, as was 14599: 14474: 14079: 14048: 13428: 12763: 12697: 12542: 12072: 10577: 9477: 9396: 6627: 4439: 3279: 3246:, those surviving at Dolaucothi being especially impressive. Many prospecting areas were in dangerous, 2982: 2231: 2005: 1614: 1441: 1379: 875: 12137: 8421:

Britannia y el Mediterráneo: Estudios Sobre el Abastecimiento de Aceite Bético y africano en Britannia

2962:, leading general of the western Empire, for assistance against Saxon invasion in 446. Another is the 2667:

attacked Paulus with a sword, with the aim of assassinating him, but in the end he committed suicide.

14560: 14395: 14023: 12122: 11273: 11215: 11026: 10500: 9526: 7060: 5492: 5470: 5163: 3011:, with more limited links via the Atlantic seaways. The most important British ports were London and 2889:

records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration. Zosimus may be referring to the

2132: 2110: 1743:

The first Antonine occupation of Scotland ended as a result of a further crisis in 155–157, when the

1736:

was built around 142 following the military reoccupation of the Scottish lowlands by a new governor,

1437: 1328:, proved her loyalty by surrendering him to the Romans. He was brought as a captive to Rome, where a 1321: 1069: 996: 958:

in the 4th. It was regarded as a place of mystery, with some writers refusing to believe it existed.

657: 14360: 11986: 7096: 6028: 5992: 5977: 4415:

The Romans introduced a number of species to Britain, including possibly the now-rare Roman nettle (

3123:

165 AD onwards. This has been linked to the economic impact of contemporary Empire-wide crises: the

823:, at the end of the 3rd century, Britannia was divided into four provinces under the direction of a 14900: 14334: 14310: 13636: 12741: 12410: 12062: 12039: 11613: 11598: 11422: 11151: 11098: 11094: 11056: 10988: 10809: 10637: 10627: 10510: 10475: 10455: 10435: 9811: 7599: 7114: 6888:"A note on the evidence for African migrants in Britain from the Bronze Age to the medieval period" 6054: 5803:

The Sancrosanct Councils Exacted for the Royal Edition: which the Editors Now Produce in Four Parts

4838: 4465: 4223: 4143: 4067: 4057: 2519:

and Gerald seems to have simply been supporting the antiquity of its church for political reasons.

2496: 2245: 2120: 1411: 1348: 1317: 1128: 832: 12594: 5045: 5007: 4295:

during the construction of the new police station there, overlying an earlier pagan cemetery. The

4258:

in Britain. The earliest confirmed written evidence for Christianity in Britain is a statement by

14611: 14259: 13805: 13519: 13338: 13228: 12883: 12667: 12663: 11882: 11858: 11417: 11364: 11301: 11141: 11131: 10960: 10930: 10582: 10567: 10505: 10420: 10410: 9934:

Placenames in brackets are either present-day names or counties where the towns formerly existed.

9583: 9530: 9440: 7792: 6938: 5427: 5206: 4053: 3979: 3432: 3419: 3243: 3195: 3189: 3148: 2999:

During the Roman period Britain's continental trade was principally directed across the Southern

2985:, who is supposed to have resisted the Anglo-Saxon conquest according to later medieval legends. 2882: 2633: 2366: 1902:

unable to meet the Caledonians on a battlefield. The emperor's forces pushed north as far as the

1737: 1626: 1585: 1488: 1190: 1015: 773: 12107: 7362: 7356: 7213: 7037: 6261: 5270: 4871: 1732:(138–161) the Hadrianic border was briefly extended north to the Forth–Clyde isthmus, where the 729:, perhaps as a symbolic gesture to proclaim Caligula's victory over the sea. Three years later, 15159: 15079: 14998: 14961: 14033: 13318: 13313: 12658: 11939: 11623: 10950: 10555: 10415: 10365: 10259: 10175: 10079: 9341: 5957: 5864: 4582: 4376: 4193: 4122:, before and after the Roman conquest suggest that continuity was only partial. Worship of the 4009: 3974: 3653: 3623: 2280: 2158: 2001: 1883: 1875: 1684: 1653: 1464: 1242: 859: 757: 12214: 12102: 12092: 10657:

Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until

6847: 6752: 6738: 6706: 5899: 5872: 5820: 4649:, which notes that "Cair Colun" may refer to either Colchester in Essex or to a settlement in 4438:) prevalent in modern Britain is assumed to have been introduced from the continent after the 2526:; places Prima in the west according to Gerald's traditional account but moves its capital to 2275:

Reconstructions of the provinces and provincial capitals during this period partially rely on

1146:

of 60/61, and were probably there since the initial invasion. This is not certain because the

14845: 14660: 14405: 14305: 13676: 13514: 13493: 11638: 11407: 11220: 11146: 10739: 10450: 7481: 6825: 6772: 6011: 6007: 5658: 5387: 5040: 4975: 4970: 4952: 4567: 4515:, and remained so after the Romans withdrew. It later split into regional languages, notably 4448:) is rarely recorded before the Roman period, but becomes a common find in towns and villas. 4311:

contained Christian wall paintings and mosaics respectively. A large 4th-century cemetery at

4296: 4169: 3403: 3292:

Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the

3177: 3166: 3043: 2955: 2861:

Towards the end of the 4th century Roman rule in Britain came under increasing pressure from

2781: 2606: 1692: 1609: 1537: 1457: 1395: 937: 468: 5525: 14988: 14860: 14594: 14244: 13641: 13559: 13368: 13293: 12925: 12805: 12604: 12599: 12029: 11948: 11863: 11776: 11293: 10945: 10777: 10747: 10587: 10480: 10211: 10187: 6573: 5736: 4646: 4504: 4323: 4197: 4185: 4042: 3853: 3707: 3440: 2596: 2424: 2383: 2317: 2253: 2078: 1588:. Some of the most important sources for this era are the writing tablets from the fort at 1525: 1205: 950:, or "tin islands", and placed them near the west coast of Europe. The Carthaginian sailor 883: 9427:– Everything to do with Roman Britain, especially geographic, military, and administrative 7698:. Fasc. I. The Military diplomata; metal ingots; tesserae; dies; labels; and lead sealings 6799: 2538:) on the basis of an artifact recovered there referring to Lucius Septimius, a provincial 1599:

Around 105 there appears to have been a serious setback at the hands of the tribes of the

1284:

After capturing the south of the island, the Romans turned their attention to what is now

8: 15137: 14875: 14744: 14674: 14655: 14634: 14567: 14390: 14264: 14084: 14069: 14064: 14018: 13993: 13666: 13554: 13539: 13353: 13172: 12967: 12623: 12589: 12558: 12548: 12496: 12491: 12484: 12289: 12202: 12003: 11976: 11782: 11737: 11555: 11545: 11207: 11036: 10983: 10978: 10751: 10485: 10460: 10043: 9759: 9734: 9693: 7200: 6602: 5556: 5326: 4577: 4555: 4532: 3908: 3722: 2886: 2832:, remained active during the 5th and 6th centuries, surrounded by large farming estates. 2761: 2527: 2484: 2468: 2420: 2416: 2400: 2276: 2227: 2223: 2106: 2102: 2062: 1916: 1748: 1200:

Conquests under Aulus Plautius, focused on the commercially valuable southeast of Britain

1000: 337: 116: 83: 14274: 6942:

lists 28; discussion is mooted whether Gildas possessed a written or conventional list (

4078:, the Celtic priestly caste who were believed to originate in Britain, were outlawed by 2721:. Maximus held much of the western empire, and fought a successful campaign against the 1580:. Roman coins and pottery have been found circulating at native settlement sites in the 750: 15041: 14772: 14665: 14629: 14550: 14505: 14400: 14226: 14117: 14074: 14003: 13810: 13585: 13348: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13233: 13090: 13046: 12930: 12609: 12537: 12506: 12474: 12377: 12367: 12233: 12042: 12033: 11633: 11608: 11515: 11490: 11379: 11263: 11113: 10925: 10722: 10572: 10530: 10525: 10072: 9975: 9948: 9632: 9607: 8450: 8350: 8107: 8034: 7879: 7727: 7527: 7519: 7436: 7337: 7329: 7312: 6235: 5752: 4444: 4255: 4161: 4115: 4107: 3762: 3610: 3387: 3012: 2874: 2850: 2694:

from 368 with a string of military and civil reforms. Theodosius crossed from Bononia (

2644:

to Britain to hunt down Magnentius's supporters. The investigation deteriorated into a

2339: 2330: 2241: 2207: 2162: 2154: 2039: 1936: 1926: 1802: 1793: 1622: 1432:

in South Yorkshire. The reconstruction was created for Rotherham Museums and Galleries.

954:

is said to have visited the island in the 6th or 5th century BC and the Greek explorer

820: 816: 812: 804: 481: 321: 7020: 6081:[The Ecclesiastical History of the English People], Vol. II, Ch. XVI 5789: 5727:

Collins, Rob. Hadrian's Wall and the End of Empire, Routledge, 2012 ISBN 9780415884112

5087: 4745: 3266: 2768:" deposits indicating increased horticulture within urban precincts. Turning over the 14905: 14880: 14870: 14606: 14579: 14460: 14315: 14300: 14295: 14254: 14249: 14154: 14043: 13998: 13988: 13980: 13651: 13605: 13595: 13436: 13263: 13243: 13202: 12677: 12616: 12553: 12501: 12400: 12192: 11872: 11760: 11467: 11457: 11452: 11356: 11326: 11123: 10973: 10864: 10854: 10829: 10824: 10617: 10612: 10540: 10535: 10308: 10127: 10031: 9709: 8828: 8801: 8782: 8742: 8721: 8699: 8677: 8655: 8633: 8611: 8585: 8560: 8541: 8522: 8503: 8484: 8456: 8431: 8405: 8382: 8357: 8323: 8306: 8296: 8277: 8257: 8247: 8224: 8202: 8177: 8158: 8132: 8113: 8092: 8073: 8054: 7890: 7860: 7838: 7819: 7800: 7770: 7748: 7719: 7705: 7682: 7668: 7649: 7630: 7611: 7585: 7582:

Military and Civilian in Roman Britain: Cultural Relationships in a Frontier Province

7560: 7531: 7467: 7428: 7366: 7341: 7290: 7231: 7176: 7148: 6964: 6778: 6758: 6712: 6501: 6368: 6291: 6239: 6146: 5799:

Sacrosancta Concilia ad Regiam Editionem Exacta: quae Nunc Quarta Parte Prodit Actior

5651: 5631: 5393: 5181: 5109: 4903: 4846: 4787: 4682: 4508: 4417: 4339: 4334:

from Europe and North Africa, including three bishops from Britain, Eborius of York,

4181: 3952: 3819: 3752: 3690: 3633: 3513: 2963: 2845: 2614: 2567: 2559: 2539: 2512: 2452: 2387: 2265: 2219: 1993: 1981: 1977: 1829: 1798: 1709: 1688: 1649: 1581: 1563: 1329: 1313: 1167: 886:

generally only mention Britain in passing. Thus, most present knowledge derives from

863: 852: 364: 248: 142: 7440: 4090:). Under Roman rule the Britons continued to worship native Celtic deities, such as 2624:

In the middle of the century, the province was loyal for a few years to the usurper

78: 14934: 14895: 14850: 14837: 14757: 14736: 14639: 14584: 14269: 14089: 14008: 13820: 13600: 13534: 13424: 13303: 13298: 13268: 13238: 13192: 13154: 13020: 12873: 12518: 12405: 12241: 11972: 11906: 11837: 11831: 11696: 11691: 11648: 11603: 11510: 11255: 11245: 11235: 11183: 10920: 10912: 10698: 10545: 10515: 10300: 10156: 10115: 9787: 9747: 9660: 9592: 8765: 8030: 7556: 7511: 7420: 7321: 7118: 7083: 6960: 6540: 6227: 6073: 5603: 5233: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4364: 4343: 4268: 4247: 4165: 4095: 3863: 3794: 3558: 3239: 3181: 3128: 3016: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2656: 2583: 2547: 2379: 2261: 2257: 2211: 2182: 2070: 2024: 2020: 1841: 1789: 1760: 1719: 1699: 1110: 1100: 1086: 686: 545: 235: 8500:

Pottery and Early Commerce. Characterization and Trade in Roman and Later Ceramics

6864:. Department of Classics and Ancient History. University of Warwick. n.d. p. 5615: 4421:), said to have been used by soldiers to warm their arms and legs, and the edible 4230:, which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain. 3254:

blossoming of villa building and decoration that occurred between AD 300 and 350.

1889: 1645: 803:

were built to defend the Roman province from the Caledonians, whose realms in the

14977: 14915: 14855: 14818: 14790: 14752: 14717: 14697: 14480: 14470: 14455: 14342: 14149: 14013: 13776: 13631: 13590: 13580: 13419: 13358: 13278: 13273: 13258: 13253: 13166: 12354: 12187: 12132: 12017: 12008: 11980: 11920: 11676: 11666: 11573: 11525: 11480: 11399: 11321: 11306: 11225: 10968: 10872: 10844: 10819: 10801: 10430: 9684: 8811: 8736: 8333: 8192: 8004: 7987: 7970: 7953: 7936: 7919: 7780: 7540: 7499: 7409:"Evergreen Plants in Roman Britain and Beyond: Movement, Meaning and Materiality" 6215: 6084: 6046: 5972: 5793: 5689: 5639: 5447: 4814:"C. Julius Caesar, De bello Gallico, COMMENTARIUS QUINTUS, chapter 12, section 1" 4773: 4757: 4524: 4431: 4111: 3185: 3124: 3050: 3008: 3004: 2797: 2785: 2718: 2609:) spent a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the 2436: 2412: 2215: 1833: 1196: 1143: 918: 808: 714: 421: 12258: 12047: 6947:(1991). "Old light on the Dark Age landscape: the description of Britain in the 1056:

successfully invaded in 43 AD, it was in aid of another fugitive British ruler,

15016: 15006: 14982: 14929: 14885: 14800: 14780: 14762: 14707: 14702: 14670: 14515: 14495: 14320: 14221: 14200: 14195: 13832: 13766: 13761: 13750: 13731: 13725: 13721: 13529: 13524: 13483: 13410: 13396: 13308: 13283: 13248: 13207: 13197: 13133: 13120: 13060: 13004: 12996: 12987: 12960: 12421: 12304: 12229: 12223: 12205: 12158: 12050: 12025: 11902: 11892: 11686: 11681: 11671: 11618: 11563: 11374: 11268: 11240: 11230: 11108: 10897: 10892: 10849: 10839: 10762:

and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.

10520: 10440: 10336: 10223: 10151: 9894: 9743: 8625: 8446: 8216: 7975:

Britain and the Roman Empire: The Evidence for Regional and Long Distance Trade

7941:

Demonstrating Britannia's Economic Dependence in the First and Second Centuries

7904: 7874: 7762: 7686: 7607: 7568: 7386: 5607: 5332: 4650: 4614: 4528: 4399: 4308: 4299:

is a hoard of Christian silver church plate from the early 4th century and the

4276: 4119: 3994: 3868: 3523: 3305: 3039: 3015:, whilst the continental ports most heavily engaged in trade with Britain were 2967: 2959: 2915: 2911: 2706: 2637: 2543: 2511:. Modern scholars generally dispute the last: some place Valentia at or beyond 2480: 2372: 2352: 2283:. The list is patently corrupt: the British delegation is given as including a 2140: 2059: 1973: 1837: 1729: 1593: 1344: 1075: 989: 922: 796: 649: 276: 55: 45: 8425:

Britain and the Mediterranean: Studies on the Betic and African oil supply in

7424: 6231: 5901:

Concilia, Decreta, Leges, Constitutiones, in Re Ecclesiarum Orbis Britannici.

2702:

was appointed, Dulcitius, with Civilis to head a new civilian administration.

2632:

following the latter's death. After the defeat and death of Magnentius in the

1756:

Newstead was maintained along with seven smaller outposts until at least 180.

15153: 14813: 14785: 14692: 14684: 14426: 14378: 14164: 14112: 13841: 13781: 13771: 13671: 13646: 12935: 12863: 12858: 12395: 12209: 11958: 11868: 11568: 11520: 11485: 11475: 11384: 11084: 10887: 10882: 10834: 10814: 10743: 10727: 10445: 10425: 10235: 9483: 9228: 8603: 8310: 7852: 7459: 7432: 7168: 7088: 7011: 6817: 6183: 5895: 5372: 5352: 4730: 4426: 4123: 3600: 3331: 3235: 3210:. The dust was washed in a small stream of water and the heavy gold dust and 3144: 2866: 2801: 2641: 2588: 2516: 2391: 2359: 2335: 2312: 2269: 2144: 1989: 1954: 1733: 1691:, to be built close to the line of the Stanegate frontier. Hadrian appointed 1603:: several Roman forts were destroyed by fire, with human remains and damaged 1567: 1492: 1429: 962: 895: 871: 844: 840: 678: 667: 661: 525: 515: 433: 317: 12059: 9392: 8474:. British Archaeological Reports International Series. Oxford: Archaeopress. 8261: 5583: 5548: 5488: 5452: 5392:(New ed of 3rd revised ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. p. 66. 5239: 4146:

in Somerset was able to exist peaceably and it did so into the 5th century.

1363:), then became governor of Britain, and in 60 and 61 he moved against Mona ( 995:

Caesar conquered no territory and left no troops behind, but he established

15131: 14924: 14712: 14236: 14190: 14129: 14038: 13815: 13793: 13786: 13223: 13148: 13138: 13070: 12810: 12523: 12237: 12168: 12112: 12021: 11968: 11930: 11916: 11833: 11766: 11583: 11578: 11530: 11316: 11283: 11278: 11103: 10877: 10755: 10490: 10103: 10055: 9830: 8815: 8713: 8691: 8669: 8647: 8337: 8042: 7784: 7404: 6944: 6839: 6500:, Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike, Berlin: Mann Verlag, pp. 153–177, 6103: 5837: 5763: 4610: 4456: 4372: 4368: 4304: 4235: 4127: 4083: 3680: 3570: 3395: 3301: 3293: 3231: 3215: 3203: 3153: 3035:

played some role in continental trade alongside their defensive functions.

3024: 2551: 2444: 2432: 2249: 2203: 2098: 2054: 2051: 1867: 1635: 1372: 1209: 1079: 1033: 985: 974: 944: 882:

became the female personification of Britain. After the initial invasions,

742: 694: 690: 493: 455: 443: 411: 87: 59: 13415: 7253:"Vinisius to Nigra: Evidence from Oxford of Christianity in Roman Britain" 6365:

Facing the Ocean: the Atlantic and its Peoples 8000 BC – 1500 AD

6174:

Archaeological evidence of late 4th-century urban collapse is analysed by

5867:]. Edited, translated, & with commentary by Ioannes Seldenus [ 4613:

listed six provinces, including the highly dubious "province of Orcades" (

4371:. Christianity was legalised in the Roman Empire by Constantine I in 313. 4214: 4062: 2659:

to intervene. When Paulus retaliated by accusing Martinus of treason, the

1398:

the part of the IXth Legion that was sent to relieve it. Paulinus rode to

15046: 15031: 14432: 14351: 14159: 14144: 14134: 14107: 13933: 13886: 13798: 13544: 13161: 13065: 12952: 12309: 12247: 12197: 12145: 12077: 12013: 11789: 11661: 11628: 11540: 11495: 11369: 11311: 10632: 10561: 10495: 10048: 10004: 9697: 9554: 9451: 9412: 8146: 6182:; the "de-romanisation" of Britain is the subject of several accounts by 5942: 5868: 5158: 4752: 4602: 4380: 4355: 4316: 4300: 4288: 4284: 4135: 3913: 3737: 3717: 3528: 3399: 3391: 3211: 3207: 3099: 3032: 2971: 2817: 2809: 2571: 2535: 2428: 2348: 2322: 2199: 2127: 2094: 2082: 2013: 1943: 1781: 1484: 1453: 1449: 1387: 1325: 1324:. The British leader sought refuge among the Brigantes, but their queen, 1222: 1182: 1037: 887: 765: 698: 674: 503: 98: 13701: 13467: 8009:

Coasting Britannia: Roman Trade and Traffic Around the Shores of Britain

4234:

It is not clear when or how Christianity came to Britain. A 2nd-century

3198:

was used to prospect for ore veins by stripping away soil to reveal the

1870:, was obliged to buy peace from a fractious northern tribe known as the 1851:

in 195, where the provinces were also sympathetic to him, and set up at

14969: 14957: 14410: 14374: 14174: 14139: 14099: 13691: 13453: 13444: 12054: 11944: 11656: 11500: 10902: 10731: 10658: 10294: 10287: 10247: 10228: 10192: 10180: 10163: 10139: 10096: 10084: 10067: 10036: 10009: 9866: 9840: 9820: 9558: 7723: 7544: 7333: 7196: 7175:. Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies. pp. 129–130. 6774:

London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558

5702:

Stillwell, Richard; MacDonald, William L.; McAllister, Marian Holland.

4485: 4473: 4469: 4359: 4335: 4292: 4280: 4272: 4259: 4243: 3989: 3967: 3947: 3937: 3893: 3804: 3767: 3732: 3702: 3668: 3663: 3648: 3638: 3618: 3580: 3379: 3057: 2975: 2829: 2825: 2813: 2805: 2793: 2773: 2765: 2714: 2645: 2625: 2563: 2508: 2464: 2460: 2344: 2066: 2042:; he revolted upon learning of a death sentence ordered by the emperor 2035: 1776: 1639: 1589: 1407: 1391: 1352: 1336:

replaced Caratacus as the most prominent leader of British resistance.

1320:. Finally, in 51, Ostorius lured Caratacus into a set-piece battle and 1226: 1213: 1147: 851:

occurred around 410; the native kingdoms are considered to have formed

161: 8430:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Publicacions Universitat de Barcelona. 8402:

The Romanization of Britain: an essay in archaeological interpretation

7523: 2670:

As the 4th century progressed, there were increasing attacks from the

1660: 965:

undertook two expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, as part of his conquest of

14369: 13476: 12571: 12140: 11442: 11331: 10940: 10935: 10550: 10328: 10314: 10282: 10252: 10216: 10144: 9957: 9844: 9768: 9616: 9564: 8240:"Power and Towns in Late Roman Britain and Early Anglo-Saxon England" 8046: 7886: 7408: 6143:

Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople

5265: 5035: 4957: 4866: 4481: 4312: 4189: 4177: 4150: 4099: 3962: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3883: 3848: 3833: 3747: 3695: 3585: 3503: 3383: 3115:

53,000 by the mid-2nd century), than were extracted from the island.

3086:

and barrels; salted fish products from the western Mediterranean and

3000: 2922: 2862: 2710: 2683: 2476: 2292: 2028: 1962: 1950: 1903: 1879: 1744: 1631: 1577: 1508: 1500: 1472: 1445: 1403: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1217: 1093: 1041: 926: 891: 879: 836: 761: 746: 738: 726: 102: 13681: 13382: 8769: 7325: 4900:

The Making Of The British Landscape: From the Ice Age to the Present

4126:

is widely recorded, especially at military sites. The founding of a

2115: 1886:

with first-hand experience of controlling a hostile barbarian land.

1150:

was flexible, with units being moved around whenever necessary. The

1025:'s ships were carried to Britain in a storm during his campaigns in 733:

directed four legions to invade Britain and restore the exiled king

15026: 14490: 13943: 13898: 13862: 13850: 13696: 13656: 13471: 13463: 13458: 13440: 13363: 13100: 13095: 13080: 12344: 12334: 12183: 11996: 11963: 11788: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by 11535: 11505: 11427: 11136: 11051: 10759: 10264: 10240: 10199: 10168: 10108: 9984: 9824: 9718: 9641: 7515: 6587: 6555: 6205:, p. 326f makes a strong case for discontinuity of urban life. 6060:

Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion

6035:

Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion

5201: 5058: 4940: 4645:

Although Ussher refers the reader to his earlier discussion of the

4497: 4489: 4403: 4384: 4331: 4239: 4087: 4079: 4024: 4004: 3898: 3838: 3595: 3565: 3543: 3496: 3491: 3263: 3258: 3247: 3107:

of coin would have been re-exported back to the continent as well.

3087: 3065: 2947: 2943: 2903: 2898: 2890: 2873:, to become emperor in 407. He crossed to Gaul but was defeated by 2821: 2769: 2735: 2731: 2629: 2504: 2488: 2448: 2405: 2288: 2149: 2074: 2043: 1985: 1966: 1958: 1852: 1817: 1813: 1785: 1752: 1551: 1504: 1452:, and initiated exploitation of the mineral resources, such as the 1364: 1333: 1174: 1159: 1053: 1049: 1026: 1022: 1004: 934: 930: 898:. Roman citizens settled in Britain from many parts of the Empire. 824: 769: 730: 710: 706: 303: 129: 13711: 7019: 5882:

R. & T. Whitaker for Richard Bishop (London), 1642.

5086: 4744: 2934: 1630:

either case, the frontier probably moved south to the line of the

1382:, the southeast of Britain rose in revolt under the leadership of 1021:

refers to two British kings he received as refugees. When some of

800: 15036: 15011: 14890: 14865: 14500: 14465: 14438: 14365: 14347: 13938: 13874: 13498: 13128: 13105: 12362: 12329: 12324: 11732: 11588: 11447: 11389: 11152:

Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)

11046: 11041: 11031: 10607: 10342: 10322: 10060: 9834: 7604:

Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People

7310:

Nearing, Homer Jr. (1949). "Local Caesar Traditions in Britain".

5807:

The Typographical Society for Ecclesiastical Books (Paris), 1671.

5677: 5228: 5108: 4786: 4768: 4251: 4219: 4173: 4139: 4091: 3675: 3312: 3199: 3161: 3090:

in barrels and amphorae; preserved olives from southern Spain in

3072: 3028: 3020: 2951: 2938: 2907: 2894: 2789: 2555: 2531: 2284: 2236: 2032: 2009: 1997: 1871: 1806: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1618: 1468: 1383: 1360: 1356: 1289: 1178: 1045: 955: 951: 792: 777: 285: 10395: 9418: 5926:

Usserius, Vol. I, Ch. V, reprinted as Ussher, Vol. V,

4110:

remain in the archaeological record, but the differences in the

2131:

Another possible arrangement, with other possible placements of

1158:

may have been permanently stationed, with records showing it at

749:. Control over Wales was delayed by reverses and the effects of 15021: 14808: 14590:

Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

14510: 14485: 14449: 14443: 14356: 14279: 14205: 14124: 13626: 13110: 13055: 11742: 10622: 10602: 10597: 10120: 10091: 9962: 9873: 9772: 9620: 9568: 9462: 9421:– Information on the Romans in Britain, including everyday life 8581: 8378: 8051:

Communities and Connections: Essays in Honour of Barry Cunliffe

7287:

Urtica: therapeutic and nutritional aspects of stinging nettles

6924: 5153: 4477: 4327: 4164:

also grew in popularity towards the end of the occupation. The

3878: 3809: 3789: 3782: 3553: 2878: 2752: 2671: 2472: 2047: 1604: 1573: 1399: 1057: 1008: 978: 734: 720: 689:

and had been aiding Caesar's enemies. The Belgae were the only

682: 9424: 7663:

Cleere, Henry; Crossley, D. (1995). Hodgkinson, Jeremy (ed.).

4605:

actually includes a note that the Diocese of the Britains had

1683:'s reign (117): a rising in the north which was suppressed by 13910: 13716: 13661: 13549: 13143: 13085: 13075: 13033: 12983: 12319: 11437: 11432: 11412: 7924:

Pottery and Britain's Foreign Trade in the Later Roman Period

4422: 4075: 3777: 3466: 3227: 3170: 3103: 3061: 2930: 2926: 2726: 2722: 2679: 2675: 2610: 2440: 2166: 1860: 1856: 1769: 1764: 1600: 1368: 1305: 1285: 1173:

The invasion was delayed by a troop mutiny until an imperial

1096:, was the only one directly attested to have taken part. The 942: 294: 9430: 6193:(1980:77–92) and "The end of the city in Roman Britain", in 5844:, Vol. I., Ch. VIII, (Dublin), 1639. Reprinted as 5389:

The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries AD

2760:

The traditional view of historians, informed by the work of

2542:; places Flavia north of Maxima, with its capital placed at 14169: 13706: 13686: 13621: 13449: 12314: 9989: 9722: 9645: 8538:

The Roman Shore Forts: Coastal Defences of Southern Britain

5331: 4662: 4493: 4383: — was originated by a British monk teaching in Rome: 4227: 4019: 3218:. The diagram at right shows how Dolaucothi developed from 2618: 2500: 2492: 2456: 2119:

One possible arrangement of the late Roman provinces, with

1848: 1340: 1186: 1163: 970: 966: 702: 10746:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of 8041: 8014: 7885:(3rd, extensively revised ed.). London and New York: 7627:

The Water Supplies and Related Structures of Roman Britain

7464:

A Brief History of Roman Britain Conquest and Civilization

6800:"DNA study finds London was ethnically diverse from start" 6186:, including "Town and country: the end of Roman Britain", 6102:. J.M. Dent & Co. (London), 1903. Hosted at 2244:

rank. The 5th-century sources list a fifth province named

709:

were called off in 34, 27, and 25 BC. In 40 AD,

9402: 7816:

Roman Shipping and Trade: Britain and the Rhine Provinces

6803: 5996:, 2nd ed., Vol. I, Ch. 2, s2, p. 143. 5371: 5351: 4845:. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. 4094:, but often conflated with their Roman equivalents, like 2230:; all of these seem to have initially been directed by a 2065:

launched a second offensive, besieging the rebel port of

15235:

States and territories disestablished in the 5th century

8827:. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford: Archaeopress. 7629:. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford: Archaeopress. 5701: 5238: 1805:

who they felt had earlier wronged them by posting lowly

1375:

and massacred the Druids and burnt their sacred groves.

664:. The occupation lasted from AD 43 to AD 410. 9346:

Sacred Britannia: the gods and rituals of Roman Britain

8983: 7704: 7510:. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 223–281. 5022:

Britannia: the Roman Conquest and Occupation of Britain

4681:, which was a later Saxon territory at the time of the 4464:

During their occupation of Britain the Romans built an

2214:

all list four provinces by some variation of the names

839:

invasions and often came under the control of imperial

9480:– database of excavated evidence for rural settlements 8959: 8698:. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. 6997:: meaning "new field" or "new clearing" of the Regni ( 6033:[On Invectives], Vol. II, Ch. I, in 4086:

from destruction by the Romans on the island of Mona (

3454:

Roman towns can be broadly grouped in two categories.

3321:

To assist him in legal matters he had an adviser, the

2256:

mentions Valentia as well, describing its creation by

1988:

managed to burn it at anchor. To avoid punishment, he

1177:

persuaded them to overcome their fear of crossing the

717:

on the continent, only to have them gather seashells (

13902: 11182: 8674:

Roman Britain: A New History 55 BC – 450 AD

8559:. Batsford Studies in Archaeology. London: Batsford. 5777:"A R O S: VESPASIANA: A PROVINCE OF ROMAN BRITANNIA?" 4837: 4138:

was one of the impositions that led to the revolt of

3356:

such as York, Colchester, Gloucester and Lincoln and

3031:. During the Late Roman period it is likely that the 2143:, the provinces of Roman Britain were organized as a 1343:'s accession, Roman Britain extended as far north as 858:

Following the conquest of the Britons, a distinctive

14288: 9026: 8798:

Aspects of Industry in Roman Yorkshire and the North

8274:

AD 43: The Roman Invasion of Britain: A Reassessment

7813: 6531: 8352:

An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire

8106:Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony, eds. (1998). 8105: 7486:

The Jet Industry and Allied Trades in Roman Britain

4995: 4705: 3230:ironworking zone, the lead and silver mines of the 3060:, as well as various other wares from Gaul and the 2921:In British tradition, pagan Saxons were invited by 1695:as governor to undertake this work who brought the 1371:once and for all. Paulinus led his army across the 1048:. This policy was followed until 39 or 40 AD, when 756:The conquest of Britain continued under command of 10776: 8756:Tyers, Paul (1996b). "Roman amphoras in Britain". 8419:Monfort, César Carreras; Funari, P. P. A. (1998). 8349: 7878: 7814:du Plat Taylor, Joan; Cleere, Henry, eds. (1978). 5596:Todd, Malcolm (2004). "Julius Agricola, Gnaeus ". 3348:(which were subdivided, amongst other forms, into 3202:. If veins were present, they were attacked using 2995:Trade between Iron Age Britain and the Roman world 1784:described as the most serious war of the reign of 1189:; at least part of the force may have landed near 940:in the 4th century BC. The Greeks referred to the 894:evidence lauding the Britannic achievements of an 681:had been overrun or culturally assimilated by the 12288: 8977: 7681: 7358:Introduction to invertebrate conservation biology 6290:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 4476:systems. Many of Britain's major cities, such as 3056:(samian ware) from southern, central and eastern 2954:. A significant date in sub-Roman Britain is the 1029:in 16 AD, they came back with tales of monsters. 764:. In mid-84 AD, Agricola faced the armies of the 760:(77–84), who expanded the Roman Empire as far as 15151: 12451: 9924: 9366:Religion in late Roman Britain: forces of change 9216: 9210: 9099: 8989: 8903: 8796:Wilson, Peter R.; Price, Jennifer, eds. (2002). 8573: 8444: 7903: 7538: 6866:Scientific Evidence for Black Romans in Britain? 6628:"History – Overview: Roman Britain, 43 – 410 AD" 6572: 6257: 6098:The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation 5851:. Hodges, Smith, & Co. (Dublin), 1864. 4923: 4921: 4919: 4326:in Gaul in 314: represented at the council were 4315:with its east–west oriented burials and lack of 3300:who were members of the Senate and had held the 3194:in great detail. Essentially, water supplied by 2881:incursion in 408 was apparently repelled by the 1552:Occupation of and retreat from southern Scotland 9062: 8825:The Roman Pottery Industry of the Oxford Region 8516: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6407: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6329: 6327: 6041:George Simpson & Co. (Devizes), 1920. 5704:"The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites" 753:, but the Romans expanded steadily northwards. 15220:5th-century disestablishments in Roman Britain 9513: 9358: 9310: 9248: 9185: 9129: 9105: 8965: 8879: 8867: 8861: 8370: 8145: 8109:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization 7857:The Material Fall of Roman Britain, 300-525 CE 7832: 7791: 7662: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6064:George Simpson & Co. (Devizes), 1920. 4949:History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus 2966:in 577, after which the significant cities of 2617:in the summer and autumn. Constantius died in 1236: 660:, consisting of a large part of the island of 15240:States and territories established in the 40s 13866: 12968: 12437: 12274: 11817: 11769:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate 10684: 10381: 9910: 9499: 9087: 9020: 8418: 8322:(Paperback 1st ed.). The History Press. 7643: 7580:Blagg, T. F. C.; King, Anthony, eds. (1984). 7480: 6978: 6862:"The Evidence for Diversity in Roman Britain" 6700: 6698: 6411: 6056:The Book of Invectives of Giraldus Cambrensis 5019: 4916: 2978:fell and the Saxons reached the western sea. 1390:, destroyed the Roman colony at Camulodunum ( 626: 13854: 9887:Question marks denote uncertain associations 9885:Placenames in brackets are present-day names 9093: 8478: 8242:. In Ripoll, Gisela; Gurt, Josep M. (eds.). 7497: 7228:Christianity in Roman Britain to 500 AD 6903: 6901: 6754:Caesar and Christ: The Story of Civilization 6484: 6472: 6453: 6434: 6417: 6339: 5602:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4969:The reorganisation is usually attributed to 4841:; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (1996). 4717: 1965:. Britannia was part of this until 274 when 1953:had its economic effect. In 259 a so-called 1584:in the years before 100, indicating growing 27:Britain under Roman rule (43 AD – c. 410 AD) 15170:1st-century establishments in Roman Britain 13914: 13878: 11792:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536 8795: 8517:Peacock, D. P. S.; Williams, D. F. (1986). 7818:. London: Council for British Archaeology. 7491: 7320:(2). Medieval Academy of America: 218–227. 6991: 6304: 5638: 4675: 4667: 4348: 3824: 3477: 3464: 3456: 3438: 3362: 3350: 3342: 3323: 3310: 3092: 3080: 3070: 3048: 2661: 2650: 2370: 2357: 2305: 2297: 1934: 1924: 1908: 1717: 1707: 1697: 1477: 1152: 1136: 1126: 1118: 1108: 1098: 1084: 1013: 718: 37: 15195:410s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 13890: 12982: 12975: 12961: 12444: 12430: 12281: 12267: 11824: 11810: 10691: 10677: 10388: 10374: 9917: 9903: 9506: 9492: 9007: 8624: 8574:Rathbone, Yvette; Rathbone, D. W. (2012). 8557:The Roman Villa: A Historical Introduction 7584:. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. 7260:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 6777:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. 6770: 6695: 6498:Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World 5178:Peoples of Roman Britain: The Catuvellauni 2487:" in northern England with its capital at 2459:and southern England with its capital at " 2268:, in the territory abandoned south of the 1679:A new crisis occurred at the beginning of 862:emerged as the Romans introduced improved 807:were never controlled. Around 197 AD, the 633: 619: 77: 10726:. Provincial administration reformed and 9316: 9285: 9266: 9197: 9173: 9135: 9001: 8946: 8891: 8344: 8194:Die Personennamen im römischen Britannien 8190: 7946: 7742: 7708:; Wright, R. P.; Tomlin, R.S.O. (1995) . 7644:Burnham, Barry C.; Wacher, J. S. (1990). 7579: 7087: 6922:, p. 102f, lists 22 "public towns"; 6898: 6730: 6728: 6711:. Cornell University Press. p. 147. 6653:"Economy and Power in Late Roman Britain" 6545:Epistula ad senatum populumque Atheniorum 5849:, Vol. V, Ch. VIII, p. 236 5815: 5813: 5686:Seven Books of History Against the Pagans 5252: 4927: 4780: 4729: 4507:, the current majority language is not a 2717:) in north Wales in 383, and crossed the 2475:and central England with its capital at " 2443:and western England with its capital at " 10700:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces 9543: 9328: 9160: 8952: 8909: 8668: 8554: 7761: 7745:Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain 7284: 7173:Romans and Britons in North-West England 7080:Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference 7072: 6838: 6362: 6356: 6251: 6145:. Pen & Sword Military. p. 59. 6128: 5175: 5169: 5051: 4897: 4455: 4410: 4213: 4061: 3431: 3160: 3152: 2849: 2751: 2595: 2587: 2126: 2114: 2085:and defeated Allectus in a land battle. 1888: 1840:in return for Albinus's support against 1659: 1644: 1516:Roman military organisation in the north 1416: 1195: 961:The first direct Roman contact was when 9809: 9272: 9191: 9179: 9117: 9111: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 8995: 8984:Collingwood, Wright & Tomlin (1995) 8933: 8927: 8885: 8535: 8497: 8479:Parker, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). 8290: 8215: 8126: 8086: 8003: 7986: 7969: 7952: 7935: 7929: 7918: 7851: 7624: 7403: 7309: 7167: 7138: 6816: 6523: 6519: 6495: 6478: 6466: 6447: 6428: 6387: 6350: 6273: 6214: 6208: 6165:Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae 27.8.6 5956:Published posthumously & edited by 5912:], Vol. I, Index, p. 639. 5599:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5504: 5385: 5379: 4751: 4082:, and in 61 they vainly defended their 2515:but St Andrews is beyond even the 2088: 1074:The invasion force in 43 AD was led by 14: 15185:40s establishments in the Roman Empire 15152: 13831: 9322: 9297: 9291: 9254: 9242: 9203: 9166: 9147: 9074: 9068: 9056: 8971: 8940: 8915: 8897: 8855: 8776: 8755: 8734: 8646: 8469: 8399: 8268: 8237: 8045:; Hamerow, Helena; de Jersey, Philip; 7907:; Tomlin, R. S. O., eds. (1991–1995). 7598: 7567: 7458: 7250: 7225: 7195: 7145:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 6998: 6943: 6919: 6907: 6750: 6734: 6725: 6535: 6403: 6399: 6333: 6285: 6245: 6202: 6175: 6140: 6079:Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum 6020: 5810: 5412: 3157:Industrial production in Roman Britain 1436:There was further turmoil in 69, the " 1142:) are known to have served during the 981:tribes on returning to the continent. 776:. Battle casualties were estimated by 15225:Former countries in the British Isles 15063: 14955: 14734: 14536: 13968: 13748: 13394: 13031: 12956: 12425: 12262: 11805: 11722: 11721: 11181: 10775: 10711: 10672: 10369: 9925: 9898: 9487: 9478:The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain 9378: 9260: 9153: 9141: 9123: 8873: 8822: 8602: 8371:Maxfield, V. A.; Dobson, B. (2006) . 8317: 8171: 8067: 8020: 7980: 7881:Britannia: A History of Roman Britain 7873: 7667:(2nd ed.). Merton Priory Press. 7034: 6885: 6797: 6704: 6288:King Arthur: The Making of the Legend 6123:, 39; Odahl, 77–78, 309; Pohlsander, 5935: 5657: 5628: 5522: 5424: 5264: 5034: 5013: 4865: 4338:of London, and Adelphius, possibly a 3176:Mineral extraction sites such as the 2640:dispatched his chief imperial notary 2248:and give its governor and Maxima's a 12133:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique) 10397:Provinces of the early Roman Empire 10357:List of Roman place names in Britain 9452:"Roman London: "In their own words"" 8921: 8712: 8690: 7997: 7963: 7859:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6586: 6554: 6194: 5200: 5057: 4939: 4168:is one example of the popularity of 3428:List of Roman place names in Britain 2839: 2741: 1229:). Vespasian subdued the southwest, 913:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain 811:divided Britain into two provinces: 673:in 55 and 54 BC as part of his 14956: 12891:Post-war period (political history) 8960:Historical sources and inscriptions 8781:(2nd revised ed.). Routledge. 8764:. Council for British Archaeology. 8654:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7769:(4th ed.). London: Routledge. 7361:. Oxford University Press. p. 7354: 7054: 6935:On the ruin and conquest of Britain 6757:. Simon and Schuster. p. 468. 6601: 5676: 5577: 5553: 5542: 5482: 5464: 5444: 5365: 5345: 5323: 5227: 4767: 4398:A letter found on a lead tablet in 4176:also exist in military contexts at 3409: 3064:provinces; olive oil from southern 2709:, raised the standard of revolt at 2600:4th century: Degree of Romanisation 2311:). The error is variously emended: 1675:'s 2nd-century map of Roman Britain 849:final Roman withdrawal from Britain 24: 12073:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique) 9431:The Roman Army and Navy in Britain 9227: 9027:du Plat Taylor & Cleere (1978) 8843: 8577:Literary Sources for Roman Britain 8295:(3rd ed.). London: J. Baker. 8201:]. Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann. 8035:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1992.tb00259.x 7646:The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain 7010: 6930:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae 6923: 6798:Ghosh, Pallab (23 November 2015). 6551:] (in Latin), 279D, 280A, B, C 6539: 6532:du Plat Taylor & Cleere (1978) 5152: 5100: 5078: 4535:). The current majority language, 2914:ideals and conventions. Historian 2812:. Some urban centres, for example 2592:4th century Roman towns and villas 1761:problems in the Danubian provinces 1312:, and he carried out an effective 648:was the territory that became the 25: 15251: 14386:Festival Interceltique de Lorient 12009:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique) 9386: 8849: 8696:Research on Roman Britain 1960–89 8481:The Chronology of British History 7387:"Unearthing the ancestral rabbit" 6886:Green, Caitlin R. (26 May 2016). 5960:. M. Atkins (London), 1709. 5952:Antoninus's Route of the Britains 5762:. Bohn (London), 1862. Hosted at 4996:Hornblower & Spawforth (1998) 4945:Τῆς μετὰ Μάρκον βασιλείας ἱστορία 4706:Hornblower & Spawforth (1998) 4379:by the church authorities — 2260:in 369 after the quelling of the 1467:, father-in-law to the historian 1063: 15136: 13749: 13381: 12896:Post-war period (social history) 12570: 12198:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique) 11940:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique) 11132:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana) 10758:in c. 640–660, although in 10646: 9222: 9100:Allen, Fulford & Todd (2007) 8630:The Place-names of Roman Britain 8320:Roman Britain and the Roman Navy 7606:(2nd revised ed.). London: 7561:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00279.x 7397: 7379: 7348: 7303: 7278: 7244: 7219: 7189: 7161: 7132: 7103: 7095: 6844:Roman Archaeology for Historians 6037:, Vol. XXX, pp. 130–1" 6017:Wm. Straker (London), 1840. 5760:, Vol. XXVIII, Ch. III 5212:The Deeds of the Divine Augustus 5010:. BBC. Retrieved 26 August 2017. 4609:provinces, but then lists four. 4561: 4549: 3284:Roman client kingdoms in Britain 2981:Historians generally reject the 2307:de civitate colonia Londinensium 1560:Scotland during the Roman Empire 1536: 1524: 1269: 1257: 999:and brought Britain into Rome's 988:, was installed, and his rival, 906: 593:Political history (1979–present) 253: 228: 10742:established after the death of 9514: 8978:Collingwood & Wright (1990) 8676:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. 8498:Peacock, D. P. S., ed. (1977). 8455:. London: Thames & Hudson. 8199:Personal names in Roman Britain 8157:(New ed.). Oxford: Oxbow. 7767:Iron Age Communities in Britain 7573:The Roman Government of Britain 7111:"From Paganism to Christianity" 7066: 7048: 7028: 7004: 6984: 6972: 6953:Journal of Historical Geography 6913: 6879: 6854: 6832: 6810: 6791: 6744: 6670: 6645: 6620: 6513: 6393: 6381: 6279: 6267: 6168: 6159: 6134: 6109: 6067: 6015:, New Ed., pp. 77 ff. 6001: 5985: 5966: 5920: 5914:Richard Badger (London), 1639. 5888: 5857: 5830: 5783: 5769: 5730: 5721: 5695: 5622: 5589: 5571: 5536: 5516: 5498: 5476: 5458: 5438: 5418: 5406: 5359: 5339: 5317: 5305: 5299: 5287: 5281: 5258: 5246: 5221: 5194: 5146: 5122: 5116: 5094: 5072: 5028: 5001: 4989: 4963: 4878: 4793: 4656: 4639: 4620: 4595: 4503:Unlike many other areas of the 4246:. It consists of an anagram of 4203: 4172:among the soldiery. Temples to 3424:List of Roman villas in England 3372: 3184:methods. They are described by 2570:); and between the walls along 2202:, the late-4th-century work of 791:Under the 2nd-century emperors 788:, these are very high figures. 11090:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium 11014:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy 9348:. London: Thames & Hudson. 9234:Commentaries on the Gallic War 9217:Rathbone & Rathbone (2012) 8990:Frere & Tomlin (1991–1995) 8904:Moorhead & Stuttard (2012) 8823:Young, Christopher J. (1977). 8404:. Cambridge University Press. 7833:Esmonde-Cleary, Simon (1989). 7747:. Cambridge University Press. 7665:The Iron Industry of the Weald 6549:Letter to the senate of Athens 6258:Moorhead & Stuttard (2012) 6176:Cleary, Simon Esmonde (2000). 6127:, 15–16.; Mattingly, 233–234; 5827:T. Cadell (London), 1843. 5744: 5020:Patrick Welsh, George (1963). 5008:"An Overview of Roman Britain" 4933: 4891: 4859: 4831: 4806: 4741:Commentaries on the Gallic War 4723: 4711: 4699: 2577: 2081:landed an invasion fleet near 2004:. Soon afterwards, an unnamed 1980:was in command of the Roman's 1823: 1483:legion, Agricola defeated the 1216:, was killed, but his brother 1092:, commanded by future emperor 1044:, ruled by the descendants of 1036:, ruled by the descendants of 890:investigations and occasional 13: 1: 15105:Celtic place names in Galicia 14735: 11157:Tripolitania (Roman province) 10735: 9797: 9788: 9670: 9661: 9593: 9584: 9531: 9446:Roman Britain at LacusCurtius 9335: 9304: 9279: 9211:The Roman military in Britain 9063:Peacock & Williams (1986) 8610:. Stroud: The History Press. 8519:Amphorae in the Roman Economy 8452:The Romans who Shaped Britain 8374:Inscriptions of Roman Britain 8172:Jones, R. F. J., ed. (1991). 8023:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7910:Roman Inscriptions of Britain 7799:. London: Thames and Hudson. 7716:Roman Inscriptions of Britain 7711:Vol. I: Inscriptions on Stone 7692:Roman Inscriptions of Britain 7549:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 6408:Peacock & Williams (1986) 4980: 4692: 4392: 4388: 4263: 4210:Christianity in Roman Britain 3273: 3219: 3120: 3112: 3038:Exports to Britain included: 2423:established by the legendary 2046:on charges of having abetted 1078:, but it is unclear how many 782: 713:assembled 200,000 men at the 598:Social history (1979–present) 383: 370: 356: 343: 186: 168: 149: 67: 15230:History of England by period 14537: 13042:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups 12453:History of the British Isles 9926:Major towns of Roman Britain 9463:Roman Britain – History 9359:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 9311:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 9249:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 9186:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 9130:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 9106:Cleere & Crossley (1995) 9081: 8966:Maxfield & Dobson (2006) 8880:Jones & Mattingly (2002) 8718:A Companion to Roman Britain 8608:The Coinage of Roman Britain 8174:Roman Britain: Recent Trends 7958:The Economy of Roman Britain 7797:Roman Britain: a New History 7718:(Revised ed.). Stroud. 7285:Kavalali, Gulsel M. (2003). 7016:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 6965:10.1016/0305-7488(91)90022-N 6751:Durant, Will (7 June 2011). 6286:Higham, Nicholas J. (2018). 6062:, Vol. XXX, p. 16. 5667:Abridgement of Roman History 5663:Breviarium historiae Romanae 5616:UK public library membership 5104:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 5082:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4783:Commentarii de bello Gallico 4736:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4573:History of the British Isles 3416:Roman sites in Great Britain 3288:Roman auxiliaries in Britain 2869:, the army chose a soldier, 2855:End of Roman rule in Britain 2748:End of Roman rule in Britain 2206:, and the early-5th-century 1972:Around the year 280, a half- 943: 566:Post-war Britain (political) 7: 14029:Welsh literature in English 13969: 13395: 13121:Modern Celtic ethnic groups 13032: 11765: Re-established after 11077:Diocese of Annonarian Italy 10712: 9021:Monfort & Funari (1998) 8318:Mason, David J. P. (2009). 8244:Sedes regiae (ann. 400–800) 8221:Britannia: the Failed State 8191:Kakoschke, Andreas (2011). 8176:. Sheffield: J. R. Collis. 8129:Roman Britain: a Sourcebook 8112:. Oxford University Press. 8087:Higgins, Charlotte (2014). 8053:. Oxford University Press. 7835:The Ending of Roman Britain 6979:Burnham & Wacher (1990) 6412:Monfort & Funari (1998) 6367:. Oxford University Press. 6178:The Ending of Roman Britain 6121:Christianity of Constantine 4542: 4066:Artist's reconstruction of 4036: 3509:Aldborough, North Yorkshire 1893:Northern campaigns, 208–211 1715:. This replaced the famous 1237:Establishment of Roman rule 677:. According to Caesar, the 10: 15256: 14049:Scottish Gaelic literature 13429:Brigantia (ancient region) 9342:Aldhouse-Green, Miranda J. 9094:Allen & Fulford (1996) 9014: 8779:The Towns of Roman Britain 8652:A History of Roman Britain 8502:. London: Academic Press. 8291:Margary, Ivan D. (1973) . 8127:Ireland, Stanley (2008) . 7575:. Oxford University Press. 7451: 7139:Horsley, G. H. R. (1987). 6705:Jones, Michael E. (1998). 6596:Fragments of Greek History 6218:(1985). "Excavations...". 6100:, Vol. 2, Ch. 16 5948:Antonini Iter Britanniarum 5682:Historiae Adversus Paganos 4973:; it first appears in the 4951:] (in Ancient Greek), 4718:Parker & Palmer (1992) 4466:extensive network of roads 4358:on the outskirts of Roman 4267:churches are suggested at 4242:, the Roman settlement of 4207: 4051: 4040: 3436:Britannia as shown on the 3413: 3280:Governors of Roman Britain 3277: 3142: 3138: 3027:at the mouth of the river 2992: 2983:historicity of King Arthur 2958:, an unanswered appeal to 2925:to assist in fighting the 2843: 2745: 2705:Another imperial usurper, 2581: 2157:who, from 318 to 331, was 2092: 1990:proclaimed himself emperor 1642:isthmus around this time. 1557: 1442:Quintus Petillius Cerialis 1367:) to settle accounts with 1316:campaign against Governor 1308:. The Silures were led by 1240: 1067: 910: 901: 741:. The Romans defeated the 705:. Planned invasions under 15127: 15070: 15064: 15059: 14997: 14968: 14951: 14914: 14836: 14827: 14799: 14771: 14743: 14730: 14683: 14648: 14622: 14543: 14532: 14419: 14396:Hebridean Celtic Festival 14333: 14235: 14214: 14183: 14098: 14057: 14024:Welsh-language literature 13979: 13975: 13964: 13926: 13840: 13757: 13744: 13614: 13573: 13507: 13403: 13390: 13379: 13216: 13185: 13119: 13040: 13027: 12994: 12917: 12842: 12795: 12687: 12638: 12579: 12568: 12459: 12386: 12353: 12297: 11845: 11755: 11738:Quaestura exercitus (536) 11728: 11717: 11647: 11554: 11466: 11398: 11355: 11344: 11292: 11254: 11206: 11195: 11191: 11177: 11122: 11075: 11012: 11001: 10959: 10911: 10863: 10800: 10789: 10785: 10771: 10718: 10707: 10655: 10644: 10406: 10354: 10275: 10024: 10000: 9973: 9946: 9939: 9932: 9883: 9858: 9786: 9757: 9732: 9707: 9682: 9659: 9630: 9605: 9582: 9525: 9408:Timeline of Roman Britain 9355:. London: B. T. Batsford. 9353:Religion in Roman Britain 8238:Loseby, Simon T. (2000). 8155:An Atlas of Roman Britain 7689:; Tomlin, R.S.O. (eds.). 7625:Burgers, Alfonso (2001). 7492:Wilson & Price (2002) 7425:10.1017/S0068113X17000101 7289:. CRC Press. p. 15. 7251:Tomlin, R. S. O. (1994). 6771:Lancashire, Anne (2002). 6592:Fragmenta Hist. Graecorum 6524:Fulford, Michael (1978), 6232:10.1017/S0003581500024690 5741:Rerum gestarum Libri XXXI 4944: 4843:Cambridge Ancient History 4568:United Kingdom portal 4460:Roman roads around 150 AD 4451: 3046:, particularly red-gloss 3007:, focusing on the narrow 2415:described the supposedly 2111:Valentia (Roman province) 1775:In 175, a large force of 1652:viewed looking east from 1438:Year of the Four Emperors 1249:Roman invasion of Britain 1070:Roman conquest of Britain 917:Britain was known to the 658:Roman conquest of Britain 576:Post-war Britain (social) 502: 480: 466: 454: 442: 420: 269: 207: 203: 199: 195: 177: 158: 139: 126: 122: 112: 108: 94: 76: 65: 54: 34: 14829:Ancient Celtic languages 11614:Palaestina III Salutaris 10810:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae 10436:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae 9008:Rivet & Smith (1979) 8738:Roman Pottery in Britain 8536:Pearson, Andrew (2002). 8470:Morris, Francis (2010). 8400:Millet, Martin (1992) . 8070:The Art of Roman Britain 7887:Routledge and Kegan Paul 7743:Creighton, John (2000). 7685:; Wright, R. P. (1990). 7226:Thomas, Charles (1981). 7115:Lullingstone Roman Villa 7089:10.16995/TRAC2015_92_110 6708:The End of Roman Britain 6363:Cunliffe, Barry (2002). 6117:Constantine and Eusebius 5863:Eutychius Ægyptius [ 5386:Webster, Graham (1998). 5176:Branigan, Keith (1985). 4898:Nicholas, Crane (2016). 4588: 4224:Lullingstone Roman Villa 4144:Pagans Hill Roman Temple 4068:Pagans Hill Roman Temple 4058:Religion in ancient Rome 4047: 3206:and the ore removed for 2988: 1763:. Increasing numbers of 1430:Templeborough Roman fort 1412:Battle of Watling Street 1349:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus 1318:Publius Ostorius Scapula 1212:. One of their leaders, 15100:Gaulish words in French 15085:Celtic words in English 13339:Scottish New Zealanders 13229:Anglo-Celtic Australian 12725:Early medieval Scotland 11781: Placed under the 11142:Mauretania Caesariensis 10961:Diocese of the Britains 10583:Mauretania Caesariensis 9364:Watts, Dorothy (1998). 8555:Percival, John (1976). 7947:Blagg & King (1984) 7696:Instrumentum Domesticum 6026:Giraldus Cambriensis . 5836:Usserius, Jacobus [ 5825:, pp. 272 ff. 5207:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 4556:Ancient Rome portal 4440:Norman invasion of 1066 4238:has been discovered in 4054:Ancient Celtic religion 3446:(modern copy from 1897) 3420:Roman cities in Britain 3149:Mining in Roman Britain 2634:Battle of Mons Seleucus 1738:Quintus Lollius Urbicus 1489:Battle of Mons Graupius 1446:Sextus Julius Frontinus 1191:Fishbourne, West Sussex 829:Diocese of the Britains 827:, who administered the 774:Battle of Mons Graupius 15210:5th century in England 15200:4th century in England 15180:3rd century in England 15175:2nd century in England 15165:1st century in England 14034:Early Irish literature 13915: 13903: 13891: 13879: 13867: 13855: 13319:Scotch-Irish Canadians 13314:Scotch-Irish Americans 12769:Early medieval Ireland 12735:Late medieval Scotland 12730:High medieval Scotland 12703:Early medieval England 12373:Levant (Greater Syria) 12055:Late Antique/Medieval) 11898:Bosnia and Herzegovina 11624:Phoenice II Libanensis 11327:Macedonia II Salutaris 10740:praetorian prefectures 10702:(4th–7th centuries AD) 10556:Hispania Tarraconensis 10260:Viroconium Cornoviorum 10080:Durovernum Cantiacorum 9372: 9351:Henig, Martin (1984). 9174:Provincial development 8293:Roman Roads in Britain 8068:Henig, Martin (1995). 7482:Allason-Jones, Lyndsay 6992: 6195:Rich, J., ed. (1992). 6091:; Bede. Translated by 5894:Henricus Spelman [ 5865:Eutychius the Egyptian 5608:10.1093/ref:odnb/48290 4676: 4668: 4583:Wales in the Roman era 4461: 4349: 4231: 4160:Eastern cults such as 4142:. By the 3rd century, 4071: 4010:Viroconium Cornoviorum 3825: 3624:Durovernum Cantiacorum 3478: 3465: 3457: 3447: 3439: 3363: 3351: 3343: 3324: 3311: 3173: 3158: 3093: 3081: 3071: 3049: 2858: 2757: 2662: 2651: 2601: 2593: 2507:" with its capital at 2371: 2358: 2343:(all various names of 2306: 2299:de civitate Londinensi 2298: 2291:and two bishops "from 2198:The early-4th-century 2136: 2124: 2002:Marcus Aurelius Probus 1935: 1925: 1909: 1894: 1876:Lucius Alfenus Senecio 1718: 1708: 1698: 1685:Quintus Pompeius Falco 1676: 1657: 1654:Housesteads Roman Fort 1478: 1465:Gnaeus Julius Agricola 1433: 1243:Romano-British culture 1201: 1153: 1137: 1127: 1119: 1109: 1099: 1085: 1014: 860:Romano-British culture 758:Gnaeus Julius Agricola 719: 38: 15190:410 disestablishments 14661:Scottish independence 14406:Celtic Media Festival 14289:National music scenes 13515:Proto-Celtic religion 13217:Related ethnic groups 12816:Early modern Scotland 12779:Late medieval Ireland 12774:High medieval Ireland 12713:Late medieval England 12708:High medieval England 12664:Protohistoric Ireland 11840:in modern territories 11346:Praetorian prefecture 11221:Noricum mediterraneum 11197:Praetorian prefecture 11147:Mauretania Sitifensis 11042:Picenum Suburbicarium 11003:Praetorian prefecture 10791:Praetorian prefecture 10738: 293. Permanent 9419:The Romans in Britain 9161:Provincial government 8868:Esmonde-Cleary (1989) 8862:de la Bédoyère (2006) 8777:Wacher, John (1995). 8735:Tyers, Paul (1996a). 8720:. Oxford: Blackwell. 8540:. The History Press. 8276:. The History Press. 8223:. The History Press. 8131:. London: Routledge. 7912:. Vol. II. Fascs. 2–8 7210:An Answer to the Jews 6949:de Excidio Britanniae 6846:. Routledge. p. 6824:. Routledge. p. 6197:The City in Antiquity 6008:Stillingfleet, Edward 5878:Origins of His Church 5874:Ecclesiæ suæ Origines 5180:. Sutton Publishing. 4971:Constantine the Great 4459: 4436:Oryctolagus cuniculus 4411:Environmental changes 4297:Water Newton Treasure 4250:carved on a piece of 4217: 4065: 4041:Further information: 3435: 3414:Further information: 3404:Eastern Mediterranean 3278:Further information: 3167:Dolaucothi Gold Mines 3164: 3156: 2956:Groans of the Britons 2853: 2755: 2607:Constantine the Great 2599: 2591: 2411:In the 12th century, 2130: 2118: 2023:led to a short-lived 2000:) but was crushed by 1969:reunited the empire. 1957:was established when 1899:invasion of Caledonia 1892: 1705:legion with him from 1693:Aulus Platorius Nepos 1663: 1648: 1558:Further information: 1428: 1264:Roman campaigns 43–60 1241:Further information: 1199: 872:industrial production 15215:5th century in Wales 15205:4th century in Wales 14985:(Medieval Welsh law) 14595:Scottish nationalism 14245:Ancient Celtic music 13560:Romano-Celtic temple 13369:Welsh New Zealanders 13294:Irish New Zealanders 12926:House of Plantagenet 12828:Early modern Ireland 12811:Early modern England 12806:Early modern Britain 12747:Early medieval Wales 12605:Prehistoric Shetland 12600:Prehistoric Scotland 11777:Diocese of Illyricum 11771:Prefecture of Africa 11526:Galatia II Salutaris 11294:Diocese of Macedonia 11184:Eastern Roman Empire 10946:Mauretania Tingitana 10778:Western Roman Empire 10588:Mauretania Tingitana 10481:Corsica and Sardinia 10421:Africa proconsularis 10212:Ratae Corieltauvorum 10188:Noviomagus Reginorum 9859:Apocryphal provinces 9368:. London: Routledge. 9088:Allason-Jones (2002) 8758:Internet Archaeology 8741:. London: Batsford. 8632:. London: Batsford. 8628:; Smith, C. (1979). 8072:. London: Batsford. 8015:Gosden et al. (2007) 7837:. London: Batsford. 7608:British Museum Press 7355:New, Tim R. (1995). 6993:Noviomagus Reginorum 6892:Dr. Caitlin R. Green 6598:] (in Latin), 12 6574:Ammianus Marcellinus 6538:, pp. 423–424; 6141:Hughes, Ian (2013). 6131:, pp. 170, 341. 6119:, 27, 298; Elliott, 5737:Ammianus Marcellinus 4647:28 Cities of Britain 4505:Western Roman Empire 4198:Caernarfon Mithraeum 4186:Rudchester Mithraeum 4043:Romano-Celtic temple 3854:Ratae Corieltauvorum 3708:Noviomagus Reginorum 3441:Tabula Peutingeriana 3178:Dolaucothi gold mine 3078:; wine from Gaul in 2756:Roman Britain in 410 2674:in the east and the 2421:early British church 2384:Bishop Stillingfleet 2281:314 Council of Arles 2141:Diocletian's reforms 2089:Diocletian's reforms 2079:Julius Asclepiodotus 2016:across the Channel. 1627:Trajan's Dacian Wars 1276:Agricola's campaigns 1208:, the second on the 878:. The Roman goddess 831:. A fifth province, 14675:Irish republicanism 14656:Breton independence 14635:Scottish devolution 14568:Cornish nationalism 14391:Pan Celtic Festival 14265:Scottish folk music 14019:Scottish literature 13540:Celtic Christianity 13344:Scottish Travellers 13329:Scottish Argentines 13173:Scottish Travellers 12903:Late modern Ireland 12797:Early modern period 12757:Late medieval Wales 12752:High medieval Wales 12624:Prehistoric Ireland 12595:Prehistoric England 12590:Prehistoric Britain 12290:Classical antiquity 12030:Sardinia (Classical 11903:Bulgaria (Classical 11783:Quaestura exercitus 11556:Diocese of the East 11546:Pontus Polemoniacus 11208:Diocese of Pannonia 11037:Lucania et Bruttium 10984:Maxima Caesariensis 10979:Flavia Caesariensis 10486:Crete and Cyrenaica 10461:Bithynia and Pontus 10044:Corinium Dobunnorum 9760:Maxima Caesariensis 9735:Flavia Caesariensis 9694:Corinium Dobunnorum 9361:, pp. 264–305. 9319:, pp. 351–427. 9313:, pp. 233–263. 9288:, pp. 253–350. 9188:, pp. 141–178. 9138:, pp. 491–528. 9132:, pp. 179–232. 9114:, pp. 175–201. 9102:, pp. 167–191. 9096:, pp. 223–281. 9090:, pp. 125–132. 9041:, pp. 129–142. 8941:Iron Age background 8584:11 (4th ed.). 8521:. London: Longman. 8356:. London: Penguin. 8091:. London: Vintage. 7992:Economic Structures 7793:de la Bédoyère, Guy 7700:(in Latin). Stroud. 7393:, no. 86, 2006 7391:British Archaeology 7203:De Adversus Judaeos 7082:. pp. 92–110. 6481:, pp. 175–201. 6469:, pp. 129–142. 6199:. pp. 136–144. 6125:Emperor Constantine 5880:], p. 118. 5819:Thackery, Francis. 5747: 391 AD. 5644:Liber de Caesaribus 4818:The Perseus Project 4677:prouinciae Lindissi 4578:Prehistoric Britain 4533:Brittonic languages 4279:have been found at 3909:Newcastle upon Tyne 2762:Michael Rostovtzeff 2648:, which forced the 2228:Flavia Caesariensis 2224:Maxima Caesariensis 2107:Maxima Caesariensis 2103:Flavia Caesariensis 2063:Constantius Chlorus 1917:punitive expedition 1847:Albinus crossed to 1820:as emperor in 192. 1812:The future emperor 1749:Gnaeus Julius Verus 1665:Prima Europe tabula 1380:campaigning in Mona 1378:While Paulinus was 1351:, the conqueror of 1001:sphere of influence 845:imperial pretenders 338:Prehistoric Britain 117:Classical antiquity 84:Province of Britain 39:Provincia Britannia 35:Province of Britain 14666:Welsh independence 14630:Cornish devolution 14551:Breton nationalism 14401:Celtic Connections 14004:Cornish literature 13349:Ulster Protestants 13334:Scottish Canadians 13324:Scottish Americans 13234:Anglo-Irish people 12931:House of Lancaster 12884:World Wars (Wales) 12844:Late modern period 12821:Early modern Wales 12610:Prehistoric Orkney 12581:Prehistoric period 11949:Corsica (Classical 11869:Armenia (Classical 11850:Albania (Classical 11634:Syria II Salutaris 11491:Armenian Satrapies 11264:Dacia Mediterranea 11186:(395–c. 640) 11114:Venetia et Histria 11022:Apulia et Calabria 10723:Notitia Dignitatum 10573:Lycia et Pamphylia 10551:Hispania Lusitania 10531:Gallia Narbonensis 10526:Gallia Lugdunensis 9976:Britannia Inferior 9949:Britannia Superior 9633:Britannia Inferior 9608:Britannia Superior 9473:Roman Wales RCAHMW 9441:Guy de la Bédoyère 9269:, pp. 85–252. 9251:, pp. 64–140. 8670:Southern, Patricia 8598:on 7 October 2014. 8395:on 7 October 2014. 8381:4 (4th ed.). 7763:Cunliffe, Barry W. 7706:Collingwood, R. G. 7683:Collingwood, R. G. 7569:Birley, Anthony R. 6937:] (in Latin), 6678:"Romans: Commerce" 6613:] (in Latin), 6522:, pp. 35–84; 5779:. 9 December 2019. 5688:] (in Latin), 5669:] (in Latin). 5650:] (in Latin). 5214:] (in Latin), 5131:] (in Latin), 4998:, pp. 46, 323 4743:] (in Latin), 4708:, pp. 129–131 4665:also references a 4462: 4445:Buxus sempervirens 4256:early Christianity 4232: 4072: 3822:(the name of this 3448: 3388:continental Europe 3174: 3159: 2946:(hence its name), 2859: 2758: 2602: 2594: 2340:Colonia Cameloduni 2163:Augusta Treverorum 2155:praetorian prefect 2137: 2125: 1937:Britannia Inferior 1927:Britannia Superior 1895: 1803:Praetorian prefect 1677: 1658: 1479:XX Valeria Victrix 1434: 1202: 1060:of the Atrebates. 821:Diocletian Reforms 817:Britannia Inferior 813:Britannia Superior 805:Scottish Highlands 751:Boudica's uprising 701:, and returned to 128:• Annexed by 18:Diocese of Britain 15147: 15146: 15123: 15122: 15055: 15054: 14947: 14946: 14943: 14942: 14906:Cisalpine Gaulish 14726: 14725: 14612:national identity 14607:Welsh nationalism 14600:national identity 14580:Irish nationalism 14528: 14527: 14524: 14523: 14461:Cornish wrestling 14329: 14328: 14250:Breton Folk music 14215:Regional cultures 14058:National cultures 14044:Gaelic literature 13999:Breton literature 13960: 13959: 13956: 13955: 13952: 13951: 13740: 13739: 13652:Chief of the Name 13520:Celtic polytheism 13437:Sub-Roman Britain 13377: 13376: 13264:Irish Australians 13244:Cornish Americans 13203:Scottish diaspora 12950: 12949: 12833:Early modern Mann 12720:Medieval Scotland 12678:Sub-Roman Britain 12673:End of Roman rule 12617:Prehistoric Wales 12419: 12418: 12256: 12255: 12238:Thrace (Classical 12230:Turkey (Classical 12022:Sicily (Classical 11969:Greece (Classical 11931:Cyprus (Classical 11917:Crimea (Classical 11912:Britain (England) 11799: 11798: 11761:Septem Provinciae 11751: 11750: 11723:Other territories 11713: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11496:Armenia III (536) 11468:Diocese of Pontus 11458:Phrygia Salutaris 11453:Phrygia Pacatiana 11357:Diocese of Thrace 11340: 11339: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11124:Diocese of Africa 10997: 10996: 10865:Diocese of Vienne 10855:Maxima Sequanorum 10767: 10766: 10666: 10665: 10618:Pannonia Superior 10613:Pannonia Inferior 10541:Germania Superior 10536:Germania Inferior 10400: 10363: 10362: 10309:Calleva Atrebatum 10128:Isurium Brigantum 10020: 10019: 9892: 9891: 9854: 9853: 9782: 9781: 9655: 9654: 9578: 9577: 9126:, pp. 93–117 9053:, pp. 54–74. 9047:, pp. 35–47. 9035:, pp. 35–84. 8834:978-0-8605-4001-4 8807:978-1-8421-7078-6 8800:. Oxford: Oxbow. 8788:978-0-7134-7319-3 8748:978-0-7134-7412-1 8727:978-0-6312-1823-4 8705:978-0-9077-6413-7 8683:978-1-4456-0146-5 8661:978-0-1928-0138-8 8639:978-0-7134-2077-7 8617:978-0-7524-2523-8 8591:978-0-9036-2535-7 8566:978-0-7134-3238-1 8547:978-0-7524-1949-7 8528:978-0-5820-6555-0 8509:978-0-1254-7850-2 8462:978-0-5002-5189-8 8437:978-8-4475-1950-7 8411:978-0-5214-2864-4 8388:978-0-9036-2532-6 8363:978-0-1401-4822-0 8329:978-0-7524-2541-2 8302:978-0-2129-7001-8 8283:978-0-7524-1959-6 8230:978-0-7524-4614-1 8208:978-3-4871-4628-7 8183:978-0-9060-9039-8 8164:978-1-8421-7067-0 8138:978-0-4154-7178-7 8119:978-0-1986-0165-4 8098:978-0-0995-5209-3 8089:Under Another Sky 8079:978-0-7134-5430-7 8060:978-0-1992-3034-1 7926:. pp. 35–84. 7866:978-0-8122-9736-2 7844:978-0-4152-3898-4 7825:978-0-9003-1262-5 7806:978-0-5000-5140-5 7754:978-1-1394-3172-9 7674:978-1-8989-3704-3 7655:978-0-7134-6175-6 7636:978-1-8417-1189-8 7617:978-0-7141-2246-5 7591:978-0-8605-4296-4 7539:Allen, J. R. L.; 7498:Allen, J. R. L.; 7473:978-1-8452-9728-2 7372:978-0-1985-4051-9 7296:978-0-4153-0833-5 7237:978-0-4151-6634-8 7154:978-0-8583-7599-4 6784:978-0-5216-3278-2 6764:978-1-4516-4760-0 6718:978-0-8014-8530-5 6507:978-3-7861-1628-8 6431:, pp. 35–47. 6374:978-0-1928-5354-7 6353:, pp. 54–74. 6297:978-0-3002-1092-7 6188:World Archaeology 6152:978-1-8488-4417-9 6093:Lionel Cecil Jane 6083:. 731. Hosted at 5941:Gale, Thomæ [ 5708:perseus.tufts.edu 5632:Panegyrici Latini 5614:(Subscription or 5399:978-0-8061-3000-2 5187:978-0-8629-9255-2 5024:. pp. 27–31. 4909:978-0-2978-5735-8 4852:978-0-5212-6430-3 4720:, pp. 20–22. 4683:Gregorian mission 4669:Provincia Lindisi 4418:Urtica pilulifera 4340:bishop of Lincoln 4330:from thirty-five 4170:mystery religions 3953:Calleva Atrebatum 3820:Great Chesterford 3691:Chester-le-Street 3514:Isurium Brigantum 3325:legatus juridicus 3019:and the sites of 2964:Battle of Deorham 2893:rebellion of the 2846:Sub-Roman Britain 2840:Sub-Roman Britain 2742:End of Roman rule 2690:, was settled by 2453:Britannia Secunda 2417:metropolitan sees 2401:Civ. Col. Leg. II 2396:Civ. Col. Londin. 2388:Francis Thackeray 2331:Colon. Camalodun. 2190:The tasks of the 2161:who was based at 2123:between the walls 2038:commander of the 2027:from 286 to 296. 1994:Colonia Agrippina 1961:rebelled against 1944:Saxon Shore Forts 1830:Septimius Severus 1799:Tigidius Perennis 1710:Germania Inferior 1582:Scottish Lowlands 1426: 1168:Bar Kokhba revolt 853:Sub-Roman Britain 643: 642: 584: 583: 365:Sub-Roman Britain 312: 311: 265: 264: 261: 260: 249:Sub-Roman Britain 241: 240: 181:End of Roman rule 16:(Redirected from 15247: 15140: 15061: 15060: 14953: 14952: 14935:Galwegian Gaelic 14834: 14833: 14732: 14731: 14640:Welsh devolution 14534: 14533: 14286: 14285: 14275:Sean-nós singing 14270:Welsh folk music 14260:Irish folk music 14227:Highland culture 14009:Irish literature 13989:Arthurian Legend 13977: 13976: 13966: 13965: 13918: 13906: 13894: 13882: 13870: 13858: 13838: 13837: 13829: 13828: 13806:Neo-Christianity 13746: 13745: 13677:Gaelic astrology 13637:Celtic festivals 13535:Celtic mythology 13508:Ancient religion 13425:Iron Age Britain 13392: 13391: 13385: 13364:Welsh Argentines 13304:Irish Uruguayans 13299:Irish Travellers 13269:Irish Brazilians 13259:Irish Argentines 13239:Breton Americans 13193:Cornish diaspora 13155:Irish Travellers 13029: 13028: 13021:Celtic languages 12977: 12970: 12963: 12954: 12953: 12908:Late modern Mann 12879:Second World War 12864:Edwardian period 12859:Victorian period 12764:Medieval Ireland 12698:Medieval England 12640:Classical period 12629:Prehistoric Mann 12574: 12531:Northern Ireland 12446: 12439: 12432: 12423: 12422: 12283: 12276: 12269: 12260: 12259: 12184:Spain (Classical 12014:Italy (Classical 11977:Crete (Classical 11838:Byzantine Empire 11826: 11819: 11812: 11803: 11802: 11775: Later the 11759: Later the 11719: 11718: 11697:Thebais Inferior 11692:Thebais Superior 11649:Diocese of Egypt 11639:Theodorias (528) 11501:Armenia IV (536) 11353: 11352: 11256:Diocese of Dacia 11246:Valeria ripensis 11204: 11203: 11193: 11192: 11179: 11178: 11062:Tuscia et Umbria 11010: 11009: 10913:Diocese of Spain 10798: 10797: 10787: 10786: 10773: 10772: 10737: 10720:As found in the 10709: 10708: 10693: 10686: 10679: 10670: 10669: 10650: 10546:Hispania Baetica 10516:Gallia Aquitania 10398: 10390: 10383: 10376: 10367: 10366: 10347: 10333: 10319: 10305: 10301:Northamptonshire 10291: 10268: 10256: 10244: 10232: 10220: 10208: 10196: 10184: 10172: 10160: 10148: 10136: 10124: 10116:Isca Dumnoniorum 10112: 10100: 10088: 10076: 10064: 10052: 10040: 10013: 9993: 9966: 9944: 9943: 9919: 9912: 9905: 9896: 9895: 9807: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9793: 9790: 9680: 9679: 9675: 9672: 9666: 9663: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9595: 9589: 9586: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9533: 9508: 9501: 9494: 9485: 9484: 9468:Roman Colchester 9458: 9457:. 20 March 2024. 9456: 9433:, by Peter Green 9317:Mattingly (2006) 9286:Mattingly (2006) 9267:Mattingly (2006) 9239: 9226: 9225: 9198:Mattingly (2006) 9136:Mattingly (2006) 9002:Kakoschke (2011) 8947:Creighton (2000) 8892:Mattingly (2006) 8838: 8819: 8792: 8773: 8752: 8731: 8709: 8687: 8665: 8643: 8621: 8599: 8594:. Archived from 8570: 8551: 8532: 8513: 8494: 8475: 8466: 8441: 8415: 8396: 8391:. Archived from 8367: 8355: 8346:Mattingly, David 8341: 8314: 8287: 8265: 8234: 8212: 8187: 8168: 8151:Mattingly, David 8142: 8123: 8102: 8083: 8064: 8038: 8012: 8005:Fulford, Michael 7995: 7988:Fulford, Michael 7978: 7971:Fulford, Michael 7961: 7954:Fulford, Michael 7944: 7937:Fulford, Michael 7927: 7920:Fulford, Michael 7915: 7900: 7884: 7870: 7848: 7829: 7810: 7788: 7758: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7726:. Archived from 7701: 7678: 7659: 7640: 7621: 7595: 7576: 7564: 7535: 7489: 7477: 7445: 7444: 7405:Lodwick, Lisa A. 7401: 7395: 7394: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7257: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7207: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7119:English Heritage 7107: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7008: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6968: 6945:Higham, Nicholas 6941: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6896: 6895: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6768: 6748: 6742: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6702: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6682:English Heritage 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6657:academic.oup.com 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6599: 6584: 6570: 6552: 6529: 6528:, pp. 59–69 6517: 6511: 6510: 6493: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6451: 6445: 6432: 6426: 6415: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6337: 6331: 6302: 6301: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6216:Fulford, Michael 6212: 6206: 6200: 6181: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6138: 6132: 6113: 6107: 6090: 6085:Latin Wikisource 6074:Beda Venerabilis 6071: 6065: 6049:. Translated by 6044: 6040: 6031:De Inuectionibus 6024: 6018: 6005: 5999: 5989: 5983: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5834: 5828: 5817: 5808: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5773: 5767: 5750: 5746: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5674: 5655: 5636: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5611: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5551: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5262: 5256: 5253:Creighton (2000) 5250: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5101:Caesar, Julius, 5098: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5079:Caesar, Julius, 5076: 5070: 5069: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4937: 4931: 4928:Mattingly (2006) 4925: 4914: 4913: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4876: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4791: 4790: 4778: 4765: 4749: 4748: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4686: 4679: 4671: 4660: 4654: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4624: 4618: 4599: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4513:Common Brittonic 4509:Romance language 4394: 4390: 4365:Julius and Aaron 4352: 4324:Council of Arles 4285:Saxon Shore Fort 4265: 4166:London Mithraeum 4112:votive offerings 3828: 3795:Isca Dumnoniorum 3559:Aquae Arnemetiae 3481: 3470: 3460: 3444: 3410:Town and country 3366: 3354: 3346: 3327: 3316: 3240:hydraulic mining 3221: 3182:hydraulic mining 3129:Marcomannic Wars 3122: 3114: 3096: 3084: 3076: 3054: 2700:Dux Britanniarum 2696:Boulogne-sur-Mer 2692:Count Theodosius 2688:Great Conspiracy 2665: 2657:Flavius Martinus 2654: 2628:, who succeeded 2584:Great Conspiracy 2398:for an original 2376: 2363: 2309: 2301: 2285:Bishop "Eborius" 2262:Great Conspiracy 2258:Count Theodosius 2212:Polemius Silvius 2183:Dux Britanniarum 2071:Boulogne-sur-Mer 2025:Britannic Empire 2021:Carausian Revolt 1940: 1930: 1912: 1842:Pescennius Niger 1790:Ulpius Marcellus 1728:In the reign of 1723: 1720:Legio IX Hispana 1713: 1703: 1700:Legio VI Victrix 1540: 1528: 1481: 1475:in 78. With the 1471:, conquered the 1427: 1330:dignified speech 1273: 1261: 1156: 1140: 1132: 1122: 1114: 1104: 1101:Legio IX Hispana 1090: 1087:Legio II Augusta 1019: 948: 884:Roman historians 830: 787: 786: 2 million 784: 724: 687:British Iron Age 635: 628: 621: 556:Second World War 546:Interwar Britain 385: 372: 358: 345: 334: 333: 314: 313: 257: 256: 245: 244: 236:British Iron Age 232: 231: 225: 224: 209: 208: 191: 188: 173: 170: 154: 151: 81: 72: 69: 49: 41: 32: 31: 21: 15255: 15254: 15250: 15249: 15248: 15246: 15245: 15244: 15150: 15149: 15148: 15143: 15119: 15066: 15051: 14993: 14989:Early Scots law 14978:Early Irish law 14964: 14939: 14916:Scottish Gaelic 14910: 14851:Proto-Brittonic 14823: 14819:Beurla Reagaird 14795: 14791:Scottish Gaelic 14767: 14739: 14722: 14718:Columba Project 14698:Celtic Congress 14679: 14644: 14618: 14539: 14520: 14481:Gaelic handball 14471:Gaelic football 14456:Cornish hurling 14415: 14325: 14284: 14231: 14210: 14196:Gaelic clothing 14179: 14094: 14053: 14014:Manx literature 13971: 13948: 13927:Other claimants 13922: 13827: 13777:Celtic Congress 13753: 13736: 13632:Celtic calendar 13610: 13569: 13503: 13399: 13386: 13373: 13359:Welsh Americans 13279:Irish Catholics 13274:Irish Canadians 13254:Irish Americans 13212: 13186:Celtic diaspora 13181: 13115: 13044: 13036: 13023: 12990: 12981: 12951: 12946: 12945: 12913: 12912: 12874:Interwar period 12869:First World War 12838: 12837: 12791: 12790: 12689:Medieval period 12683: 12682: 12634: 12633: 12575: 12566: 12565: 12549:Channel Islands 12485:Isles of Scilly 12455: 12450: 12420: 12415: 12382: 12349: 12293: 12287: 12257: 12252: 12210:Early Medieval) 12123:The Netherlands 12034:Early Medieval) 11953:Early Medieval) 11841: 11832:History of the 11830: 11800: 11795: 11747: 11724: 11701: 11677:Augustamnica II 11643: 11550: 11462: 11400:Diocese of Asia 11394: 11347: 11336: 11322:Macedonia Prima 11288: 11250: 11226:Noricum ripense 11198: 11187: 11161: 11118: 11071: 11004: 10993: 10955: 10907: 10873:Alpes Maritimae 10859: 10845:Lugdunensis III 10802:Diocese of Gaul 10792: 10781: 10780:(395–476) 10763: 10730:established by 10714: 10703: 10697: 10667: 10662: 10651: 10642: 10603:Moesia Superior 10598:Moesia Inferior 10431:Alpes Maritimae 10402: 10394: 10364: 10359: 10350: 10339: 10325: 10311: 10297: 10285: 10271: 10262: 10250: 10238: 10226: 10214: 10202: 10190: 10178: 10166: 10154: 10142: 10130: 10118: 10106: 10094: 10082: 10070: 10058: 10046: 10034: 10016: 10007: 9996: 9987: 9969: 9960: 9935: 9928: 9923: 9893: 9888: 9886: 9879: 9850: 9800: 9791: 9778: 9753: 9728: 9703: 9673: 9664: 9651: 9626: 9596: 9587: 9574: 9534: 9521: 9512: 9454: 9450: 9389: 9384: 9375: 9338: 9329:Percival (1976) 9307: 9282: 9223: 9213: 9176: 9163: 9084: 9017: 8962: 8953:Cunliffe (2005) 8943: 8910:Southern (2012) 8852: 8846: 8844:Further reading 8841: 8835: 8808: 8789: 8770:10.11141/ia.1.6 8749: 8728: 8706: 8684: 8662: 8640: 8626:Rivet, A. L. F. 8618: 8592: 8567: 8548: 8529: 8510: 8491: 8463: 8447:Stuttard, David 8445:Moorhead, Sam; 8438: 8412: 8389: 8364: 8330: 8303: 8284: 8254: 8231: 8217:Laycock, Stuart 8209: 8184: 8165: 8139: 8120: 8099: 8080: 8061: 8049:, eds. (2007). 7905:Frere, Sheppard 7897: 7875:Frere, Sheppard 7867: 7845: 7826: 7807: 7777: 7755: 7733: 7731: 7730:on 19 June 2006 7687:Frere, Sheppard 7675: 7656: 7637: 7618: 7600:Bowman, Alan K. 7592: 7474: 7460:Alcock, Joan P. 7454: 7449: 7448: 7402: 7398: 7385: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7353: 7349: 7326:10.2307/2848562 7308: 7304: 7297: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7238: 7224: 7220: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7147:. p. 138. 7137: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7071: 7067: 7053: 7049: 7033: 7029: 7009: 7005: 7001:, p. 262). 6989: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6899: 6884: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6837: 6833: 6815: 6811: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6765: 6749: 6745: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6703: 6696: 6686: 6684: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6661: 6659: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6636: 6634: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6494: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6465: 6454: 6446: 6435: 6427: 6418: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6340: 6332: 6305: 6298: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6256: 6252: 6213: 6209: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6139: 6135: 6129:Southern (2012) 6114: 6110: 6088: 6072: 6068: 6047:Gerald of Wales 6042: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6006: 6002: 5991:Henry, Robert. 5990: 5986: 5973:Bingham, Joseph 5971: 5967: 5961: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5835: 5831: 5818: 5811: 5794:Gabriel Cossart 5790:Labbé, Philippe 5788: 5784: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5748: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5700: 5696: 5648:Book of Caesars 5640:Aurelius Victor 5627: 5623: 5613: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5576: 5572: 5541: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5507:Historia Romana 5503: 5499: 5481: 5477: 5463: 5459: 5443: 5439: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5364: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5322: 5318: 5308:Historia Romana 5304: 5300: 5290:Historia Romana 5286: 5282: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5226: 5222: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5174: 5170: 5151: 5147: 5125:Historia Romana 5121: 5117: 5099: 5095: 5077: 5073: 5056: 5052: 5033: 5029: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4968: 4964: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4917: 4910: 4896: 4892: 4881:Historia Romana 4864: 4860: 4853: 4839:Bowman, Alan K. 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4796:Historia Romana 4781:Julius Caesar, 4758:Historia Romana 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4661: 4657: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4562: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4454: 4432:European rabbit 4413: 4407:pagan rituals. 4277:baptismal fonts 4218:Fourth-century 4212: 4206: 4098:Rigonemetos at 4060: 4052:Main articles: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4034: 3430: 3412: 3375: 3290: 3276: 3191:Natural History 3186:Pliny the Elder 3165:Development of 3151: 3141: 3125:Antonine Plague 3051:terra sigillata 3009:Strait of Dover 2997: 2991: 2897:inhabitants of 2871:Constantine III 2848: 2842: 2798:Gloucestershire 2786:Great Casterton 2750: 2744: 2719:English Channel 2586: 2580: 2509:St Andrews 2437:Britannia Prima 2413:Gerald of Wales 2208:List of Offices 2113: 2093:Main articles: 2091: 2040:Britannic fleet 1834:Clodius Albinus 1826: 1570: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1532: 1529: 1518: 1517: 1417: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1265: 1262: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1239: 1144:Boudican revolt 1138:Valeria Victrix 1082:were sent. The 1072: 1066: 919:Classical world 915: 909: 904: 828: 809:Severan Reforms 785: 725:) according to 671:invaded Britain 639: 603: 602: 589: 536:First World War 331: 322:English history 308: 254: 229: 189: 183: 171: 165: 152: 146: 132: 101: 82: 70: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15253: 15243: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15145: 15144: 15142: 15141: 15134: 15128: 15125: 15124: 15121: 15120: 15118: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15057: 15056: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15007:Gaelic warfare 15003: 15001: 14995: 14994: 14992: 14991: 14986: 14983:Cyfraith Hywel 14980: 14974: 14972: 14966: 14965: 14949: 14948: 14945: 14944: 14941: 14940: 14938: 14937: 14932: 14930:Deeside Gaelic 14927: 14921: 14919: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14908: 14903: 14901:Hispano-Celtic 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14856:Proto-Goidelic 14853: 14848: 14842: 14840: 14831: 14825: 14824: 14822: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14805: 14803: 14797: 14796: 14794: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14777: 14775: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14749: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14728: 14727: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14708:Celtic society 14705: 14703:Celtic Revival 14700: 14695: 14689: 14687: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14671:United Ireland 14668: 14663: 14658: 14652: 14650: 14646: 14645: 14643: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14626: 14624: 14620: 14619: 14617: 14616: 14615: 14614: 14604: 14603: 14602: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14576: 14575: 14565: 14564: 14563: 14558: 14547: 14545: 14541: 14540: 14530: 14529: 14526: 14525: 14522: 14521: 14519: 14518: 14516:Welsh handball 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14496:Highland games 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14429: 14423: 14421: 14417: 14416: 14414: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14382: 14381: 14372: 14363: 14354: 14339: 14337: 14331: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14324: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14292: 14290: 14283: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14241: 14239: 14233: 14232: 14230: 14229: 14224: 14222:Gaelic culture 14218: 14216: 14212: 14211: 14209: 14208: 14203: 14201:Highland dress 14198: 14193: 14187: 14185: 14181: 14180: 14178: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14165:Pictish stones 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14121: 14120: 14110: 14104: 14102: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14061: 14059: 14055: 14054: 14052: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13985: 13983: 13973: 13972: 13962: 13961: 13958: 13957: 13954: 13953: 13950: 13949: 13947: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13930: 13928: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13920: 13908: 13896: 13884: 13872: 13860: 13847: 13845: 13835: 13826: 13825: 13824: 13823: 13818: 13808: 13803: 13802: 13801: 13791: 13790: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13769: 13767:Celtic nations 13764: 13762:Celtic Revival 13758: 13755: 13754: 13742: 13741: 13738: 13737: 13735: 13734: 13729: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13618: 13616: 13612: 13611: 13609: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13577: 13575: 13571: 13570: 13568: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13530:Celtic Animism 13527: 13525:Celtic deities 13522: 13517: 13511: 13509: 13505: 13504: 13502: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13484:Cisalpine Gaul 13481: 13480: 13479: 13474: 13456: 13447: 13422: 13413: 13411:Gaelic Ireland 13407: 13405: 13401: 13400: 13388: 13387: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13374: 13372: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13309:Manx Americans 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13284:Irish Chileans 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13249:English people 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13220: 13218: 13214: 13213: 13211: 13210: 13208:Welsh diaspora 13205: 13200: 13198:Irish diaspora 13195: 13189: 13187: 13183: 13182: 13180: 13179: 13178: 13177: 13176: 13175: 13164: 13159: 13158: 13157: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13125: 13123: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13052: 13050: 13038: 13037: 13025: 13024: 13005:Celtic studies 12997:Celtic nations 12995: 12992: 12991: 12980: 12979: 12972: 12965: 12957: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12887: 12886: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12853:United Kingdom 12849: 12848: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12824: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12793: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12783: 12782: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12761: 12760: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12742:Medieval Wales 12739: 12738: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12685: 12684: 12681: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12661: 12656: 12654:Roman Scotland 12651: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12620: 12619: 12614: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12597: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12577: 12576: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12556: 12546: 12540: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12512:Outer Hebrides 12509: 12507:Inner Hebrides 12504: 12499: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12482: 12470:United Kingdom 12466: 12465: 12463: 12457: 12456: 12449: 12448: 12441: 12434: 12426: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12392: 12390: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12359: 12357: 12351: 12350: 12348: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12301: 12299: 12295: 12294: 12286: 12285: 12278: 12271: 12263: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12250: 12245: 12227: 12224:Roman Carthage 12217: 12212: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12057: 12045: 12037: 12011: 12006: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11942: 11937: 11928: 11923: 11914: 11909: 11907:High Medieval) 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11829: 11828: 11821: 11814: 11806: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11793: 11786: 11779: 11773: 11763: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11715: 11714: 11711: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11687:Libya Inferior 11684: 11682:Libya Superior 11679: 11674: 11672:Augustamnica I 11669: 11664: 11659: 11653: 11651: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11560: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11472: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11428:Lycaonia (370) 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11404: 11402: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11361: 11359: 11350: 11342: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11298: 11296: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11269:Dacia Ripensis 11266: 11260: 11258: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11212: 11210: 11201: 11189: 11188: 11175: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11128: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11092: 11087: 11081: 11079: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11018: 11016: 11007: 10999: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10965: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10931:Carthaginensis 10928: 10923: 10917: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10898:Novempopulania 10895: 10893:Narbonensis II 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10869: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10857: 10852: 10850:Lugdunensis IV 10847: 10842: 10840:Lugdunensis II 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10806: 10804: 10795: 10783: 10782: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10705: 10704: 10696: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10673: 10664: 10663: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10521:Gallia Belgica 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10441:Arabia Petraea 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10393: 10392: 10385: 10378: 10370: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10348: 10337:Venta Icenorum 10334: 10320: 10306: 10292: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10269: 10257: 10245: 10233: 10224:Venta Belgarum 10221: 10209: 10197: 10185: 10173: 10161: 10152:Lindum Colonia 10149: 10137: 10125: 10113: 10101: 10089: 10077: 10065: 10053: 10041: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10021: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10014: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9994: 9981: 9979: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9967: 9954: 9952: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9922: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9899: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9870: 9862: 9860: 9856: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9838: 9828: 9817: 9815: 9804: 9784: 9783: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9776: 9765: 9763: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9744:Lindum Colonia 9740: 9738: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9715: 9713: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9701: 9690: 9688: 9677: 9657: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9638: 9636: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9624: 9613: 9611: 9600: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9562: 9551: 9549: 9538: 9523: 9522: 9511: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9488: 9482: 9481: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9459:by Kevin Flude 9448: 9443: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9405: 9388: 9387:External links 9385: 9383: 9382: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9362: 9356: 9349: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9273:Pearson (2002) 9270: 9264: 9258: 9252: 9246: 9240: 9229:Caesar, Julius 9220: 9212: 9209: 9208: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9192:Margary (1973) 9189: 9183: 9180:Burgers (2001) 9175: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9162: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9139: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9118:Fulford (2004) 9115: 9112:Fulford (1989) 9109: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9051:Fulford (2007) 9048: 9045:Fulford (1991) 9042: 9039:Fulford (1984) 9036: 9033:Fulford (1977) 9030: 9024: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9005: 8999: 8996:Ireland (2008) 8993: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8950: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8934:Fleming (2021) 8931: 8928:Higgins (2014) 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8886:Laycock (2008) 8883: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8851: 8850:General survey 8848: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8833: 8820: 8806: 8793: 8787: 8774: 8753: 8747: 8732: 8726: 8716:, ed. (2004). 8710: 8704: 8694:, ed. (1989). 8688: 8682: 8666: 8660: 8644: 8638: 8622: 8616: 8604:Reece, Richard 8600: 8590: 8571: 8565: 8552: 8546: 8533: 8527: 8514: 8508: 8495: 8489: 8476: 8467: 8461: 8442: 8436: 8416: 8410: 8397: 8387: 8368: 8362: 8342: 8328: 8315: 8301: 8288: 8282: 8266: 8252: 8235: 8229: 8213: 8207: 8188: 8182: 8169: 8163: 8143: 8137: 8124: 8118: 8103: 8097: 8084: 8078: 8065: 8059: 8039: 8018: 8001: 7984: 7967: 7950: 7933: 7930:Peacock (1977) 7916: 7901: 7895: 7871: 7865: 7853:Fleming, Robin 7849: 7843: 7830: 7824: 7811: 7805: 7789: 7775: 7759: 7753: 7740: 7702: 7679: 7673: 7660: 7654: 7641: 7635: 7622: 7616: 7596: 7590: 7577: 7565: 7555:(2): 167–191. 7536: 7516:10.2307/527045 7495: 7478: 7472: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7396: 7378: 7371: 7347: 7302: 7295: 7277: 7243: 7236: 7218: 7188: 7181: 7169:Shotter, David 7160: 7153: 7131: 7102: 7065: 7047: 7027: 7012:Caesar, Julius 7003: 6983: 6971: 6959:(4): 363–372. 6912: 6910:, p. 326f 6897: 6878: 6853: 6831: 6818:Shotter, David 6809: 6790: 6783: 6763: 6743: 6724: 6717: 6694: 6669: 6644: 6619: 6520:Fulford (1977) 6512: 6506: 6483: 6479:Fulford (1989) 6471: 6467:Fulford (1984) 6452: 6448:Fulford (2004) 6433: 6429:Fulford (1991) 6416: 6392: 6388:Pearson (2002) 6380: 6373: 6355: 6351:Fulford (2007) 6338: 6303: 6296: 6278: 6274:Laycock (2008) 6266: 6250: 6207: 6167: 6158: 6151: 6133: 6108: 6066: 6019: 6000: 5984: 5965: 5934: 5919: 5887: 5856: 5829: 5809: 5782: 5768: 5751:Translated by 5729: 5720: 5694: 5621: 5588: 5570: 5535: 5515: 5497: 5475: 5457: 5437: 5417: 5405: 5398: 5378: 5358: 5338: 5316: 5306:Dio, Cassius, 5298: 5288:Dio, Cassius, 5280: 5257: 5245: 5220: 5193: 5186: 5168: 5145: 5123:Dio, Cassius, 5115: 5093: 5088:IV 20–36 5071: 5063:Life of Caesar 5050: 5027: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4962: 4932: 4915: 4908: 4890: 4879:Dio, Cassius, 4858: 4851: 4830: 4805: 4794:Dio, Cassius, 4792:, abridged by 4777:(in Latin), 13 4750:, abridged by 4746:IV 20–38 4722: 4710: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4655: 4651:Merionethshire 4638: 4619: 4615:Orkney Islands 4593: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4558: 4544: 4541: 4453: 4450: 4412: 4409: 4400:Bath, Somerset 4309:Hinton St Mary 4208:Main article: 4205: 4202: 4182:Hadrian's Wall 4155:Willingham Fen 4120:Bath, Somerset 4049: 4046: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4017: 4002: 3995:Venta Belgarum 3987: 3972: 3960: 3945: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3891: 3876: 3869:Lindum Colonia 3861: 3846: 3831: 3817: 3802: 3787: 3775: 3760: 3745: 3730: 3715: 3700: 3688: 3673: 3661: 3646: 3631: 3616: 3611:Caister-on-Sea 3608: 3593: 3578: 3563: 3551: 3536: 3521: 3506: 3501: 3488: 3411: 3408: 3374: 3371: 3358:municipalities 3275: 3272: 3140: 3137: 2990: 2987: 2916:Stuart Laycock 2912:Romano-British 2844:Main article: 2841: 2838: 2746:Main article: 2743: 2740: 2707:Magnus Maximus 2638:Constantius II 2615:Hadrian's Wall 2579: 2576: 2560:Hadrian's Wall 2544:Lindum Colonia 2513:Hadrian's Wall 2373:Colonia Lindum 2303:and the other 2277:ecclesiastical 2266:Hadrian's Wall 2147:governed by a 2090: 2087: 2060:junior emperor 1976:officer named 1825: 1822: 1730:Antoninus Pius 1689:Hadrian's Wall 1650:Hadrian's Wall 1594:Northumberland 1564:Hadrian's Wall 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1235: 1134:(later styled 1120:Martia Victrix 1116:(later styled 1076:Aulus Plautius 1068:Main article: 1065: 1064:Roman invasion 1062: 990:Cassivellaunus 911:Main article: 908: 905: 903: 900: 888:archaeological 868:urban planning 797:Antoninus Pius 650:Roman province 641: 640: 638: 637: 630: 623: 615: 612: 611: 605: 604: 601: 600: 595: 585: 582: 581: 578: 572: 571: 568: 562: 561: 558: 552: 551: 548: 542: 541: 538: 532: 531: 528: 522: 521: 518: 512: 511: 506: 500: 499: 496: 490: 489: 484: 478: 477: 472: 464: 463: 458: 452: 451: 446: 440: 439: 436: 430: 429: 424: 418: 417: 414: 408: 407: 404: 398: 397: 394: 392:Norman/Angevin 388: 387: 381: 375: 374: 367: 361: 360: 354: 348: 347: 340: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 310: 309: 307: 306: 297: 288: 279: 277:United Kingdom 273: 271: 267: 266: 263: 262: 259: 258: 251: 242: 239: 238: 233: 221: 220: 215: 205: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 193: 192: 184: 178: 175: 174: 166: 159: 156: 155: 147: 140: 137: 136: 133: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119: 114: 113:Historical era 110: 109: 106: 105: 96: 92: 91: 74: 73: 63: 62: 52: 51: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15252: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15160:Roman Britain 15158: 15157: 15155: 15139: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15129: 15126: 15116: 15115:– in Portugal 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15095:– in Galician 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15072: 15069: 15062: 15058: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15004: 15002: 15000: 14996: 14990: 14987: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14971: 14967: 14963: 14959: 14954: 14950: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14913: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14841: 14839: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14826: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14806: 14804: 14802: 14798: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14776: 14774: 14770: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14746: 14742: 14738: 14733: 14729: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14693:Celtic League 14691: 14690: 14688: 14686: 14685:Pan-Celticism 14682: 14676: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14653: 14651: 14647: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14627: 14625: 14621: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14605: 14601: 14598: 14597: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14574: 14571: 14570: 14569: 14566: 14562: 14561:reunification 14559: 14557: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14549: 14548: 14546: 14542: 14535: 14531: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14476: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14451: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14434: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14424: 14422: 14418: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14349: 14346: 14345: 14344: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14336: 14332: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14293: 14291: 14287: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14242: 14240: 14238: 14234: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14219: 14217: 14213: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14186: 14182: 14176: 14175:Triple spiral 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14105: 14103: 14101: 14097: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14056: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13994:Bardic Poetry 13992: 13990: 13987: 13986: 13984: 13982: 13978: 13974: 13967: 13963: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13931: 13929: 13925: 13917: 13912: 13909: 13905: 13900: 13897: 13893: 13888: 13885: 13881: 13876: 13873: 13869: 13864: 13861: 13857: 13852: 13849: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13842:Celtic League 13839: 13836: 13834: 13830: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13813: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13800: 13797: 13796: 13795: 13792: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13782:Celtic League 13780: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13773: 13772:Pan-Celticism 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13759: 13756: 13752: 13747: 13743: 13733: 13730: 13727: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13672:Gaelicisation 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13647:Celticisation 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13619: 13617: 13613: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13578: 13576: 13572: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13512: 13510: 13506: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13469: 13465: 13462: 13461: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13451: 13450:Iron Age Gaul 13448: 13446: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13433:Roman Britain 13430: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13393: 13389: 13384: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13289:Irish Mexican 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13215: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13184: 13174: 13170: 13169: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13147: 13146: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13122: 13118: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13043: 13039: 13035: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13013:Celtic tribes 13010: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12978: 12973: 12971: 12966: 12964: 12959: 12958: 12955: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12936:House of York 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12923: 12920: 12916: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12855:(since 1707) 12854: 12851: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12841: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12808: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12794: 12787: 12786:Medieval Mann 12784: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12744: 12743: 12740: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12686: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12668:Roman Ireland 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12649:Roman Britain 12647: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12637: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12618: 12615: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12588: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12578: 12573: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12551: 12550: 12547: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12520: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12490: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12480:Isle of Wight 12478: 12477: 12476: 12473: 12472: 12471: 12468: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12447: 12442: 12440: 12435: 12433: 12428: 12427: 12424: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12385: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12356: 12352: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12300: 12296: 12291: 12284: 12279: 12277: 12272: 12270: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12249: 12246: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12228: 12225: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12207: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12188:Late Antique) 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12083:Liechtenstein 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12001: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11873:Late Antique) 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11844: 11839: 11835: 11827: 11822: 11820: 11815: 11813: 11808: 11807: 11804: 11791: 11787: 11784: 11780: 11778: 11774: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11762: 11758: 11757: 11754: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11727: 11720: 11716: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11654: 11652: 11650: 11646: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11609:Palaestina II 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11516:Cappadocia II 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11486:Armenia Maior 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11343: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11295: 11291: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11253: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11194: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11176: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11085:Alpes Cottiae 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11000: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10952: 10951:Tarraconensis 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10888:Narbonensis I 10886: 10884: 10883:Aquitanica II 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10835:Lugdunensis I 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10803: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10788: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10770: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10744:Constantine I 10741: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10724: 10717: 10710: 10706: 10701: 10694: 10689: 10687: 10682: 10680: 10675: 10674: 10671: 10660: 10654: 10649: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10426:Alpes Cottiae 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10401: 10391: 10386: 10384: 10379: 10377: 10372: 10371: 10368: 10358: 10353: 10346: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10310: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10296: 10293: 10289: 10284: 10281: 10280: 10278: 10274: 10266: 10261: 10258: 10254: 10249: 10246: 10242: 10237: 10236:Venta Silurum 10234: 10230: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10213: 10210: 10206: 10201: 10198: 10194: 10189: 10186: 10182: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10165: 10162: 10158: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10129: 10126: 10122: 10117: 10114: 10110: 10105: 10102: 10098: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10069: 10066: 10062: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10045: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10023: 10011: 10006: 10003: 10002: 9999: 9991: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9964: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9931: 9927: 9920: 9915: 9913: 9908: 9906: 9901: 9900: 9897: 9882: 9876: 9875: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9846: 9842: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9795: – 9794: 9785: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9724: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9711: 9706: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9668: – 9667: 9658: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9591: – 9590: 9581: 9570: 9566: 9563: 9560: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9529: – 9528: 9524: 9520: 9519:Roman Britain 9516: 9509: 9504: 9502: 9497: 9495: 9490: 9489: 9486: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9453: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9437:Roman Britain 9435: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9425:Roman Britain 9423: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9393:Roman Britain 9391: 9390: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9357: 9354: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9330: 9327: 9324: 9323:Millet (1992) 9321: 9318: 9315: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9299: 9298:Wacher (1995) 9296: 9293: 9292:Millet (1992) 9290: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9255:Manley (2002) 9253: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9243:Bowman (2004) 9241: 9237: 9235: 9230: 9221: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9205: 9204:Millet (1992) 9202: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9168: 9167:Birley (2005) 9165: 9164: 9155: 9152: 9149: 9148:Tyers (1996a) 9146: 9143: 9140: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9128: 9125: 9122: 9119: 9116: 9113: 9110: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9076: 9075:Tyers (1996b) 9073: 9070: 9069:Tyers (1996a) 9067: 9064: 9061: 9058: 9057:Morris (2010) 9055: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9037: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8972:Birley (2005) 8970: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8916:Salway (1993) 8914: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8898:Millet (1992) 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8875: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8857: 8856:Alcock (2011) 8854: 8853: 8836: 8830: 8826: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8799: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8780: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8733: 8729: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8714:Todd, Malcolm 8711: 8707: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8692:Todd, Malcolm 8689: 8685: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8648:Salway, Peter 8645: 8641: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8572: 8568: 8562: 8558: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8490:0-7126-5616-2 8486: 8482: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8354: 8353: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8321: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8253:9788492202829 8249: 8245: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8195: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8175: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8071: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8043:Gosden, Chris 8040: 8036: 8032: 8029:(1): 93–117. 8028: 8024: 8019: 8016: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7896:0-7102-1215-1 7892: 7888: 7883: 7882: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7812: 7808: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7776:0-7100-8725-X 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7741: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7712: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7693: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7666: 7661: 7657: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7541:Fulford, M.G. 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7500:Fulford, M.G. 7496: 7493: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7374: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7306: 7298: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7239: 7233: 7230:. Routledge. 7229: 7222: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7184: 7182:1-8622-0152-8 7178: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7098: 7090: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7069: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7031: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7000: 6999:Wacher (1995) 6996: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6975: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6920:Millet (1992) 6916: 6909: 6908:Loseby (2000) 6904: 6902: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6840:Laurence, Ray 6835: 6827: 6823: 6822:Roman Britain 6819: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6786: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6747: 6740: 6736: 6735:Alcock (2011) 6731: 6729: 6720: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6701: 6699: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6607:Historia Nova 6604: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6536:Birley (2005) 6533: 6527: 6521: 6516: 6509: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6404:Tyers (1996b) 6401: 6400:Tyers (1996a) 6396: 6389: 6384: 6376: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6335: 6334:Morris (2010) 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6299: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6246:Loseby (2000) 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6204: 6203:Loseby (2000) 6198: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6184:Richard Reece 6179: 6171: 6162: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6105: 6101: 6099: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6023: 6016: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5980: 5974: 5969: 5959: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5929: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5896:Henry Spelman 5891: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5850: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5826: 5824: 5816: 5814: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5778: 5772: 5765: 5761: 5759: 5758:Roman History 5754: 5753:Charles Yonge 5742: 5738: 5733: 5724: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5633: 5625: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5592: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5519: 5512: 5508: 5505:Cassius Dio, 5501: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5441: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5421: 5414: 5413:Manley (2002) 5409: 5401: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5382: 5374: 5369: 5362: 5354: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5129:Roman History 5126: 5119: 5111: 5106: 5103: 5097: 5089: 5084: 5081: 5075: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5031: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4784: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4731:Julius Caesar 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4684: 4680: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4664: 4659: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4547: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4427:Helix pomatia 4424: 4420: 4419: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236:"word square" 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4124:Roman emperor 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4084:sacred groves 4081: 4077: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4044: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3783:Portus Dubris 3779: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3601:Venta Silurum 3597: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3236:Grimes Graves 3233: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3214:collected in 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3145:Roman economy 3136: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2950:and probably 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885:, and in 409 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:Saint Patrick 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2642:Paulus Catena 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2590: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2517:Antonine Wall 2514: 2510: 2506: 2503:which is now 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:Urbs Legionum 2442: 2438: 2435:". He placed 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2392:scribal error 2390:read it as a 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2360:colonia Lindi 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2313:Bishop Ussher 2310: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2270:Antonine Wall 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159:Junius Bassus 2156: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982:Rhenish fleet 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:Gallic Empire 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1905: 1900: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1734:Antonine Wall 1731: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1704: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656:(Vercovicium) 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1568:Antonine Wall 1565: 1561: 1556: 1539: 1534: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1493:Cheviot Hills 1490: 1487:in 84 at the 1486: 1482: 1480: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1402:(then called 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1272: 1267: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963:Julius Caesar 959: 957: 953: 949: 947: 946: 939: 936: 932: 931:Carthaginians 928: 924: 920: 914: 907:Early contact 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 826: 822: 819:. During the 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 722: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 669: 668:Julius Caesar 665: 663: 662:Great Britain 659: 655: 651: 647: 646:Roman Britain 636: 631: 629: 624: 622: 617: 616: 614: 613: 610: 607: 606: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 588: 579: 577: 574: 573: 569: 567: 564: 563: 559: 557: 554: 553: 549: 547: 544: 543: 539: 537: 534: 533: 529: 527: 526:Edwardian era 524: 523: 519: 517: 516:Victorian era 514: 513: 510: 507: 505: 501: 497: 495: 492: 491: 488: 485: 483: 479: 476: 473: 470: 465: 462: 459: 457: 453: 450: 447: 445: 441: 437: 435: 432: 431: 428: 425: 423: 419: 415: 413: 410: 409: 405: 403: 400: 399: 395: 393: 390: 389: 382: 380: 377: 376: 368: 366: 363: 362: 355: 353: 352:Roman Britain 350: 349: 341: 339: 336: 335: 327: 326: 323: 319: 316: 315: 305: 302: 298: 296: 293: 289: 287: 284: 280: 278: 275: 274: 272: 270:Today part of 268: 252: 250: 247: 246: 243: 237: 234: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 185: 182: 176: 167: 163: 157: 148: 144: 138: 134: 131: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 107: 104: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 80: 75: 64: 61: 57: 53: 47: 40: 33: 30: 19: 15132:Celts portal 15090:– in Spanish 14925:Arran Gaelic 14846:Proto-Celtic 14814:Bungi Creole 14713:Celtic unity 14649:Independence 14448: 14431: 14255:Gaelic music 14191:Celtic Dress 14140:High crosses 14130:Celtic cross 14108:Bell shrines 14039:Irish annals 13821:Neo-Druidism 13816:Celtic Wicca 13787:Celtic union 13751:Modern Celts 13642:Celtic women 13545:Celtic Rites 13494:Transylvania 13432: 13354:Ulster Scots 13224:Anglo-Celtic 13071:Celtiberians 13016: 13008: 13000: 12988:modern Celts 12648: 12339: 12203:Vatican City 12156:Saudi Arabia 12128:North Africa 11911: 11743:Spania (552) 11604:Palaestina I 11584:Euphratensis 11531:Helenopontus 11511:Cappadocia I 11418:Hellespontus 11317:Epirus Vetus 11284:Praevalitana 11199:of Illyricum 10989:Valentia (?) 10974:Britannia II 10878:Aquitanica I 10756:theme system 10721: 10560: 10465: 10340: 10326: 10312: 10298: 10104:Isca Augusta 10056:Deva Victrix 10032:Caesaromagus 9974: 9947: 9872: 9865: 9831:Deva Victrix 9810: 9758: 9733: 9710:Britannia II 9708: 9683: 9631: 9606: 9545: 9544: 9518: 9411: 9397: 9379:Henig (1995) 9365: 9352: 9345: 9261:Mason (2009) 9232: 9154:Young (1977) 9142:Reece (2002) 9124:Going (1992) 8874:Frere (1987) 8824: 8797: 8778: 8761: 8757: 8737: 8717: 8695: 8673: 8651: 8629: 8607: 8596:the original 8576: 8556: 8537: 8518: 8499: 8480: 8471: 8451: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8401: 8393:the original 8373: 8351: 8319: 8292: 8273: 8270:Manley, John 8243: 8220: 8198: 8193: 8173: 8154: 8147:Jones, Barri 8128: 8108: 8088: 8069: 8050: 8026: 8022: 8008: 7991: 7981:Jones (1991) 7974: 7957: 7940: 7923: 7908: 7880: 7856: 7834: 7815: 7796: 7766: 7744: 7732:. Retrieved 7728:the original 7710: 7697: 7690: 7664: 7648:. Batsford. 7645: 7626: 7603: 7581: 7572: 7552: 7548: 7507: 7503: 7485: 7466:. Hachette. 7463: 7416: 7412: 7399: 7390: 7381: 7357: 7350: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7286: 7280: 7268:. Retrieved 7263: 7259: 7246: 7227: 7221: 7209: 7202: 7191: 7172: 7163: 7140: 7134: 7122:. Retrieved 7105: 7075: 7068: 7056: 7050: 7036: 7030: 7015: 7006: 6990: 6986: 6974: 6956: 6955:(in Latin). 6952: 6951:of Gildas". 6948: 6934: 6928: 6915: 6891: 6881: 6871:15 September 6869:. Retrieved 6865: 6856: 6843: 6834: 6821: 6812: 6793: 6773: 6753: 6746: 6707: 6685:. Retrieved 6681: 6672: 6660:. Retrieved 6656: 6647: 6635:. Retrieved 6631: 6622: 6610: 6606: 6595: 6591: 6580:(in Latin), 6577: 6559: 6548: 6544: 6525: 6515: 6497: 6474: 6395: 6383: 6364: 6358: 6287: 6281: 6269: 6253: 6223: 6219: 6210: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6177: 6170: 6161: 6142: 6136: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6097: 6078: 6069: 6059: 6055: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6012: 6003: 5993: 5987: 5976: 5968: 5958:R. Gale 5951: 5947: 5937: 5922: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5877: 5873: 5859: 5846: 5841: 5838:James Ussher 5832: 5821: 5802: 5798: 5785: 5771: 5757: 5740: 5732: 5723: 5711:. Retrieved 5707: 5697: 5685: 5681: 5666: 5662: 5647: 5643: 5630: 5624: 5597: 5591: 5582:(in Latin), 5579: 5573: 5555: 5547:(in Latin), 5544: 5538: 5524: 5518: 5509:(in Latin), 5506: 5500: 5484: 5478: 5466: 5460: 5446: 5440: 5426: 5420: 5408: 5388: 5381: 5367: 5361: 5347: 5341: 5325: 5319: 5310:(in Latin), 5307: 5301: 5292:(in Latin), 5289: 5283: 5269: 5260: 5248: 5232: 5223: 5211: 5205: 5196: 5177: 5171: 5157: 5148: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5110:V 8–23 5107:(in Latin), 5105: 5102: 5096: 5085:(in Latin), 5083: 5080: 5074: 5062: 5053: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4974: 4965: 4948: 4935: 4899: 4893: 4883:(in Latin), 4880: 4870: 4861: 4842: 4833: 4821:. Retrieved 4817: 4808: 4798:(in Latin), 4795: 4788:V 1–23 4785:(in Latin), 4782: 4772: 4761:(in Latin), 4756: 4740: 4734: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4641: 4627: 4622: 4611:Sextus Rufus 4606: 4597: 4502: 4463: 4443: 4435: 4425: 4416: 4414: 4397: 4373:Theodosius I 4369:Isca Augusta 4347: 4321: 4305:Lullingstone 4301:Roman villas 4248:PATER NOSTER 4233: 4222:fresco from 4204:Christianity 4159: 4148: 4128:Roman temple 4114:made at the 4104: 4073: 4029: 4023: 4014: 4008: 3999: 3993: 3984: 3978: 3966: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3882: 3873: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3823: 3814: 3808: 3799: 3793: 3781: 3772: 3766: 3757: 3751: 3742: 3736: 3727: 3721: 3712: 3706: 3694: 3685: 3681:Deva Victrix 3679: 3669:Caesaromagus 3667: 3658: 3652: 3643: 3637: 3628: 3622: 3613: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3575: 3571:Isca Augusta 3569: 3557: 3548: 3542: 3533: 3527: 3518: 3512: 3495: 3484: 3476: 3474: 3463: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3437: 3396:North Africa 3376: 3373:Demographics 3361: 3357: 3349: 3341: 3338: 3330: 3322: 3320: 3309: 3291: 3256: 3252: 3232:Mendip Hills 3225: 3212:gold nuggets 3204:fire-setting 3190: 3175: 3133: 3117: 3109: 3100:quern-stones 3091: 3079: 3069: 3047: 3037: 3025:Colijnsplaat 3003:and Eastern 2998: 2980: 2920: 2860: 2834: 2778: 2759: 2704: 2682:, Scoti and 2669: 2660: 2649: 2623: 2603: 2523: 2521: 2410: 2399: 2395: 2369: 2356: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2304: 2296: 2274: 2235: 2220:Britannia II 2210:and work of 2204:Sextus Rufus 2197: 2191: 2189: 2181: 2179: 2173: 2171: 2148: 2138: 2099:Britannia II 2058:In 293, the 2018: 1971: 1948: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1907: 1896: 1868:Virius Lupus 1865: 1846: 1827: 1811: 1774: 1758: 1742: 1727: 1716: 1706: 1696: 1678: 1664: 1608: 1598: 1586:Romanisation 1571: 1555: 1497: 1476: 1462: 1435: 1377: 1373:Menai Strait 1355:(modern day 1338: 1322:defeated him 1283: 1210:river Thames 1206:river Medway 1203: 1172: 1151: 1135: 1125: 1117: 1107: 1097: 1083: 1073: 1034:Catuvellauni 1031: 1012: 994: 986:Mandubracius 983: 975:Roman Senate 960: 945:Cassiterides 941: 916: 876:architecture 857: 855:after that. 790: 755: 743:Catuvellauni 695:Mandubracius 691:Celtic tribe 666: 653: 645: 644: 586: 508: 494:Georgian era 486: 474: 460: 448: 426: 351: 300: 291: 282: 218:Succeeded by 217: 212: 88:Roman Empire 60:Roman Empire 29: 15047:Trimarcisia 15032:Gallóglaigh 14861:Celtiberian 14585:Isle of Man 14544:Nationalism 14433:Bataireacht 14352:Calan Gaeaf 14311:Isle of Man 14155:Leaf-crowns 14145:Insular art 14118:Dragonesque 14080:Isle of Man 13934:Nova Scotia 13887:Isle of Man 13811:Neopaganism 13555:Monasticism 13066:Caledonians 12659:Roman Wales 12543:Isle of Man 12193:Switzerland 12159:(Classical) 12141:(Classical) 12063:(Classical) 12043:(Classical) 11790:Justinian I 11662:Aegyptus II 11594:Mesopotamia 11541:Paphlagonia 11370:Haemimontus 11348:of the East 11312:Epirus Nova 11236:Pannonia II 10969:Britannia I 10830:Germania II 10661:'s reforms. 10593:Mesopotamia 10049:Cirencester 10005:Camulodunum 9698:Cirencester 9685:Britannia I 9555:Camulodunum 9413:BBC History 9398:In Our Time 8922:Todd (2004) 8483:. Century. 7998:Todd (2004) 7964:Todd (1989) 7694:. Vol. II: 7545:Todd, J. A. 7419:: 135–173. 7270:13 December 7035:Suetonius, 6611:New History 6244:, noted in 6220:Antiquaries 6051:W.S. Davies 5943:Thomas Gale 5928:p. 82. 5869:John Selden 5629:Anonymous, 5523:Suetonius, 5425:Suetonius, 5373:14.34 5353:14.32 5159:Geographica 4976:Verona List 4823:24 February 4753:Cassius Dio 4603:Verona List 4381:Pelagianism 4356:Saint Alban 4317:grave goods 4289:Richborough 4194:Roman Wales 4136:Camulodunum 3914:Pons Aelius 3830:is unknown) 3738:Camulodunum 3718:Cirencester 3529:Aquae Sulis 3483:are marked 3400:Roman Syria 3392:Middle East 3208:comminution 3033:shore forts 3013:Richborough 2972:Cirencester 2939:auxiliaries 2818:Cirencester 2810:Cirencester 2578:4th century 2572:Dere Street 2536:Cirencester 2216:Britannia I 2200:Verona List 2139:As part of 2095:Britannia I 2083:Southampton 2014:Burgundians 1910:Britannicus 1824:3rd century 1782:Cassius Dio 1613:(at modern 1574:Roman forts 1485:Caledonians 1450:South Wales 1388:Trinovantes 1326:Cartimandua 1223:Camulodunum 1183:Richborough 1038:Tasciovanus 933:traded for 927:Phoenicians 864:agriculture 781:Britain of 766:Caledonians 699:Trinovantes 685:during the 675:Gallic Wars 504:Regency era 482:Restoration 469:Interregnum 422:Elizabethan 402:Plantagenet 379:Anglo-Saxon 373:7th century 213:Preceded by 99:Camulodunum 66:43 AD– 15154:Categories 15110:– in Italy 15012:Ceathairne 14876:Gallaecian 14506:Road bowls 14411:Eisteddfod 14379:Calan Awst 14375:Lughnasadh 13981:Literature 13844:definition 13667:Clan chief 13454:Roman Gaul 13445:Hen Ogledd 13171:including 13153:including 12206:(Classical 12151:San Marino 12113:Montenegro 12088:Luxembourg 12051:(Classical 12000:(Classical 11878:Azerbaijan 11767:reconquest 11657:Aegyptus I 11619:Phoenice I 11574:Cilicia II 11481:Armenia II 11231:Pannonia I 10903:Viennensis 10825:Germania I 10820:Belgica II 10760:Asia Minor 10732:Diocletian 10659:Diocletian 10471:Cappadocia 10295:Bannaventa 10288:Wendlebury 10248:Verulamium 10229:Winchester 10193:Chichester 10181:Carmarthen 10164:Luguvalium 10140:Lactodurum 10133:Aldborough 10097:Gloucester 10085:Canterbury 10073:Dorchester 10068:Durnovaria 10037:Chelmsford 10010:Colchester 9867:Vespasiana 9841:Habitancum 9821:Luguvalium 9801: 410 9792: 369 9674: 410 9665: 296 9597: 296 9588: 197 9559:Colchester 9535: 197 9527:AD 43 9305:Rural life 9280:Urban life 8047:Lock, Gary 7734:7 November 7724:B00F45BDAM 7197:Tertullian 7021:6.13 6737:, p. 6578:Res Gestae 6260:, p. 6104:Wikisource 6089:(in Latin) 6043:(in Latin) 5962:(in Latin) 5931:(in Latin) 5916:(in Latin) 5884:(in Latin) 5853:(in Latin) 5764:Wikisource 5749:(in Latin) 5618:required.) 5333:3.44 5240:2.24 4984: 314 4693:References 4635:(in Latin) 4486:Manchester 4474:wastewater 4470:sanitation 4360:Verulamium 4336:Restitutus 4293:Colchester 4281:Icklingham 4273:Silchester 4260:Tertullian 4244:Manchester 4070:, Somerset 3990:Winchester 3980:Mediolanum 3975:Whitchurch 3968:Lactodurum 3948:Silchester 3938:Verulamium 3894:Manchester 3805:Gloucester 3768:Durnovaria 3763:Dorchester 3733:Colchester 3703:Chichester 3664:Chelmsford 3649:Carmarthen 3639:Luguvalium 3619:Canterbury 3581:Caernarfon 3380:Roman army 3332:procurator 3302:consulship 3274:Government 3143:See also: 2993:See also: 2976:Gloucester 2830:Gloucester 2826:Winchester 2814:Canterbury 2806:Verulamium 2794:Hucclecote 2774:Silchester 2766:dark earth 2715:Caernarfon 2646:witch-hunt 2626:Magnentius 2582:See also: 2564:Luguvalium 2558:); beside 2465:Canterbury 2461:Dorobernia 2345:Colchester 2242:equestrian 2067:Gesoriacum 1610:Trimontium 1590:Vindolanda 1458:Dolaucothi 1454:gold mines 1408:Verulamium 1392:Colchester 1353:Mauretania 1231:Cogidubnus 1227:Colchester 1214:Togodumnus 1154:IX Hispana 1148:Roman army 1124:) and the 1111:XIV Gemina 1040:, and the 1016:Res Gestae 892:epigraphic 656:after the 498:1714–1837 438:1603–1714 416:1485–1603 190: 410 172: 296 162:Diocletian 153: 197 135:43 AD 71: 410 15042:Redshanks 15017:Ceithearn 14745:Brittonic 14737:Languages 14370:Calan Mai 14361:Gŵyl Fair 14335:Festivals 14150:Interlace 13574:Mythology 13565:Practices 13477:Gallaecia 13091:Galatians 12411:Igbo-Ukwu 12340:Britannia 12292:by region 12242:Medieval) 12234:Medieval) 12098:Macedonia 12026:Medieval) 12018:Medieval) 12004:Medieval) 11981:Medieval) 11973:Medieval) 11935:Medieval) 11921:Medieval) 11854:Medieval) 11569:Cilicia I 11521:Galatia I 11476:Armenia I 11443:Pamphylia 11375:Moesia II 11332:Thessalia 11109:Raetia II 10941:Lusitania 10936:Gallaecia 10926:Balearica 10815:Belgica I 10578:Macedonia 10466:Britannia 10329:Wiltshire 10315:Hampshire 10283:Alchester 10253:St Albans 10217:Leicester 10176:Moridunum 10145:Towcester 10025:Surviving 9958:Londinium 9845:Risingham 9769:Londinium 9617:Londinium 9565:Londinium 9546:Britannia 9515:Provinces 8427:Britannia 8311:491650913 8153:(2002) . 7914:. Stroud. 7532:162584757 7504:Britannia 7433:0068-113X 7413:Britannia 7342:162955707 7171:(2004) . 7055:Tacitus, 6240:164170447 6226:: 39–81. 5823:Centuries 5659:Eutropius 5635:, VIII.10 5578:Tacitus, 5557:Histories 5554:Tacitus, 5543:Tacitus, 5483:Tacitus, 5465:Tacitus, 5445:Tacitus, 5428:Vespasian 5366:Tacitus, 5346:Tacitus, 5327:Histories 5324:Tacitus, 5266:Suetonius 5041:Histories 5036:Herodotus 4958:Caracalla 4953:III, 8, 2 4902:. Orion. 4867:Suetonius 4482:Londinium 4395:420/440. 4350:martyrium 4313:Poundbury 4190:Segontium 4188:) and at 4178:Vindobala 4162:Mithraism 4151:West Stow 4100:Nettleham 3963:Towcester 3933:St Albans 3921:Northwich 3884:Londinium 3849:Leicester 3834:Ilchester 3748:Corbridge 3696:Concangis 3654:Moridunum 3586:Segontium 3504:Alchester 3479:civitates 3458:Civitates 3384:Londinium 3364:civitates 3313:civitates 3298:governors 3244:aqueducts 3196:aqueducts 3001:North Sea 2923:Vortigern 2863:barbarian 2857:, 383–410 2782:Chedworth 2711:Segontium 2684:Attacotti 2315:proposed 2293:Londinium 2029:Carausius 1984:when the 1963:Gallienus 1951:inflation 1904:River Tay 1880:Caracalla 1777:Sarmatian 1745:Brigantes 1667:. A 1486 1632:Stanegate 1578:Stanegate 1543:In 155 AD 1509:Gordian I 1501:Vespasian 1473:Ordovices 1404:Londinium 1314:guerrilla 1310:Caratacus 1302:Brigantes 1298:Deceangli 1294:Ordovices 1218:Caratacus 1094:Vespasian 1042:Atrebates 880:Britannia 837:barbarian 801:two walls 772:, at the 768:, led by 762:Caledonia 747:Fosse Way 739:Atrebates 737:over the 727:Suetonius 697:over the 654:Britannia 580:1945–1979 570:1945–1979 560:1939–1945 550:1919–1939 540:1914–1918 530:1901–1914 520:1837–1901 509:1811–1820 487:1660–1714 475:1649–1660 461:1625–1649 449:1603–1625 427:1558–1603 406:1216–1485 396:1066–1216 164:Division 145:Division 103:Londinium 90:in 125 AD 15027:Gaesatae 14918:dialects 14881:Lepontic 14871:Galatian 14773:Goidelic 14623:Autonomy 14538:Politics 14491:Rounders 14343:Calendar 14316:Scotland 14301:Cornwall 14296:Brittany 14184:Clothing 14135:Knotwork 14113:Brooches 14085:Scotland 14070:Cornwall 14065:Brittany 13944:Y Wladfa 13899:Scotland 13863:Cornwall 13851:Brittany 13702:Seanchaí 13697:Tanistry 13657:Derbfine 13586:Scottish 13472:Brittany 13468:Domnonée 13464:Armorica 13459:Britonia 13441:Dumnonia 13416:Dálriata 13101:Lepontii 13096:Helvetii 13081:Gallaeci 12941:Monarchs 12559:Guernsey 12524:Anglesey 12497:Shetland 12492:Scotland 12461:Overview 12406:Carthage 12401:Aegyptus 12368:Anatolia 12345:Germania 12335:Hispania 12179:Slovenia 12174:Slovakia 12164:Scotland 12138:Portugal 11987:Guernsey 11536:Honorias 11506:Bithynia 11279:Moesia I 11274:Dardania 11216:Dalmatia 11137:Byzacena 11104:Raetia I 11052:Sardinia 11027:Campania 11005:of Italy 10728:dioceses 10501:Dalmatia 10416:Aegyptus 10399:(117 AD) 10265:Wroxeter 10241:Caerwent 10200:Petuaria 10169:Carlisle 10109:Caerleon 9985:Eboracum 9940:Capitals 9825:Carlisle 9812:Valentia 9719:Eboracum 9642:Eboracum 9344:(2018). 9336:Religion 9236:58–54 BC 8816:8924936M 8672:(2012). 8650:(1993). 8606:(2002). 8449:(2012). 8348:(2006). 8338:7982333M 8272:(2002). 8262:45624503 8219:(2008). 8007:(2007). 7990:(2004). 7973:(1991). 7956:(1989). 7939:(1984). 7922:(1977). 7877:(1987). 7855:(2021). 7795:(2006). 7785:4559394M 7765:(2005). 7602:(2004). 7571:(2005). 7484:(2002). 7462:(2011). 7441:59323545 7407:(2017). 7313:Speculum 7266:: 93–108 7038:Claudius 6842:(2012). 6820:(2012). 6588:Eunapius 6582:18.2.3–4 6564:18.82–83 6560:Orations 6556:Libanius 6115:Barnes, 5580:Agricola 5545:Agricola 5493:14.29–39 5485:Agricola 5471:12:31–38 5448:Agricola 5312:60.19–22 5271:Caligula 5202:Augustus 5059:Plutarch 4941:Herodian 4872:Claudius 4774:Agricola 4763:39.51–53 4632:Thackery 4628:Consilia 4543:See also 4498:Eboracum 4490:Mamucium 4404:Wroxeter 4385:Pelagius 4346:and the 4283:and the 4240:Mamucium 4132:Claudius 4088:Anglesey 4080:Claudius 4037:Religion 4025:Eboracum 4005:Wroxeter 3899:Mamucium 3839:Lindinis 3723:Corinium 3634:Carlisle 3596:Caerwent 3566:Caerleon 3544:Petuaria 3492:Alcester 3352:colonies 3306:governor 3264:Iron Age 3259:Wroxeter 3127:and the 3094:amphorae 3088:Brittany 3082:amphorae 3073:amphorae 3017:Boulogne 2944:Brittany 2904:Bruttium 2899:Armorica 2891:Bagaudae 2875:Honorius 2867:usurpers 2822:Wroxeter 2770:basilica 2736:Alaric I 2732:Stilicho 2663:vicarius 2652:vicarius 2636:in 353, 2630:Constans 2568:Carlisle 2528:Corinium 2524:vicarius 2505:Scotland 2497:Valentia 2489:Eboracum 2477:Lundonia 2449:Caerleon 2406:Caerleon 2355:offered 2289:Eboracum 2254:Ammianus 2250:consular 2246:Valentia 2232:governor 2192:vicarius 2174:vicarius 2153:under a 2150:vicarius 2133:Valentia 2121:Valentia 2075:Allectus 2048:Frankish 2044:Maximian 2033:Menapian 2006:governor 1967:Aurelian 1959:Postumus 1853:Lugdunum 1818:Commodus 1814:Pertinax 1786:Commodus 1753:Votadini 1671:copy of 1615:Newstead 1531:In 84 AD 1505:Pertinax 1369:Druidism 1365:Anglesey 1334:Venutius 1304:and the 1175:freedman 1160:Eboracum 1054:Claudius 1050:Caligula 1023:Tiberius 1005:Augustus 929:and the 841:usurpers 833:Valentia 825:vicarius 770:Calgacus 731:Claudius 711:Caligula 707:Augustus 609:Timeline 587:See also 456:Caroline 444:Jacobean 386:449–1066 304:Scotland 130:Claudius 56:Province 15080:Deities 15037:Hobelar 14999:Warfare 14962:Warfare 14896:Pictish 14891:Cumbric 14866:Gaulish 14838:Extinct 14758:Cornish 14556:history 14501:Hurling 14475:Ladies' 14466:Curling 14439:Camogie 14366:Beltane 14348:Samhain 14306:Ireland 14075:Ireland 13970:Culture 13939:England 13875:Ireland 13833:Nations 13732:Coinage 13722:Warfare 13615:Society 13606:Cornish 13596:British 13499:Galatia 13489:Balkans 13397:Studies 13134:Cornish 13129:Bretons 13106:Noricum 13061:Britons 13034:Peoples 12918:Related 12538:Ireland 12475:England 12363:Scythia 12330:Illyria 12325:Thracia 12305:Graecia 12220:Tunisia 12215:Ukraine 12146:Romania 12118:Morocco 12103:Moldova 11992:Hungary 11964:Germany 11959:Georgia 11926:Croatia 11893:Belgium 11888:Balkans 11883:Austria 11864:Andorra 11859:Algeria 11733:Taurica 11667:Arcadia 11629:Syria I 11599:Osroene 11589:Isauria 11448:Pisidia 11423:Islands 11390:Thracia 11385:Scythia 11380:Rhodope 11099:Aemilia 11095:Liguria 11067:Valeria 11057:Sicilia 11047:Samnium 11032:Corsica 10921:Baetica 10793:of Gaul 10748:Ravenna 10713:History 10638:Thracia 10628:Sicilia 10608:Noricum 10511:Galatia 10476:Cilicia 10456:Assyria 10446:Armenia 10343:Norfolk 10323:Cunetio 10276:Extinct 10157:Lincoln 10061:Chester 9874:Orcades 9835:Chester 9748:Lincoln 9401:at the 9082:Economy 7452:Sources 7334:2848562 7212:], 7124:15 June 6603:Zosimus 6039:. 1877. 5945:]. 5871:]. 5840:]. 5796:(eds.) 5713:18 July 5678:Orosius 5511:62.1–12 5229:Tacitus 4885:40.19,1 4769:Tacitus 4537:English 4521:Cornish 4517:Cumbric 4442:. Box ( 4391:354 to 4344:Lincoln 4328:bishops 4269:Lincoln 4252:amphora 4220:Chi-Rho 4174:Mithras 4140:Boudica 4108:springs 4092:Ancasta 3926:Condate 3864:Lincoln 3676:Chester 3344:civitas 3267:La Tène 3228:Wealden 3216:riffles 3200:bedrock 3188:in his 3139:Economy 3098:; lava 3044:pottery 3029:Scheldt 3021:Domburg 3005:Channel 2952:Ireland 2948:Galicia 2908:Bologna 2887:Zosimus 2883:Britons 2790:Rutland 2613:beyond 2562:around 2556:Chester 2548:Lincoln 2532:Dobunni 2530:of the 2501:Albania 2495:); and 2485:Maximia 2419:of the 2382:); and 2380:Lincoln 2353:Bingham 2336:Spelman 2318:Colonia 2295:" (one 2237:praeses 2145:diocese 2055:pirates 2010:Vandals 1998:Cologne 1986:Germans 1978:Bonosus 1974:British 1872:Maeatae 1807:equites 1794:Priscus 1681:Hadrian 1673:Ptolemy 1669:woodcut 1634:at the 1619:tribune 1469:Tacitus 1384:Boudica 1361:Morocco 1357:Algeria 1290:Silures 1080:legions 1046:Commius 1027:Germany 997:clients 956:Pytheas 952:Himilco 935:Cornish 902:History 896:emperor 793:Hadrian 778:Tacitus 721:musculi 715:Channel 679:Britons 318:Periods 286:England 179:• 160:• 143:Severan 141:• 95:Capital 86:in the 58:of the 15075:Tribes 15022:Fianna 14809:Shelta 14753:Breton 14573:status 14511:Shinty 14486:Gouren 14450:Cnapan 14444:Cammag 14357:Imbolc 14280:Carnyx 14206:Tartan 14125:Carnyx 13892:Mannin 13868:Kernow 13856:Breizh 13726:Gaelic 13682:Fáinne 13627:Brehon 13601:Breton 13550:Druids 13404:Places 13111:Volcae 13056:Belgae 13017:· 13015: 13009:· 13007: 13001:· 12999: 12554:Jersey 12545:(Mann) 12502:Orkney 12388:Africa 12378:Arabia 12315:Gallia 12310:Italia 12298:Europa 12169:Serbia 12108:Monaco 12068:Kuwait 12060:Kosovo 12048:Jordan 12040:Jersey 11945:France 11785:in 536 11579:Cyprus 11564:Arabia 11365:Europa 11302:Achaea 10752:Africa 10623:Raetia 10568:Iudaea 10562:Italia 10506:Epirus 10491:Cyprus 10411:Achaia 10205:Brough 10121:Exeter 10092:Glevum 9963:London 9773:London 9621:London 9569:London 8831: 8814: 8804: 8785: 8745: 8724: 8702: 8680: 8658: 8636: 8614: 8588: 8582:LACTOR 8563: 8544: 8525: 8506: 8487: 8459: 8434: 8408: 8385: 8379:LACTOR 8360: 8336: 8326: 8309: 8299: 8280: 8260: 8250: 8227: 8205: 8180: 8161: 8135: 8116: 8095: 8076: 8057: 7893: 7863: 7841: 7822: 7803: 7783: 7773: 7751: 7722: 7671: 7652: 7633: 7614: 7588: 7530: 7524:527045 7522: 7470: 7439: 7431: 7369: 7340: 7332: 7293: 7234: 7205: 7179: 7151: 7057:Annals 6925:Gildas 6781: 6761: 6715: 6687:21 May 6662:21 May 6637:21 May 6541:Julian 6504: 6371: 6294: 6238: 6149: 5979:Index. 5898:] 5792:& 5612: 5467:Annals 5396: 5368:Annals 5348:Annals 5234:Annals 5184: 5154:Strabo 4906: 4877:; cf. 4849: 4800:40.1–4 4766:; cf. 4525:Breton 4492:) and 4478:London 4452:Legacy 4387:lived 4377:heresy 4076:druids 3879:London 3810:Glevum 3790:Exeter 3554:Buxton 3539:Brough 3497:Alauna 3426:, and 3402:, the 3394:, and 3390:, the 3294:Senate 3286:, and 3248:upland 2960:Aetius 2933:, and 2895:Breton 2672:Saxons 2540:rector 2481:London 2473:Mercia 2469:Flavia 2433:Duvian 2427: 2378:(both 2334:, and 2323:Selden 2252:rank. 2226:, and 2109:, and 2031:was a 1838:Caesar 1765:hoards 1636:Solway 1623:Cyrene 1605:armour 1566:, and 1507:, and 1400:London 1396:routed 1394:) and 1345:Lindum 1288:. The 1106:, the 1058:Verica 1009:Strabo 979:Belgic 925:, the 923:Greeks 921:. The 874:, and 847:. The 735:Verica 683:Belgae 434:Stuart 359:43–410 342:until 330: 299: 290: 281: 42: 15065:Lists 14886:Noric 14801:Mixed 14781:Irish 14763:Welsh 14427:Bando 14420:Sport 14321:Wales 14237:Music 14170:Torcs 14160:Mazes 14090:Wales 13916:Cymru 13911:Wales 13794:Music 13717:Vates 13712:Túath 13662:Druid 13591:Welsh 13581:Irish 13167:Scots 13149:Irish 13144:Gaels 13139:Welsh 13086:Gauls 13076:Gaels 13047:Names 13019: 13011: 13003: 12984:Celts 12519:Wales 12396:Libya 12320:Dacia 12248:Wales 12093:Malta 12078:Libya 11834:Roman 11438:Lydia 11433:Lycia 11413:Caria 11307:Creta 11241:Savia 10633:Syria 10496:Dacia 9455:(PDF) 9439:, by 9015:Trade 8423:[ 8197:[ 7528:S2CID 7520:JSTOR 7437:S2CID 7338:S2CID 7330:JSTOR 7256:(PDF) 7208:[ 7061:14.30 6933:[ 6615:3.5.2 6609:[ 6594:[ 6547:[ 6236:S2CID 5950:[ 5907:[ 5876:[ 5801:[ 5684:[ 5671:21–22 5665:[ 5646:[ 5584:18.38 5549:16–17 5489:14.17 5294:59.25 5276:44–46 5210:[ 5141:53.25 5137:53.22 5133:49.38 5127:[ 5046:3.115 4979:, of 4947:[ 4739:[ 4589:Notes 4529:Welsh 4423:snail 4196:(the 4184:(the 4116:baths 4048:Pagan 3826:vicus 3778:Dover 3753:Coria 3171:Wales 3104:Mayen 3102:from 3066:Spain 3062:Rhine 2989:Trade 2935:Déisi 2931:Scoti 2927:Picts 2879:Saxon 2727:Scots 2723:Picts 2680:Picts 2676:Scoti 2611:Picts 2441:Wales 2431:and " 2429:Fagan 2367:Henry 2240:) of 2167:Trier 2135:noted 2052:Saxon 2036:naval 1861:Scots 1857:Picts 1770:Picts 1601:Picts 1306:Iceni 1286:Wales 1179:Ocean 412:Tudor 346:43 AD 295:Wales 46:Latin 14960:and 14786:Manx 14673:and 13904:Alba 13880:Éire 13799:Rock 13707:Sept 13687:Fili 13622:Bard 13420:Alba 13162:Manx 12986:and 12355:Asia 11997:Iraq 11836:and 11408:Asia 10750:and 10451:Asia 9990:York 9723:York 9646:York 8829:ISBN 8802:ISBN 8783:ISBN 8743:ISBN 8722:ISBN 8700:ISBN 8678:ISBN 8656:ISBN 8634:ISBN 8612:ISBN 8586:ISBN 8561:ISBN 8542:ISBN 8523:ISBN 8504:ISBN 8485:ISBN 8457:ISBN 8432:ISBN 8406:ISBN 8383:ISBN 8358:ISBN 8324:ISBN 8307:OCLC 8297:ISBN 8278:ISBN 8258:OCLC 8248:ISBN 8225:ISBN 8203:ISBN 8178:ISBN 8159:ISBN 8133:ISBN 8114:ISBN 8093:ISBN 8074:ISBN 8055:ISBN 7891:ISBN 7861:ISBN 7839:ISBN 7820:ISBN 7801:ISBN 7771:ISBN 7749:ISBN 7736:2007 7720:ASIN 7669:ISBN 7650:ISBN 7631:ISBN 7612:ISBN 7586:ISBN 7468:ISBN 7429:ISSN 7367:ISBN 7291:ISBN 7272:2006 7232:ISBN 7177:ISBN 7149:ISBN 7126:2012 7043:25.5 6873:2023 6779:ISBN 6759:ISBN 6713:ISBN 6689:2023 6664:2023 6639:2023 6502:ISBN 6369:ISBN 6292:ISBN 6147:ISBN 5903:Viz. 5715:2023 5690:7.25 5566:3.45 5562:1.60 5526:Nero 5394:ISBN 5182:ISBN 5067:23.2 4904:ISBN 4875:, 17 4847:ISBN 4825:2018 4663:Bede 4601:The 4527:and 4494:York 4472:and 4332:sees 4307:and 4275:and 4271:and 4228:Kent 4153:and 4096:Mars 4074:The 4056:and 4020:York 3524:Bath 3467:vici 3226:The 3147:and 3058:Gaul 3040:coin 3023:and 2974:and 2968:Bath 2828:and 2808:and 2792:and 2725:and 2619:York 2552:Deva 2499:in " 2493:York 2483:); " 2457:Kent 2386:and 2365:and 2351:and 2349:Gale 2326:Col. 2172:The 2050:and 2019:The 2012:and 1932:and 1884:Geta 1882:and 1859:and 1849:Gaul 1832:and 1801:, a 1640:Tyne 1444:and 1359:and 1341:Nero 1296:and 1187:Kent 1164:York 971:Kent 967:Gaul 843:and 815:and 795:and 703:Gaul 369:410- 14970:Law 14958:Law 14100:Art 13692:Law 11097:et 9843:? ( 9833:? ( 9823:? ( 9771:? ( 9746:? ( 9721:? ( 9696:? ( 9517:of 9410:at 9403:BBC 9395:on 9373:Art 8766:doi 8031:doi 8013:in 7996:in 7979:in 7962:in 7945:in 7928:in 7557:doi 7512:doi 7490:in 7421:doi 7363:136 7322:doi 7264:100 7214:7.4 7084:doi 6961:doi 6939:3.2 6848:121 6804:BBC 6739:260 6632:BBC 6530:in 6262:238 6228:doi 6095:as 6058:in 6053:as 5910:age 5604:doi 5164:4.5 4943:, 4673:or 4630:in 4607:six 4484:), 4367:of 4354:of 4303:at 4287:at 4200:). 4192:in 4180:on 4134:at 4130:to 4118:at 3169:in 3068:in 2906:or 2796:in 2788:in 2772:at 2479:" ( 2471:in 2467:); 2463:" ( 2455:in 2451:); 2447:" ( 2439:in 2394:of 2347:); 2328:or 2287:of 2169:). 1992:at 1897:An 1621:of 1607:at 1592:in 1456:at 1339:On 1185:in 938:tin 652:of 320:in 15156:: 13470:/ 13466:/ 13452:/ 13443:/ 13439:/ 13435:/ 13431:/ 13427:/ 13418:/ 12666:, 12240:- 12232:- 12208:- 12186:- 12053:- 12032:- 12028:, 12024:- 12016:- 12002:- 11979:- 11971:- 11951:- 11933:- 11919:- 11905:- 11871:- 11852:- 10736:c. 10734:, 9798:c. 9789:c. 9671:c. 9662:c. 9594:c. 9585:c. 9532:c. 9231:. 8812:OL 8810:. 8760:. 8580:. 8377:. 8334:OL 8332:. 8305:. 8256:. 8149:; 8027:11 8025:. 7889:. 7781:OL 7779:. 7714:. 7610:. 7553:26 7551:. 7543:; 7526:. 7518:. 7508:27 7506:. 7435:. 7427:. 7417:48 7415:. 7411:. 7389:, 7365:. 7336:. 7328:. 7318:24 7316:. 7262:. 7258:. 7199:, 7143:. 7117:, 7113:. 7078:. 7059:, 7041:, 7018:. 7014:. 6969:). 6957:17 6927:, 6900:^ 6890:. 6826:37 6802:. 6769:; 6727:^ 6697:^ 6680:. 6655:. 6630:. 6605:, 6600:; 6590:, 6585:; 6576:, 6571:; 6568:87 6566:, 6562:, 6558:, 6553:; 6543:, 6534:; 6486:^ 6455:^ 6436:^ 6419:^ 6410:; 6406:; 6402:; 6341:^ 6306:^ 6234:. 6224:65 6222:. 6201:; 6191:12 6087:. 6076:. 6045:; 6010:. 5975:. 5812:^ 5755:. 5745:a. 5743:. 5739:. 5706:. 5680:, 5675:; 5661:. 5656:; 5652:39 5642:. 5637:; 5564:, 5560:, 5552:; 5531:18 5529:, 5491:, 5487:, 5469:, 5453:14 5451:, 5431:, 5370:, 5350:, 5330:, 5274:, 5268:, 5237:, 5231:, 5216:32 5204:, 5162:, 5156:, 5139:, 5135:, 5065:, 5061:, 5044:, 5038:, 4981:c. 4918:^ 4869:, 4816:. 4779:; 4771:, 4755:, 4733:, 4523:, 4519:, 4393:c. 4389:c. 4264:c. 4262:, 4226:, 4157:. 4102:. 4028:) 4013:) 3998:) 3983:) 3956:) 3941:) 3902:) 3887:) 3872:) 3857:) 3842:) 3813:) 3798:) 3771:) 3756:) 3741:) 3726:) 3711:) 3684:) 3657:) 3642:) 3627:) 3604:) 3589:) 3574:) 3547:) 3532:) 3517:) 3422:, 3418:, 3282:, 3220:c. 3131:. 3121:c. 3113:c. 3042:; 2970:, 2929:, 2824:, 2820:, 2816:, 2784:, 2738:. 2574:. 2425:SS 2321:, 2272:. 2222:, 2218:, 2105:, 2101:, 2097:, 2077:. 1946:. 1863:. 1788:. 1772:. 1740:. 1625:. 1562:, 1511:. 1503:, 1460:. 1347:. 1292:, 1193:. 1170:. 1129:XX 1003:. 870:, 866:, 799:, 783:c. 384:c. 371:c. 357:c. 344:c. 187:c. 169:c. 150:c. 68:c. 14477:) 14473:( 14377:/ 14368:/ 14359:/ 14350:/ 13919:) 13913:( 13907:) 13901:( 13895:) 13889:( 13883:) 13877:( 13871:) 13865:( 13859:) 13853:( 13728:) 13724:( 13049:) 13045:( 12976:e 12969:t 12962:v 12445:e 12438:t 12431:v 12282:e 12275:t 12268:v 12244:) 12236:( 12226:) 12222:( 12036:) 12020:( 11983:) 11975:( 11955:) 11947:( 11825:e 11818:t 11811:v 10692:e 10685:t 10678:v 10389:e 10382:t 10375:v 10345:) 10341:( 10331:) 10327:( 10317:) 10313:( 10303:) 10299:( 10290:) 10286:( 10267:) 10263:( 10255:) 10251:( 10243:) 10239:( 10231:) 10227:( 10219:) 10215:( 10207:) 10203:( 10195:) 10191:( 10183:) 10179:( 10171:) 10167:( 10159:) 10155:( 10147:) 10143:( 10135:) 10131:( 10123:) 10119:( 10111:) 10107:( 10099:) 10095:( 10087:) 10083:( 10075:) 10071:( 10063:) 10059:( 10051:) 10047:( 10039:) 10035:( 10012:) 10008:( 9992:) 9988:( 9965:) 9961:( 9918:e 9911:t 9904:v 9847:) 9837:) 9827:) 9775:) 9750:) 9725:) 9700:) 9648:) 9644:( 9623:) 9619:( 9571:) 9567:( 9561:) 9557:( 9507:e 9500:t 9493:v 9381:. 9331:. 9325:. 9300:. 9294:. 9275:. 9263:. 9257:. 9245:. 9238:. 9219:. 9206:. 9200:. 9194:. 9182:. 9169:. 9156:. 9150:. 9144:. 9120:. 9108:. 9077:. 9071:. 9065:. 9059:. 9029:. 9023:. 9010:. 9004:. 8998:. 8992:. 8986:. 8980:. 8974:. 8968:. 8955:. 8949:. 8936:. 8930:. 8924:. 8918:. 8912:. 8906:. 8900:. 8894:. 8888:. 8882:. 8876:. 8870:. 8864:. 8858:. 8837:. 8818:. 8791:. 8772:. 8768:: 8762:1 8751:. 8730:. 8708:. 8686:. 8664:. 8642:. 8620:. 8569:. 8550:. 8531:. 8512:. 8493:. 8465:. 8440:. 8414:. 8366:. 8340:. 8313:. 8286:. 8264:. 8233:. 8211:. 8186:. 8167:. 8141:. 8122:. 8101:. 8082:. 8063:. 8037:. 8033:: 8017:. 8011:. 8000:. 7994:. 7983:. 7977:. 7966:. 7960:. 7949:. 7943:. 7932:. 7899:. 7869:. 7847:. 7828:. 7809:. 7787:. 7757:. 7738:. 7677:. 7658:. 7639:. 7620:. 7594:. 7563:. 7559:: 7534:. 7514:: 7494:. 7488:. 7476:. 7443:. 7423:: 7375:. 7344:. 7324:: 7299:. 7274:. 7240:. 7185:. 7157:. 7128:. 7092:. 7086:: 7024:. 6981:. 6967:. 6963:: 6894:. 6875:. 6850:. 6828:. 6806:. 6787:. 6767:. 6741:. 6721:. 6691:. 6666:. 6641:. 6450:. 6414:. 6390:. 6377:. 6336:. 6300:. 6276:. 6264:. 6248:. 6242:. 6230:: 6180:. 6155:. 6106:. 6029:" 5766:. 5717:. 5673:. 5654:. 5610:. 5606:: 5433:4 5415:. 5402:. 5255:. 5190:. 4986:. 4960:. 4930:. 4912:. 4888:. 4855:. 4827:. 4803:. 4685:. 4653:. 4496:( 4488:( 4480:( 4434:( 4030:C 4022:( 4015:C 4007:( 4000:C 3992:( 3985:C 3977:( 3971:) 3965:( 3958:C 3950:( 3943:C 3935:( 3929:) 3923:( 3917:) 3911:( 3904:C 3896:( 3889:C 3881:( 3874:C 3866:( 3859:C 3851:( 3844:C 3836:( 3815:C 3807:( 3800:C 3792:( 3786:) 3780:( 3773:C 3765:( 3758:C 3750:( 3743:C 3735:( 3728:C 3720:( 3713:C 3705:( 3699:) 3693:( 3686:C 3678:( 3672:) 3666:( 3659:C 3651:( 3644:C 3636:( 3629:C 3621:( 3614:C 3606:C 3598:( 3591:C 3583:( 3576:C 3568:( 3562:) 3556:( 3549:C 3541:( 3534:C 3526:( 3519:C 3511:( 3500:) 3494:( 3485:C 2713:( 2566:( 2554:( 2546:( 2534:( 2491:( 2404:( 2234:( 2165:( 2069:( 1996:( 1638:– 1225:( 1162:( 634:e 627:t 620:v 471:) 467:( 301:∟ 292:∟ 283:∟ 48:) 44:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.